1965:(typically CD- and read-only units, 21Γ spin speed), all using CAV to achieve their claimed "max" speeds, with 32Γ through 48Γ most common. Even so, these speeds can cause poor reading (drive error correction having become very sophisticated in response) and even shattering of poorly made or physically damaged media, with small cracks rapidly growing into catastrophic breakages when centripetally stressed at 10,000β13,000 rpm (i.e. 40β52Γ CAV). High rotational speeds also produce undesirable noise from disc vibration, rushing air and the spindle motor itself. Most 21st-century drives allow forced low speed modes (by use of small utility programs) for the sake of safety, accurate reading or silence, and will automatically fall back if numerous sequential read errors and retries are encountered.
1835:
1827:
3502:
1030:
1782:
4313:
1819:
4333:
1574:
157:
38:
4323:
1991:
other factors such as loading/unloading, media recognition, spin up/down and random seek times, making for much decreased returns on development investment. A similar stratification effect has since been seen in DVD development where maximum speed has stabilised at 16Γ CAV (with exceptional cases between 18Γ and 22Γ) and capacity at 4.3 and 8.5
1935:(CAV, constant rpm) so that the motor is not made to change from one speed to another as the head seeks from place to place on the disc. In CAV mode the "Γ" number denotes the transfer rate at the outer edge of the disc, where it is a maximum. 20Γ was thought to be the maximum speed due to mechanical constraints until
2364:) are encouraged by the music industry to ensure that every drive they produce has a unique identifier, which will be encoded by the drive on every disc that it records: the RID or Recorder Identification Code. This is a counterpart to the Source Identification Code (SID), an eight character code beginning with "
1956:, CLV) 12Γ, or 32Γ with a slight increase. However, due to the nature of CAV (linear speed at the inner edge is still only 12Γ, increasing smoothly in-between) the actual throughput increase is less than 30/12; in fact, roughly 20Γ average for a completely full disc, and even less for a partially filled one.
2352:
protection in that it is usually implemented in both the media and the software itself. The CD-ROM itself may contain "weak" sectors to make copying the disc more difficult, and additional data that may be difficult or impossible to copy to a CD-R or disc image, but which the software checks for each
1440:
CD-ROM XA defines two new sector layouts, called Mode 2 Form 1 and Mode 2 Form 2 (which are different from the original Mode 2). XA Mode 2 Form 1 is similar to the Mode 1 structure described above, and can interleave with XA Mode 2 Form 2 sectors; it is used for data. XA Mode 2 Form 2 has 2,324 bytes
1930:
When the speed at which the disc is spun is increased, data can be transferred at greater rates. For example, a CD-ROM drive that can read at 8Γ speed spins the disc at 1600 to 4000 rpm, giving a linear velocity of 9.6 m/s and a transfer rate of 1200 Kbyte/s. Above 12Γ speed most drives read at
1964:
Problems with vibration, owing to limits on achievable symmetry and strength in mass-produced media, mean that CD-ROM drive speeds have not massively increased since the late 1990s. Over 10 years later, commonly available drives vary between 24Γ (slimline and portable units, 10Γ spin speed) and 52Γ
2003:
CD-Recordable drives are often sold with three different speed ratings: one speed for write-once operations, one for re-write operations, and one for read-only operations. The speeds are typically listed in that order; i.e. a 12Γ/10Γ/32Γ CD drive can write to CD-R discs at 12Γ speed (1.76 MB/s),
1990:
drives capable of consistent 36Γ equivalent CD-ROM speeds (4Γ DVD) or higher. Additionally, with a 700 MB CD-ROM fully readable in under 2.5 minutes at 52Γ CAV, increases in actual data transfer rate are decreasingly influential on overall effective drive speed when taken into consideration with
1264:
of user data, composed of 98 frames, each consisting of 33 bytes (24 bytes for the user data, 8 bytes for error correction, and 1 byte for the subcode). Unlike audio CDs, the data stored in these sectors corresponds to any type of digital data, not audio samples encoded according to the audio CD
1943:
system to balance the spinning disc in the drive to reduce vibration and noise. As of 2004, the fastest transfer rate commonly available is about 52Γ or 10,400 rpm and 7.62 MB/s. Higher spin speeds are limited by the strength of the polycarbonate plastic of which the discs are made. At 52Γ, the
1537:
of a CD-ROM is created, this can be done in either "raw" mode (extracting 2,352 bytes per sector, independent of the internal structure), or obtaining only the sector's useful data (2,048/2,336/2,352/2,324 bytes depending on the CD-ROM mode). The file size of a disc image created in raw mode is
1301:
using a Reed-Solomon
Product-like Code (RSPC). Mode 1 therefore contains 288 bytes per sector for error detection and correction, leaving 2,048 bytes per sector available for data. Mode 2, which is more appropriate for image or video data (where perfect reliability may be a little bit less
866:
after MCA purchased Gregg's patents, as well as the company he founded, Gauss
Electrophysics. The LaserDisc was the immediate precursor to the CD, with the primary difference being that the LaserDisc encoded information through an analog process whereas the CD used digital encoding.
980:
but with digital data, allowing more flexibility than older laserdisc games. By early 1990, about 300,000 CD-ROM drives were sold in Japan, while 125,000 CD-ROM discs were being produced monthly in the United States. Some computers that were marketed in the 1990s were called
1269:(a group of sectors) inside a CD-ROM only contains sectors in the same mode, but if multiple tracks are present in a CD-ROM, each track can have its sectors in a different mode from the rest of the tracks. They can also coexist with audio CD tracks, which is the case of
1554:. The size of a disc image created from the data in the sectors will depend on the type of sectors it is using. For example, if a CD-ROM mode 1 image is created by extracting only each sector's data, its size will be a multiple of 2,048; this is usually the case for
1200:
Pre-pressed CD-ROMs are mass-produced by a process of stamping where a glass master disc is created and used to make "stampers", which are in turn used to manufacture multiple copies of the final disc with the pits already present. Recordable
1071:
is shone onto the reflective surface of the disc to read the pattern of pits and lands. Because the depth of the pits is approximately one-quarter to one-sixth of the wavelength of the laser light used to read the disc, the reflected
1309:
Before being stored on a disc with the techniques described above, each CD-ROM sector is scrambled to prevent some problematic patterns from showing up. These scrambled sectors then follow the same encoding process described in the
2794:
2347:
Software distributors, and in particular distributors of computer games, often make use of various copy protection schemes to prevent software running from any media besides the original CD-ROMs. This differs somewhat from
1914:). At this data rate, the track moves along under the laser spot at about 1.2 m/s. To maintain this linear velocity as the optical head moves to different positions, the angular velocity is varied from about 500
1951:
The first 12Γ drive was released in late 1996. Above 12Γ speed, there are problems with vibration and heat. CAV drives give speeds up to 30Γ at the outer edge of the disc with the same rotational speed as a standard
1973:
Other methods of improving read speed were trialled such as using multiple optical beams, increasing throughput up to 72Γ with a 10Γ spin speed, but along with other technologies like 90~99 minute recordable media,
1441:
of user data, and is similar to the standard Mode 2 but with error detection bytes added (though no error correction). It can interleave with XA Mode 2 Form 1 sectors, and it is used for audio/video data.
