1044:
1008:
992:
31:
455:. Once the ingredients have been mixed, the solvent is extracted through drying and filtering. The final material is a solid with a dirty white to light brown color, a putty-like texture similar to modeling clay, and a distinct smell of motor oil. Depending on its intended usage and on the manufacturer, there are differences in the composition of C-4. For example, a 1990 U.S. Army technical manual stipulated that Class IV composition C-4 consists of 89.9±1% RDX, 10±1% polyisobutylene, and 0.2±0.02% dye that is itself made up of 90%
1028:
488:
1043:
1007:
598:
than composition C-3 and is fairly insensitive. The insensitivity is attributed to using a large amount of binder in its composition. A series of shots were fired at vials containing C-4 in a test referred to as "the rifle bullet test". Only 20% of the vials burned, and none exploded. While C-4
559:
The M112 demolition blocks of C-4 are commonly manufactured into the M183 "demolition charge assembly", which consists of 16 M112 block demolition charges and four priming assemblies packaged inside military
Carrying Case M85. The M183 is used to breach obstacles or demolish large structures where
564:
are required. Each priming assembly includes a five-or-twenty-foot (1.5 or 6.1 m) length of detonating cord assembled with detonating cord clips and capped at each end with a booster. When the charge is detonated, the explosive is converted into compressed gas. The gas exerts pressure in the
273:
and redeveloped as
Composition C when introduced to the U.S. military. It was replaced by Composition C-2 around 1943 and later redeveloped around 1944 as Composition C-3. The toxicity of C-3 was reduced, the concentration of RDX was increased, giving it improved safety during usage and storage.
466:
The manufacturing process for
Composition C-4 specifies that wet RDX and plastic binder are added in a stainless steel mixing kettle. This is called the aqueous slurry-coating process. The kettle is tumbled to obtain a homogeneous mixture. This mixture is wet and must be dried after transfer to
856:
images obtained from microscopic analysis of the fingerprint are analyzed with gray-scale thresholding to improve contrast for the particles. The contrast is then inverted in order to show dark RDX particles against a light background. Relative numbers and positions of RDX particles have been
631:(TATB) (available in two particle sizes (5 μm, 40 μm)), as a substitute for RDX, is also able to improve stability to thermal, shock, and impact/friction stimulus; however, TATB is not cost-effective, and NTO is more difficult to use in the manufacturing process.
616:. The results of 100 °C heat test are: 0.13% loss in the first 48 hours, no loss in the second 48 hours, and no explosions in 100 hours. The vacuum stability test at 100 °C yields 0.2 cubic centimeters of gas in 40 hours. Composition C-4 is essentially
1443:
Mahoney, Christine M.; Fahey, Albert J.; Steffens, Kristen L.; Benner, Bruce A.; Lareau, Richard T. (2010). "Characterization of
Composition C4 Explosives using Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy".
547:
block. The demolition charge M112 is a rectangular block of
Composition C-4 about 2 by 1.5 inches (51 mm × 38 mm) and 11 inches (280 mm) long, weighing 1.25 lb (570 g). The M112 is wrapped in a sometimes olive color
1828:
274:
Research on a replacement for C-3 was begun prior to 1950, but the new material, C-4, did not begin pilot production until 1956. C-4 was submitted for patent as "Solid
Propellant and a Process for its Preparation" March 31, 1958, by the
1738:
Woody, Robert C.; Kearns, Gregory L.; Brewster, Marge A.; Turley, Charles P.; Sharp, Gregory B.; Lake, Robert S. (1986). "The
Neurotoxicity of Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) in a Child: A Clinical and Pharmacokinetic Evaluation".
530:
A major advantage of C-4 is that it can easily be molded into any desired shape to change the direction of the resulting explosion. C-4 has high cutting ability. For example, the complete severing of a 36-centimetre (14 in) deep
470:
C-4 produced for use by the U.S. military, commercial C-4 (also produced in the United States), and PE-4 from the United
Kingdom each have their own unique properties and are not identical. The analytical techniques of time-of-flight
362:
and an agent preventing hardening of the binder upon prolonged storage. The PE8 consists of 86.5% RDX, 1.0% DMDNB taggant and 12.5% of a binder composed of di(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate thickened with high molecular mass polyisobutylene.
