893:
913:
835:
853:
452:
874:
57:
934:
955:
817:
31:
1569:
782:
In some caladenias, the sepal and petals (apart from the labellum) are narrow with expanded tips called "clubs". These are thought to be the source of sexual attractants for those species that mimic female wasps. Most such species do not have a scent detectable by humans but are attractive to male
426:
are free and similar in size and shape to each other. In some species, the sepals or petals or both have narrow tips with club-like ends. As is usual in orchids, one petal is highly modified as the central labellum. The labellum is divided into three parts, each of which usually has a fringed or
356:. The genus is divided into three groups on the basis of flower shape, broadly, spider orchids, zebra orchids and cowslip orchids, although other common names are often used. Although they occur in other countries, most are Australian and 136 species occur in
748:
wasps. As the wasps lands on the flower, the labellum is pulled down by the insect's weight. As it moves up the labellum, that organ tips the insect against the column where the wasp contacts the sexual parts and either picks up or deposits
1539:
804:
fungus that the orchid requires and by careful use of fertiliser to keep the fungus and orchid in balance. The 1889 book 'The Useful Native Plants of
Australia' records that "These and other orchids have edible tubers."
396:
leaf at the base of the plant. Most species have an enlarged cell at the base of each hair. The leaf may be medium-sized to large, fleshy or leathery, lance-shaped to oblong, but is always
736:
are pollinated by insects, usually bees or wasps. Some species appear to attract male wasps by having the scent, shape and colouration of flightless female wasps. For example,
1912:
1141:
744:
1781:
510:
873:
1794:
912:
1061:
852:
435:, which has wing-like structures on its sides. Most species flower in early spring but some species, such as the winter spider orchid (
834:
800:
have generally proven difficult to maintain and cultivate artificially. Some enthusiasts have had limited success by cultivating the
1729:
1682:
1742:
1159:
892:
690:
of
Western Australia, 114 of which have been formally described and a further 18 hybrids which have been described and named.
933:
1028:
614:
Caladenia orchids are informally grouped into those with long narrow sepals and petals, such as the white spider orchid (
1486:
1677:
174:
1108:
816:
515:
1861:
954:
1799:
1768:
1010:
946:
392:. The tuber produces two "droppers" which become daughter tubers in the following year. There is a single hairy
1856:
1469:
1312:
1907:
1835:
493:
1213:"Caladenia revisited: Results of molecular phylogenetic analyses of Caladeniinae plastid and nuclear loci"
1656:
1651:
1638:
1020:
698:
1830:
1067:
1016:
645:
461:
56:
1902:
1809:
1747:
1433:
Stoutamire, Warren P. (1983). "Wasp-Pollinated
Species of (Orchidaceae) in South-Western Australia".
977:
226:
190:
1279:
702:
1378:
626:), those with short sepals and petals which tend to hang near the stem, such as the zebra orchid (
710:
562:
1591:
706:
622:
216:
1786:
860:
785:
1512:
1822:
1690:
842:
767:
attracts several insect species, and forms hybrids with insect-mimicking species including
759:
634:
628:
616:
437:
352:
on the labellum. The flowers have adaptations to attract particular species of insects for
252:
1052:
8:
1721:
1629:
920:
899:
694:
687:
442:
1708:
1127:
638:) and a third group with short, spreading sepals and petals such as the cowslip orchid (
557:
There has been disagreement between taxonomists as to which orchids belong in the genus
1897:
1869:
1716:
1579:
1354:
1329:
775:
668:
502:
412:
393:
237:
203:
51:
1252:
1185:
789:, it is the labellum that mimics the size, shape and presumably the scent of females.
1817:
1664:
1573:
1465:
1359:
1308:
1234:
1104:
962:
535:. He spent just over three years on botanical research with assistants in Australia.
489:
485:
465:
428:
357:
349:
345:
338:
1330:"Taxonomic turmoil down-under: recent developments in Australian orchid systematics"
1874:
1669:
1442:
1415:
1349:
1341:
1224:
941:
824:
769:
754:
738:
674:
561:
and which do not, and about classification within the genus. Recent studies of the
528:
445:
389:
341:
330:
39:
397:
1643:
1024:
639:
456:
432:
373:
94:
1490:
1614:
718:
451:
272:
248:
81:
1211:
Clements, Mark A.; Howard, Christopher G.; Miller, Joseph T. (13 April 2015).