2701:
1265:
specification. To structure, address and protect this data, the CD-ROM standard further defines two sector modes, Mode 1 and Mode 2, which describe two different layouts for the data inside a sector. A
1561:
On a 74-minute CD-R, it is possible to fit larger disc images using raw mode, up to 333,000 Γ 2,352 = 783,216,000 bytes (~747 MB). This is the upper limit for raw images created on a 74 min or β650 MB
2719:
1585:, subtracting the space used for error correction data. The capacity of a CD-ROM depends on how close the outward data track is extended to the disc's outer rim. A standard 120 mm,
890:(CD-DA), defined on 1980. The CD-ROM was later designed as an extension of the CD-DA, and adapted this format to hold any form of digital data, with an initial storage capacity of 553
1041:, and data are stored and retrieved in a very similar manner (only differing from audio CDs in the standards used to store the data). Discs are made from a 1.2 mm thick disc of
1302:
important), contains no additional error detection or correction bytes, having therefore 2,336 available data bytes per sector. Both modes, like audio CDs, still benefit from the
3021:
1944:
linear velocity of the outermost part of the disc is around 65 m/s. However, improvements can still be obtained using multiple laser pickups as demonstrated by the
1417:
standard for CD-ROMs that combines compressed audio, video and computer data, allowing all to be accessed simultaneously. It was intended as a bridge between CD-ROM and
938:
format for CD-ROMs. The resulting specification, called the High Sierra format, was published in May 1986. It was eventually standardized, with a few changes, as the
1012:
On early audio CD players that were released prior to the advent of the CD-ROM, the raw binary data of CD-ROM was played back as noise. To address this problem, the
3160:
1293:; a higher reliability of the retrieved data is required. To achieve improved error correction and detection, Mode 1, used mostly for digital data, adds a 32-bit
1391:(150 Γ 2) . This value, 150 Kbyte/s, is defined as "1Γ speed". Therefore, for Mode 1 CD-ROMs, a 1Γ CD-ROM drive reads 150/2 = 75 consecutive sectors per second.
3447:
985:" computers because they incorporated a CD-ROM drive, which allowed for the delivery of several hundred megabytes of video, picture, and audio data. The first
2365:
4139:
3213:
961:
1893:. The laser beam is directed onto the disc via an opto-electronic tracking module, which then detects whether the beam has been reflected or scattered.
1016:
has a "data" flag in areas of the disc that contain computer data rather than playable audio. The data flag instructs CD players to mute the audio.
1101:
1067:
Data is stored on the disc as a series of microscopic indentations called "pits", with the non-indented spaces between them called "lands". A
4362:
3476:
2996:
2957:
2575:
3440:
1918:
at the inner edge to 200 rpm at the outer edge. The 1Γ speed rating for CD-ROM (150 Kbyte/s) is different from the 1Γ speed rating for
838:
started to replace CD-ROMs in these roles starting in the early 2000s, and the use of CD-ROMs for commercial software is now uncommon.
4144:
1238:
1209:) discs are manufactured by a different method, whereby the data are recorded on them by a laser changing the properties of a dye or
1105:
452:
3028:
2880:
4377:
4149:
4010:
3253:
704:
3767:
2782:
732:
1135:
itself is not freely available, but the standards with the corresponding content can be downloaded for free from ISO or ECMA.
3433:
2453:
3963:
2342:
1422:
1383:
The net byte rate of a Mode-1 CD-ROM, based on comparison to CD-DA audio standards, is 44,100 Hz Γ 16 bits/sample Γ 2
1166:. The ISO 13346 standard was designed to address most of the shortcomings of ISO 9660, and a subset of it evolved into the
1906:
CD-ROM drives are rated with a speed factor relative to music CDs. If a CD-ROM is read at the same rotational speed as an
2530:
846:
The earliest theoretical work on optical disc storage was done by independent researchers in the United States including
827:
191:
3168:
4207:
3126:
2433:
2936:
4372:
3867:
3291:
2498:
1589:
CD-ROM can actually hold about 703 MB of data with error correction (or 847 MB total). In comparison, a single-layer
1303:
1298:
1226:
2913:
4387:
4052:
699:
2353:
time it is run to ensure an original disc and not an unauthorized copy is present in the computer's CD-ROM drive.
543:
426:
2495:"ISO/IEC 10149:1995 β Information technology β Data interchange on read-only 120 mm optical data disks (CD-ROM)"
1577:
A CD-ROM can easily store the entirety of a paper encyclopedia's words and images, plus audio & video clips.
4326:
3830:
3648:
3481:
1843:
617:
352:
3209:
4232:
3653:
931:
2783:
Standard ECMA-130 2nd
Edition β June 1996 β Data interchange on read-only 120 mm optical data disks (CD-ROM)
1052:
to make a reflective surface. The most common size of CD-ROM is 120 mm in diameter, though the smaller
3491:
1867:
1242:
1114:
859:
196:
2004:
write to CD-RW discs at 10Γ speed (1.46 MB/s), and read from CDs at 32Γ speed (4.69 MB/s), if the CPU and
1995:(single and dual layer), with higher speed and capacity needs instead being catered to by Blu-ray drives.
1542:
a multiple of 2,352 bytes (the size of a block). Disc image formats that store raw CD-ROM sectors include
4192:
4015:
3672:
3412:
3246:
1983:
1979:
1175:
660:
605:
550:
2834:
186:
3973:
3795:
3760:
3611:
3276:
3078:
2393:
2349:
1907:
1842:
CD-ROM discs are read using CD-ROM drives. A CD-ROM drive may be connected to the computer via an IDE (
1234:
1195:
1118:
1038:
887:
725:
419:
233:
1001:
up to 3.5 inches in diameter. The first notebook to support standard 4.7-inch-diameter discs was
3516:
2310:
2289:
2268:
2247:
2226:
2205:
2184:
2163:
1932:
665:
17:
2862:
1910:, the data transfer rate is 150 Kbyte/s, commonly called "1Γ" (with constant linear velocity, short
1013:
3930:
3845:
3698:
3370:
3355:
3298:
3073:
2551:
1953:
1122:
1081:
957:
851:
612:
1394:
The playing time of a standard CD is 74 minutes, or 4,440 seconds, contained in 333,000 blocks or
4367:
3857:
3382:
3377:
1294:
942:
standard in 1988. One of the first products to be made available to the public on CD-ROM was the
536:
405:
372:
4382:
4068:
3958:
3953:
3913:
3735:
3239:
2040:
1915:
1863:
1214:
1061:
875:
564:
412:
181:
108:
3000:
2953:
2738:
4357:
4316:
4047:
3988:
3753:
3601:
3596:
3569:
2978:
2849:
2807:
2761:
2614:
2583:
2005:
1866:, LMSI/Philips, Sony and Mitsumi standards. Virtually all modern CD-ROM drives can also play
1793:
1551:
1547:
1167:
977:
800:
718:
673:
529:
522:
1834:
1246:
4298:
4293:
4123:
4025:
3995:
3606:
3521:
2687:
2413:
2377:
1940:
1859:
1543:
1151:
914:
computer show in 1985. In
November, 1985, several computer industry participants including
644:
623:
608:
398:
4332:
2494:
8:
3908:
3531:
3526:
2668:
2466:
1945:
1855:
1317:
The following table shows a comparison of the structure of sectors in CD-DA and CD-ROMs:
1057:
973:
473:
3100:
4090:
4083:
4073:
3662:
3457:
2418:
1813:
1464:
The following table shows a comparison of the structure of sectors in CD-ROM XA modes:
1282:
1109:
1100:, created in 1983, defines the specifications for CD-ROMs, standardized in 1988 as the
895:
811:, while data (such as software or digital video) is only usable on a computer (such as
208:
176:
4180:
4030:
3878:
3122:
2876:
2423:
2398:
2382:
1826:
1454:
1437:, in 1991, first announced in September 1988. "XA" stands for eXtended Architecture.
