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419:
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assigned to one of the extended partition logical drives. Moreover, even adding a new hard drive having only logical drives in an extended partition would still disrupt the letters of RAM disks and optical drives. This problem persisted through
Microsoft's DOS-based 9x versions of Windows until they were replaced by versions based on the NT line, which preserves the letters of existing drives until the user changes them. Under DOS, this problem can be worked around by defining a SUBST drive and installing the DOS program into this logical drive. The assignment of this drive would then be changed in a batch job whenever the application starts. Under some versions of
994:. As such, removing and adding this file is likely to render the media unbootable. It is, however, possible to replace the shell at will, a method that can be used to start the execution of dedicated applications faster. This limitation does not apply to any version of DR DOS, where the system files can be located anywhere in the root directory and do not need to be contiguous. Therefore, system files can be simply copied to a disk provided that the boot sector is DR DOS compatible already.
1160:
1040:: 8 characters for the filename and 3 characters for the extension. Starting with DOS 2 hierarchical directories are supported. Each directory name is also 8.3 format but the maximum directory path length is 64 characters due to the internal current directory structure (CDS) tables that DOS maintains. Including the drive name, the maximum length of a fully qualified filename that DOS supports is 80 characters using the format drive:\path\filename.ext followed by a null byte.
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1768:
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369:. Microsoft purchased 86-DOS, allegedly for US$ 50,000. This became Microsoft Disk Operating System, MS-DOS, introduced in 1981. Within a year Microsoft licensed MS-DOS to over 70 other companies, which supplied the operating system for their own hardware, sometimes under their own names. Microsoft later required the use of the MS-DOS name, with the exception of the IBM variant. IBM continued to develop their version,
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328:
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55:
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1714:(TSR) function which allows programs to remain resident in memory. These programs can hook the system timer or keyboard interrupts to allow themselves to run tasks in the background or to be invoked at any time, preempting the current running program and effectively implementing a simple form of multitasking on a program-specific basis. The DOS
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Under OS/2 2.x and later, the DOS emulation is provided by DOSKRNL. This is a file that represents the combined IBMBIO.COM and IBMDOS.COM, the system calls are passed through to the OS/2 windowing services. DOS programs run in their own environment, the bulk of the DOS utilities are provided by bound
1602:
In
Windows 3.1 and 9x, the DOS virtual machine is provided by WINOLDAP. WinOldAp creates a virtual machine based on the program's PIF file, and the system state when Windows was loaded. The DOS graphics mode, both character and graphic, can be captured and run in the window. DOS applications can use
900:
constitutes a VBR now. VBRs are operating system specific and cannot be exchanged between different DOS versions in general, as the exact behaviour differs between different DOS versions. In very old versions of DOS such as DOS 1.x, the VBR would load the whole IO.SYS/IBMBIO.COM file into memory at
740:
for the
Motorola 68000 series of CPUs in the early 1990s. While these systems loosely resembled the DOS architecture, applications were not binary compatible due to the incompatible instruction sets of these non-x86-CPUs. However, applications written in high-level languages could be ported easily.
553:
and Tim Norman joined the project. A kernel, the COMMAND.COM command line interpreter (shell), and core utilities were created by pooling code they had written or found available. There were several official pre-release distributions of FreeDOS before the FreeDOS 1.0 distribution was released on 3
537:
began selling Unix, Microsoft and IBM began developing OS/2 as an alternative. The two companies later had a series of disagreements over two successor operating systems to DOS, OS/2 and
Windows. They split development of their DOS systems as a result. The last retail version of MS-DOS was MS-DOS
1500:
It is still possible to create files or directories using these reserved device names, such as through direct editing of directory data structures in disk sectors. Such naming, such as starting a file name with a space, has sometimes been used by viruses or hacking programs to obscure files from
1614:
OS/2 allows for 'DOS from Drive A:', (VMDISK). This is a real DOS, like MS-DOS 6.22 or PC DOS 5.00. One makes a bootable floppy disk of the DOS, adds a number of drivers from OS/2, and then creates a special image. The DOS booted this way has full access to the system, but provides its own
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systems), they can be disrupted by adding new hardware that needs a drive letter. An example is the addition of a new hard drive having a primary partition where a pre-existing hard drive contains logical drives in extended partitions; the new drive will be assigned a letter that was previously
1606:
The emulated DOS in OS/2 and
Windows NT is based upon DOS 5. Although there is a default configuration (config.sys and autoexec.bat), one can use alternate files on a session-by-session basis. It is possible to load drivers in these files to access the host system, although these are typically
1598:
The DOS emulation in OS/2 and
Windows runs in much the same way as native applications do. They can access all of the drives and services, and can even use the host's clipboard services. Because the drivers for file systems and such forth reside in the host system, the DOS emulation needs only
319:
for help with an 8088-compatible build of CP/M. IBM was then sent to
Digital Research, and a meeting was set up. However, initial negotiations for the use of CP/M broke down: Digital Research wished to sell CP/M on a royalty basis, while IBM sought a single license, and to change the name to
373:, for the IBM PC. Digital Research became aware that an operating system similar to CP/M was being sold by IBM (under the same name that IBM insisted upon for CP/M), and threatened legal action. IBM responded by offering an agreement: they would give PC consumers a choice of PC DOS or
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DOS / OS2 applications in the \OS2 directory. OS/2 can run
Windows 3.1 applications by using a modified copy of Windows (Win-OS/2). The modifications allow Windows 3.1 programs to run seamlessly on the OS/2 desktop, or one can start a WinOS/2 desktop, similar to starting Windows from DOS.
1740:
program Back and Forth (1990) has a hotkey to save the state of the currently-running program to disk, load another program, and switch to it, making it possible to switch "back and forth" between programs (albeit slowly, due to the disk access required). Back and Forth could not enable
492:
wrote in 1995 that "DOS was, when we first wrote it, a one-time throw-away product intended to keep IBM happy so that they'd buy our languages." Microsoft expected that it would be an interim solution before Xenix. The company planned to improve MS-DOS over time, so it would be almost
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distribution under the manufacturer's name, to versions specifically designed to work with non-IBM-PC-compatible hardware. As long as application programs used DOS APIs instead of direct hardware access, they could run on both IBM-PC-compatible and incompatible machines. The original
1096:. On systems with only one floppy drive DOS assigns both letters to the drive, prompting the user to swap disks as programs alternate access between them. This facilitates copying from floppy to floppy or having a program run from one floppy while accessing its data on another.
1078:. IBM PC DOS 4.0 also had preliminary installable file system (IFS) support but this was unused and removed in DOS 5.0. DOS also supported Block Devices ("Disk Drive" devices) loaded from CONFIG.SYS that could be used under the DOS file system to support network devices.
396:). Microsoft provided an OEM Adaptation Kit (OAK) which allowed OEMs to customize the device driver code to their particular system. By the early 1990s, most PCs adhered to IBM PC standards so Microsoft began selling a retail version of MS-DOS, starting with MS-DOS 5.0.
932:
In later DOS versions, where the VBR has loaded only the first 3 sectors of the IO.SYS/IBMBIO.COM file into memory, the loaded portion contains another boot loader, which will then load the remainder of itself into memory, using the root directory information stored at
1121:, and other hardware. Letter assignments usually occur in the order the drivers are loaded, but the drivers can instruct DOS to assign a different letter; drivers for network drives, for example, typically assign letters nearer to the end of the alphabet.
584:, though the MS-DOS component remained for compatibility. With Windows 95 and 98, but not ME, the MS-DOS component could be run without starting Windows. With DOS no longer required to use Windows, the majority of users stopped using it directly.
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device names in DOS that cannot be used as filenames regardless of extension as they are occupied by built-in character devices. These restrictions also affect several
Windows versions, in some cases causing crashes and security vulnerabilities.
538:
6.22; after this, MS-DOS became part of
Windows 95, 98 and Me. The last retail version of PC DOS was PC DOS 2000 (also called PC DOS 7 revision 1), though IBM did later develop PC DOS 7.10 for OEMs and internal use.
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provide a DOS API translation layer which converts DOS calls to OS/2 or Windows system calls. The translation layer generally also converts BIOS calls and virtualizes common I/O port accesses which many DOS programs commonly use.
