269:
353:
365:
of secular writings. The
Genizah materials include a wide range of content. Among the literary fragments, the most popular categories are liturgical texts, Biblical and related texts, and Rabbinic literature. There are also materials with philosophical, scientific, mystical, and linguistic writings. Among the non-literary items there are legal documents and private letters. Also found were school exercises and merchants' account books, as well as communal records of various sorts.
397:
511:
40:
303:, Schechter made an expedition to Egypt, where, with the assistance of the Chief Rabbi, he sorted and removed the greater part of the contents of the Genizah chamber. Agnes and Margaret joined him there en route to Sinai (their fourth visit in five years) and he showed them the chamber which Agnes reported was "simply indescribable".
506:
In particular the various records of payments to labourers for building maintenance and the like form by far the largest collection of records of day wages in the
Islamic world for the early medieval period, despite difficulties in interpreting the currency units cited and other aspects of the data.
364:
Many of the fragments found in the Cairo
Genizah may be dated to the early centuries of the second millennium CE, and there are a fair number of earlier items as well as a number of nineteenth-century pieces. The manuscripts in the Genizah include sacred and religious materials as well as great deal
521:
Many of the items in Cairo
Genizah are not a complete manuscript, but are instead a fragment of one or two leaves, many of which are damaged themselves. Similarly, the pages of a single manuscript often became separated. It is not uncommon to find the pages of one manuscript housed in three or four
380:
to be the language of God, and the Hebrew script to be the literal writing of God, the texts could not be destroyed even long after they had served their purpose. The Jews who wrote the materials in the
Genizah were familiar with the culture and language of their contemporary society. The documents
259:
chamber of the Ben Ezra
Synagogue, but additional fragments were found at excavation sites near the synagogue and in the Basatin cemetery east of Old Cairo. Modern Cairo Geniza manuscript collections include some old documents that collectors bought in Egypt in the latter half of the nineteenth
555:
The number of documents added to the
Genizah changed throughout the years. For example, the number of documents added were fewer between 1266 and circa 1500, when most of the Jewish community had moved north to the city of Cairo proper, and saw a rise around 1500 when the local community was
552:), are somewhat smaller, but still impressive: Goitein estimated their size at "about 10,000 items of some length, of which 7,000 are self-contained units large enough to be regarded as documents of historical value. Only half of these are preserved more or less completely."
299:"their irrepressibly curious rabbinical friend" at Cambridge. Schechter, already aware of the Genizah but not of its significance, immediately recognized the importance of the material. With the financial assistance of his Cambridge colleague and friend
862:
The following is a survey of fifty-seven manuscripts and printed texts dated after 1864, comprising more than one hundred discrete classmarks (i.e., individual fragments or small groups of fragments with a single cataloguing number) from
Genizah
648:
has been studying and digitizing geniza manuscripts. Their projects include the
Princeton Geniza Project, a database of more than 30,000 records and 4,600 transcriptions of geniza texts. In early 2021, under the leadership of director
208:
works (some in the original hands of the authors), the
Genizah gives a detailed picture of the economic and cultural life of the Mediterranean region, especially during the 10th to 13th centuries.
287:
visited the synagogue and explored the Genizah for two days; while he did not identify any specific item of significance he suggested that possibly valuable items might be in store. In 1896, the
788:
1993:
385:
of this period was spoken and understood. They also demonstrate that the Jewish creators of the documents were part of their contemporary society: they practiced the same trades as their
2030:
522:
different modern libraries. On the other hand, non-literary writings often lost their value with the passage of time, and were left in the Genizah while still more or less intact.
1234:
310:-Schechter collection at Cambridge is the largest, by far, single collection, with nearly 193,000 fragments (137,000 shelf-marks). There are a further 43,000 fragments at the
507:
They have invariably been cited in discussions of the medieval Islamic economy since the 1930s, when this aspect of the collection was researched, mostly by French scholars.
772:, p. 451. "There is no universally agreed-on methodology for counting Cairo Geniza fragments....Nonetheless, four hundred thousand is the best count we currently have."