268:
C-4 is a member of the
Composition C family of chemical explosives. Variants have different proportions and plasticisers and include compositions C-2, C-3, and C-4. The original RDX-based material was developed by the British during
1829:
Committee on
Marking, Rendering Inert, and Licensing of Explosive Materials; National Research Council; Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences; Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications (27 May 1998).
607:
jet tests. Additional tests were done including the "pendulum friction test", which measured a five-second explosion temperature of 263 °C to 290 °C. The minimum initiating charge required is 0.2 grams of
812:, it can be detected with an explosive vapor detector before it has been detonated. A variety of methods for explosive residue analysis may be used to identify C-4. These include optical microscope examination and
2112:
847:
teams to detect trace residue on fingertips of individuals who may have recently been in contact with the compound. However, positive results are highly variable and the mass of RDX can range between 1.7 and
479:
have been demonstrated to discriminate finite differences in different C-4 sources. Chemical, morphological structural differences, and variation in atomic concentrations are detectable and definable.
2141:
2133:
354:) is added at a minimum of 0.10% weight of the plastic explosive, typically at 1.0% mass. The newer PE7 consists of 88.0% RDX, 1.0% DMDNB taggant and 11.0% of a binder composed of low molecular mass
1027:
1703:
Stone, William J.; Paletta, Theodore L.; Heiman, Elliott M.; Bruce, John I.; Knepshield, James H. (December 1969). "Toxic Effects Following Ingestion of C4 Plastic Explosive".
594:
Composition C-4 exists in the U.S. Army Hazardous Components Safety Data Sheet on sheet number 00077. Impact tests done by the U.S. military indicate composition C-4 is less
1889:
2149:
991:
627:
of C-4 is related to the size of the nitramine particles. The finer they are the better they help to absorb and suppress shock. Using 3-nitrotriazol-5-one (NTO), or
1125:
776:
C-4 has toxic effects on humans when ingested. Within a few hours multiple generalized seizures, vomiting, and changes in mental activity occur. A strong link to
1833:
Containing the Threat from Illegal Bombings: An Integrated National Strategy for Marking, Tagging, Rendering Inert, and Licensing Explosives and Their Precursors
796:
intravenously to help the patient control seizures until it has passed. However, ingesting small amounts of C-4 is not known to cause any long-term impairment.
2138:
2130:
2157:
2182:
860:
Military and commercial C-4 are blended with different oils. It is possible to distinguish these sources by analyzing this oil by high-temperature
828:
for products of the explosive chemical reaction. Small particles of C-4 may be easily identified by mixing with thymol crystals and a few drops of
1537:
2125:
1197:
897:. However, burning C-4 produces poisonous fumes, and soldiers are warned of the dangers of personal injury when using the plastic explosive.
864:. The oil and plasticizer must be separated from the C-4 sample, typically by using a non-polar organic solvent such as pentane followed by
1415:
861:
1641:
1564:
1987:
Composition C4 explosive is poisonous and dangerous if chewed or ingested; its detonation or burning produces poisonous fumes.
1900:
2146:
2010:
1841:
1180:
467:
drying trays. Drying with forced air for 16 hours at 50 °C to 60 °C is recommended to eliminate excess moisture.
367:
868:
of the plasticizer on silica. This method of analysis is limited by manufacturing variation and methods of distribution.
1609:
1133:
2097:
1858:
355:
1507:
476:
83:
900:
Among field troops in Vietnam it became common knowledge that ingestion of a small amount of C-4 would produce a "
2107:
1021:. Even if no taggant is used, sophisticated forensic means can still be employed to identify the presence of C-4.
472:
1574:. Fort Belvoir, Virginia: U. S. Army Engineer Research And Development Laboratories. Report 1839. Archived from
599:
passed the Army's bullet impact and fragment impact tests at ambient temperature, it failed the shock stimulus,
2154:
2000:
1446:
977:
935:
1250:
1261:(3). Ammendale, MD: Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives, Forensic Science Laboratory: 1–7.
813:
589:
186:
2172:
2103:
973:
241:
and can be molded into any desired shape. C-4 is relatively insensitive and can be detonated only by the
1037:
into blocks of C-4 explosive (bottom) being used to destroy unexploded artillery components (cylinders)
853:
507:
by a gunshot or by dropping it onto a hard surface. It does not explode when set on fire or exposed to
292:
275:
535:
takes between 680 and 910 g (1.50 and 2.01 lb) of C-4 when properly applied in thin sheets.