1100:
were originally assigned the letters "C" and "D". DOS could only support one active partition per drive. As support for more hard drives became available, this developed into first assigning a drive letter to each drive's active
696:) on modern operating systems. DOSBox includes its own implementation of DOS which is strongly tied to the emulator and cannot run on real hardware, but can also boot MS-DOS, FreeDOS, or other DOS operating systems if needed.
948:
on MS-DOS systems, into memory as well. In Windows 9x, the DOS system initialization code and built-in device drivers and the DOS kernel are combined into a single IO.SYS file while MSDOS.SYS is used as a text configuration
1533:
of adapters on some video and network peripherals, and the system's BIOS. By 1985, some DOS applications were already hitting the memory limit, while much of reserved was unused, depending on the machine's specifications.
1622:(NTVDM). 64-bit (IA-64 and x86-64) versions of Windows do not support NTVDM and cannot run 16-bit DOS applications directly; third-party emulators such as DOSbox can be used to run DOS programs on those machines.
377:, Kildall's 8086 version. Side-by-side, CP/M cost US$ 200 more than PC DOS, and sales were low. CP/M faded, with MS-DOS and PC DOS becoming the marketed operating system for PCs and PC compatibles.
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909:. For this to work, these sectors had to be stored in consecutive order on disk by SYS. In later issues, it would locate and store the contents of the first two entries in the root directory at
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in memory, otherwise this step is skipped. The MBR code will scan the partition table, which is located within this sector, for an active partition (modern MBRs check if bit 7 is set at offset
1020:
the binary system files IO.SYS and MSDOS.SYS were combined into a single file IO.SYS whilst MSDOS.SYS became a configuration file similar to CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT. If the MSDOS.SYS
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conventionally indicate device names, but the colon is not actually a part of the name of the built-in device drivers. Colons are not necessary to be typed in some cases, for example:
2109:
3479:
IBM Corp., IBM, (January 1984). "Disk Operating System User's guide (DOS Release 2.10)". 1st edition. Microsoft Corp. (100 pages including colour illustrations) Item Number. 6183947
1300:, typing in the location of the reserved name (such as CON/CON, AUX/AUX, or PRN/PRN) crashes the operating system, of which Microsoft has provided a security fix for the issue. In
929:(DPT). Finally, it passes control to the loaded portion by jumping to its entry point with certain registers set up (with considerable differences between different DOS versions).
1733:
provide command-line editing facilities beyond what is available in COMMAND.COM. Programs like the Microsoft CD-ROM Extensions (MSCDEX) provide access to files on CD-ROM disks.
854:. If the sector is not considered to be valid, the ROM BIOS will try the next physical disk in the row, otherwise it will jump to the load address with certain registers set up.
941:. For most versions, the file contents still need to be stored in consecutive order on disk. In older versions of DOS, which were still loaded as a whole, this step is skipped.
1634:. A program is started by entering its filename at the command prompt. DOS systems include utility programs and provide internal commands that do not correspond to programs.
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917:
and if they happen to reflect the correct boot files as recorded in the VBR, the VBR would load the first 3 consecutive sectors of the IO.SYS/IBMBIO.COM file into memory at
3039:
1541:(EMS) was designed to allow memory on an add-on card to be accessed via a 64 KiB page frame in the reserved upper memory area. 80386 and later systems could use a
3185:
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was bundled as a standalone operating system that did not require a separate DOS license. Windows 95 (and Windows 98 and ME, that followed it) took over as the default
3482:
IBM Corp., IBM, (January 1984). "Disk Operating System Manual (DOS Release 2.10)". 1st edition. Microsoft Corp. (574 looseleaf pages in 3 ring folder) Item No. 6183940
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Starting with DOS 3.1, file redirector support was added to DOS. This was initially used to support networking but was later used to support CD-ROM drives with
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in the similar fashion as if it had been loaded by the ROM BIOS itself. The MBR will then pass execution to the loaded portion with certain registers set up.
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789:
The operating system offers an application programming interface that allows development of character-based applications, but not for accessing most of the
752:: only one program at a time can use them, and DOS itself has no functionality to allow more than one program to execute at a time. The DOS kernel provides
2211:
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for each hardware peripheral. Hardware manufacturers would release specifications to ensure device drivers for popular applications were available.
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DOS was designed for the Intel 8088 processor, which can only directly access a maximum of 1 MiB of RAM. Both IBM and Microsoft chose 640
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and later, attempting to use a reserved name for a file or folder brings up an error message saying "The specified device name is invalid."
407:
and licensed to several European companies. This version of DOS supports preemptive multitasking, shared memory, device helper services and
2117:
4246:
2377:
3422:
1304:, the name of the file or folder using a reserved name silently reverts to its previous name, with no notification or error message. In
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4213:
3476:
IBM Corp., IBM, (January 1984). "IBM DOS Release 2.10 Cloth bound retail hard board box". 1st edition. IBM Corp. Item Number. 6183946
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their names (where such additional partitions existed and contained a DOS-supported file system). Lastly, DOS allocates letters for
1028:, the boot process will stop with the command processor (typically COMMAND.COM) loaded, instead of executing WIN.COM automatically.
415:
kernel. This version of DOS is distinct from the widely released PC DOS 4.0 which was developed by IBM and based upon DOS 3.3.
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2926:
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Terminate-and-stay-resident programs are also used to provide additional features not available by default. Programs like CED and
411:("NE") format executables. None of these features were used in later versions of DOS, but they were used to form the basis of the
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549:
then posted a manifesto proposing the development of an open-source replacement. Within a few weeks, other programmers including
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Eventually, the manufacturers of major DOS systems began to include their own environment managers. MS-DOS/IBM DOS 4 included
66:
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778:). Each line of a batch file is interpreted as a program to run. Batch files can also make use of internal commands, such as
418:
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the Windows clipboard by accessing extra published calls in WinOldAp, and one can paste text through the WinOldAp graphics.
1576:
Starting with DOS 5, DOS could directly take advantage of the HMA by loading its kernel code and disk buffers there via the
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1553:(XMS) for 80286 and later systems. This provided a way to copy data to and from extended memory, access to the 65,520-byte
1529:(KiB) as the maximum amount of memory available to programs and reserved the remaining 384 KiB for video memory, the
1311:
These names (except for NUL) have continued to be supported in all versions of MS-DOS, PC DOS and DR-DOS ever since.
3710:
2250:
1705:
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drive limit and could support up to 512 MiB. Finally MS-DOS 7.1 (the DOS component of Windows 9x) added support for
805:. This required programmers to access the hardware directly, usually resulting in each application having its own set of
207:
2714:
2660:
944:
The DOS system initialization code will initialize its built-in device drivers and then load the DOS kernel, located in
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3597:
365:. The system was initially named QDOS (Quick and Dirty Operating System), before being made commercially available as
170:, whose use predates the IBM PC. Dozens of other operating systems also use the acronym, beginning with the mainframe
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3534:
3501:
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211:
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to create expanded memory from extended memory without the need of an add-on card. The second specification was the
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operating system. And a few developers and computer engineers still use it because it is close to the hardware.
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404:
381:
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1466:), but these defaults can be changed in some versions of DOS to point to other serial or parallel devices. The
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was also available in some OEM versions of MS-DOS 1.25, whereas other OEM versions of MS-DOS 1.25 already used
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becoming a self-contained program loader, and replacing DOS as the most-used PC-compatible program loader.
646:. The final versions of DR-DOS are still aimed at this market. ROM-DOS is used as operating system for the
567:
160:
Although the name has come to be identified specifically with this particular family of operating systems,
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1618:
In all 32-bit (IA-32) editions of the Windows NT family since 1993, DOS emulation is provided by way of a
1433:
is an optional built-in driver for a fourth line printer supported in some versions of DR-DOS since 7.02.
576:
ran on MS-DOS. By the early 1990s, the Windows graphical shell saw heavy use on new DOS systems. In 1995,
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drivers for hardware. One can use such a disk to access cdrom drives for which there is no OS/2 driver.