411:
The importance of these materials for reconstructing the social and economic history for the period between 950 and 1250 cannot be overemphasized. Judaic scholar
368:
The normal practice for genizot (pl. of genizah) was to remove the contents periodically and bury them in a cemetery. Many of these documents were written in the
645:
796:
173:
Jewish history between the 6th and 19th centuries CE, and comprise the largest and most diverse collection of medieval manuscripts in the world.
340:, joined together to raise funds to buy the Westminster collection (now renamed the Lewis-Gibson collection) after it was put up for sale for
548:
The non-literary materials, which include court documents, legal writings, and the correspondence of the local Jewish community (such as the
1017:
Jefferson, Rebecca J. W. (2018). "Deconstructing "the Cairo Genizah": A Fresh Look at Genizah Manuscript Discoveries in Cairo before 1897".
2112:
614:
which predated any known usage of such a form in Italy, and whose records remain from the 11th century AD, found amongst the Cairo Geniza.
2096:
1999:
1631:
53:
2162:
1238:
634:. Project volunteers are enlisted to sort digitized fragments of the Cairo Genizah, in order to facilitate research on the fragments.
318:
in Manchester holds a collection of over 11,000 fragments, which are currently being digitised and uploaded to an online archive. The
1607:"The Fragments of Hebrew Manuscripts discovered in the binding of books in the Biblioteca del Dottorato of the University of Perugia"
942:
415:
created an index for this time period which covers about 35,000 individuals. This included about 350 "prominent people," among them
2080:
549:
232:
907:
627:
216:
1733:
1547:"A Genizah Secret: The Count d'Hulst and Letters Revealing the Race to Recover the Lost Leaves of the Original Ecclesiasticus"
1935:
1832:
1419:
1150:
1125:
525:
The materials comprise a vast number of texts, including many parts of Jewish religious writings and even fragments from the
283:), who visited the Ben Ezra synagogue and reported about the Cairo Genizah in 1752 or 1753. In 1864 the traveler and scholar
641:
is of great importance to research inasmuch as it includes all Genizah fragments and bibliographical data relating to them.
2035:
311:
268:
2132:
1980:
1973:
Sacred Treasure - The Cairo Genizah: The Amazing Discoveries of Forgotten Jewish History in an Egyptian Synagogue Attic
1961:
1916:
583:
A number of other genizot have provided smaller discoveries across the Old World, notably Italian ones such as that of
252:
1863:"Searching for the Last Genizah Fragment in Late Ottoman Cairo: A Material Survey of Egyptian Jewish Literary Culture"
840:"Searching for the Last Genizah Fragment in Late Ottoman Cairo: A Material Survey of Egyptian Jewish Literary Culture"
2137:
1897:
1796:
1673:
1335:
1080:
1055:
884:
352:
248:
2142:
1890:
A Mediterranean Society: The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Geniza
1048:
A Mediterranean Society: The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Geniza
877:
A Mediterranean Society: The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Geniza
529:. Of particular interest to biblical scholars are several incomplete manuscripts of the original Hebrew version of
2099:
Podcast episode highlighting women's presence in Geniza texts, Tzipora Weinberg in conversation with Eve Krakowski
1853:
Fragments of the Books of Kings, According to the Translation of Aquila from a MS formerly in the Geniza at Cairo
821:
Fragments of the Books of Kings, According to the Translation of Aquila from a MS formerly in the Geniza at Cairo
611:
423:, 200 "better known families", and mentions of 450 professions and 450 goods. He identified material from Egypt,
315:
826:
From the style of the writing the MS must be dated in the end of the 5th or the beginning of the 6th century AD.
329:
240:
17:
2070:
1708:
2167:
2051:
1851:
819:
746:
662:
337:
255:
at the University of Haifa and multiple private collections around the world. Most fragments come from the
212:
295:
returned from Egypt with fragments from the Genizah they considered to be of interest, and showed them to
2172:
2157:
2122:
2090:
1759:
654:
1399:
623:
344:
1.2 million. This is the first time the two libraries have collaborated for such a fundraising effort.
244:
228:
2152:
2147:
2127:
2117:
2060:
332:
in Cambridge held 1,700 fragments, which were deposited by Lewis and Gibson in 1896. In 2013 the two
307:
300:
1448:
2177:
638:
292:
2039:
943:"The Cairo Genizah, the Largest and Most Diverse Collection of Medieval Manuscripts in the World"
1688:
580:. The Genizah remained in use until it was emptied by Western scholars eager for its material.