35:
Blocks of C-4 cut to size during a demo training session, showing the white plastic explosive material
1170:
817:
569:
1079:
595:
463:. RDX classes A, B, E, and H are all suitable for use in C-4. Classes are measured by granulation.
2121:
1681:
1388:
1298:
1206:
2187:
1596:
Use of Mine, Antitank: HE, Heavy, M15 as a Substitute for Charge Assembly Demolition, M37 Or M183
1094:
553:
496:
946:, killing eleven people — including five children — and wiping out 61 homes in two city blocks.
901:
865:
777:
600:
516:
1831:
2051:
1416:"Recent Developments in Composition C-4: Towards an Alternate Binder and Reduced Sensitivity"
965:
825:
821:
347:
1975:
832:. The mixture will become rose colored upon addition of a small quantity of ethyl alcohol.
500:
312:
1926:
8:
2177:
1716:
1358:
1018:
953:'s traditional curriculum of explosives training. In October 2000, the group used C-4 to
524:
491:
A detonation within a blast-resistant trash receptacle using a large C-4 explosive charge
2026:
1426:
30:
1957:
1803:
1778:
1652:
1575:
1129:
961:
924:
894:
565:
form of a shock wave, which demolishes the target by cutting, breaching, or cratering.
2006:
1949:
1945:
1837:
1808:
1756:
1720:
1463:
1270:
1176:
1074:
943:
939:
905:
624:
585:
573:
456:
324:
214:
338:
The British PE4 consists of 88.0% RDX, 1.0% pentaerythrite dioleate and 11.0% DG-29
2078:
1961:
1941:
1798:
1790:
1748:
1712:
1482:
1455:
1262:
954:
844:
451:
C-4 is manufactured by combining the above ingredients with binders dissolved in a
343:
320:
304:
857:
measured from a series of 50 fingerprints left after a single contact impression.
515:, such as when a detonator inserted into it is fired. When detonated, C-4 rapidly
928:
916:
781:
308:
190:
904:" similar to that of ethanol. Others would ingest C-4, commonly obtained from a
256:
but with a plasticizer different from that used in Composition C-4, is known as
1794:
609:
561:
238:
1752:
1224:
852:, each analysis must be individually handled using magnifying equipment. The
2166:
1616:
1274:
1069:
836:
829:
780:
dysfunction is observed. If ingested, patients may be administered a dose of
604:
316:
218:
79:
65:
2094:
1985:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Army. 27 August 2008. p. 6.
1327:
1251:"Differentiation of Composition C4 Based on the Analysis of the Process Oil"
1953:
1927:"Automated Mapping of Explosives Particles in Composition C-4 Fingerprints"
1866:
1812:
1467:
1034:
998:
969:
890:
460:
339:
270:
1760:
1724:
1679:
1422:
1386:
1296:
1195:
882:
789:
359:
328:
230:
75:
1515:
1266:
908:, to induce temporary illness in the hope of being sent on sick leave.
700:
617:
544:
512:
504:
300:
242:
1651:. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives. Archived from
1459:
920:
520:
508:
332:
246:
226:
2108:
Ch. 137. "Reclamation of RDX from C-4 Explosives" by the Jolly Roger
1168:
331:
often called "process oil". Instead of "process oil", low-viscosity
950:
849:
840:
793:
1925:
Verkouteren, Jennifer R.; Coleman, Jessica L.; Cho, Inho (2010).
1014:
805:
452:
418:
Max heat of detonation with gaseous water, kilocalories per gram
234:
1890:"Thresholding in Imaging Particle Analysis (A four part series)"
410:
Max heat of detonation with liquid water, kilocalories per gram
1089:
1049:
A demolition charge being assembled from multiple sticks of C-4
839:, and the other components commonly found in C-4 are generally
785:
613:
532:
487:
1683:
Department of the Army Technical Manual – Military Explosives
1390:
Department of the Army Technical Manual – Military Explosives
1300:
Department of the Army Technical Manual – Military Explosives
809:
549:
351:
350:) as the binder; a taggant (2,3-dimethyl-2,3-dinitrobutane,
1169:
Rudolf Meyer; Josef Köhler; Axel Homburg (September 2007).
1084:
1064:
886:
628:
2155:
Accurate Energetic Systems M112 Demolition Block datasheet
1789:(5). U.S. Army Hospital, Camp Bondsteel, Kosovo: 251–252.