1891:
757:
between female-mimicking and food-attracting species occur as in the case of
679:
585:
543:
404:
348:
is fringed or toothed in most species and there are small projections called
107:
753:. Many such orchids are only attractive to one species of insect. Sometimes
441:) flower in other months. The fruit that follows flowering is a non-fleshy,
1848:
1363:
1238:
880:
591:
566:
524:
477:
157:
137:
1755:
1623:
1462:
An Atlas of Orchid
Pollination : America, Africa, Asia and Australia
1345:
865:
663:
431:
which are often in rows. The sexual parts of the flower are fused to the
353:
334:
117:
1229:
1212:
1734:
1760:
1446:
1419:
1703:
1136:
801:
750:
683:
579:
532:
381:
377:
147:
1585:
1843:
1608:
904:
721:
659:
44:
427:
dentate margin, while the central lobe has stalked or button-like
1773:
1001:
662:
to
Australia. Eleven species, ten of which are endemic, occur in
322:
1568:
1541:
The useful native plants of
Australia : Including Tasmania
481:
415:
408:
127:
30:
1695:
360:, making it the most species-rich orchid genus in that state.
925:
714:
423:
419:
385:
326:
318:
68:
1103:(3rd ed.). Gooseberry Hill: Noel Hoffman. p. 25.
1489:. Orchid Societies Council of Victoria Inc. Archived from
1142:
589:, as being the most accurate reflection of the subtribe
1402:
Brockman, Garry; Brown, Andrew P. (2015). "New taxa of
554:
meaning "a gland" referring to the colourful labellum.
531:' mapping and exploration voyage that circumnavigated
1305:
CRC World
Dictionary of Plant Names (Volume 1: A - C)
1557:
No. 47 (January 2006) (Royal
Botanical Gardens, Kew)
1210:
476:The first specimens of the genus were collected by
1406:(Orchidaceae) from south-west Western Australia".
693:In Western Australia, caladenias are found in the
595:. Those orchids previously included in the genera
384:herbs with a few inconspicuous, fine roots and a
1913:Taxa named by Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)
1889:
527:. Brown collected the specimens as a member of
344:with a single hairy leaf and a hairy stem. The
1459:
686:. There are about 136 species endemic to the
519:. At the same time he described 15 species of
1401:
1380:The Genera and Species of Orchidaceous Plants
575:The Genera and Species of Orchidaceous Plants
506:in 1805, from specimens collected in Sydney.
1537:
1098:
1383:. Piccadilly, London: Ridgways. p. 421
1302:
1296:
1122:
1120:
653:
1432:
1307:. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 389.
1062:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
509:The genus was first formally described by
29:
1487:"Australian Native Orchids - An Overview"
1353:
1228:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
783:Thynnid wasps. For some species, such as
1464:. Rotterdam: Balkema. pp. 196–200.
1395:
1166:. Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney: plantnet
1117:
709:. Their habitats range from cool, moist
450:
1376:
1890:
1453:
1370:
1327:
1321:
1153:
1151:
1081:
1047:
1045:
792:
666:with one also occurring in Australia.
471:
1590:
1589:
1582:- Orchid Society of Western Australia
1478:
1426:
1277:
1157:
1099:Hoffman, Noel; Brown, Andrew (2011).
763:which has the odour of fermentation.
1862:acfa1bf3-eff3-4f59-9db7-fb6d4caba6fd
1810:c69163b1-1539-4709-af71-8d3be633af38
1328:Hopper, Stephen D. (26 April 2009).
1271:
1178:
1505:
1245:
1148:
1042:
1029:Australian National Botanic Gardens
994:
13:
1204:
717:near the coast and to almost arid
14:
1924:
1561:
1484:
1460:van der Cingel, Nelis A. (2000).
1281:Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae
620:) and the clubbed spider orchid (
516:Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae
1567:
1140:. Western Australian Government
953:
932:
911:
891:
872:
851:
833:
815:
682:, with the latter also found in
400:, lacking lobes and serrations.
55:
1836:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:28913-1
1544:. Turner and Henderson, Sydney.
1531:
1101:Orchids of South-West Australia
1011:International Plant Names Index
879:Several Caladenia species from
388:partly surrounded by a fibrous
492:in Western Australia in 1784.
363:
1:
1303:Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000).