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In DOS, drives are referred to by identifying letters. Standard practice is to reserve "A" and "B" for
555:
2232:
388:. DOS was structured such that there was a separation between the system specific device driver code (
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MS-DOS and IBM PC DOS related operating systems are commonly associated with machines using the
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project began on 26 June 1994, when Microsoft announced it would no longer sell or support MS-DOS.
403:. This version of DOS is generally referred to as "European MS-DOS 4" because it was developed for
141:, both of which were introduced in 1981. Later compatible systems from other manufacturers include
35:
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In an attempt to provide a more user-friendly environment, numerous software manufacturers wrote
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statement in CONFIG.SYS. DOS 5+ also allowed the use of available upper memory blocks via the
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Error message when attempting to use a reserved name while naming or renaming a file or folder
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which used 32-bit allocation entries and could support hard drives up to 137 GiB and beyond.
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546:
288:
166:
31:
17:
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2144:
760:), like character I/O, file management, memory management, program loading and termination.
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4682:
3715:
1971:
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39:
3132:
2233:"Did you know that OS/2 wasn't Microsoft's first non Unix multi-tasking operating system?"
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1105:, then making a second pass over the drives to allocate letters to logical drives in the
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Because DOS applications use these drive letters directly (unlike the /dev directory in
877:), and, if found, load the first sector of the corresponding partition, which holds the
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3983:
3828:
3720:
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3174:"Microsoft DOS V1.1 and V2.0: /msdos/v20source/SKELIO.TXT, /msdos/v20source/HRDDRV.ASM"
2404:
1998:
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Specifications were developed to allow access to additional memory. The first was the
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device (present only in some HP OEM versions of MS-DOS) was reconfigurable as well.
311:
had a conversation with fellow United Way National Board Executive Committee member
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1141:, the reserved drive letter L: will automatically be assigned to the corresponding
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which used 16-bit allocation entries and supported up to 65518 clusters per drive.
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Some TSRs can even perform a rudimentary form of task switching. For example, the
430:
Digital Research attempted to regain the market lost from CP/M-86, initially with
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3198:
3197:(NB. While the publishers claim this would be MS-DOS 1.1 and 2.0, it actually is
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719:. Machine-dependent versions of MS-DOS were produced for many non-IBM-compatible
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in some issues of MS-DOS 2.11) clock device were introduced with DOS 2.0, and
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In PC DOS and DR DOS 5.0 and above, the DOS system files are named
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157:(1998). MS-DOS dominated the IBM PC compatible market between 1981 and 1995.
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2888:"Reverse-Engineering DOS 1.0 – Part 1: The Boot Sector « pagetable.com"
1852:, personal information manager that could be used from within other programs
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interfaces. Microsoft Windows is a notable example, eventually resulting in
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device for dynamic idle detection to saving power and improve multitasking.
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3998:
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3169:
2110:"The rest of the story: How Bill Gates beat Gary Kildall in OS war, Part 1"
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1982:
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for running DOS programs at near native speed. There are a number of other
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This article is about a family of operating systems. For the concept, see
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which supported up to 4078 clusters per drive. DOS 3.0 added support for
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microcomputers—in order to simplify porting CP/M applications to MS-DOS.
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1013:. Older versions of DR DOS used DRBIOS.SYS and DRBDOS.SYS instead.
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Although DOS is not a multitasking operating system, it does provide a
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DOS's structure of accessing hardware directly allows it to be used in
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384:(OEMs). One major reason for this was that not all early PCs were 100%
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316:
304:
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255:
243:
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130:
74:, showing version information and an example of its directory structure
2736:"Datalight DOS Selected for Canon's New Line of Digital Still Cameras"
1868:, word processor originally for CP/M that became popular on the IBM PC
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4138:
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3958:
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3635:"(...) An archive of carefully hand selected FREE software for DOS."
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2978:"Drive Letter Assignment and Choosing Primary vs. Logical Partitions"
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442:(both compatible with both MS-DOS and CP/M-86 software), later with
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2340:"The Unix Tutorial / Part 3: Unix in the Microcomputer Marketplace"
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1828:, the utility that quickly became the standard in file compression
450:(compatible with MS-DOS software). Digital Research was bought by
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3888:
3868:
3838:
3813:
3790:
3785:
3775:
3700:
1988:
1943:
1931:
1831:
1693:
1376:
1138:
861:(MBR), as found on partitioned media, it will relocate itself to
753:
744:
DOS is a single-user, single-tasking operating system with basic
729:
619:
611:
607:
603:
542:
534:
522:
467:
455:
423:
374:
351:
154:
150:
146:
71:
3324:
3221:"Caldera OpenDOS 7.01/7.02 Update Alpha 3 IBMBIO.COM README.TXT"
2638:
925:. The VBR also has to take care to preserve the contents of the
4163:
4158:
4058:
4048:
4043:
4023:
3973:
3938:
3863:
3818:
3760:
3733:
3697:
2861:
1918:
1882:
1835:
1730:
1570:
1546:
1281:
1075:
1060:
1002:
831:
737:
681:
664:
596:
506:
451:
447:
435:
389:
370:
366:
354:, intended as an internal product for testing SCP's new 16-bit
335:
300:
258:
251:
247:
191:
142:
138:
3300:
3264:
3252:
3140:(2 ed.). Portable Computer Division, Corvallis, OR, USA:
2173:"The Unusual History of MS-DOS The Microsoft Operating System"
283:
4662:
4178:
4113:
4103:
4088:
4053:
3943:
3903:
3765:
3755:
3060:
3058:
3056:
1993:
1891:
1878:
1843:
1839:
1825:
1819:
1785:
1068:
1052:
1048:
733:
705:
659:
615:
494:
479:
270:
110:
3134:
Hewlett-Packard - Technical Reference Manual - Portable PLUS
3098:
Hewlett-Packard - Technical Reference Manual - Portable PLUS
519:
in 1983 described as "the multi-user MS-DOS of the future".
54:
4173:
4098:
4078:
4028:
3993:
3843:
3598:"The Rise of DOS: How Microsoft Got the IBM PC OS Contract"
2344:
2316:
1965:
1566:
835:
779:
623:
558:(GPL), FreeDOS does not require license fees or royalties.
526:
515:
266:
3288:
3240:
3053:
2116:(Interview). Interviewed by Scoble, Robert. Archived from
1718:
command does this to implement background print spooling.
1331:) instead, as introduced with PC DOS. In addition to
342:
IBM again approached Bill Gates. Gates in turn approached
307:
microprocessor, they needed an operating system. Chairman
90:
4698:
3801:
3066:"MS-DOS Device Driver Names Cannot be Used As File Names"
2792:
723:-based machines, with variations from relabelling of the
720:
712:
708:
296:
3007:"Microsoft Windows MS-DOS Device Name DoS Vulnerability"
2899:
2432:"I.B.M. Executive Describes Price Pressure by Microsoft"
1968:(Digital Research early operating system similar to DOS)
986:
The DOS system files loaded by the boot sector must be
446:(compatible with both MS-DOS and CP/M-86 software) and
3312:
3276:
3105:, Portable Computer Division. August 1985. 45559-90001
2465:"The past, present, and future of the FreeDOS Project"
2400:"Microsoft Widens Its Split With I.B.M. Over Software"
1812:
which has been credited with the success of the IBM PC
221:
2202:"Bill Gates, Microsoft and the IBM Personal Computer"
1981:(DCP, an MS-DOS derivative by the former East-German
1501:
users who do not know how to access these locations.
529:
1.0 featured a text mode interface similar to MS-DOS.
113:
93:
3162:
1692:; DR DOS 5.0, released the following year, included
1557:
directly above the first megabyte of memory and the
107:
87:
3616:"Application Software - DOS Short File Name Family"
2610:"Description of Restarting Computer in MS-DOS Mode"
3518:
3438:and says "(C) 1990 by Progressive Solutions, Inc."