1649:
ATF Law Enforcement Guide to Explosives Incident Reporting
1442:
437:
with density of 1.58 grams per cubic centimeter, kilobars
1737:
1680:
Headquarters, U.S. Department of the Army (25 Sep 1990),
1387:
Headquarters, U.S. Department of the Army (25 Sep 1990),
1297:
Headquarters, U.S. Department of the Army (25 Sep 1990),
1196:
Headquarters, U.S. Department of the Army (25 Sep 1990),
296:
253:
222:
164:
233:
to make it malleable, and usually a marker or odorizing
1702:
1353:
1351:
1349:
523:
as well as other gases. The detonation proceeds at an
229:
agent. C-4 is composed of explosives, plastic binder,
1924:
1822:
1368:. U.S. Department of Homeland Security. pp. 4–5
543:
Military grade C-4 is commonly packaged as the M112
335:
is used in the manufacture of C-4 for civilian use.
1817:
C4 contains 90% cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX)
1346:
1013:Wrapping on packaged C-4 indicate that it has been
252:A similar British plastic explosive, also based on
2139:American Ordnance M183 Demolition Charge datasheet
2043:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
885:era would sometimes use small amounts of C-4 as a
2131:American Ordnance M112 Demolition Block datasheet
1983:FM 3–34.214 (FM 5–250) Explosives and Demolitions
2164:
1675:
1673:
1483:"Grosse Point Blank Microwave C4 Mercury Switch"
1249:Reardon, Michelle R.; Bender, Edward C. (2005).
2147:Ensign-Bickford M112 Demolition Block datasheet
2079:"Attorney General, on Khobar Towers Indictment"
1281:
299:("Research Department Explosive", an explosive
1776:
1001:into a block of C-4 to ready it for detonation
816:for unreacted explosive, chemical spot tests,
2027:"May 13, 1985: Philadelphia Police Bomb MOVE"
1918:
1670:
1598:. Headquarters, Department of the Army. 1971.
1366:C4: Characteristics, Properties, and Overview
1248:
1189:
658:test with 2 kilogram weight / BM APP (% TNT)
647:test with 2 kilogram weight / PA APP (% TNT)
2114:Encyclopedia of Explosives and Related Items
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1565:"Steel cutting with high-explosive charges"
426:Remains plastic with no exudation, Celsius
380:of the mixture, grams per cubic centimeter
281:
1992:
311:(DOA) as the plasticizer (to increase the
2183:Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1956
2052:"Bomb type and tactics point to al-Qaida"
1802:
1698:
1696:
1474:
1310:
2076:
2049:
1836:. National Academies Press. p. 46.
1783:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
1772:
1770:
1500:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
972:. Composition C-4 has also been used in
511:. Detonation can be initiated only by a
486:
1856:
503:to most physical shocks. C-4 cannot be
315:of the explosive), thickened with 2.1%
237:chemical. C-4 has a texture similar to
2165:
1693:
1590:
1588:
1562:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1325:
527:of 8,092 m/s (26,550 ft/s).
1899:. ParticleImaging.com. Archived from
1767:
1529:
1413:
1244:
1242:
1205:, pp. A-13 (323), archived from
1107:
968:, a U.S. military housing complex in
1998:
1717:10.1001/archinte.1969.00300220078015
862:gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
629:1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene
1615:. American Ordnance. Archived from
1585:
1400:
1222:
919:have used C-4 worldwide in acts of
911:
699:Minimum detonating charge, gram of
13:
2050:Whitaker, Brian (21 August 2003).
1563:Dennis, James A. (December 1965).
1535:
1239:
949:Composition C-4 is recommended in
14:
2199:
2122:Military Explosives TM 9-1300-214
2104:The Original Anarchist's Cookbook
2088:
1887:
1421:. Holston Army Ammunition Plant:
1199:Military Explosives TM 9-1300-214
370:for the Composition C-4 follows.
356:hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene
1976:"Chapter 1: Military Explosives"
1946:10.1111/j.1556-4029.2009.01272.x
1480:
1042:
1026:
1006:
990:
889:for heating rations, as it will
799:
660:
554:pressure-sensitive adhesive tape
477:X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
366:Technical data according to the
291:The Composition C-4 used by the
84:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
29:
2077:Ashcroft, John (21 June 2001).