211:
Manuscripts from the Cairo Geniza are now dispersed among a number of libraries, including the
279:
The first European to note the collection was apparently Simon van Gelderen (a great-uncle of
1610:
1325:
569:
560:. It was they who brought to Cairo several documents that shed a new light on the history of
420:
275:
at work in Cambridge University Library, studying the fragments of the Cairo Genizah, c. 1898
730:
712:
323:
220:
1663:
950:
8:
1954:
A Jewish Archive from Old Cairo: The History of Cambridge University's Genizah Collection
1043:
751:
740:
412:
2026:
306:
The Genizah fragments have now been archived in various libraries around the world. The
1527:
1464:"A Survey of Personal-Use Qurʾan Manuscripts Based on Fragments from the Cairo Genizah"
1436:
1367:
724:
718:
683:
515:
401:
154:
1976:
1957:
1931:
1912:
1893:
1838:
1828:
1802:
1792:
1669:
1415:
1400:"Four. The Geniza, Jewish Identity, and Medieval Islamic Social and Economic History"
1331:
1146:
1121:
1076:
1051:
915:
880:
735:
702:
534:
296:
272:
144:
1874:
1606:
1558:
1519:
1475:
1407:
1304:
1026:
851:
707:
678:
658:
573:
538:
369:
319:
224:
205:
185:
1206:
594:
The Cairo Genizah fragments were extensively studied, cataloged and translated by
2056:
1267:
1263:
557:
382:
377:
373:
236:
181:
177:
169:. These manuscripts span the entire period of Middle-Eastern, North African, and
1184:
1989:
1694:"Medieval Traders as International Change Agents: A Comment". Michael Scorgie,
1117:
577:
565:
476:
280:
2044:
1879:
1862:
1842:
1411:
856:
839:
2106:
1659:
1632:"Ancient manuscripts indicate Jewish communities once thrived in Afghanistan"
1105:
696:
650:
595:
588:
68:
55:
2093:, Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World, by Stefan Reif, 2010, pp 7 – 12
1928:
The Sisters of Sinai: How Two Lady Adventurers Discovered the Hidden Gospels
1806:
1309:
1292:
1143:
The Sisters of Sinai: How Two Lady Adventurers Discovered the Hidden Gospels
2065:
1068:
674:
390:
284:
197:
1480:
1463:
1030:
1786:
1563:
1546:
396:
1371:
393:
neighbors, including farming; they bought, sold, and rented properties.
2074:
1531:
1109:
743:, prominent merchant whose correspondence was found in the Cairo Geniza
677:
recounts his study of the Genizah fragments related to Jewish merchant
631:
510:
484:
416:
405:
341:
170:
991:. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America. pp. 1–12.
479:; Europe not only is represented by the Mediterranean port cities of
464:
456:
162:
39:
1523:
196:
and cloth. In addition to containing Jewish religious texts such as
2021:
1235:"Historic rivals join forces to save 1,000 years of Jewish history"
602:
was published by Blackwell in 1958, with a second edition in 1959.
561:
480:
436:
333:
288:
584:
468:
460:
444:
428:
357:
193:
149:
140:
1510:
Schechter, Solomon (1898). "Genizah Specimens: Ecclesiasticus".
1286:
1284:
1050:. 6 vols. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967–1993.
542:
530:
492:
448:
440:
424:
201:
189:
176:
The Genizah texts are written in various languages, especially
158:
2085:
1281:
526:
500:
488:
452:
432:
386:
166:
2016:
1825:
The Lost Archive Traces of a Caliphate in a Cairo Synagogue
630:
is the subject of a citizen-science project on the website
496:
472:
1909:
Sacred Trash: The Lost and Found World of the Cairo Geniza
1114:
Sacred Trash: The Lost and Found World of the Cairo Geniza
1004:
Sacred Trash: The Lost and Found World of the Cairo Geniza
727:, similar cache of ancient religious and secular documents
721:, similar cache of ancient religious and secular documents
715:, similar cache of ancient religious and secular documents
699:, similar cache of ancient religious and secular documents
1636:
537:, other fragments of which were later found among the
2091:
Cairo Geniza: General Survey and History of Discovery
1358:
Shohat, Ella (2015). "The Question of Judeo-Arabic".
