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flower stalk, or inflorescence, is also branched and contains between 15 and 40 yellow, strongly perfumed flowers, which may be pollinated by bees. The petals are usually yellow with a blood-red blotch. The fruits are oval-shaped woody seedpods, measuring up to 7.3 centimetres (2.9 in) long and 2.6 centimetres (1.0 in) across; they hang off the branches and after the seeds are expelled, the pods become twisted. The branches, leaves and fruit are covered with small thorns.
51:
79:
814:
1431:
766:
561:
711:
722:-making industry which highly values this wood. The International Pernambuco Conservation Initiative (IPCI), whose members are the bowmakers who rely on pernambuco for their livelihoods, is working to replant the trees. IPCI advocates the use of other woods for violin bows to raise money to plant pernambuco seedlings. The shortage of pernambuco has also helped the
542:
The brazilwood tree may reach up to 15 metres (49 ft) in height, and the dark brown bark flakes in large patches, revealing the lustrous blood-red sapwood underneath. The leaves are pinnate and each consists of between 9 and 19 small, leathery leaflets, which are broadly oblong in shape. The
546:
There are some important differences between geographically distinct populations and it is thought that separate subspecies of the pau brasil may exist. This tree may have some medicinal properties and has been used as an astringent and antidiuretic by local people; extracts have been tested as
1415:, Ricardo Cardim 15 December 2009 blog entry; "Coisa rara no clima paulistano, as inúmeras árvores de pau-brasil (Caesalipinia echinata) plantadas pela cidade estão frutificando abundantemente." (in exceptional circumstances, however, brazilwood may flower in São Paulo)
641:. When Portuguese navigators landed in present-day Brazil, on April 22, 1500, they immediately saw that brazilwood was extremely abundant along the coast and in its hinterland, along the rivers. In a few years, a hectic and very profitable operation for
742:
vegetation. Although many saplings have been distributed or sold during recent decades, that has led to the tree being planted in places outside its natural range, with somewhat poor results, such as what happens with brazilwood trees used for urban
449:
meaning reddish/ember-like. The South
American trees soon dominated trading as a better source of dye. Such a vigorous trade resulted from the woods that early sailors and merchants started referring to the land itself as
852:
695:
Excessive harvesting led to a steep decrease in the number of brazilwood trees in the 18th century, causing the collapse of this economic activity. Presently, the species is nearly
1237:
Dapson, RW; Bain, CL (2015). "Brazilwood, sappanwood, brazilin and the red dye brazilein: from textile dyeing and folk medicine to biological staining and musical instruments".
856:
1456:
1972:
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1762:
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789:
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to attack loaded
Portuguese ships in order to steal their cargo. For example, the unsuccessful attempt in 1555 of a French expedition led by
2177:
1356:
Dodge, Cameron J. G. (2018). "A Forgotten
Century of Brazilwood: The Brazilwood Trade from the Mid-Sixteenth to Mid-Seventeenth Century".
704:
2172:
2024:
534:
2117:
1467:
777:
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1920:
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1985:
1933:
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677:) was motivated in part by the bounty generated by economic exploitation of brazilwood. In addition, this plant is also cited in
1409:
2152:
1085:
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1990:
1435:
17:
2182:
684:
384:. More recent taxonomic studies have suggested that it merits recognition as a separate genus, and it was thus renamed
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600:
1594:
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Starting in the 16th century, brazilwood became highly valued in Europe and quite difficult to get. A related wood,
2127:
1767:
83:
1064:; Nehren, Udo; Reyes-Agüero, Juan Antonio (2019). "Use and Conservation of the Threatened Brazilian National Tree
1959:
1736:
1563:
723:
1793:
1620:
947:
Gagnon, Edeline; Bruneau, Anne; Hughes, Colin E.; Paganucci de
Queiroz, Luciano; Lewis, Gwilym P. (2016-10-12).