2070:
2019:
1968:
1881:
1850:
1731:
1634:
1602:
1556:
1436:
1380:
960:, killing 17 sailors. In 1996,
519:to release nitrogen, water and
473:secondary ion mass spectrometry
1779:"A plastic explosive by mouth"
1216:
1162:
1148:
936:Philadelphia Police Department
876:
713:measured by Sand test (% TNT)
446:
303:), bound by a mixture of 5.3%
286:
263:
1:
1396:, pp. 8–37–38 (124–125).
1101:
843:; this makes it possible for
482:
391:, grams per cubic centimeter
44:High-yield chemical explosive
1934:Journal of Forensic Sciences
1359:"Introduction to Explosives"
1326:Harris, Tom (20 June 2002).
1255:Journal of Forensic Sciences
974:improvised explosive devices
814:scanning electron microscopy
745:detonation meters per second
724:measured by plate dent test
590:Safety testing of explosives
16:Variety of plastic explosive
7:
1777:K Fichtner, MD (May 2002).
1538:"Explosives and Terrorists"
1126:"Explosives – Compositions"
1057:
923:and insurgency, as well as
771:
766:
260:(Plastic Explosive No. 4).
213:is a common variety of the
127:1.25 lb (0.57 kg)
10:
2204:
1795:10.1177/014107680209500510
1487:Carnegie Mellon University
983:
638:reported by the U.S. Army.
583:
293:United States Armed Forces
276:Phillips Petroleum Company
1753:10.3109/15563658608992595
1175:. Wiley-VCH. p. 63.
966:blow up the Khobar Towers
881:U.S. soldiers during the
818:thin-layer chromatography
680:test, percent explosions
669:test, percent explosions
579:
570:mine-clearing line charge
196:
178:
170:
160:
155:
151:1.5 in (3.8 cm)
147:
139:
131:
123:
118:
110:
102:
94:
89:
71:
61:
56:
49:Place of origin
48:
40:
28:
21:
1414:Owens, Jim; Vinh, Paul.
1080:Polymer-bonded explosive
893:unless detonated with a
804:If C-4 is marked with a
788:some of the toxins, and
568:Other forms include the
282:Characteristics and uses
1897:www.particleimaging.com
1095:Use forms of explosives
964:terrorists used C-4 to
635:Sensitivity test values
552:-film container with a
538:
143:2 in (5.1 cm)
135:11 in (28 cm)
2031:Zinn Education Project
1999:Herr, Michael (1977).
1689:, pp. A-13 (323).
871:
866:solid phase extraction
601:sympathetic detonation
492:
368:Department of the Army
2095:HowStuffWorks article
1857:Allman, Jr., Robert.
1642:"Military Explosives"
1225:"US Patent 3,018,203"
934:On May 13, 1985, the
854:cross polarized light
826:infrared spectroscopy
822:X-ray crystallography
734:detonation at density
689:Explosion temperature
612:or 0.1 grams of
584:Further information:
490:
346:and 8.8% mineral oil
119:Specifications (M112)
1447:Analytical Chemistry
792:intramuscularly and
402:, calories per gram
2116:Volume 3 (Archived)
1741:Clinical Toxicology
1542:The First Responder
1512:Ribbands Explosives
1425:OSI. Archived from
942:on the home of the
640:
574:M18A1 Claymore Mine
435:Detonation pressure
171:Filling weight
2173:British inventions
1267:10.1520/JFS2004307
1212:on 19 August 2022.
1130:GlobalSecurity.org
925:domestic terrorism
755:Ballistic pendulum
634:
525:explosive velocity
493:
342:(corresp. to 2.2%
90:Production history
2012:978-0-679-73525-0
1843:978-0-309-06126-1
1508:"C4 product page"
1460:10.1021/ac101116r
1454:(17): 7237–7248.
1432:on July 19, 2013.
1182:978-3-527-31656-4
1136:on 19 August 2022
944:MOVE organization
895:primary explosive
764:
763:
667:Pendulum friction
625:shock sensitivity
586:Explosives safety
444:
443:
421:1.40 (5.9 MJ/kg)
413:1.59 (6.7 MJ/kg)
400:Heat of formation
249:or blasting cap.
215:plastic explosive
204:
203:
2195:
2083:
2082:
2081:(Press release).