987:
1435:Australian Journal of Botany
448:containing up to 500 seeds.
7:
1021:Harvard University Herbaria
971:
960:Large white spider orchid (
255:) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem.
10:
1929:
1555:Orchid Research Newsletter
1284:. London. pp. 321–322
1217:American Journal of Botany
1068:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1017:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
822:Arrowsmith spider orchid (
808:
727:
632:) and dwarf zebra orchid (
565:of the group suggest that
1598:
701:on the west coast to the
607:have been transferred to
550:meaning "beautiful" and
283:D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem.
209:
202:
187:
182:
52:Scientific classification
50:
37:
28:
23:
703:Nuytsland Nature Reserve
654:Distribution and habitat
840:Clubbed spider orchid (
569:’s 1840 description of
563:molecular phylogenetics
523:but did not nominate a
411:with from one to eight
1519:. Pacific Bulb Society
1377:Lindley, John (1840).
1278:Brown, Robert (1810).
885:West Australia Orchids
707:Great Australian Bight
542:) is derived from the
468:
1538:J. H. Maiden (1889).
732:Orchids in the genus
454:
368:Orchids in the genus
337:. Spider orchids are
1908:Orchids of Australia
1576:at Wikimedia Commons
705:on the coast of the
658:Most caladenias are
313:, commonly known as
299:Hopper & A.P.Br.
1230:10.3732/ajb.1500021
793:Use in horticulture
496:formally described
472:Taxonomy and naming
1346:10.1093/aob/mcp090
1158:Bernhardt, Peter.
939:Butterfly orchid (
669:Caladenia catenata
644:) and fan orchid (
503:Caladenia catenata
494:James Edward Smith
469:
1885:
1884:
1818:Open Tree of Life
1592:Taxon identifiers
1580:Gallery of images
1572:Media related to
1447:10.1071/BT9830383
1420:10.58828/nuy00724
1188:Arethusa catenata
745:Thynnoides bidens
577:), but including
498:Arethusa catenata
490:King George Sound
486:Archibald Menzies
372:are terrestrial,
358:Western Australia
306:
305:
300:
292:
291:(Szlach.) Szlach.
284:
276:
264:
256:
240:
230:
219:
178:
1920:
1903:Diurideae genera
1878:
1877:
1865:
1864:
1852:
1851:
1839:
1838:
1826:
1825:
1813:
1812:
1803:
1802:
1790:
1789:
1777:
1776:
1764:
1763:
1751:
1750:
1738:
1737:
1725:
1724:
1712:
1711:
1699:
1698:
1686:
1685:
1673:
1672:
1660:
1659:
1647:
1646:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1587:
1586:
1571:
1546:
1545:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1493:on 28 March 2016
1482:
1476:
1475:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1357:
1334:Annals of Botany
1325:
1319:
1318:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1232:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1155:
1146:
1145:
1124:
1115:
1114:
1096:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1049:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1035:
998:
957:
936:
918:Dancing spider (
915:
895:
876:
855:
837:
819:
538:The genus name (
529:Matthew Flinders
298:
290:
282:
270:
262:
246:
236:
225:
215:
173:
60:
59:
33:
21:
20:
16:Genus of orchids
1928:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1873:
1868:
1860:
1855:
1847:
1842:
1834:
1829:
1821:
1816:
1808:
1806:
1798:
1793:
1785:
1780:
1772:
1767:
1759:
1754:
1746:
1741:
1733:
1728:
1720:
1715:
1707:
1702:
1694:
1689:
1681:
1676:
1668:
1663:
1655:
1650:
1642:
1637:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1594:
1564:
1553:New species in
1550:
1549:
1536:
1532:
1522:
1520:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1496:
1494:
1485:Coker, Julian.
1483:
1479:
1472:
1458:
1454:
1431:
1427:
1400:
1396:
1386:
1384:
1375:
1371:
1326:
1322:
1315:
1301:
1297:
1287:
1285:
1276:
1272:
1262:
1260:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1209:
1205:
1195:
1193:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1169:
1167:
1156:
1149:
1126:
1125:
1118:
1111:
1097:
1082:
1072:
1070:
1051:
1050:
1043:
1033:
1031:
1000:
999:
995:
990:
974:
967:
958:
949:
937:
928:
924:) growing near
916:
907:
896:
887:
877:
868:
858:White fingers (
856:
847:
838:
829:
820:
811:
795:
730:
656:
623:C. longiclavata
500:, now known as
484:in 1777 and by
474:
366:
229:& M.A.Clem.