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The trade of brazilwood is likely to be banned in the immediate future, creating a major problem in the
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and shipping all the brazilwood logs they could get was established, as a crown-granted
Portuguese
2003:
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This article is about the brazilwood tree. For the unrelated tree that yields Brazil nuts, see
1607:
1541:
389:
381:
241:
224:
1780:
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1894:
1754:
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454:, or simply, the "Land of Brazil"; from this use, the present name of Brazil was derived.
8:
2162:
1998:
512:
426:
310:
68:
1301:
2089:
1827:
1641:
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on the coast of South
America, they recognised it as a relative of an Asian species of
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98:
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2016:
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which soon followed stimulated other nations to try to harvest and smuggle brazilwood
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404:, and describes the thorns which cover all parts of the tree (including the fruits).
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in most of its original range. Brazilwood is listed as an endangered species by the
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1832:
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1365:
1246:
1209:
1073:
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978:
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1250:
59:
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1806:
1673:
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1077:
1016:
751:, whose development and flowering is usually hampered by the colder environment.
471:
298:
286:
141:
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already used in Europe for producing red dye. The
Portuguese named these trees
2011:
670:
408:
128:
1214:
1193:
965:
613:
538:
Map of the Number of Logs of
Brazilwood Discovered in the Captaincy of Ilhéus.
2111:
1859:
1749:
1223:
1095:
974:
880:
486:
374:
324:
88:
1819:
1633:
734:
Restoration of the species in the wild is hampered by the fact that it is a
500:
In the bow-making business, it is usual to refer to some species other than
349:
for stringed instruments. The wood also yields a historically important red
2081:
1258:
1059:
992:
748:
465:
family). The term "brazilwood" is most often used to refer to the species
1946:
1723:
1682:
1535:
744:
719:
638:
369:
346:
1925:
1715:
1555:
1040:
946:
654:
622:
585: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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50:
31:
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342:
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that takes a high shine, and it is the premier wood used for making
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1814:
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187:
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1964:
1912:
1192:
Alves, Edenise Segala; Longui, Eduardo Luiz; Amano, Erika (2008).
1005:
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Botanically, several tree species are involved, all in the family
1072:. Springer Series on Environmental Management. pp. 205–219.
669:
and corsair under the King, to establish a colony in present-day
642:
294:
177:
526:
is usually called "Pernambuco wood" in this particular context.
1899:
1868:
1446:
1339:
Caesalpinia: a revision of the
Poincianella-Erythrostemon Group
1168:
Dicionário de tupi antigo: a língua indígena clássica do Brasil
848:
634:
462:
338:
167:
1171:(in Portuguese) (1 ed.). São Paulo: Global. p. 522.
2063:
1801:
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365:
115:
853:
Creative
Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License
1070:
Strategies and Tools for a Sustainable Rural Rio de Janeiro
863:
738:
species, which will develop well only when planted amongst
700:
625:, coming from Asia was traded in powder form and used as a
301:
of Brazil. It is a Brazilian timber tree commonly known as
1055:
1053:
1051:
795:
Spiny fruit (legume-like seed pods), CERET Park, São Paulo
1198:) used in the Manufacture of Bows for String Instruments"
350:
1048:
923:. Institute of Research Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden
328:
1230:
1300:. University of Minnesota Libraries. Archived from
469:, but it is also applied to other species, such as
373:in the medieval period, and was given its original
691:Use in the music industry and excessive harvesting
1185:
1012:based on a taxonomically comprehensive phylogeny"
481:. The tree is also known by other names, such as
2109:
1399:), Porto Alegre, Paisagem do Sul, 2004, page 228
1191:
412:
318:
617:An illustration of the tree leaves and flowers.
1068:Lam.: A Potential for Rio de Janeiro State?".
921:Flora do Brasil 2020 - Algae, Fungi and Plants
1487:Instituto de Pesquisas e Estudos Florestais:
1397:Atlantic Reinforest: its trees and landscape
504:as "brazilwood"; examples include pink ipê (
1349:
1006:The Legume Phylogeny Working Group (2017).