2132:
3592:Batfiles: The DOS batch file programming handbook
3168:
2266:
2264:
2190:
1109:, then a third pass to give any other non-active
533:IBM, however, did not want to replace DOS. After
45:"WinDOS" redirects here. Not to be confused with
4753:
3678:
2078:"Mary Gates, 64; Helped Her Son Start Microsoft"
676:for running DOS on various versions of Unix and
129:computers. The DOS family primarily consists of
3212:
2869:"The Master Boot Record (MBR) and What it Does"
2523:"HOW TO: Coax retro DOS games to play on Vista"
2312:"Of IBM, Operating Systems, and Rosetta Stones"
1407:were added with DOS 3.3. Only the multitasking
873:, whereas old MBRs simply check for a value of
261:processors. It was developed to be similar to
3521:Memory Management and Multitasking Beyond 640K
2972:
2970:
2948:
2359:
2261:
1699:
70:The boot screen and command-line interface of
58:The boot screen and command-line interface of
4240:
3664:
3516:
3347:. EasyWay Downloadable Books. pp. 7–12.
3330:
3306:
3270:
3258:
3246:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3072:. 2003-05-12. KB74496, Q74496. Archived from
2880:
2844:"ZINGTECH - Guide to the New Game Programmer"
2602:
2569:
2331:
2017:, the base of DOS's TUI on IBM PC compatibles
2011:(a DOS-compatible multiuser operating system)
1587:
838:will load this sector into memory at address
684:. DOSBox is designed for legacy gaming (e.g.
602:As of 2023, available compatible systems are
493:indistinguishable from single-user Xenix, or
27:Family of IBM PC-compatible operating systems
2581:"What was the role of MS-DOS in Windows 95?"
2303:
1561:area. Generally XMS support was provided by
62:, with an example of its directory structure
2967:
4247:
4233:
4208:
3671:
3657:
3398:
3374:. EasyWay Downloadable Books. p. 71.
3116:
3080:
2585:The Old New Thing - Site Home - MSDN Blogs
2516:
2514:
2196:
2100:
2098:
1958:(the command line interpreter for DOS and
857:If the loaded boot sector happens to be a
2762:
2760:
622:. Some computer manufacturers, including
554:September 2006. Made available under the
426:for the IBM Personal Computer Version 1.0
380:Microsoft originally sold MS-DOS only to
3574:"DOS - where hardware is the only limit"
3404:Dvorak's Guide to DOS and PC Performance
2924:
2429:
2166:
2164:
1766:
1423:and higher and Multiuser DOS support an
1158:
1148:
591:
521:
417:
399:In the mid-1980s, Microsoft developed a
326:
320:"PC DOS". Digital Research founder
282:
269:—the dominant disk operating system for
220:
65:
53:
3559:, articles and manuals by Tim Paterson.
3485:
3367:
3342:
3318:
3294:
3282:
2511:
2397:
2337:
2095:
2033:
964:variable specifies the location of the
846:, and typically check for a signature "
830:, the first sector on the first track (
14:
4754:
3447:
2841:
2757:
2520:
2365:
2309:
2270:
1081:
1047:(FAT) filesystem. This was originally
164:is a platform-independent acronym for
4254:
4228:
3652:
3517:Bailes, Lenny; Mueller, John (1992).
2161:
1677:programs included Digital Research's
1036:DOS uses a filesystem which supports
881:(VBR) of that volume, into memory at
3644:MS-DOS v1.25, v2.0, v4.0 Source Code
3563:Timeline of DOS and Windows versions
3218:
2655:
2575:
2488:
2459:
2130:
2104:
1872:
1514:
1347:, Hewlett-Packard's OEM version of
630:, sell computers with FreeDOS as an
34:. For the type of cyber attack, see
3450:"Whatever Happened To Lotus 1-2-3?"
1706:Terminate-and-stay-resident program
637:
208:Comparison of DOS operating systems
24:
3470:
3101:(1 ed.). Corvallis, OR, USA:
2170:
1681:(originally written for CP/M) and
1565:or a V86 mode memory manager like
25:
4783:
3550:
1726:(PIM), also uses this technique.
1625:
975:The shell is loaded and executed.
212:Timeline of DOS operating systems
4351:Object-oriented operating system
4207:
4197:
4196:
3388:from the original on 2015-03-18.
3219:Paul, Matthias R. (1997-10-02).
2913:from the original on 2009-05-02.
2894:from the original on 2009-05-11.
2875:from the original on 2013-05-27.
2257:from the original on 2013-06-02.
2239:from the original on 2012-11-04.
1145:whenever an application starts.
822:on PC-compatible computers, the
812:
587:
382:original equipment manufacturers
103:
83:
3441:
3414:
3392:
3361:
3336:
3188:from the original on 2014-03-26
3151:from the original on 2016-11-28
3144:. December 1986 . 45559-90006.
3042:from the original on 2008-09-29
3024:
2999:
2988:from the original on 2012-04-17
2918:
2850:from the original on 2008-12-19
2835:
2824:from the original on 2008-09-07
2810:
2799:from the original on 2008-07-23
2785:
2774:from the original on 2008-05-25
2746:from the original on 2012-07-09
2728:
2717:from the original on 2008-12-21
2703:
2678:
2649:
2631:
2620:from the original on 2014-02-05
2591:from the original on 2014-02-05
2548:"Finding The DOS In Windows 95"
2540:
2529:from the original on 2008-08-01
2482:
2453:
2442:from the original on 2008-12-11
2423:
2412:from the original on 2010-11-02
2391:
2380:from the original on 2018-01-29
2214:from the original on 2015-03-18
1545:(V86) mode memory manager like
315:, who referred Opel to her son
4361:Supercomputer operating system
3448:Darrow, Barbara (2002-02-01).
2398:Pollack, Andrew (1991-07-27).
2338:Fiedler, Ryan (October 1983).
2310:Morgan, Chris (January 1982).
2243:
2225:
2124:
2070:
2052:
2038:. EasyWay Downloadable Books.
2027:
1894:, the 32-bit DPMI DOS port of
1862:that was dominant in the 1980s
1031:
960:configuration parameters. The
826:, is located beginning at the
754:various functions for programs
497:, which would also run on the
13:
1:
3032:"DOS device names definition"
2915:090913 academic.evergreen.edu
2496:. freedos.org. Archived from
2430:Brinkley, Joel (1999-05-28).
2021:
2004:List of DOS operating systems
1551:Extended Memory Specification
1539:Expanded Memory Specification
892:The sector content loaded at
763:DOS provides the ability for
758:application program interface
4336:Just enough operating system
4321:Distributed operating system
3420:Version 1.47 is archived at
2686:"Dell PCs Featuring FreeDOS"
2554:. March 1996. Archived from
2521:Bannan, James (2006-10-13).
2366:Howitt, Doran (1984-12-10).
2251:"Larry Osterman's Biography"
1724:personal information manager
1214:(serial communication ports)
653:
568:History of Microsoft Windows
121:) is a family of disk-based
7:
4449:User space and kernel space
3739:Multitasking MS-DOS 4.0/4.1
3639:Online Windows XP Simulator
3489:Upgrading and Repairing PCs
3172:; Microsoft (2013-12-19) .
1949:
1822:, file management utilities
1756:
1712:terminate-and-stay-resident
1700:Terminate and stay resident
1444:manager in MS-DOS 7.0–8.0.
1329:serial communication device
401:multitasking version of DOS
350:had developed a variant of
324:refused, and IBM withdrew.
10:
4788:
4356:Real-time operating system
4149:Technical Support SuperDOS
3569: (archived 2007-10-28)
3207:TeleVideo PC DOS 2.11
2925:Kozierok, Charles (2001).
2368:"Unix and the Single User"
2276:"What's happening to OS/2"
1760:
1703:
1591:
1588:DOS under OS/2 and Windows
1573:which also supported EMS.
1518:
1503:
1152:
1085:
565:
561:
556:GNU General Public License
216:
205:
201:
174:from 1966. Others include
44:
29:
4762:DOS on IBM PC compatibles
4691:
4628:
4574:
4552:Multilevel feedback queue
4547:Fixed-priority preemptive
4535:
4470:
4461:
4431:
4378:
4369:
4331:Hobbyist operating system
4326:Embedded operating system
4308:
4262:
4192:
3926:
3799:
3696:
3687:
3368:Murdock, Everett (2008).
3343:Murdock, Everett (2008).
3331:Bailes & Mueller 1992
3307:Bailes & Mueller 1992
3271:Bailes & Mueller 1992
3259:Bailes & Mueller 1992
3247:Bailes & Mueller 1992
2034:Murdock, Everett (1988).