172:
54:
24:Spider orchids
17:
12:
11:
5:
1926:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1875:wfo-4000005934
1866:
1853:
1840:
1827:
1814:
1804:
1791:
1778:
1765:
1752:
1739:
1726:
1713:
1700:
1687:
1674:
1661:
1648:
1635:
1620:
1604:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1584:
1583:
1577:
1563:
1562:External links
1560:
1559:
1558:
1548:
1547:
1530:
1504:
1477:
1470:
1452:
1441:(4): 383–394.
1425:
1394:
1369:
1340:(3): 447–455.
1320:
1313:
1295:
1270:
1244:
1223:(4): 581–597.
1203:
1177:
1147:
1116:
1109:
1080:
1041:
992:
991:
989:
986:
985:
984:
973:
970:
969:
968:
959:
952:
950:
938:
931:
929:
917:
910:
908:
897:
890:
888:
878:
871:
869:
861:C. chlorostyla
857:
850:
848:
839:
832:
830:
825:C. crebra
821:
814:
810:
807:
794:
791:
786:C. multiclavia
742:attracts male
729:
726:
697:from north of
655:
652:
473:
470:
365:
362:
329:in the orchid
315:spider orchids
304:
303:
302:
301:
293:
288:Caladeniastrum
285:
277:
265:
257:
241:
231:
220:
207:
206:
200:
199:
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185:
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110:
105:
98:
97:
92:
85:
84:
79:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
48:
47:
40:C. carnea
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1925:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1736:
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1723:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1697:
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1684:
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1675:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1543:
1542:
1534:
1518:
1516:
1508:
1492:
1488:
1481:
1473:
1467:
1463:
1456:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1429:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1398:
1382:
1381:
1373:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1324:
1316:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1283:
1282:
1274:
1258:
1256:
1248:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1191:
1189:
1181:
1165:
1163:
1154:
1152:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1123:
1121:
1112:
1110:9780646562322
1106:
1102:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1069:
1065:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1048:
1046:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1012:
1007:
1005:
997:
993:
983:
981:
976:
975:
965:
964:
956:
951:
948:
944:
943:
935:
930:
927:
923:
922:
914:
909:
906:
903:growing near
902:
901:
894:
889:
886:
882:
875:
870:
867:
863:
862:
854:
849:
845:
844:
843:C. longicauda
836:
831:
827:
826:
818:
813:
812:
806:
803:
799:
790:
788:
787:
780:
778:
777:
772:
771:
766:
765:C. patersonii
762:
761:
760:C. patersonii
756:
752:
747:
746:
741:
740:
735:
725:
723:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
691:
689:
685:
681:
680:New Caledonia
677:
676:
671:
670:
665:
661:
651:
649:
648:
643:
642:
637:
636:
635:C. pachychila
631:
630:
629:C. cairnsiana
625:
624:
619:
618:
617:C. longicauda
612:
610:
606:
602:
601:Elythranthera
598:
594:
593:
588:
587:
586:Elythranthera
582:
581:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
555:
553:
549:
545:
544:Ancient Greek
541:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
517:
512:
507:
505:
504:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
467:
463:
460:growing near
459:
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438:C. drummondii
434:
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1599:
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1540:
1533:
1521:. Retrieved
1514:
1507:
1495:. Retrieved
1491:the original
1480:
1461:
1455:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1385:. Retrieved
1379:
1372:
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1304:
1298:
1286:. Retrieved
1280:
1273:
1261:. Retrieved
1254:
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1216:
1206:
1194:. Retrieved
1187:
1180:
1168:. Retrieved
1161:
1135:
1129:
1100:
1071:. Retrieved
1060:
1054:
1032:. Retrieved
1009:
1003:
996:
979:
961:
947:Mount Barker
940:
921:C. discoidea
919:
900:C. atrovespa
898:
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592:Caladeniinae
590:
584:
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570:
567:John Lindley
558:
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551:
547:
539:
537:
525:type species
520:
514:
511:Robert Brown
508:
501:
497:
478:Joseph Banks
475:
455:
436:
418:. The three
402:
369:
367:
314:
309:
308:
307:
295:
287:
279:
268:Phlebochilus
267:
259:
244:Drakonorchis
243:
233:
223:Arachnorchis
222:
213:Petalochilus
212:
192:
168:
167:
158:Caladeniinae
138:Orchidoideae
101:
88:
75:
38:
18:
1756:iNaturalist
1624:Wikispecies
1263:21 November
1196:21 November
866:New Zealand
776:C. dilatata
713:forest, to
664:New Zealand
513:in 1810 in
364:Description
354:pollination
339:terrestrial
335:Orchidaceae
260:Jonesiopsis
134:Subfamily:
128:Orchidaceae
118:Asparagales
95:Angiosperms
43:growing in
1892:Categories
1471:9054104864
1414:: 45–123.