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2023:
2017:
2016:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1980:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1931:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1905:
1894:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1865:. Archived from
1854:
1848:
1847:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1806:
1774:
1765:
1764:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1700:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1677:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1657:
1646:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1622:on 22 March 2015
1621:
1614:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1592:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1569:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1514:. Archived from
1504:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1420:
1411:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1363:
1355:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1323:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1294:
1279:
1278:
1246:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1227:. Google Patents
1220:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1204:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1132:. Archived from
1122:
1046:
1030:
1010:
994:
978:Iraqi insurgents
917:Terrorist groups
912:Use in terrorism
845:forensic science
641:
639:
633:
556:on one surface.
405:−32.9 to −33.33
373:
372:
358:, along with an
344:lithium stearate
327:, and 1.6% of a
321:synthetic rubber
305:dioctyl sebacate
217:family known as
197:Blast yield
33:
24:
19:
18:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2163:
2162:
2091:
2086:
2075:
2071:
2061:
2059:
2048:
2044:
2035:
2033:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2013:
1997:
1993:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1929:
1923:
1919:
1909:
1907:
1906:on 3 April 2015
1903:
1892:
1886:
1882:
1872:
1870:
1869:on 23 July 2014
1855:
1851:
1844:
1827:
1823:
1775:
1768:
1736:
1732:
1705:Arch Intern Med
1701:
1694:
1686:
1678:
1671:
1661:
1659:
1658:on 19 July 2014
1655:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1594:
1593:
1586:
1578:
1567:
1561:
1557:
1547:
1545:
1534:
1530:
1521:
1519:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1491:
1489:
1479:
1475:
1441:
1437:
1429:
1418:
1412:
1401:
1393:
1385:
1381:
1371:
1369:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1347:
1337:
1335:
1334:. HowStuffWorks
1332:How Stuff Works
1328:"How C-4 Works"
1324:
1311:
1303:
1295:
1282:
1247:
1240:
1230:
1228:
1221:
1217:
1209:
1202:
1194:
1190:
1183:
1167:
1163:
1156:Composition C-4
1154:
1153:
1149:
1139:
1137:
1124:
1123:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1060:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1038:
1031:
1022:
1011:
1002:
995:
986:
962:Saudi Hezbollah
955:attack the USS
929:state terrorism
914:
879:
874:
835:RDX has a high
802:
782:active charcoal
778:central nervous
774:
769:
637:
636:
592:
582:
562:satchel charges
541:
485:
449:
389:Nominal density
378:maximum density
317:polyisobutylene
309:dioctyl adipate
289:
284:
266:
211:Composition C-4
191:detonating cord
183:
181:
156:
82:
78:
57:Service history
36:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2201:
2191:
2190:
2188:Modelling clay
2185:
2180:
2175:
2161:
2160:
2152:
2144:
2136:
2128:
2118:
2110:
2100:
2090:
2089:External links
2087:
2085:
2084:
2069:
2042:
2018:
2011:
1991:
1967:
1940:(2): 334–340.
1917:
1880:
1849:
1842:
1821:
1766:
1747:(4): 305–319.
1730:
1711:(6): 726–730.
1692:
1669:
1633:
1601:
1584:
1581:on 2019-05-02.
1555:
1536:Nordin, John.
1528:
1499:
1473:
1435:
1399:
1379:
1345:
1309:
1280:
1238:
1215:
1188:
1181:
1161:
1158:. Paul Lezica.
1147:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1041:
1039:
1032:
1025:
1023:
1012:
1005:
1003:
996:
989:
985:
982:
913:
910:
878:
875:
873:
870:
801:
798:
773:
770:
768:
765:
762:
761:
758:
751:
750:
747:
740:
739:
736:
729:
728:
725:
718:
717:
714:
707:
706:
703:
696:
695:
692:
691:test, Celsius
685:
684:
681:
674:
673:
670:
663:
662:
659:
652:
651:
648:
618:nonhygroscopic
581:
578:
540:
537:
484:
481:
448:
445:
442:
441:
438:
431:
430:
427:
423:
422:
419:
415:
414:
411:
407:
406:
403:
396:
395:
392:
385:
384:
381:
340:lithium grease
288:
285:
283:
280:
265:
262:
239:modelling clay
202:
201:
198:
194:
193:
184:
179:
176:
175:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
153:
152:
149:
145:
144:
141:
137:
136:
133:
129:
128:
125:
121:
120:
116:
115:
112:
108:
107:
104:
100:
99:
96:
92:
91:
87:
86:
73:
69:
68:
63:
59:
58:
54:
53:
50:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2200:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2080:
2073:
2057:
2053:
2046:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2014:
2008:
2004:
2003:
1995:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1971:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1868:
1864:
1863:chemstone.net
1860:
1853:
1845:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1825:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1771:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1734:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1697:
1685:
1684:
1676:
1674:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1637:
1618:
1611:
1605:
1597:
1591:
1589:
1577:
1573:
1572:apps.dtic.mil
1566:
1559:
1543:
1539:
1532:
1518:on 2017-05-17
1517:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1488:
1484:
1481:Nagy, Brian.