1237:. Bodleian Libraries. 8 February 2013. Archived from
824:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 10.
763:
661:
as a method of transcribing geniza documents, using
533:. Solomon Schechter also found two fragments of the
974:
The Cairo Genizah and the Age of Discovery in Egypt
1497:The Original Hebrew of a Portion of Ecclesiasticus
1397:
263:
2104:
1461:
1264:"Appeal to buy Lewis-Gibson Genizah Collection"
147:administrative documents that were kept in the
1494:
381:are invaluable as evidence for how colloquial
336:libraries, the Bodleian Library at Oxford and
1462:Connolly, Magdalen M.; Posegay, Nick (2021).
2073:Project of transcribing the documents using
1892:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1887:
1867:International Journal of Middle East Studies
879:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
874:
844:International Journal of Middle East Studies
347:
1975:. Woodstock, VT: Jewish Lights Publishing.
1906:
1291:Brody, Robert (Spring 1999 – Winter 2000).
1104:
1006:. New York: Nextbook, Schocken. p. 39.
1001:
831:
811:
326:has a collection of 25,000 Genizah folios.
1378:
1290:
782:
780:
778:
38:
1878:
1827:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
1698:, Vol. 21, No. 1 (June 1994), pp. 137–143
1577:
1562:
1544:
1509:
1479:
1308:
1258:
1256:
1016:
986:
971:
937:
935:
933:
902:
900:
898:
896:
855:
27:Collection of Jewish manuscript fragments
1970:
1856:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1582:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1327:Defending the Bible against "Christians"
1145:. New York: Vintage Books. p. 220.
976:. London: I.B. tauris. pp. 191–207.
509:
395:
351:
267:
2066:Penn/Cambridge Genizah Fragment Project
2017:The Friedberg Jewish Manuscript Society
1925:
1860:
1849:
1495:Cowley, A. E.; Neubauer, Adolf (1897).
1323:
1140:
1075:. New York: Vintage Books. p. 81.
837:
817:
775:
550:Letter of the Karaite elders of Ascalon
233:Katz Center for Advanced Judaic Studies
14:
2105:
2036:Taylor-Schechter Genizah Research Unit
1822:
1784:
1398:Ackerman-Lieberman, Phillip I (2014).
1357:
1253:
1229:
1227:
930:
893:
786:
769:
217:Jewish Theological Seminary of America
1992:, "The Secret Life of Cairo’s Jews",
1658:
1551:Journal of the History of Collections
1067:
622:The Cairo Genizah Collections at the
293:Agnes S. Lewis and Margaret D. Gibson
1951:
1907:Hoffman, Adina; Cole, Peter (2011).
1061:
1002:Hoffman, Adina; Cole, Peter (2011).
2113:9th-century establishments in Egypt
1788:Amitav Ghosh : an introduction
1624:
1224:
610:Jewish bankers in Old Cairo used a
312:Jewish Theological Seminary Library
24:
2086:Arabic Poetry in the Cairo Genizah
2081:A Window into Jewish Medieval Life
1945:
1888:Goitein, Shelomo Dov (1967–1993).
1850:Burkitt, Francis Crawford (1897).
1134:
875:Goitein, Shelomo Dov (1967–1993).
818:Burkitt, Francis Crawford (1897).
668:
253:Younes and Soraya Nazarian Library
139:, is a collection of some 400,000
25:
2189:
2163:Manuscripts from the Cairo Geniza
2010:
1696:The Accounting Historians Journal
1330:. WestBow Press. pp. 52–53.
989:Studies in Judaism: Second Series
972:Jefferson, Rebecca J. W. (2022).
673:Indian anthropologist and writer
2031:Johns Hopkins Sheridan Libraries
2022:Princeton Geniza Project Website
1911:. New York: Nextbook, Schocken.
1778:
1752:
1726:
1701:
1652:
1599:
1586:
1571:
1538:
1503:
1488:
1455:
1391:
1351:
1317:
1293:"Cataloguing the Cairo Genizah"
1199:
1177:
1168:
1159:
1098:
1089:
1037:
1010:
995:
612:double-entry bookkeeping system
451:, and even covering trade with
316:John Rylands University Library
264:Discovery and present locations
104:Approximately 400,000 fragments
1760:"Handwritten Text Recognition"
1185:"The Cairo Genizah Collection"
980:
965:
868:
789:"Text Treasures: Cairo Geniza"
787:Dospel, Marek (June 1, 2022).