990:
649:
579:
515:
3536:
3471:
2388:
1286:
1210:
1006:
847:
792:
752:
384:
380:
3425:
1948:
TrueX 72Γ which uses seven laser beams and a rotation speed of approximately 10Γ.
3486:
3053:
2940:
2640:
2597:
1986:
standard) recorders, their utility was nullified by the introduction of consumer
1582:
1138:
There are several standards that define how to structure data files on a CD-ROM.
1084:
and reducing the reflected beam's intensity. This is converted into binary data.
807:, hold both computer data and audio with the latter capable of being played on a
3190:
1765:
megabyte (MB) and minute (min) values are exact; (1 = 2) values are approximate.
4288:
4217:
4165:
4105:
3920:
3703:
3402:
3365:
2456:
error correction system used in the CD audio format has two interleaved layers.
1593:
can hold 4.7 GB (4.7 Γ 10 bytes) of error-protected data, more than 6 CD-ROMs.
1446:
965:
269:
253:
249:
201:
58:
4351:
3948:
3888:
3677:
3328:
3262:
3083:
1384:
1290:
1270:
1093:
1077:
1042:
871:
631:
571:
3968:
818:
During the 1990s and early 2000s, CD-ROMs were popularly used to distribute
3840:
3790:
3776:
3719:
3627:
3303:
2933:
2663:
2522:
1597:
Capacities of
Compact Disc types (90 and 99 minute discs are not standard)
1163:
964:(TurboGrafx-CD) in 1988, while CD-ROM drives had also become available for
898:
that defines the format of a CD-ROM in 1983, in what came to be called the
796:
557:
228:
171:
148:
51:
3501:
1939:
Electronics introduced the SCR-3230, a 32Γ CD-ROM drive which uses a ball
1565:
CD. The 14.8% increase is due to the discarding of error correction data.
854:(1965β1975). In particular, Gregg's patents were used as the basis of the
3591:
3119:
Computer
Architecture and Organization Design Principles and Applications
1890:
1395:
1183:
1150:
is an improvement on this standard which adds support for non-sequential
1143:
935:
835:
804:
1781:
1289:
bytes. Unlike an audio CD, a CD-ROM cannot rely on error concealment by
1252:
The structures used to group data on a CD-ROM are also derived from the
1092:
Several formats are used for data stored on compact discs, known as the
4237:
4035:
4005:
3682:
3666:
3658:
3308:
1851:
1534:
1285:
information, but differ in the remaining 2,336 bytes due to the use of
1266:
1073:
982:
927:
654:
446:
376:
4336:
1029:
4278:
4247:
4212:
4100:
4095:
4078:
4040:
3643:
2905:
2808:"Proceedings of the 5th Annual Federal Depository Library Conference"
2618:
2403:
1887:
1818:
1555:
1434:
1179:
1147:
1049:
994:
969:
950:
915:
855:
808:
679:
500:
442:
348:
344:
324:
316:
281:
2368:" that is usually stamped on discs produced by CD recording plants.
1830:
The movement of the laser enables reading at any position of the CD.
4283:
4242:
4202:
4175:
4170:
4020:
4000:
3983:
3925:
3893:
3563:
3392:
3360:
3338:
2979:"Industry Players Adopt Varied Approaches to Multimedia Technology"
1992:
1883:
1871:
1620:
1450:
1442:
1399:
1139:
1128:
939:
891:
819:
812:
639:
586:
481:
438:
320:
312:
265:
261:
257:
72:
2835:"Data Interchange on Read-only 120 mm Optical Data Disks (CD-ROM)"
2795:
IEC 60908-1999 Audio
Recording β Compact Disc Digital Audio System
1573:
4263:
4227:
3978:
3883:
3852:
3281:
2906:"What is XA? CDPLUS? CD-i? MODE1 vs MODE2? Red/yellow/blue book?"
2428:
2408:
1987:
1975:
1936:
1590:
1430:
1131:, further define formats based on the CD-ROM specifications. The
1112:-130 standard. The CD-ROM standard builds on top of the original
1053:
1045:
998:
944:
919:
883:
863:
486:
367:
360:
356:
336:
332:
293:
277:
3231:
3142:
2810:. U.S. Government Printing Office. April 15β18, 1996. p. 11
4273:
3745:
3584:
2641:"1983 | Timeline of Computer History | Computer History Museum"
2030:
1792: with: Information on access time latency. You can help by
1633:
986:
911:
509:
505:
466:
433:
391:
328:
308:
289:
156:
37:
3191:"Kenwood Technologies Releases Kenwood 72x TrueX CD-ROM Drive"
767:
761:
3872:
3835:
3825:
3579:
3574:
3348:
3286:
2361:
1874:
and other data standards) when used with the right software.
1206:
1159:
1068:
903:
803:
computers can read, but not write or erase. Some CDs, called
492:
459:
340:
304:
273:
245:
4187:
3903:
3805:
3724:
3343:
2357:
2035:
2025:
1847:
1458:
1426:
1418:
1388:
1261:
1202:
1155:
989:
to have an integrated CD-ROM drive as an option was 1993's
923:
907:
879:
823:
285:
241:
88:
776:
4268:
3542:
2726:. Vol. 15, no. 5. February 1990. pp. 48β9.
1919:
1249:
for coding the bits into the physical surface of the CD.
1171:
1002:
831:
299:
2552:"Optical Disc invented by David Paul Gregg in year 1958"
1398:. Therefore, the net capacity of a Mode-1 CD-ROM is 650
870:
Key work to digitize the optical disc was performed by
1402:(650 Γ 2). For 80 minute CDs, the capacity is 703 MB.