1477:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1439:
1428:
1424:
1417:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1392:
1391:
1383:
1367:
1360:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1302:
1301:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1245:
1243:
1226:
1219:
1208:
1201:
1200:
1192:
1184:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1165:
1157:
1151:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1106:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1070:Composition B
1068:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1055:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1035:blasting caps
1029:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1009:
1004:
1000:
993:
988:
987:
981:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
958:
952:
947:
945:
941:
937:
932:
930:
926:
922:
918:
909:
907:
906:Claymore mine
903:
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
869:
867:
863:
858:
855:
851:
846:
842:
838:
837:birefringence
833:
831:
830:sulfuric acid
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
800:Investigation
797:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
759:
757:test percent
756:
753:
752:
748:
746:
742:
741:
737:
735:
731:
730:
726:
723:
720:
719:
715:
712:
709:
708:
704:
702:
698:
697:
693:
690:
687:
686:
682:
679:
676:
675:
671:
668:
665:
664:
657:
654:
653:
649:
646:
643:
642:
632:
630:
626:
621:
619:
615:
611:
606:
605:shaped charge
602:
597:
591:
587:
577:
575:
571:
566:
563:
557:
555:
551:
546:
536:
534:
528:
526:
522:
521:carbon oxides
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
489:
480:
478:
474:
468:
464:
462:
458:
457:lead chromate
454:
439:
436:
433:
432:
428:
425:
424:
420:
417:
416:
412:
409:
408:
404:
401:
398:
397:
393:
390:
387:
386:
382:
379:
375:
374:
371:
369:
364:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
295:contains 91%
294:
279:
277:
272:
261:
259:
255:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
221:, which uses
220:
219:Composition C
216:
212:
208:
199:
195:
192:
188:
185:
177:
173:
169:
166:
163:
159:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
88:
85:
81:
80:War on Terror
77:
74:
70:
67:
66:United States
64:
60:
55:
52:United States
51:
47:
43:
39:
32:
27:
20:
2120:
2113:
2102:
2072:
2060:. Retrieved
2056:The Guardian
2055:
2045:
2034:. Retrieved
2030:
2021:
2001:
1994:
1986:
1982:
1970:
1937:
1933:
1920:
1908:. Retrieved
1901:the original
1896:
1888:Brown, Lew.
1883:
1871:. Retrieved
1867:the original
1862:
1859:"Explosives"
1852:
1832:
1824:
1816:
1786:
1782:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1708:
1704:
1682:
1660:. Retrieved
1653:the original
1648:
1636:
1624:. Retrieved
1617:the original
1604:
1595:
1576:the original
1571:
1558:
1546:. Retrieved
1541:
1531:
1520:. Retrieved
1516:the original
1511:
1502:
1490:. Retrieved
1486:
1476:
1451:
1445:
1438:
1427:the original
1389:
1382:
1370:. Retrieved
1365:
1336:. Retrieved
1331:
1299:
1258:
1254:
1229:. Retrieved
1218:
1207:the original
1198:
1191:
1171:
1164:
1155:
1150:
1138:. Retrieved
1134:the original
1053:
999:blasting cap
997:Inserting a
970:Saudi Arabia
956:
948:
933:
915:
899:
880:
859:
834:
803:
775:
754:
744:
733:
721:
710:
688:
678:Rifle bullet
677:
666:
655:
644:
622:
593:
567:
558:
542:
529:
495:C-4 is very
494:
469:
465:
450:
434:
399:
388:
377:
376:Theoretical
365:
337:
290:
271:World War II
267:
257:
251:
210:
206:
205:
106:1956–current
62:Used by
1544:. AristaTek
1423:BAE Systems
1017:for easier
883:Vietnam War
877:Vietnam War
790:haloperidol
727:115 to 130
694:263 to 290
501:insensitive
447:Manufacture
429:−57 to +77
360:antioxidant
329:mineral oil
287:Composition
264:Development
231:plasticizer
76:Vietnam War
2178:Explosives
2167:Categories
2036:2024-05-13
2002:Dispatches
1522:2014-05-21
1172:Explosives
1102:References
1033:Inserting
940:a C-4 bomb
808:, such as
701:lead azide
610:lead azide
545:demolition
517:decomposes
509:microwaves
483:Detonation
461:lamp black
313:plasticity
301:nitroamine
243:shock wave
180:Detonation
114:PE-4, M112
2005:. Knopf.