999:
942:
940:
938:
895:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T33974A9818224.en
705:official list of endangered flora of Brazil
1449:
1236:
949:"A new generic system for the pantropical
771:Bee in flower, Botanical Garden, São Paulo
77:
49:
1213:
1157:
1155:
1039:
1029:
982:
964:
893:
869:
601:Learn how and when to remove this message
244:) Gagnon, H.C.Lima & G.P.Lewis 2016)
1412:O pau-brasil está frutificando na cidade
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
935:
847:This article incorporates text from the
783:Spiny trunk, Botanical Garden, São Paulo
709:
612:
550:
533:
1393:Mata Atlântica: as árvores e a paisagem
1161:
1139:United States Department of Agriculture
1130:Germplasm Resources Information Network
1008:"A new subfamily classification of the
204:(Gagnon, H.C.Lima & G.P.Lewis 2016)
27:Species of plant in the family Fabaceae
14:
2110:
1271:
1152:
1115:
1113:
726:and composite bow industry to thrive.
364:was applied to certain species of the
1502:
1501:
1355:
1336:
1315:
729:
493:, named after the Brazilian state of
341:. This plant has a dense, orange-red
1382:Smithsonian, April 2004, cover story
583:adding citations to reliable sources
554:
2178:Taxa named by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
1110:
881:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
24:
1794:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77158012-1
1621:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77158010-1
1276:. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press.
851:fact-file "Paubrasilia" under the
685:Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius
25:
2194:
2173:Endangered flora of South America
1424:
1391:Cf. Backes, P. & Irgang, B.,
2118:IUCN Red List endangered species
2043:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:482704-1
1429:
824:
812:
800:
788:
776:
764:
559:
102:
2158:Flora of Rio de Janeiro (state)
1402:
1385:
1376:
1358:e-Journal of Portuguese History
1290:
1265:
570:needs additional citations for
357:, which oxidizes to brazilein.
58:An adult specimen in a park in
909:
663:Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon
529:
13:
1:
1410:Árvores de São Paulo —
1298:"Brazilwood: A Brief History"
1251:10.3109/10520295.2015.1021381
1135:Agricultural Research Service
842:
629:in the manufacture of luxury
489:, meaning "reddish wood"; or
2153:Flora of Rio Grande do Norte
1078:10.1007/978-3-319-89644-1_14
637:, in high demand during the
547:possible cancer treatments.
7:
1163:Navarro, Eduardo de Almeida
819:Botanical Garden, São Paulo
10:
2199:
1464:from a bowmaker's website.
754:
507:Handroanthus impetiginosus
29:
2183:Monotypic Fabaceae genera
1843:
1657:
1510:
1215:10.1163/22941932-90000190
1062:Huber-Sannwald, Elisabeth
966:10.3897/phytokeys.71.9203
703:, and it is cited in the
256:
249:
230:
223:
99:Scientific classification
97:
75:
66:
57:
48:
41:
2168:Plants described in 1785
1272:Stearn, William (2004).
417:, 'land of brazilwood'.
2128:Endemic flora of Brazil
519:Haematoxylum brasiletto
478:Haematoxylum brasiletto
420:
411:is a shortened form of
329:
917:"Paubrasilia echinata"
715:
618:
539:
413:
319:
314:
289:in the legume family,
1476:Flora Brasiliensis:
1468:USDA Plants Profile:
1462:About Pernambuco Wood
1457:Saving the Music Tree
1343:Royal Botanic Gardens
713:
616:
551:Historical importance
537:
522:). The highly prized
382:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
2004:Caesalpinia echinata
1874:caesalpinia-echinata
1845:Caesalpinia echinata
1689:Paubrasilia echinata
1659:Paubrasilia echinata
1489:Caesalpinia echinata
1478:Caesalpinia echinata
1470:Caesalpinia echinata
1337:Lewis, G.P. (1998).
1196:Caesalpinia Echinata
1123:Paubrasilia echinata
1066:Paubrasilia echinata
1060:Lichtenberg, Silke;
953:group (Leguminosae)"
888:: e.T33974A9818224.