1033:
A CD-ROM in the tray of a partially open CD-ROM drive.
2877:"Birth Announcement: ISO/IEC 13346 and ISO/IEC 13490"
1297:(CRC) code for error detection, and a third layer of
1281:
Both Mode 1 and 2 sectors use the first 16 bytes for
1178:, was issued in January 1995, to make a CD emulate a
1080:
is shifted in relation to the incoming beam, causing
902:. The CD-ROM was announced in 1984 and introduced by
758:
755:
1822:
A view of a CD-ROM drive's disassembled laser system
1213:
material in a process that is often referred to as "
1121:
standard for CD audio. Other standards, such as the
773:
764:
3455:
779:
770:
2749:(2). Ziff-Davis: 108β181 – via Google Books.
2708:. Vol. 16, no. 6. March 1991. p. 3.
1862:interface or a proprietary interface, such as the
453:High-Definition Versatile Multilayer Disc (HD VMD)
3161:"Kenwood's 72X CD can't keep pace with 24X CD-RW"
1056:standard with an 80 mm diameter, as well as
27:Pre-pressed compact disc containing computer data
4349:
1060:in numerous non-standard sizes and molds (e.g.,
878:during 1979β1980, who worked on a taskforce for
2609:
2607:
2017:Common data transfer speeds for CD-ROM drives
1581:CD-ROM capacities are normally expressed with
3761:
3441:
3247:
3088:Here comes Diamond with the first 12X CD-ROM.
2681:
2679:
2677:
726:
2760:Zimmerman, Michael R. (September 26, 1994).
2685:
2604:
1225:Data stored on CD-ROMs follows the standard
858:specification that was co-developed between
3210:"Harry Potter and the Digital Fingerprints"
2762:"New ThinkPad will include built-in CD-ROM"
2488:
2486:
3768:
3754:
3448:
3434:
3254:
3240:
2946:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2674:
2576:"Shannon, Beethoven, and the Compact Disc"
934:met to create a specification to define a
733:
719:
36:
2899:
2897:
2759:
976:that supported CD-ROMs, similar to 1980s
3051:
2903:
2483:
1833:
1825:
1817:
1572:
1028:
3121:. Tata McGraw-Hill. 2004. p. 547.
2822:
2737:Anthony, Robert S. (January 24, 1995).
2736:
1959:
1314:in order to be finally stored on a CD.
1037:CD-ROMs are identical in appearance to
705:High-definition optical disc format war
14:
4350:
3207:
2997:"Gateway Support - What is CD-ROM/XA?"
2934:What are CD-ROM Mode-1, Mode-2 and XA?
2894:
1405:
1233:specification (originally defined for
1174:. A bootable CD specification, called
544:Stacked Volumetric Optical Disk (SVOD)
427:China Blue High-definition Disc (CBHD)
3749:
3429:
3235:
2999:. Support.gateway.com. Archived from
2772:(38). Ziff-Davis: 6 – via Gale.
1925:
1239:cross-interleaved ReedβSolomon coding
4363:Rotating disc computer storage media
4322:
2702:"Hot Off The Press! More Revolution"
2517:
2515:
2343:Compact Disc and DVD copy protection
1776:
997:; however, the drive only supported
828:fifth generation video game consoles
795:consisting of a pre-pressed optical
3105:encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com
2730:
2686:Maher, Jimmy (September 30, 2016).
2492:
2336:
1877:
1276:
1256:. Like audio CDs (CD-DA), a CD-ROM
24:
3323:
3212:. Electronic Frontier Foundation.
2434:List of optical disc manufacturers
1838:The laser system of a CD-ROM drive
1108:10149 standard and in 1989 as the
968:by the end of the 1980s. In 1990,
25:
4399:
3261:
3052:Halfhill, Tom R. (October 1996).
2512:
1901:
1896:
953:CD-ROM Conference in March 1986.
4331:
4321:
4312:
4311:
3775:
3500:
3167:. August 7, 2000. Archived from
2956:. Searchstorage.techtarget.com.
2720:"Special Report: A Fact of Life"
1998:
1780:
1772:
1473:β 2,352 byte sector structure β
1326:β 2,352 byte sector structure β
1304:lower layers of error correction
1220:
751:
700:History of optical storage media
420:Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD)
155:
91:(1Γ; 150 Γ 2), 10,800 KB/s (72Γ)
4150:Optical disc authoring software
3216:from the original on 2017-11-07
3201:
3183:
3153:
3143:"CD-Recordable FAQ - section 5"
3135:
3111:
3093:
3066:
3045:
3014:
2989:
2971:
2960:from the original on 2018-10-17
2927:
2916:from the original on 2019-10-02
2883:from the original on 2018-09-14
2869:
2800:
2788:
2785:β 22.3 Setting of the q-channel
2776:
2753:
2712:
2694:
2598:"Videodisc Update, Volumes 1β3"
2533:from the original on 2019-05-21
2501:from the original on 2019-01-15
2459:
2446:
1170:format, which was adopted for
1154:and re-writeable discs such as
1019:
894:. Sony and Philips created the
4378:Optical computer storage media
3482:Common Language Infrastructure
2739:"Color Portables: Power to Go"
2657:
2633:
2590:
2568:
2544:
2011:
1968:
1528:
1189:
13:
1:
2904:McFadden, Andy (2002-12-20).
2879:. Standards.com. 1996-02-09.
2476:
2356:Manufacturers of CD writers (
1299:ReedβSolomon error correction
932:Digital Equipment Corporation
789:compact disc read-only memory
406:Enhanced Versatile Disc (EVD)
3086:. January 1997. p. 30.
2378:ATA Packet Interface (ATAPI)
1882:CD-ROM drives employ a near-
1243:eight-to-fourteen modulation
1229:techniques described in the
956:CD-ROMs began being used in
413:Forward Versatile Disc (FVD)
87:600-780 nm laser diode, 150
7:
3208:Schoen, Seth (2007-06-20).
2615:"InfoWorld Vol. 16, No. 23"
2371:
1980:double-density compact disc
1568:
1087:
565:Nintendo optical disc (NOD)
551:Fluorescent Multilayer Disc
530:Ultra Density Optical (UDO)
131:; 39 years ago
10:
4404:
4140:CD copy protection schemes
3612:Holographic Versatile Disc
3054:"CDs for the Gigabyte Era"
2688:"A Slow-Motion Revolution"
2621:. June 6, 1994. p. 88
2523:"CD Yellow Book Standards"
2394:Compact Disc Digital Audio
2340:
1811:
1504:CD-ROM XA Mode 2, Form 2:
1478:CD-ROM XA Mode 2, Form 1:
1387:Γ 2,048 / 2,352 / 8 = 150
1196:Compact Disc manufacturing
1193:
888:Compact Disc Digital Audio
841:
399:Universal Media Disc (UMD)
4307:
4256:
4158:
4132:
4116:
4062:Hardware/software/content
4061:
3941:
3783:
3733:
3712:
3691:
3636:
3620:
3551:
3517:Advanced Intelligent Tape
3509:
3498:
3464:
3269:
2008:permit speeds that high.