1314:0849326753
988:References
963:C. venusta
715:swamplands
695:south-west
688:south-west
413:resupinate
280:Stegostyla
217:R.S.Rogers
154:Subtribe:
1898:Caladenia
1722:Caladenia
1704:FloraBase
1683:Caladenia
1630:Caladenia
1600:Caladenia
1574:Caladenia
1515:Caladenia
1404:Caladenia
1255:Caladenia
1162:Caladenia
1137:FloraBase
1130:Caladenia
1055:Caladenia
1025:Libraries
1004:Caladenia
980:Caladenia
942:C. lobata
846:) budding
802:symbiotic
798:Caladenia
770:C. lobata
739:C. lobata
734:Caladenia
684:Indonesia
678:occur in
675:C. carnea
609:Caladenia
605:Cyanicula
597:Glossodia
580:Glossodia
571:Caladenia
559:Caladenia
540:Caladenia
533:Australia
521:Caladenia
443:dehiscent
394:convolute
382:sympodial
378:deciduous
374:perennial
370:Caladenia
310:Caladenia
296:Cyanicula
275:) Szlach.
227:D.L.Jones
193:Caladenia
169:Caladenia
148:Diurideae
65:Kingdom:
1857:VicFlora
1849:40034288
1844:Tropicos
1678:eFloraSA
1615:Q2720020
1609:Wikidata
1364:19398445
1239:25878091
1073:15 April
978:List of
972:See also
905:Canberra
864:), from
751:pollinia
722:woodland
699:Kalbarri
641:C. flava
457:C. flava
422:and two
346:labellum
204:Synonyms
191:List of
183:Species
124:Family:
108:Monocots
45:Tasmania
1787:1303217
1774:28913-1
1735:2841100
1523:23 June
1497:23 June
1408:Nuytsia
1387:23 June
1355:2720664
1170:22 June
1160:"Genus
1034:25 June
982:species
945:) near
809:Gallery
755:hybrids
728:Ecology
660:endemic
647:C. nana
462:Bertram
446:capsule
416:flowers
323:species
321:of 350
317:, is a
263:Szlach.
253:A.P.Br.
238:Szlach.
195:species
164:Genus:
144:Tribe:
114:Order:
69:Plantae
1807:NZOR:
1761:140838
1657:412605
1468:
1362:
1352:
1311:
1288:9 June
1259:. APNI
1237:
1192:. APNI
1107:
1064:(WCSP)
1023:&
1013:(IPNI)
881:Pelloe
719:mallee
546:words
482:Sydney
433:column
424:petals
420:sepals
409:raceme
398:simple
390:sheath
331:family
327:plants
273:Benth.
251:&
249:Hopper
177:, 1810
1823:22389
1800:79027
1782:IRMNG
1717:FoAO2
1709:21262
1696:17283
1670:8VVTS
1644:90466
926:Perth
711:Karri
548:kalos
429:calli
407:is a
386:tuber
350:calli
342:herbs
319:genus
175:R.Br.
102:Clade
89:Clade
76:Clade
1831:POWO
1795:NCBI
1769:IPNI
1748:1857
1743:GRIN
1730:GBIF
1652:BOLD
1639:APNI
1525:2016
1499:2016
1466:ISBN
1389:2016
1360:PMID
1309:ISBN
1290:2016
1265:2018
1235:PMID
1198:2018
1172:2016
1105:ISBN
1075:2018
1036:2016
773:and
672:and
603:and
583:and
573:(in
552:aden
466:W.A.
403:The
1870:WFO
1691:EoL
1665:CoL
1443:doi
1416:doi
1350:PMC
1342:doi
1338:104
1225:doi
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