1901:Microsoft Macro Assembler
1641:that provided users with
1584:statement in CONFIG.SYS.
982:is then run by the shell.
834:), of the boot disk. The
699:
454:, and DR DOS became
344:Seattle Computer Products
246:(and the separately sold
133:and a rebranded version,
4595:General protection fault
4346:Network operating system
4300:User features comparison
2661:"Jim Hall's blog - 2007"
2135:Just Say No to Microsoft
2015:VGA-compatible text mode
1675:Graphical user interface
1639:file management programs
1487:
1175:The reserved names are:
662:, it is possible to run
462:; later, it was part of
4341:Mobile operating system
3486:Mueller, Scott (1998).
3178:Computer History Museum
3142:Hewlett-Packard Company
3103:Hewlett-Packard Company
1881:language interpreters.
1802:graphics design program
1473:Filenames ended with a
1088:Drive letter assignment
978:The startup batch file
250:) and its predecessor,
4772:Disk operating systems
4444:Loadable kernel module
3849:Datapac System Manager
3680:Disk operating systems
2927:"The DOS Boot Process"
1846:communication programs
1772:
1632:command-line interface
1492:This achieves nothing
1450:typically defaults to
1164:
784:conditional statements
599:
530:
427:
392:) and the DOS kernel (
339:
292:
240:
75:
63:
38:. For other uses, see
4512:Process control block
4478:Computer multitasking
4316:Disk operating system
3423:"Back and Forth 1.47"
3402:; Anis, Nick (1991).
2907:"CONFIG.SYS Commands"
2842:Matczynski, Michael.
2711:"DR-DOS Embedded DOS"
2643:rxdos.sourceforge.net
2614:support.microsoft.com
1779:, a 16-bit graphical
1770:
1763:Category:DOS software
1761:Further information:
1745:however; that needed
1743:background processing
1521:DOS memory management
1504:Further information:
1162:
1149:Reserved device names
1137:, System Manager and
1063:which removed the 32‑
1045:File Allocation Table
990:and be the first two
956:file is then read to
595:
525:
421:
330:
289:IBM Personal Computer
286:
224:
206:Further information:
167:disk operating system
69:
57:
32:disk operating system
4683:Virtual tape library
4275:Forensic engineering
3400:Dvorak, John Charles
2964:090912 arl.wustl.edu
2896:090912 pagetable.com
2820:. computerhope.com.
2768:"DOSBox Information"
2494:"History of FreeDOS"
2284:comp.os.os2.advocacy
1972:Disk Control Program
1647:Microsoft Windows 9x
1371:; it also supported
1024:directive is set to
927:Disk Parameter Table
346:. There, programmer
40:DOS (disambiguation)
4767:American inventions
4692:Supporting concepts
4678:Virtual file system
4009:DEC BATCH-11/DOS-11
3688:MS-DOS, IBM PC DOS,
3492:(Eighth ed.).
3410:. pp. 442–444.
3408:Osborne McGraw-Hill
3333:, pp. 150–151.
3297:, pp. 243–244.
2877:090912 dewassoc.com
2131:Bove, Tony (2005).
1771:Arachne web browser
1651:Text user interface
1620:virtual DOS machine
1594:Virtual DOS machine
1133:, as well as under
1115:optical disc drives
1082:Drive naming scheme
748:functions that are
736:, was derived from
648:Canon PowerShot Pro
511:upwardly compatible
4615:Segmentation fault
4463:Process management
3989:Concurrent DOS V60
3984:Concurrent DOS 68K
3829:Concurrent CP/M-86
3690:compatible systems
2405:The New York Times
2064:2017-11-12 at the
1999:Index of DOS games
1773:
1696:, based upon GEM.
1653:programs included
1630:DOS systems use a
1559:upper memory block
1165:
1111:primary partitions
1107:extended partition
1059:added support for
1057:Compaq MS-DOS 3.31
968:which defaults to
879:Volume Boot Record
859:Master Boot Record
824:master boot record
773:filename extension
717:IBM PC compatibles
600:
572:Early versions of
531:
513:with Xenix, which
428:
340:
313:Mary Maxwell Gates
293:
241:
76:
64:
4749:
4748:
4605:Memory protection
4576:Memory management
4570:
4569:
4562:Shortest job next
4457:
4456:
4256:Operating systems
4222:
4221:
3729:
3728:
3381:978-0-923178-02-4
3354:978-0-923178-02-4
3273:, pp. 67–68.
3261:, pp. 42–44.
3203:Altos MS-DOS 2.11
3201:and a mixture of
2818:"Batch File Help"
1873:Development tools
1543:virtual 8086 mode
1515:Memory management
1103:primary partition
992:directory entries
678:Microsoft Windows
668:, a Linux-native
574:Microsoft Windows
466:(under the names
422:Digital Research
386:IBM PC compatible
303:, built with the
127:IBM PC compatible
123:operating systems
47:Microsoft Windows
16:(Redirected from
4779:
4704:Computer network
4468:
4467:
4376:
4375:
4249:
4242:
4235:
4226:
4225:
4211:
4210:
4200:
4199:
3694:
3693:
3673:
3666:
3659:
3650:
3649:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3622:. Archived from
3620:www.jumpjet.info
3611:
3609:
3608:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3576:. Archived from
3546:
3544:
3543:
3524:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3452:. Archived from
3445:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3425:. Archived from
3418:
3412:
3411:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3371:DOS the Easy Way
3365:
3359:
3358:
3345:DOS the Easy Way
3340:
3334:
3328:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3309:, p. 79–80.
3304:
3298:
3292:
3286:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3262:
3256:
3250:
3244:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3223:. Archived from
3216:
3210:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3150:
3139:
3129:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3093:
3078:
3077:
3068:. Revision 2.0.
3062:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3009:. Archived from
3003:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2974:
2965:
2963:
2958:. Archived from
2952:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2933:. Archived from
2922:
2916:
2914:
2903:
2897:
2895:
2884:
2878:
2876:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2764:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2688:. Archived from
2682:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2663:. Archived from
2653:
2647:
2646:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2518:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2467:. Archived from
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2268:
2259:
2258:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2198:Freiberger, Paul
2194:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2175:. Archived from
2168:
2159:
2158:
2138:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2102:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2074:
2068:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2036:DOS the Easy Way
2031:
1980:
1816:Norton Commander
1796:Harvard Graphics
1720:Borland Sidekick
1663:Volkov Commander
1655:Norton Commander
1583:
1579:
1555:high memory area
1531:read-only memory
1495:
1491:
1484:
1480:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1437:constitutes the
1436:
1432:
1428:
1418:
1414:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1353:HP Portable Plus
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1027:
963:
940:
936:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
899:
895:
888:
884:
876:
872:
868:
864:
853:
849:
845:
841:
820:bootstrap loader
777:
644:embedded devices
638:Embedded systems
509:; they would be
263:Digital Research
230:Digital Research
120:
119:
116:
115:
112:
109:
100:
99:
96:
95:
92:
89:
21:
4787:
4786:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4777:
4776:
4752:
4751:
4750:
4745:
4687:
4648:Defragmentation
4633:
4624:
4610:Protection ring
4579:
4566:
4538:
4531:
4453:
4427:
4365:
4304:
4258:
4253:
4223:
4218:
4188:
3927:Other platforms
3922:
3879:NetWare PalmDOS
3795:
3725:
3689:
3683:
3677:
3629:
3627:
3614:
3606:
3604:
3596:
3583:
3581:
3572:
3567:Wayback Machine
3553:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3473:
3471:Further reading
3468:
3459:
3457:
3446:
3442:
3432:
3430:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3397:
3393:
3382:
3366:
3362:
3355:
3341:
3337:
3329:
3325:
3317:
3313:
3305:
3301:
3293:
3289:
3285:, pp. 169.