1933:Constant angular velocity
1760:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1518:
1498:
1472:
1376:
1359:
1333:
1325:
1062:business card-sized media
666:Apple ISO 9660 Extensions
474:Personal Video Disc (PVD)
125:
117:
107:
95:
79:
67:
57:
47:
35:
4373:Optical computer storage
2439:
1954:constant linear velocity
1608:Data (mode 1) max. size
1461:use these sector modes.
1082:destructive interference
1024:
958:home video game consoles
71:553β900 MB (12 cm), 194
4388:Video game distribution
4145:CD player manufacturers
1499:276 (Error correction)
1425:) and was published by
1413:is an extension of the
1360:276 (Error correction)
1295:cyclic redundancy check
1048:, with a thin layer of
672:Universal Disk Format (
537:3D optical data storage
516:Video Single Disc (VSD)
3736:List of Ecma standards
3465:Application interfaces
2954:"What is Yellow Book?"
2943:, Sony Storage Support
2857:Cite journal requires
2043:(outer to inner edge)
1864:Panasonic CD interface
1839:
1831:
1823:
1578:
1334:2,352 (Digital audio)
1245:(EFM), and the use of
1034:
910:at the first Japanese
876:Kees Schouhamer Immink
626:(layer jump recording)
192:Recording technologies
182:Optical disc authoring
3692:Radio link interfaces
3637:Programming languages
3602:Ultra Density Optical
2580:exp-math.uni-essen.de
2006:media player software
1837:
1829:
1821:
1812:Further information:
1576:
1237:only). This includes
1142:defines the standard
1032:
978:laserdisc video games
947:Academic Encyclopedia
886:. The result was the
523:Magneto-optical discs
4159:Variants based on CD
4124:Orange-Book-Standard
3607:Universal Media Disc
3022:"Optical Media FAQs"
2414:MultiLevel Recording
1960:Physical limitations
1522:4 (Error detection)
1496:4 (Error detection)
1354:4 (Error detection)
1306:at the frame level.
1058:shaped compact discs
815:format PC CD-ROMs).
42:A traditional CD-ROM
3552:File systems (disk)
3510:File systems (tape)
3171:on December 4, 2021
2669:Computer Chronicles
2664:Japanese PCs (1985)
2645:computerhistory.org
2600:. 1982. p. 13.
2467:significant figures
2330:2,700 (multi-beam)
2018:
1598:
1406:CD-ROM XA extension
1357:8 (Reserved, zero)
974:arcade system board
949:, presented at the
268:), Super Video CD (
221:Optical media types
32:
4084:Portable CD player
3964:CD copy protection
3458:Ecma International
2939:2013-01-26 at the
2419:Optical disc drive
2016:
1926:Speed advancements
1840:
1832:
1824:
1814:Optical disc drive
1596:
1579:
1507:12 (Sync pattern)
1481:12 (Sync pattern)
1455:Enhanced Music CDs
1368:12 (Sync pattern)
1342:12 (Sync pattern)
1331:CD digital audio:
1205:) and rewritable (
1035:
960:starting with the
896:technical standard
826:for computers and
252:, Super Audio CD (
209:Burst cutting area
187:Authoring software
177:Optical disc drive
30:
4345:
4344:
4181:Video Single Disc
3743:
3742:
3423:
3422:
3195:www.infotoday.com
2910:CD-Recordable FAQ
2837:. ECMA. June 1996
2527:mediatechnics.com
2424:Phase-change Dual
2399:Computer hardware
2383:Optical recording
2334:
2333:
1810:
1809:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1526:
1525:
1381:
1380:
1164:multiple sessions
1014:subcode channel Q
743:
742:
580:Professional Disc
487:MD Data, MD Data2
381:Mini Blu-ray Disc
143:
142:
16:(Redirected from
4395:
4335:
4325:
4324:
4315:
4314:
4213:Hybrid DVD-Audio
3974:CD manufacturing
3914:business card CD
3770:
3763:
3756:
3747:
3746:
3738:(1961 β present)
3537:Linear Tape-Open
3504:
3472:ANSI escape code
3450:
3443:
3436:
3427:
3426:
3256:
3249:
3242:
3233:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3033:
3027:. Archived from
3026:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2950:
2944:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2901:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2860:
2855:
2853:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2831:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2804:
2798:
2797:β 17.5 Channel Q
2792:
2786:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2683:
2672:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2611:
2602:
2601:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2582:. Archived from
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2519:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2490:
2470:
2463:
2457:
2450:
2389:CD/DVD authoring
2337:Copyright issues
2019:
2015:
1878:Laser and optics
1805:
1802:
1784:
1777:
1761:
1626:Approx. (1 = 2)
1611:Audio max. size
1599:
1595:
1467:
1466:
1433:, and backed by
1320:
1319:
1287:error correction
1277:Sector structure
1227:CD data encoding
1211:phase transition
972:demonstrated an
962:PC Engine CD-ROM
848:David Paul Gregg
793:read-only memory
786:
785:
782:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
735:
728:
721:
620:(packet writing)
385:Ultra HD Blu-ray
373:BD-R & BD-RE
159:
145:
144:
139:
137:
132:
99:
83:
40:
33:
29:
21:
4403:
4402:
4398:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4393:
4392:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4341:
4303:
4252:
4154:
4128:
4112:
4057:
3937:
3779:
3774:
3744:
3739:
3729:
3708:
3687:
3632:
3616:
3547:
3505:
3496:
3487:Office Open XML
3460:
3454:
3424:
3419:
3265:
3260:
3230:
3229:
3219:
3217:
3206:
3202:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3174:
3172:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3129:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3082:. No. 25.
3079:Next Generation
3072:
3071:
3067:
3058:
3056:
3050:
3046:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3024:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3006:
3004:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2963:
2961:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2941:Wayback Machine
2932:
2928:
2919:
2917:
2902:
2895:
2886:
2884:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2858:
2856:
2847:
2846:
2840:
2838:
2833:
2832:
2823:
2813:
2811:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2793:
2789:
2781:
2777:
2758:
2754:
2735:
2731:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2684:
2675:
2662:
2658:
2649:
2647:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2624:
2622:
2613:
2612:
2605:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2560:
2558:
2556:targetstudy.com
2550:
2549:
2545:
2536:
2534:
2521:
2520:
2513:
2504:
2502:
2491:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2473:
2464:
2460:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2374:
2345:
2339:
2022:Transfer speed
2014:
2001:
1971:
1962:
1928:
1904:
1899:
1880:
1816:
1806:
1800:
1797:
1790:needs expansion
1775:
1583:binary prefixes
1571:
1556:ISO disc images
1531:
1447:Super Video CDs
1408:
1374:1 (Mode, 0x02)
1365:CD-ROM Mode 2:
1348:1 (Mode, 0x01)
1339:CD-ROM Mode 1:
1279:
1260:contains 2,352
1223:
1198:
1192:
1090:
1064:), also exist.