874:Paubrasilia echinata
579:improve this article
524:Paubrasilia echinata
502:Paubrasilia echinata
467:Paubrasilia echinata
386:Paubrasilia echinata
378:Caesalpinia echinata
282:Paubrasilia echinata
260:Caesalpinia echinata
234:Paubrasilia echinata
43:Paubrasilia echinata
18:Caesalpinia echinata
2148:Flora of Pernambuco
657:out of Brazil, and
516:) and palo brasil (
513:Manilkara bidentata
388:in 2016. The Latin
268:Guilandina echinata
69:Conservation status
1194:"Pernambuco Wood (
870:Varty, N. (1998).
730:Replanting efforts
716:
680:Flora Brasiliensis
675:France Antarctique
665:, vice-admiral of
619:
540:
445:meaning wood, and
2138:Endangered plants
2105:
2104:
1776:Open Tree of Life
1603:Open Tree of Life
1504:Taxon identifiers
1239:Biotech Histochem
1087:978-3-319-89643-4
611:
610:
603:
510:), Massaranduba (
491:pau de pernambuco
315:pau-de-pernambuco
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264:
205:
92:
16:(Redirected from
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1434:Data related to
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1370:10.7301/Z0VH5MBT
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740:secondary forest
736:climax community
606:
599:
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555:
429:explorers found
416:
390:specific epithet
332:
322:
285:is a species of
270:
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216:P. echinata
203:
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53:
39:
38:
21:
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2133:Trees of Brazil
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1493:(in Portuguese)
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1304:on 27 July 2020
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747:in the city of
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472:Biancaea sappan
452:Terra do Brasil
423:
414:Terra do Brasil
375:scientific name
303:Pernambuco wood
299:Atlantic Forest
287:flowering plant
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2143:Flora of Bahia
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2095:wfo-0000173973
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1833:wfo-0001318224
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1208:(3): 323–335.
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2123:Caesalpinieae
2121:
2119:
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2096:
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1283:9780881926279
1279:
1275:
1268:
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1244:
1240:
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1225:
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1216:
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1197:
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1180:
1178:9788526019331
1174:
1170:
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959:(71): 1–160.
958:
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883:
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568:This section
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379:
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363:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
335:national tree
333:) and is the
331:
326:
321:
316:
312:
308:
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284:
283:
269:
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261:
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243:
237:
235:
229:
226:
225:Binomial name
222:
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212:
209:
208:
201:
200:
196:
193:
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166:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
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147:
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134:
133:
130:
129:Tracheophytes
127:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
105:
100:
96:
90:
85:
74:
70:
65:
61:
60:Florianópolis
56:
52:
47:
44:
40:
37:
33:
19:
1844:
1658:
1511:
1488:
1477:
1469:
1428:
1411:
1404:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1378:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1338:
1306:. Retrieved
1302:the original
1292:
1273:
1267:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1205:
1202:IAWA Journal
1201:
1195:
1187:
1166:
1142:. Retrieved
1128:
1122:
1069:
1065:
1024:(1): 44–77.
1021:
1015:
1009:
1001:
956:
950:
925:. Retrieved
920:
911:
899:. Retrieved
885:
879:
873:
865:
846:
831:
733:
724:carbon fiber
717:
694:
678:
620:
597:
588:
577:Please help
572:verification
569:
545:
541:
523:
517:
511:
505:
501:
499:
490:
483:ibirapitanga
482:
476:
470:
466:
456:
451:
446:
442:
438:
430:
424:
406:
401:
393:
385:
377:
368:
361:
359:
330:ybyrapytanga
306:
302:
281:
280:
279:
271:Spreng. 1825
267:
259:
233:
231:
215:
214:
198:
197:
161:
148:
135:
122:
42:
36:
1947:iNaturalist
1724:iNaturalist
1683:Wikispecies
1542:Paubrasilia
1536:Wikispecies
1512:Paubrasilia
1445:media from
1443:Paubrasilia
1436:Paubrasilia
1364:(1): 1–27.