3281:
3277:
3269:
3265:
3257:
3253:
3245:
3241:
3230:
3228:
3217:
3213:
3199:SCP MS-DOS 1.25
3191:
3189:
3167:
3163:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3117:
3108:
3106:
3095:
3094:
3081:
3064:
3063:
3054:
3045:
3043:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3016:
3014:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2991:
2989:
2976:
2975:
2968:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2940:
2938:
2923:
2919:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2853:
2851:
2840:
2836:
2827:
2825:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2802:
2800:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2777:
2775:
2766:
2765:
2758:
2749:
2747:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2720:
2718:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2695:
2693:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2670:
2668:
2654:
2650:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2623:
2621:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2594:
2592:
2574:
2570:
2561:
2559:
2552:Smart Computing
2546:
2545:
2541:
2532:
2530:
2519:
2512:
2503:
2501:
2487:
2483:
2474:
2472:
2458:
2454:
2445:
2443:
2428:
2424:
2415:
2413:
2396:
2392:
2383:
2381:
2364:
2360:
2351:
2349:
2336:
2332:
2323:
2321:
2308:
2304:
2295:
2293:
2269:
2262:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2217:
2215:
2195:
2191:
2182:
2180:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2141:No Starch Press
2129:
2125:
2114:The Scoble Show
2103:
2096:
2087:
2085:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2066:Wayback Machine
2057:
2053:
2046:
2032:
2028:
2024:
1974:
1952:
1940:Turbo Assembler
1875:
1765:
1759:
1749:(on at least a
1708:
1702:
1628:
1596:
1590:
1581:
1577:
1523:
1517:
1512:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1478:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1355:also supported
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1324:
1316:
1312:
1273:
1267:
1264:, for auxiliary
1261:
1258:(line printers)
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1157:
1151:
1090:
1084:
1034:
1025:
961:
938:
934:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
897:
893:
886:
882:
874:
870:
866:
862:
851:
847:
843:
839:
815:
775:
765:shell scripting
702:
670:virtual machine
656:
640:
590:
570:
564:
299:introduced the
244:IBM PC DOS
219:
214:
204:
106:
102:
86:
82:
50:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4785:
4775:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4738:
4737:
4736:
4734:User interface
4731:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4695:
4693:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4658:File attribute
4655:
4650:
4645:
4639:
4637:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4622:
4620:Virtual memory
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4586:
4584:
4572:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4543:
4541:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4492:Context switch
4489:
4474:
4472:
4465:
4459:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4435:
4433:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4384:
4382:
4373:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4259:
4252:
4251:
4244:
4237:
4229:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4205:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3834:Concurrent DOS
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3804:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3676:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3612:
3594:
3589:
3570:
3560:
3557:Origins of DOS
3552:
3551:External links
3549:
3548:
3547:
3535:
3514:
3502:
3494:Que Publishing
3483:
3480:
3477:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3440:
3413:
3391:
3380:
3360:
3353:
3335:
3323:
3321:, p. 243.
3311:
3299:
3287:
3275:
3263:
3251:
3239:
3211:
3161:
3115:
3079:
3076:on 2012-07-21.
3052:
3023:
2998:
2984:. 2001-04-17.
2966:
2962:on 2010-06-29.
2947:
2917:
2898:
2879:
2860:
2834:
2809:
2795:. 2007-05-05.
2784:
2756:
2742:. 1999-08-24.
2727:
2702:
2677:
2659:(2007-07-13).
2648:
2630:
2616:. 2007-01-19.
2601:
2579:(2007-12-24).
2568:
2539:
2510:
2492:(2006-09-23).
2481:
2463:(2002-03-25).
2452:
2436:New York Times
2422:
2390:
2358:
2330:
2302:
2274:(1995-08-17).
2272:Letwin, Gordon
2260:
2242:
2224:
2200:(1982-08-23).
2189:
2171:Bellis, Mary.
2160:
2153:
2123:
2120:on 2007-11-04.
2094:
2082:New York Times
2069:
2059:Dictionary.com
2051:
2044:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1969:
1963:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1921:
1912:
1911:from Microsoft
1898:
1889:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1863:
1860:word processor
1853:
1847:
1829:
1823:
1813:
1803:
1793:
1783:
1758:
1755:
1704:Main article:
1701:
1698:
1665:, Quarterdesk
1627:
1626:User interface
1624:
1589:
1586:
1519:Main article:
1516:
1513:
1488:
1290:
1289:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1221:
1215:
1153:Main article:
1150:
1147:
1131:Concurrent DOS
1086:Main article:
1083:
1080:
1033:
1030:
1016:Starting with
984:
983:
976:
973:
950:
942:
930:
890:
855:
814:
811:
807:device drivers
795:graphics cards
711:or compatible
701:
698:
655:
652:
639:
636:
589:
586:
566:Main article:
563:
560:
499:Motorola 68000
432:Concurrent DOS
409:New Executable
218:
215:
203:
200:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4784:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4742:
4739:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4690:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4631:
4627:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4600:Memory paging
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4577:
4573:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4540:
4534:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4460:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4439:Device driver
4437:
4436:
4434:
4430:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4381:
4380:Architectures
4377:
4374:
4372:
4368:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4307:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4250:
4245:
4243:
4238:
4236:
4231:
4230:
4227:
4215:
4206:
4204:
4195:
4194:
4191:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4124:Sinclair QDOS
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3979:Commodore DOS
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3874:Multiuser DOS
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3798:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3695:
3692:
3686:
3681:
3674:
3669:
3667:
3662:
3660:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3626:on 2020-02-17
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3580:on 2010-08-15
3579:
3575:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3538:
3536:0-8306-3476-2
3532:
3528:
3523:
3522:
3515:
3505:
3503:0-7897-1295-4
3499:
3495:
3491:
3490:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3456:on 2009-01-09
3455:
3451:
3444:
3429:on 2013-11-05
3428:
3424:
3417:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3395:
3387:
3383:
3377:
3373:
3372:
3364:
3356:
3350:
3346:
3339:
3332:
3327:
3320:
3315:
3308:
3303:
3296:
3291:
3284:
3279:
3272:
3267:
3260:
3255:
3248:
3243:
3237:
3227:on 2003-10-04
3226:
3222:
3215:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3170:Paterson, Tim
3165:
3147:
3143:
3136:
3135:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3104:
3100:
3099:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3013:on 2011-07-25
3012:
3008:
3002:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2971:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2937:on 2008-07-19
2936:
2932:
2928:
2921:
2912:
2908:
2902:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2849:
2845:
2838:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2798:
2794:
2793:"DOSEMU Home"
2788:
2773:
2769:
2763:
2761:
2745:
2741:
2740:Business Wire
2737:
2731:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2692:on 2008-03-19
2691:
2687:
2681:
2667:on 2012-10-25
2666:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2577:Chen, Raymond
2572:
2558:on 2004-07-07
2557:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2515:
2500:on 2007-05-27
2499:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2471:on 2012-05-29
2470:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2394:
2379:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2362:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2334:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2306:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2265:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2179:on 2012-04-27
2178:
2174:
2167:
2165:
2156:
2154:1-59327-064-X
2150:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2136:
2127:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2106:Rolander, Tom
2101:
2099:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2055:
2047:
2045:0-923178-00-7
2041:
2037:
2030:
2026:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1978:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1732:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1707:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1659:DOS Navigator
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1633:
1623:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1607:third-party.