1027:
1022:
844:
791:) is a type of
754:
750:
739:
710:
709:
695:
687:
686:
601:
593:
592:
222:
214:
213:
197:Recording modes
167:
135:
133:
130:
97:
81:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4401:
4391:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4368:Ecma standards
4365:
4360:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4329:
4319:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4260:
4258:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4199:
4198:
4190:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4173:
4168:
4166:5.1 Music Disc
4162:
4160:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4136:
4134:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4120:
4118:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4106:Mini CD single
4098:
4093:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4076:
4071:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3923:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3906:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3870:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3855:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3793:
3787:
3785:
3781:
3780:
3773:
3772:
3765:
3758:
3750:
3741:
3740:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3695:
3693:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3624:
3622:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3567:
3564:CD File System
3561:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3540:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3506:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3461:
3453:
3452:
3445:
3438:
3430:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3259:
3258:
3251:
3244:
3236:
3228:
3227:
3200:
3182:
3152:
3134:
3128:978-0070532366
3127:
3110:
3092:
3065:
3044:
3013:
2988:
2970:
2945:
2926:
2893:
2868:
2859:|journal=
2821:
2799:
2787:
2775:
2752:
2729:
2711:
2693:
2673:
2656:
2632:
2603:
2589:
2586:on 2015-03-18.
2567:
2543:
2511:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2458:
2452:Note that the
2444:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2380:
2373:
2370:
2341:Main article:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2324:up to 88.4736
2322:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2307:
2304:
2303:up to 68.8128
2301:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2286:
2283:
2282:up to 63.8976
2280:
2277:
2273:
2272:
2265:
2262:
2261:up to 58.9824
2259:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2223:
2220:
2219:up to 44.2368
2217:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2202:
2199:
2198:up to 39.3216
2196:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2013:
2010:
2000:
1997:
1970:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1927:
1924:
1903:
1902:Original speed
1900:
1898:
1897:Transfer rates
1895:
1879:
1876:
1808:
1807:
1787:
1785:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1570:
1567:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1516:8 (Subheader)
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1490:8 (Subheader)
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1407:
1404:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1278:
1275:
1271:mixed mode CDs
1247:pits and lands
1222:
1219:
1194:Main article:
1191:
1188:
1146:for a CD-ROM.
1089:
1086:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1007:ThinkPad 755CD
966:home computers
843:
840:
799:that contains
741:
740:
738:
737:
730:
723:
715:
712:
711:
708:
707:
702:
696:
693:
692:
689:
688:
685:
684:
683:
682:
677:
670:
669:
668:
663:
658:
652:
647:
634:
629:
628:
627:
621:
602:
599:
598:
595:
594:
591:
590:
583:
576:
568:
561:
554:
547:
540:
533:
526:
519:
512:
496:
489:
477:
470:
463:
456:
449:
430:
423:
416:
409:
402:
395:
388:
383:, 4K Blu-ray (
366:Blu-ray Disc (
363:
296:
250:5.1 Music Disc
227:Compact disc (
223:
220:
219:
216:
215:
212:
211:
206:
205:
204:
202:Packet writing
199:
189:
184:
179:
174:
168:
165:
164:
161:
160:
152:
151:
141:
140:
127:
123:
122:
119:
115:
114:
111:
105:
104:
101:
93:
92:
85:
77:
76:
69:
65:
64:
61:
55:
54:
49:
45:
44:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4400:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4383:Rainbow Books
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4328:
4320:
4318:
4310:
4309:
4306:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4255:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4060:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3949:Rainbow Books
3947:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3889:Mixed Mode CD
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3814:
3809:
3808:
3807:
3804:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3771:
3766:
3764:
3759:
3757:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3737:
3732:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3678:Minimal BASIC
3676:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3503:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3456:Standards of
3451:
3446:
3444:
3439:
3437:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3399:Scarlet Book
3398:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3329:Mixed Mode CD
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3264:
3263:Rainbow Books
3257:
3252:
3250:
3245:
3243:
3238:
3237:
3234:
3215:
3211:
3204:
3196:
3192:
3186:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3156:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3130:
3124:
3120:
3114:
3106:
3102:
3096:
3089:
3085:
3084:Imagine Media
3081:
3080:
3075:
3069:
3055:
3048:
3034:on 2006-10-22
3030:
3023:
3017:
3003:on 2003-01-24
3002:
2998:
2992:
2985:. 1989-01-16.
2984:
2980:
2974:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2930:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2900:
2898:
2882:
2878:
2872:
2864:
2851:
2836:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2809:
2803:
2796:
2791:
2784:
2779:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2756:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2733:
2725:
2721:
2715:
2707:
2703:
2697:
2689:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2608:
2599:
2593:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2557:
2553:
2547:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2518:
2516:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2487:
2482:
2468:
2462:
2455:
2449:
2445:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2351:
2344:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2321:6,750β10,800
2320:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2240:up to 49.152
2239:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2177:up to 29.491
2176:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2156:up to 24.576
2155:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2009:
2007:
1999:Speed ratings
1996:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1966:
1957:
1955:
1949:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1923:
1922:(1.32 MB/s).