455:. Cities mentioned range from
249:Alliance Israélite Universelle
13:
1:
1207:"Library Special Collections"
757:
605:
241:Hungarian Academy of Sciences
2052:Cambridge University Library
2006:, Knopf, 1965. Chapter XVIII
1956:. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon.
1580:Fragments of a Zadokite Work
793:Biblical Archaeology Society
747:History of the Jews in Egypt
663:handwritten text recognition
503:are occasionally mentioned.
338:Cambridge University Library
213:Cambridge University Library
135:, alternatively spelled the
7:
2071:Scribes of the Cairo Geniza
2057:Taylor-Schechter Collection
1930:. New York: Vintage Books.
1791:. Delhi: Foundation Books.
1713:Scribes of the Cairo Geniza
1668:(2nd ed.). Blackwell.
1578:Schechter, Solomon (1910).
1468:Journal of Qurʾanic Studies
1187:. Cambridge Digital Library
1174:Soskice (2009) pp. 230, 232
1019:The Jewish Quarterly Review
987:Schechter, Solomon (1908).
690:
628:Jewish Theological Seminary
617:
10:
2194:
1816:
1734:"Text Searchable Database"
1499:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
657:, the Lab began exploring
626:and at the Library of the
624:University of Pennsylvania
291:scholars and twin sisters
245:National Library of Russia
229:University of Pennsylvania
2133:Jews and Judaism in Cairo
2097:Women of the Cairo Geniza
2061:Cambridge Digital Library
1880:10.1017/S0020743822000356
1545:Jefferson, J. W. (2009).
1412:10.1515/9780804787161-006
857:10.1017/S0020743822000356
376:. As the Jews considered
348:Contents and significance
143:manuscript fragments and
121:
116:
108:
100:
92:
84:
50:
46:
37:
32:
2138:Islam-related literature
1952:Reif, Stefan C. (2000).
1785:Hawley, John C. (2005).
1404:The Business of Identity
1360:The Arab Studies Journal
1324:Roberts, Martin (2014).
653:and in partnership with
639:Friedberg Geniza Project
112:6th to 19th centuries CE
2143:Jewish Egyptian history
2040:University of Cambridge
1971:Glickman, Mark (2011).
1926:Soskice, Janet (2009).
1823:Rustow, Marina (2020).
1594:A Mediterranean Society
1512:Jewish Quarterly Review
1386:A Mediterranean Society
1310:10.14263/2330-2976.1149
1165:Ghosh (1992), pp. 88ff.
1141:Soskice, Janet (2009).
192:and paper, but also on
2004:The Testaments of Time
1873:(FirstView): 423–441.
1861:Posegay, Nick (2022).
1766:. Princeton university
1740:. Princeton University
947:History of Information
912:Jewish Virtual Library
838:Posegay, Nick (2022).
655:Daniel Stoekl Ben Ezra
518:
408:
361:
360:from the Cairo genizah
276:
1611:University of Perugia
1481:10.3366/jqs.2021.0465
1297:Judaica Librarianship
1031:10.1353/jqr.2018.0028
570:Khazar Correspondence
513:
399:
355:
271:
1764:Princeton Geniza Lab
1738:Princeton Geniza Lab
1406:. pp. 194–228.
1095:Ghosh (1992), p. 83.
1044:Goitein, Shelomo Dov
918:on November 11, 2017
731:Timbuktu manuscripts
713:Dunhuang manuscripts
646:Princeton Geniza Lab
324:University of Oxford
221:John Rylands Library
153:or storeroom of the
117:Building information
2168:9th-century Judaism
752:Synagogues in Cairo
591:was found in 2011.