1604:
1600:
1595:
1585:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1511:
1507:
1506:Parallel port
1502:
1486:
1476:
1471:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1427:
1422:
1410:
1395:(still named
1379:. Otherwise,
1378:
1367:as alias for
1359:as alias for
1354:
1350:
1330:
1322:
1309:
1307:
1306:Windows Vista
1303:
1299:
1295:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1270:, for printer
1266:
1260:
1222:
1220:, for console
1216:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1161:
1156:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1135:Multiuser DOS
1132:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1094:floppy drives
1089:
1079:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1043:DOS uses the
1041:
1039:
1038:8.3 filenames
1029:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995:
993:
989:
981:
977:
974:
971:
967:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
931:
928:
891:
880:
860:
856:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
816:
813:Boot sequence
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
787:
785:
781:
774:
770:
766:
761:
759:
755:
751:
750:non-reentrant
747:
742:
739:
735:
731:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
707:
697:
695:
694:
689:
688:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
666:
661:
651:
649:
645:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
598:
594:
588:Continued use
585:
583:
579:
575:
569:
559:
557:
552:
548:
544:
539:
536:
528:
524:
520:
518:
517:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
491:
490:Gordon Letwin
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
444:Multiuser DOS
441:
437:
433:
425:
420:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
361:card for the
360:
357:
353:
349:
345:
337:
334:
329:
325:
323:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
291:(IBM 5150 PC)
290:
285:
281:
279:
275:
272:
268:
264:
260:
257:
253:
249:
245:
239:
235:
234:Z-80 SoftCard
231:
227:
223:
213:
209:
199:
197:
193:
189:
188:Commodore DOS
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
168:
163:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
118:
98:
80:
73:
68:
61:
56:
52:
48:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4635:file systems
4527:Time-sharing
3999:Cromemco DOS
3954:Apple ProDOS
3628:. Retrieved
3624:the original
3619:
3605:. Retrieved
3601:
3582:. Retrieved
3578:the original
3540:. Retrieved
3520:
3507:. Retrieved
3488:
3458:. Retrieved
3454:the original
3443:
3431:. Retrieved
3427:the original
3416:
3403:
3394:
3370:
3363:
3344:
3338:
3326:
3319:Mueller 1998
3314:
3302:
3295:Mueller 1998
3290:
3283:Mueller 1998
3278:
3266:
3254:
3249:, p. 5.
3242:
3229:. Retrieved
3225:the original
3214:
3190:. Retrieved
3164:
3153:. Retrieved
3133:
3107:. Retrieved
3097:
3074:the original
3044:. Retrieved
3026:
3015:. Retrieved
3011:the original
3001:
2990:. Retrieved
2982:The PC Guide
2981:
2960:the original
2950:
2939:. Retrieved
2935:the original
2931:The PC Guide
2930:
2920:
2901:
2882:
2863:
2852:. Retrieved
2837:
2826:. Retrieved
2812:
2801:. Retrieved
2787:
2776:. Retrieved
2748:. Retrieved
2730:
2719:. Retrieved
2705:
2694:. Retrieved
2690:the original
2680:
2669:. Retrieved
2665:the original
2651:
2642:
2633:
2622:. Retrieved
2613:
2604:
2593:. Retrieved
2584:
2571:
2560:. Retrieved
2556:the original
2551:
2542:
2531:. Retrieved
2502:. Retrieved
2498:the original
2484:
2473:. Retrieved
2469:the original
2455:
2444:. Retrieved
2435:
2425:
2414:. Retrieved
2403:
2393:
2382:. Retrieved
2371:
2361:
2350:. Retrieved
2343:
2333:
2322:. Retrieved
2315:
2305:
2294:. Retrieved
2245:
2227:
2216:. Retrieved
2205:
2192:
2181:. Retrieved
2177:the original
2134:
2126:
2118:the original
2113:
2086:. Retrieved
2084:. 1994-06-11
2081:
2072:
2054:
2035:
2029:
1983:VEB Robotron
1936:Turbo Prolog
1924:Turbo Pascal
1915:Watcom C/C++
1800:presentation
1735:
1728:
1711:
1709:
1687:
1636:
1629:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1575:
1536:
1524:
1499:
1472:
1446:
1321:line printer
1310:
1291:
1278:null devices
1174:
1166:
1123:
1091:
1073:
1042:
1035:
1015:
996:
985:
980:AUTOEXEC.BAT
850:" at offset
788:
762:
757:
743:
703:
691:
687:King's Quest
685:
663:
657:
641:
601:
571:
540:
532:
514:
503:Zilog Z-8000
488:
484:DeviceLogics
429:
398:
379:
348:Tim Paterson
341:
331:A simulated
322:Gary Kildall
294:
242:
180:Apple ProDOS
165:
161:
159:
153:(1993), and
78:
77:
51:
4653:Device file
4643:Boot loader
4557:Round-robin
4482:Cooperative
4418:Rump kernel
4408:Multikernel
4398:Microkernel
4295:Usage share
4144:SpartaDOS X
3527:McGraw-Hill
3036:PC Magazine
2143:. pp.
1975: [
1956:COMMAND.COM
1928:Turbo BASIC
1905:Microsoft C
1856:WordPerfect
1810:spreadsheet
1806:Lotus 1-2-3
1781:web browser
1510:Serial port
1349:MS-DOS 2.11
1339:as well as
1280:; added in
1155:Device file
1098:Hard drives
1032:File system
1009:instead of
1001:instead of
970:COMMAND.COM
871:+1BEh+10h*n
828:boot sector
769:batch files
551:Pat Villani
472:DR-DOS 7.02
448:DR DOS
371:PC DOS
4756:Categories
4583:protection
4539:algorithms
4537:Scheduling
4486:Preemptive
4432:Components
4403:Monolithic
4270:Comparison
3894:PC-MOS/386
3884:Novell DOS
3781:SISNE plus
3771:Novell DOS
3751:IBM PC DOS
3711:Comparison
3630:2020-02-07
3607:2022-12-24
3584:2010-08-29
3542:2021-11-02
3509:2021-11-02
3460:2008-07-12
3433:2013-08-05
3231:2009-03-29
3192:2014-03-25
3155:2016-11-27
3109:2016-11-27
3046:2008-09-02
3017:2008-09-02
2992:2012-04-04
2956:"misc.txt"
2941:2008-09-02
2854:2008-09-02
2828:2008-09-10
2803:2008-07-03
2778:2008-05-18
2750:2008-09-26
2721:2008-09-26
2696:2008-06-14
2671:2008-06-12
2624:2014-02-05
2595:2014-02-05
2562:2008-07-12
2533:2008-07-03
2504:2007-05-28
2475:2008-06-14
2446:2008-09-02
2416:2008-09-02
2384:2015-02-07
2352:2015-01-30
2324:2013-10-19
2296:2013-11-06
2218:2015-01-29
2183:2008-09-02
2088:2023-04-11
2022:References
2009:PC-MOS/386
1960:Windows 9x
1722:, a popup
1592:See also:
1481:) such as
1421:DR DOS 5.0
1411:supported
1302:Windows XP
1298:Windows 98
1294:Windows 95
1167:There are
1143:load drive
1018:MS-DOS 7.0
1007:IBMDOS.COM
999:IBMBIO.COM
988:contiguous
954:CONFIG.SYS
832:track zero
793:, such as