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1836:
1828:
1820:
1815:
1804:
1795:
1791:
1788:This section
1786:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1773:CD-ROM drives
1764:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1600:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1575:
1566:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1521:
1519:2,324 (Data)
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1495:
1493:2,048 (Data)
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1377:2,336 (Data)
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1356:
1353:
1351:2,048 (Data)
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1330:
1329:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1307:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1291:interpolation
1288:
1284:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1221:CD-ROM format
1218:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1162:, as well as
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1094:Rainbow Books
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1043:polycarbonate
1040:
1031:
1017:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
954:
952:
948:
946:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
868:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
839:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
816:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
784:
748:
736:
731:
729:
724:
722:
717:
716:
714:
713:
706:
703:
701:
698:
697:
691:
690:
681:
678:
675:
671:
667:
664:
662:
659:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
642:
641:
638:
637:
636:File systems
635:
633:
632:Rainbow Books
630:
625:
622:
619:
618:Mount Rainier
616:
615:
614:
610:
607:
604:
603:
597:
596:
589:
588:
584:
582:
581:
577:
575:
573:
572:Archival Disc
569:
567:
566:
562:
560:
559:
555:
553:
552:
548:
546:
545:
541:
539:
538:
534:
532:
531:
527:
525:
524:
520:
518:
517:
513:
511:
507:
504:
502:
497:
495:
494:
490:
488:
485:
483:
478:
476:
475:
471:
469:
468:
464:
462:
461:
457:
455:
454:
450:
448:
444:
440:
437:
435:
431:
429:
428:
424:
422:
421:
417:
415:
414:
410:
408:
407:
403:
401:
400:
396:
394:
393:
389:
386:
382:
378:
374:
371:
369:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
303:
301:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
264:), Video CD (
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
232:
230:
225:
224:
218:
217:
210:
207:
203:
200:
198:
195:
194:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
169:
163:
162:
158:
154:
153:
150:
149:Optical discs
147:
146:
128:
124:
120:
116:
113:ISO/IEC 10149
112:
110:
106:
102:
94:
90:
86:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
60:
56:
53:
50:
46:
39:
34:
19:
4358:Compact disc
4222:Scarlet Book
3969:CD emulation
3954:CD authoring
3815:
3777:Compact disc
3628:Universal 3D
3558:
3409:Purple Book
3335:Orange Book
3318:
3315:Yellow Book
3218:. Retrieved
3203:
3194:
3185:
3175:September 7,
3173:. Retrieved
3169:the original
3164:
3155:
3146:
3137:
3118:
3113:
3104:
3095:
3087:
3077:
3068:
3057:. Retrieved
3047:
3036:. Retrieved
3029:the original
3016:
3005:. Retrieved
3001:the original
2991:
2982:
2973:
2962:. Retrieved
2948:
2929:
2918:. Retrieved
2909:
2885:. Retrieved
2871:
2850:cite journal
2839:. Retrieved
2814:February 10,
2812:. Retrieved
2802:
2790:
2778:
2769:
2765:
2755:
2746:
2742:
2732:
2723:
2714:
2705:
2696:
2667:
2659:
2648:. Retrieved
2644:
2635:
2623:. Retrieved
2592:
2584:the original
2579:
2570:
2559:. Retrieved
2555:
2546:
2535:. Retrieved
2526:
2503:. Retrieved
2493:ISO (1995).
2461:
2448:
2385:(history of)
2355:
2346:
2300:3,360β8,400
2279:3,120β7,800
2258:2,880β7,200
2237:2,400β6,000
2216:2,160β5,400
2195:1,920β4,800
2174:1,440β3,600
2153:1,200β3,000
2145:2,400β6,360
2128:2,000β5,300
2111:1,600β4,240
2002:
1972:
1963:
1950:
1929:
1911:
1905:
1881:
1870:(as well as
1841:
1798:
1794:adding to it
1789:
1762:
1586:
1580:
1562:
1560:
1539:
1532:
1510:3 (Address)
1484:3 (Address)
1463:
1439:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1393:
1382:
1371:3 (Address)
1345:3 (Address)
1316:
1311:
1308:
1280:
1257:
1253:
1251:
1230:
1224:
1199:
1137:
1132:
1123:
1113:
1097:
1091:
1066:
1036:
1020:CD-ROM discs
1011:
955:
943:
899:
869:
852:James Russel
845:
817:
805:enhanced CDs
797:compact disc
788:
746:
744:
585:
578:
570:
563:
558:Hyper CD-ROM
556:
549:
542:
535:
528:
521:
514:
498:
491:
479:
472:
465:
458:
451:
432:
425:
418:
411:
404:
397:
390:
365:
298:
260:, CD Video (
237:
226:
172:Optical disc
121:Data storage
103:Pressed mold
52:Optical disc
4218:Hybrid SACD
4197:Purple Book
4117:Court cases
4091:CD recorder
3989:CD bronzing
3820:Yellow Book
3810:Orange Book
3539:(Ultrium-1)
3389:Beige Book
3371:CD-i Bridge
3220:October 24,
3101:"1x CD-ROM"
2743:PC Magazine
2327:up to 10.5
2306:up to 8.20
2285:up to 7.62
2264:up to 7.03
2243:up to 5.86
2222:up to 5.27
2201:up to 4.69
2180:up to 3.51
2159:up to 2.93
2012:Speed table
1984:Purple Book
1969:Workarounds
1891:laser diode
1529:Disc images
1415:Yellow Book
1190:Manufacture
1184:floppy disk
1144:file system
1133:Yellow Book
1098:Yellow Book
936:file system
900:Yellow Book
850:(1958) and
836:downloading
834:as well as
499:LaserDisc (
4352:Categories
4337:Wiktionary
4238:Picture CD
4036:Rock Ridge
4006:CD-i Ready
3996:CD subcode
3979:CD ripping
3959:CD burning
3942:Technology
3931:White Book
3898:Beige Book
3846:Green Book
3683:Full BASIC
3667:ECMAScript
3659:JavaScript
3356:White Book
3309:CD-i Ready
3299:Green Book
3147:cdrfaq.org
3059:2022-02-11
3038:2007-01-06
3007:2013-09-23
2964:2013-09-23
2920:2008-05-04
2887:2013-09-23
2841:2009-04-26
2650:2020-07-06
2561:2020-07-06
2537:2015-11-16
2505:2010-08-06
2477:References
2094:800β2,120
2077:400β1,060
1753:1,047.816
1641:8 cm
1535:disc image
1423:Green Book
1152:write-once
1124:White Book
983:multimedia
655:Rock Ridge
624:Mount Fuji
480:MiniDisc (
447:HD DVD-RAM
377:Blu-ray 3D
48:Media type
4279:LaserDisc
4248:VinylDisc
4101:CD single
4096:CD ripper
4079:CD player
4041:ISO 13490
4016:El Torito
4011:4ch CD-DA
3909:shaped CD
3875:(Karaoke)
3862:Blue Book
3532:Super DLT
3378:Blue Book
3324:CD-ROM XA
3273:Red Book
2983:InfoWorld
2666:(14:20),
2625:March 25,
2619:InfoWorld
2465:To three
2404:DVD-Audio
1872:Video CDs
1868:audio CDs
1801:June 2014
1513:1 (Mode)
1487:1 (Mode)
1451:Photo CDs
1443:Video CDs
1435:Microsoft
1411:CD-ROM XA
1180:hard disk
1176:El Torito
1148:ISO 13490
1129:Video CDs
1050:aluminium
1039:audio CDs
1009:in 1994.