558:refugees from Spain
459:in Central Asia to
413:Shelomo Dov Goitein
400:A letter signed by
330:Westminster College
69:30.0058°N 31.2310°E
65: /
2173:Jewish manuscripts
2158:Libraries in Egypt
2123:Hebrew manuscripts
1564:10.1093/jhc/fhp003
1073:In an Antique Land
725:Herculaneum papyri
719:Elephantine papyri
684:In an Antique Land
587:. An 11th-century
519:
516:Ben Ezra Synagogue
471:to the west; from
409:
362:
277:
155:Ben Ezra Synagogue
125:Ben Ezra Synagogue
2046:Genizah Fragments
1937:978-1-4000-3474-1
1834:978-0-691-18952-9
1421:978-0-8047-8716-1
1213:. 2 February 2016
1152:978-1-4000-3474-1
1127:978-0-8052-4258-4
736:Solomon ben Semah
703:Damascus Document
535:Damascus Document
297:Solomon Schechter
273:Solomon Schechter
129:
128:
16:(Redirected from
2185:
2153:Judaism in Egypt
2148:Jewish libraries
2128:History of Cairo
2118:Culture in Cairo
1986:
1967:
1941:
1922:
1903:
1884:
1882:
1857:
1846:
1811:
1810:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1705:
1699:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1665:The Cairo Geniza
1656:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1640:. 3 January 2013
1628:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1603:
1597:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1395:
1389:
1388:, vol. 1, p. 23.
1382:
1376:
1375:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1288:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1260:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1241:on 23 April 2013
1231:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1181:
1175:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1065:
1059:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1014:
1008:
1007:
999:
993:
992:
984:
978:
977:
969:
963:
962:
960:
958:
949:. Archived from
939:
928:
927:
925:
923:
914:. Archived from
904:
891:
890:
872:
866:
865:
859:
850:(FirstView): 6.
835:
829:
828:
815:
809:
808:
806:
804:
795:. Archived from
784:
773:
767:
741:Yusuf ibn 'Awkal
708:Dead Sea Scrolls
679:Abraham Ben Yiju
659:machine learning
644:Since 1986, the
600:The Cairo Geniza
574:Schechter Letter
539:Dead Sea Scrolls
370:Aramaic language
320:Bodleian Library
225:Bodleian Library
80:
79:
77:
76:
75:
74:30.0058; 31.2310
70:
66:
63:
62:
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42:
30:
29:
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2192:
2188:
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2183:
2182:
2178:Jewish archives
2103:
2102:
2013:
1996:, May 27, 2011.
1983:
1964:
1948:
1946:Further reading
1938:
1919:
1900:
1835:
1819:
1814:
1799:
1783:
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1625:
1615:
1613:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1596:, vol. 1, p. 13
1591:
1587:
1576:
1572:
1543:
1539:
1524:10.2307/1450712
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1456:
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1379:
1356:
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1342:
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1322:
1318:
1289:
1282:
1272:
1270:
1268:BBC News Online
1262:
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1244:
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1233:
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1190:
1188:
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985:
981:
970:
966:
956:
954:
953:on July 5, 2021
941:
940:
931:
921:
919:
908:"Cairo Genizah"
906:
905:
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869:
836:
832:
816:
812:
802:
800:
799:on June 1, 2022
785:
776:
768:
764:
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693:
671:
669:Cultural impact
620:
608:
374:Hebrew alphabet
350:
266:
237:British Library
101:Collection size
73:
71:
67:
64:
59:
56:
54:
52:
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2191:
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2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2101:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2068:
2063:
2054:
2042:
2033:
2024:
2019:
2012:
2011:External links
2009:
2008:
2007:
1997:
1990:Anthony Julius
1987:
1982:978-1580234313
1981:
1968:
1963:978-0700713127
1962:
1947:
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1943:
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1918:978-0805242584
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1660:Kahle, Paul E.
1651:
1623:
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1585:
1570:
1557:(1): 125–142.
1537:
1518:(2): 197–206.
1502:
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1420:
1390:
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1133:
1126:
1118:Schocken Books
1106:Hoffman, Adina
1097:
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1025:(4): 422–448.
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665:applications.
619:
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578:Kievian Letter
568:, namely, the
477:Constantinople
356:Fragment of a
349:
346:
301:Charles Taylor
281:Heinrich Heine
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2028:
2027:Cairo Genizah
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1965:
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1955:
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1939:
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1929:
1924:
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1899:0-5202-2158-3
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1675:9780835779616
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1533:
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1521:
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1513:
1506:
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1438:
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1120:. p. 3.