771:(with the
578:Windows 95
460:Novell DOS
356:Intel 8086
317:Bill Gates
305:Intel 8088
274:Intel 8080
256:Intel 8086
226:Apple CP/M
131:IBM PC DOS
4673:Partition
4590:Bus error
4517:Real-time
4497:Interrupt
4423:Unikernel
4388:Exokernel
4139:SpartaDOS
4094:NewDos/80
3969:Atari TOS
3964:Atari DOS
3959:Apple SOS
3949:Apple DOS
3602:pcmag.com
3182:Microsoft
3070:Microsoft
2657:Hall, Jim
2490:Hall, Jim
2461:Hall, Jim
2373:InfoWorld
2280:Newsgroup
2207:InfoWorld
1738:shareware
1690:DOS Shell
1563:HIMEM.SYS
1527:kibibytes
1439:real mode
1284:1.10 and
1126:Unix-like
1119:RAM disks
1011:MSDOS.SYS
946:MSDOS.SYS
725:Microsoft
715:, mainly
674:emulators
654:Emulation
582:OS kernel
394:MSDOS.SYS
363:S-100 bus
309:John Opel
278:Zilog Z80
254:, ran on
184:Atari DOS
176:Apple DOS
135:Microsoft
4719:Live USB
4581:resource
4471:Concepts
4309:Variants
4290:Timeline
4203:Category
4169:TurboDOS
4134:SmartDOS
4074:MicroDOS
3934:AmigaDOS
3919:TurboDOS
3914:Towns OS
3859:K8918-OS
3854:DOS Plus
3744:MS-DOS 7
3716:Commands
3706:Timeline
3386:Archived
3186:Archived
3146:Archived
3040:Archived
2986:Archived
2911:Archived
2892:Archived
2873:Archived
2848:Archived
2822:Archived
2797:Archived
2772:Archived
2744:Archived
2715:Archived
2618:Archived
2589:Archived
2527:Archived
2440:Archived
2410:Archived
2378:Archived
2255:Archived
2237:Archived
2212:Archived
2062:Archived
1950:See also
1909:CodeView
1887:GW-BASIC
1866:WordStar
1850:Sidekick
1790:database
1757:Software
1747:DESQview
1671:Sidekick
1667:DESQview
1578:DOS=HIGH
1435:CONFIG$
1426:$ IDLE$
1417:SCREEN$
1409:MS-DOS 4
1391:and the
1377:plotters
1351:for the
1169:reserved
836:ROM BIOS
799:printers
791:hardware
732:kernel,
680:such as
547:Jim Hall
535:AT&T
440:DOS Plus
413:OS/2 1.0
238:Apple II
236:for the
196:AmigaDOS
149:(1989),
145:(1988),
60:MS-DOS 6
4714:Live CD
4668:Journal
4632:access,
4630:Storage
4507:Process
4413:vkernel
4280:History
4263:General
4184:Z80-RIO
4154:Top-DOS
4109:RealDOS
4084:MSX-DOS
4019:DOS/360
4014:DIP DOS
4004:CSI-DOS
3909:SCP1700
3899:REAL/32
3889:OpenDOS
3869:MP/M-86
3839:CP/M-86
3814:4690 OS
3809:4680 OS
3791:FreeDOS
3786:PTS-DOS
3776:ROM-DOS
3565:at the
2288:Usenet:
2282::
1989:DOS API
1944:Borland
1932:Turbo C
1832:ProComm
1792:program
1777:Arachne
1694:ViewMAX
1582:DOS=UMB
1413:KEYBD$
1393:CLOCK$
1327:(first
1319:(first
1139:REAL/32
1022:BootGUI
848:55h AAh
730:FreeDOS
620:REAL/32
612:PTS-DOS
608:ROM-DOS
604:FreeDOS
562:Decline
543:FreeDOS
468:OpenDOS
464:Caldera
456:PalmDOS
424:CP/M-86
375:CP/M-86
352:CP/M-80
338:session
217:Origins
202:History
172:DOS/360
155:FreeDOS
151:PTS-DOS
147:ROM-DOS
72:FreeDOS
4522:Thread
4393:Hybrid
4371:Kernel
4212:
4201:
4164:TRSDOS
4159:TR-DOS
4059:iS-DOS
4049:IDEDOS
4044:GEMDOS
4024:DOS XL
3974:BW-DOS
3939:AMSDOS
3864:FlexOS
3819:86-DOS
3800:Other
3761:DR-DOS
3734:MS-DOS
3533:
3500:
3378:
3351:
2639:"Home"
2376:: 28.
2290:
2210:: 22.
2151:
2042:
1938:, and
1919:Watcom
1907:, and
1883:BASICA
1838:, and
1836:Qmodem
1731:DOSKEY
1669:, and
1571:386MAX
1547:EMM386
1454:, and
1365:82164A
1323:) and
1286:PC DOS
1282:86-DOS
1276:, for
1076:MSCDEX
1061:FAT16B
1003:IO.SYS
746:kernel
738:DOS/NT
700:Design
682:DOSBox
665:DOSEMU
597:DOSBox
507:LSI-11
505:, and
482:, and
452:Novell
436:FlexOS
390:IO.SYS
367:86-DOS
336:86-DOS
301:IBM PC
259:16-bit
252:86-DOS
248:MS-DOS
194:, and
192:TRSDOS
143:DR-DOS
139:MS-DOS
4724:Shell
4663:Inode
4179:Z-DOS
4114:SB-80
4104:PTDOS
4089:MyDOS
4054:IMDOS
3944:ANDOS
3904:SB-86
3766:H-DOS
3756:DOS/V
3721:Games
3682:(DOS)
3149:(PDF)
3138:(PDF)
2348:: 132
2147:–11.
1994:DOS/V
1979:]
1942:from
1917:from
1892:DJGPP
1879:BASIC
1844:modem
1840:Telix
1826:PKZIP
1820:XTree
1786:dBase
1716:PRINT
1475:colon
1397:CLOCK
1069:FAT32
1053:FAT16
1049:FAT12
966:shell
962:SHELL
958:parse
949:file.
939:0500h
935:0000h
923:0000h
919:0070h
915:0500h
911:0000h
907:0600h
903:0000h
898:7C00h
894:0000h
887:7C00h
883:0000h
867:0600h
863:0000h
852:+1FEh
844:7C00h
840:0000h
801:, or
734:DOS-C
706:Intel
660:Linux
616:RxDOS
495:XEDOS
480:Lineo
295:When
271:8-bit
232:on a
228:from
18:COM1:
4285:List
4214:List
4174:UDOS
4129:RDOS
4099:OS/M
4079:MP/M
4069:MDOS
4064:ISIS
4039:FLEX
4029:Edos
3994:CP/M
3844:CP/K
3824:ADOS
3531:ISBN
3498:ISBN
3376:ISBN
3349:ISBN
3205:and
2345:BYTE
2317:BYTE
2149:ISBN
2040:ISBN
1966:CP/M
1885:and
1858:, a
1818:and
1808:, a
1798:, a
1683:GEOS
1643:WIMP
1567:QEMM
1508:and
1496:NUL
1494:>
1490:ECHO
1483:NUL:
1460:LPT1
1452:COM1
1431:LPT4
1415:and
1405:COM4
1403:and
1401:COM3
1389:LPT3
1385:LPT2
1381:COM2
1375:for
1369:COM2
1363:and
1361:LPT2
1345:COM3
1341:COM1
1337:LPT2
1335:and
1333:LPT1
1325:COM1
1317:LPT1
1296:and
1288:1.0.
1256:LPT9
1252:LPT8
1248:LPT7
1244:LPT6
1240:LPT5
1236:LPT4
1232:LPT3
1228:LPT2
1224:LPT1
1212:COM9
1208:COM8
1204:COM7
1200:COM6
1196:COM5
1192:COM4
1188:COM3
1184:COM2
1180:COM1
1005:and
952:The
818:The
803:mice
782:and
780:GOTO
776:.BAT
767:via
756:(an
713:CPUs
693:Doom
650:70.
626:and
624:Dell
618:and
541:The
527:OS/2
516:BYTE
476:7.03
470:and
458:and
438:and
287:The
276:and
267:CP/M
210:and
125:for
4741:PXE
4729:CLI
4709:HAL
4699:API
4502:IPC
4119:SCP
4034:EOS
3802:x86
3701:API
2320:: 6
1896:gcc
1753:).
1751:386
1679:GEM
1569:or
1468:PLT
1464:LST
1458:to
1456:PRN
1448:AUX
1442:PnP
1373:PLT
1357:LST
1343:to
1313:LST
1292:In
1274:NUL
1268:PRN
1262:AUX
1218:CON
1065:MiB
875:80h
721:x86
709:x86
658:On
632:OEM
478:),
405:ICL
359:CPU
333:SCP
297:IBM
265:'s
162:DOS
137:'s
79:DOS
36:DoS
4758::
4484:,
3618:.
3600:.
3529:.
3525:.
3496:.
3406:.
3384:.
3209:.)
3184:.
3180:,
3176:.
3118:^
3082:^
3055:^
3038:.
3034:.
2980:.
2969:^
2929:.
2909:.
2890:.
2871:.
2846:.
2770:.
2759:^
2738:.
2713:.
2641:.
2612:.
2587:.
2583:.
2550:.
2525:.
2513:^
2438:.
2434:.
2408:.
2402:.
2370:.
2342:.
2314:.
2286:.
2278:.
2263:^
2253:.
2235:.
2204:.
2163:^
2139:.
2112:.
2108:.
2097:^
2080:.
1977:de
1934:,
1930:,
1926:,
1903:,
1842:,
1834:,
1788:,
1685:.
1673:.
1661:,
1657:,
1419:.
1387:,
1383:,
1254:,
1250:,
1246:,
1242:,
1238:,
1234:,
1230:,
1226:,
1210:,
1206:,
1202:,
1198:,
1194:,
1190:,
1186:,
1182:,
1117:,
797:,
786:.
690:,
628:HP
614:,
610:,
606:,
501:,
486:.
434:,
198:.
190:,
186:,
182:,
178:,
111:ɔː
101:,
4578:,
4488:)
4480:(
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