1041:10568/90658
1010:Leguminosae
951:Caesalpinia
927:20 February
901:19 November
832:P. echinata
745:landscaping
714:A cello bow
649:. The rich
639:Renaissance
591:August 2024
530:Description
441:, the term
431:Paubrasilia
380:in 1785 by
370:Caesalpinia
199:Paubrasilia
142:Angiosperms
2163:Plant dyes
2112:Categories
2012:Plant List
1742:77158012-1
1569:77158010-1
1308:2019-09-16
843:References
697:extirpated
655:contraband
633:, such as
623:sappanwood
495:Pernambuco
439:pau-brasil
435:sappanwood
427:Portuguese
396:refers to
362:pau-brasil
320:pau-brasil
311:Portuguese
307:brazilwood
293:, that is
84:Endangered
62:, Brazil.
32:Brazil nut
2017:ild-20094
1820:100448231
1674:Q42675898
1634:100448230
1527:Q42662614
1224:0928-1541
1144:1 October
1104:134437366
1096:0172-6161
975:1314-2003
957:PhytoKeys
834:heartwood
749:São Paulo
360:The name
343:heartwood
263:Lam. 1785
210:Species:
112:Kingdom:
2082:13027571
2077:Tropicos
2064:Species+
1978:10166497
1965:482704-1
1854:Wikidata
1815:Tropicos
1802:Species+
1668:Wikidata
1629:Tropicos
1582:11905738
1521:Wikidata
1259:25893688
1165:(2013).
993:28814915
855:and the
667:Brittany
659:corsairs
651:commerce
647:monopoly
631:textiles
459:Fabaceae
398:hedgehog
394:echinata
355:brazilin
291:Fabaceae
251:Synonyms
188:Fabaceae
184:Family:
155:Eudicots
89:IUCN 2.3
1926:2958549
1860:Q216469
1716:9119360
1703:1084714
1608:7055063
1595:1920643
1556:8930466
1341:. Kew:
984:5558824
755:Gallery
643:felling
627:red dye
485:, from
402:echinus
400:, from
353:called
297:to the
295:endemic
194:Genus:
178:Fabales
174:Order:
116:Plantae
87: (
2056:345-43
2025:PLANTS
1991:506348
1900:640179
1869:ARKive
1781:914782
1768:372551
1729:874491
1447:ARKive
1280:
1257:
1222:
1175:
1102:
1094:
1084:
991:
981:
973:
849:ARKive
635:velvet
447:brasil
339:Brazil
168:Rosids
2069:18906
2051:SANBI
2030:CAEC3
1973:IRMNG
1952:85031
1913:CAEEC
1887:694XL
1807:94093
1755:33974
1577:IRMNG
1100:S2CID
1017:Taxon
463:pulse
461:(the
425:When
366:genus
162:Clade
149:Clade
136:Clade
123:Clade
2038:POWO
1999:PfaF
1986:ITIS
1960:IPNI
1939:8286
1934:GRIN
1921:GBIF
1908:EPPO
1789:POWO
1763:NCBI
1750:IUCN
1737:IPNI
1711:GBIF
1698:BOLD
1616:POWO
1590:NCBI
1564:IPNI
1551:GBIF
1408:Cf.
1278:ISBN
1255:PMID
1220:ISSN
1173:ISBN
1146:2022
1092:ISSN
1082:ISBN
989:PMID
971:ISSN
929:2019
903:2021
886:1998
857:GFDL
701:IUCN
487:Tupi
475:and
421:Name
407:The
347:bows
325:Tupi
242:Lam.
2090:WFO
1895:EoL
1882:CoL
1828:WFO
1642:WFO
1366:doi
1247:doi
1210:doi
1074:doi
1036:hdl
1026:doi
979:PMC
961:doi
890:doi
720:bow
683:by
581:by
443:pau
392:of
351:dye
337:of
305:or
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2079::
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2053::
2040::
2027::
2014::
2001::
1988::
1975::
1962::
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1897::
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1817::
1804::
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1670::
1644::
1631::
1618::
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1579::
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1360:.
1317:^
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