995:Panasonic
970:Data East
951:Microsoft
916:Microsoft
872:Toshi Doi
856:LaserDisc
809:CD player
680:ISO 13490
661:El Torito
600:Standards
443:HD DVD-RW
349:DVD-Video
282:CD-ROM XA
100:mechanism
84:mechanism
18:CD-ROM XA
4317:Category
4284:MiniDisc
4257:See also
4243:VideoNow
4203:DualDisc
4176:CD Video
4171:ATRAC CD
4074:CD drive
4021:ISO 9660
4001:C2 error
3894:Photo CD
3800:Red Book
3621:Graphics
3383:E-CD/CD+
3214:Archived
3074:"Gadget"
2958:Archived
2937:Archived
2914:Archived
2881:Archived
2531:Archived
2499:Archived
2372:See also
2350:audio CD
2309:11,200 (
2288:10,400 (
2139:14.7456
2060:200β530
1908:audio CD
1884:infrared
1856:FireWire
1750:870.117
1747:912.384
1744:445,500
1733:952.560
1730:791.016
1727:829.440
1724:405,000
1713:846.720
1710:703.125
1707:737.280
1704:360,000
1693:783.216
1690:650.391
1687:681.984
1684:333,000
1673:666.792
1670:553.711
1667:580.608
1664:283,500
1653:222.264
1650:184.570
1647:193.536
1605:Sectors
1569:Capacity
1563:Red Book
1385:channels
1312:Red Book
1254:Red Book
1241:(CIRC),
1235:audio CD
1231:Red Book
1140:ISO 9660
1115:Red Book
1088:Standard
999:mini CDs
940:ISO 9660
820:software
813:ISO 9660
694:See also
640:ISO 9660
587:DataPlay
439:HD DVD-R
325:DVD+R DS
321:DVD-R DS
317:DVD+R DL
313:DVD-R DL
258:Photo CD
126:Released
109:Standard
68:Capacity
59:Encoding
4327:Commons
4264:Blu-ray
4228:MovieCD
4069:CD Case
3884:Mini CD
3879:Gold CD
3853:CD-Text
3720:ECMA-35
3644:C++/CLI
3492:OpenXPS
3282:CD-Text
2766:PC Week
2429:Thor-CD
2409:DVD-ROM
2267:9,600 (
2246:8,000 (
2225:7,200 (
2204:6,400 (
2183:4,800 (
2162:4,000 (
2122:12.288
2105:9.8304
2088:4.9152
2071:2.4576
2054:1.2288
1988:DVD-ROM
1976:GigaRec
1946:Kenwood
1941:bearing
1937:Samsung
1741:900 MB
1721:800 MB
1701:700 MB
1681:650 MB
1661:553 MB
1644:94,500
1591:DVD-ROM
1552:MDS/MDF
1548:CUE/BIN
1544:CCD/IMG
1533:When a
1470:Format
1431:Philips
1396:sectors
1323:Format
1215:burning
1054:Mini CD
1046:plastic
991:CF-V21P
945:Grolier
920:Philips
884:Philips
864:Philips
842:History
361:MiniDVD
357:EcoDisc
337:DVD-RAM
294:Mini CD
278:CD-Text
166:General
134: (
63:Various
4274:HD DVD
4233:MP3 CD
4026:Joliet
3984:CD rot
3831:CD-MRW
3816:CD-ROM
3654:Eiffel
3585:FAT16B
3566:(CDFS)
3559:CD-ROM
3319:CD-ROM
3125:
2724:RePlay
2706:RePlay
2136:1,800
2119:1,500
2102:1,200
2091:0.586
2074:0.293
2057:0.146
2031:Mbit/s
1587:700 MB
1550:, and
1540:always
1283:header
1258:sector
1096:. The
987:laptop
912:COMDEX
747:CD-ROM
657:/ SUSP
645:Joliet
510:LV-ROM
506:LD-ROM
467:GD-ROM
434:HD DVD
392:M-DISC
333:DVD+RW
329:DVD-RW
290:MIL-CD
238:CD-ROM
98:
82:
75:(8 cm)
31:CD-ROM
4193:DD-CD
4133:Lists
4031:Romeo
3868:CD+EG
3836:CD-MO
3826:CD-RW
3796:CD-DA
3784:Discs
3713:Other
3580:FAT16
3575:FAT12
3349:CD-RW
3339:CD-MO
3292:CD+EG
3277:CD-DA
3032:(PDF)
3025:(PDF)
2440:Notes
2362:CD-RW
2142:1.76
2125:1.46
2108:1.17
1912:"CLV"
1858:, or
1763:Note:
1629:(MB)
1614:Time
1602:Type
1267:track
1262:bytes
1207:CD-RW
1160:CD-RW
1119:CD-DA
1078:phase
1069:laser
1025:Media
928:Apple
904:Denon
650:Romeo
609:ATAPI
493:Hi-MD
460:VCDHD
345:DVD-A
341:DVD-D
309:DVD+R
305:DVD-R
246:CD-RW
234:CD-DA
118:Usage
96:Write
4299:WORM
4289:SACD
4208:HDCD
4188:cDVD
4053:XRCD
3921:SVCD
3904:PMCD
3873:CD+G
3841:CD-i
3806:CD-R
3725:JSON
3673:Dart
3477:APIW
3413:DDCD
3403:SACD
3366:SVCD
3344:CD-R
3304:CD-i
3287:CD+G
3222:2007
3177:2020
3123:ISBN
2863:help
2816:2022
2627:2020
2454:CIRC
2366:IFPI
2358:CD-R
2318:72Γ
2297:56Γ
2276:52Γ
2255:48Γ
2234:40Γ
2213:36Γ
2192:32Γ
2171:24Γ
2150:20Γ
2133:12Γ
2116:10Γ
2085:600
2068:300
2051:150
2036:MB/s
2026:KB/s
1978:and
1920:DVDs
1886:780
1852:SATA
1848:SCSI
1459:CD-i
1457:and
1429:and
1427:Sony
1419:CD-i
1389:KB/s
1203:CD-R
1172:DVDs
1158:and
1156:CD-R
1127:for
1110:ECMA
1074:beam
930:and
924:Sony
908:Sony
906:and
882:and
880:Sony
874:and
862:and
832:DVDs
824:data
822:and
801:data
574:(AD)
286:CD-i
274:CD+G
270:SVCD
254:SACD
242:CD-R
136:1985
129:1985
89:KB/s
80:Read
4294:UMD
4269:DVD
4048:UDF
3926:VCD
3858:CD+
3704:UWB
3699:NFC
3663:E4X
3597:UDF
3570:FAT
3543:VXA
3527:DLT
3522:DDS
3393:PCD
3361:VCD
3165:GCN
2360:or
2311:CAV
2290:CAV
2269:CAV
2248:CAV
2227:CAV
2206:CAV
2185:CAV
2164:CAV
2099:8Γ
2082:4Γ
2065:2Γ
2048:1Γ
2041:RPM
1916:rpm
1860:USB
1846:),
1844:ATA
1796:.
1756:99
1736:90
1716:80
1696:74
1676:63
1656:21
1634:min
1217:".
1182:or
1168:UDF
1106:IEC
1102:ISO
1076:'s
1005:'s
1003:IBM
993:by
860:MCA
674:UDF
613:MMC
606:SFF
353:HVD
300:DVD
272:),
266:VCD
262:CDV
256:),
4354::
3791:CD
3665:,
3649:C#
3592:FD
3193:.
3163:.
3145:.
3103:.
3076:.
2981:.
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2908:.
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2854::
2852:}}
2848:{{
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1993:GB
1888:nm
1854:,
1850:,
1636:)
1623:)
1621:MB
1558:.
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1453:,
1449:,
1445:,
1400:MB
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1186:.
926:,
922:,
918:,
892:MB
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768:iΛ
762:iΛ
745:A
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482:MD
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370:):
368:BD
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311:,
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288:,
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240:,
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