1275:0022-1198
1019:detection
921:terrorism
848:130
841:isotropic
596:sensitive
513:shockwave
505:detonated
333:motor oil
323:) as the
307:(DOS) or
247:detonator
227:explosive
182:mechanism
2158:Archived
2150:Archived
2142:Archived
2134:Archived
2126:Archived
2098:Archived
2062:July 11,
2058:. London
1954:20102455
1813:11983768
1468:20698494
1223:D, G.E.
1058:See also
951:al-Qaeda
938:dropped
794:diazepam
772:Toxicity
767:Analysis
743:Rate of
732:Rate of
722:Brisance
711:Brisance
650:>100
459:and 10%
394:1.72658
319:(PIB, a
111:Variants
103:Produced
95:Designed
1962:5640135
1910:19 July
1873:19 July
1804:1279680
1761:3746987
1725:5353482
1662:15 July
1626:19 July
1548:14 July
1492:14 July
1372:18 July
1338:14 July
1231:15 July
1140:14 July
984:Gallery
806:taggant
560:larger
453:solvent
245:from a
235:taggant
225:as its
189:-based
161:Filling
2009:
1960:
1952:
1840:
1811:
1801:
1759:
1723:
1610:"M112"
1466:
1273:
1179:
1090:Semtex
1015:tagged
824:, and
786:adsorb
656:Impact
645:Impact
614:tetryl
580:Safety
533:I-beam
497:stable
325:binder
148:Height
132:Length
1979:(PDF)
1958:S2CID
1930:(PDF)
1904:(PDF)
1893:(PDF)
1687:(PDF)
1656:(PDF)
1645:(PDF)
1620:(PDF)
1613:(PDF)
1579:(PDF)
1568:(PDF)
1430:(PDF)
1419:(PDF)
1394:(PDF)
1362:(PDF)
1304:(PDF)
1210:(PDF)
1203:(PDF)
749:8000
738:1.59
550:Mylar
383:1.75
352:DMDNB
140:Width
2064:2009
2007:ISBN
1950:PMID
1912:2014
1875:2014
1838:ISBN
1809:PMID
1757:PMID
1721:PMID
1664:2014
1628:2014
1550:2014
1494:2014
1464:PMID
1374:2014
1340:2014
1271:ISSN
1233:2014
1177:ISBN
1142:2014
1085:ANFO
1075:Fuse
1065:Bomb
957:Cole
927:and
902:high
891:burn
887:fuel
810:DMNB
760:130
716:116
705:0.2
623:The
603:and
588:and
572:and
539:Form
499:and
475:and
440:257
258:PE-4
200:High
187:PETN
124:Mass
98:1956
72:Wars
41:Type
23:C-4
1942:doi
1799:PMC
1791:doi
1749:doi
1713:doi
1709:124
1456:doi
1263:doi
976:by
872:Use
784:to
683:20
297:RDX
254:RDX
223:RDX
209:or
207:C-4
174:91%
165:RDX
2169::
2054:.
2029:.
1981:.
1956:.
1948:.
1938:55
1936:.
1932:.
1895:.
1861:.
1815:.
1807:.
1797:.
1787:95
1785:.
1781:.
1769:^
1755:.
1745:24
1743:.
1719:.
1707:.
1695:^
1672:^
1647:.
1587:^
1570:.
1540:.
1510:.
1485:.
1462:.
1452:82
1450:.
1402:^
1364:.
1348:^
1330:.
1312:^
1283:^
1269:.
1259:50
1257:.
1253:.
1241:^
1128:.
1109:^
980:.
931:.
850:ng
820:,
672:0
661:—
620:.
576:.
348:BP
278:.
2066:.
2039:.
2015:.
1964:.
1944::
1914:.
1877:.
1846:.
1793::
1763:.
1751::
1727:.
1715::
1666:.
1630:.
1552:.
1525:.
1496:.
1470:.
1458::
1376:.
1342:.
1306:.
1277:.
1265::
1235:.
1185:.
1144:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