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1101:
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1082:0-679-72783-3
1078:
1074:
1070:
1069:Ghosh, Amitav
1064:
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1056:0-5202-2158-3
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1040:
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886:0-5202-2158-3
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734:
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723:
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697:Afghan Geniza
695:
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651:Marina Rustow
647:
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635:
633:
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625:
615:
613:
603:
601:
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596:Paul E. Kahle
592:
590:
589:Afghan Geniza
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579:
575:
571:
567:
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559:
556:increased by
553:
551:
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414:
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404:, the son of
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234:
230:
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199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
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137:Cairo Genizah
134:
124:
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107:
103:
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18:Cairo Genizah
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2003:
1972:
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1870:
1866:
1852:
1824:
1787:
1780:
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1763:
1754:
1742:. Retrieved
1737:
1728:
1718:15 September
1716:. Retrieved
1712:
1709:"Zooniverse"
1703:
1695:
1690:
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1664:
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1642:. Retrieved
1635:
1626:
1614:. Retrieved
1601:
1593:
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1550:
1540:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1496:
1490:
1471:
1467:
1457:
1425:. Retrieved
1403:
1393:
1385:
1380:
1366:(1): 14–76.
1363:
1359:
1353:
1341:. Retrieved
1326:
1319:
1300:
1296:
1273:February 18,
1271:. Retrieved
1243:. Retrieved
1239:the original
1215:. Retrieved
1211:www.jtsa.edu
1210:
1201:
1191:23 September
1189:. Retrieved
1179:
1170:
1161:
1142:
1136:
1113:
1100:
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967:
955:. Retrieved
951:the original
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847:
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833:
825:
820:
813:
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797:the original
792:
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675:Amitav Ghosh
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520:
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410:
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285:Jacob Saphir
278:
256:
210:
204:, and later
188:, mainly on
175:
148:
136:
133:Cairo Geniza
132:
130:
88:Cairo, Egypt
33:Cairo Geniza
1994:Book Review
1616:23 February
1474:(2): 1–40.
1427:October 23,
1245:23 February
1110:Cole, Peter
957:October 23,
922:October 23,
803:October 23,
770:Rustow 2020
566:Kievan Rus'
495:, but even
72: /
2107:Categories
2075:Zooniverse
1843:1132420189
1681:2014-01-10
1644:4 December
1217:2021-07-28
758:References
632:Zooniverse
606:Accounting
576:, and the
485:Marseilles
417:Maimonides
406:Maimonides
372:using the
171:Andalusian
60:31°13′52″E
57:30°00′21″N
2000:Leo Deuel
1770:6 October
1744:6 October
1592:Goitein.
1447:ignored (
1437:cite book
1384:Goitein.
1343:7 January
475:north to
465:Sijilmasa
457:Samarkand
435:(but not
391:Christian
260:century.
163:Old Cairo
2077:platform
1807:63679806
1662:(1959).
1372:44744899
1112:(2011).
1071:(1992).
691:See also
618:Research
562:Khazaria
481:Narbonne
437:Damascus
334:Oxbridge
289:Scottish
206:Rabbinic
202:Talmudic
198:Biblical
122:Building
85:Location
2050:of the
2038:at the
1817:Sources
1532:1450712
585:Perugia
469:Morocco
461:Seville
445:Tunisia
429:Lebanon
421:Abraham
402:Abraham
358:haggada
322:at the
194:papyrus
186:Aramaic
150:genizah
145:Fatimid
96:Genizah
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1960:
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543:Qumran
531:Sirach
493:Venice
449:Sicily
441:Aleppo
425:Israel
387:Muslim
383:Arabic
378:Hebrew
314:. The
308:Taylor
257:geniza
251:, the
243:, the
239:, the
235:, the
227:, the
223:, the
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190:vellum
184:, and
182:Arabic
178:Hebrew
159:Fustat
141:Jewish
1528:JSTOR
1368:JSTOR
527:Quran
501:Rouen
489:Genoa
453:India
433:Syria
167:Egypt
2048:Blog
1977:ISBN
1958:ISBN
1932:ISBN
1913:ISBN
1894:ISBN
1839:OCLC
1829:ISBN
1803:OCLC
1793:ISBN
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1746:2023
1720:2017
1670:ISBN
1646:2013
1618:2013
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