Cesar Chavez - Knowledge

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within the union. Chavez felt unable to share the responsibilities of running his movement with others. In 1968, Fred Hirsch noted that "one thing which characterizes Cesar's leadership is that he takes full responsibility for as much of the operation as he is physically capable of. All decisions are made by him." Itliong noted that "Cesar is afraid that if he shares the authority with the people they might run away from him." Pawel noted that Chavez wanted "yes-men" around him. He divided members of movements such as his into three groups: those that achieved what they set out to do, those that worked hard but failed what they set out to do, and those that were lazy. He thought that the latter needed to be expelled from the movement. He highly valued individuals who were loyal, efficient, and took the initiative. Explaining his attitudes toward activism, he told his volunteers that "nice guys throughout the ages have done very little for humanity. It isn't the nice guy who gets things done. It's the hardheaded guy." He admitted that he could be "a real bastard" when dealing with movement members; Chavez told UFW volunteers that "I'm a son of a bitch to work with." He would play different people against each other to get what he wanted, particularly to break apart allies who might form an independent power bloc that would threaten his domination of the movement.

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danger of losing the contracts when they came up for renewal. In Richard's opinion, Chavez was losing touch with the union's membership. There was anger that members were expected to pay monthly dues to the union when their work was usually seasonal; there was also frustration at the union's $ 1-a-week voluntary fund to support the Salinas strikers. Part of the membership thought that Chavez's new isolation at La Paz was leading him to take decisions unpopular with the farmworkers. There were concerns about the inept and inexperienced volunteers, mostly English-speaking European-Americans, who were running the UFW's hiring halls; growers were complaining that these volunteers were often hostile and uncooperative. Union branches had been ordering members to miss work to engage in political rallies and Salinas picket lines, further angering growers. Chavez responded to these criticisms by reassigning his brother away from Delano. In late 1972, Richard and Huerta, his partner at the time, briefly left the UFW in frustration with Chavez's leadership. Other senior members continued to warn Chavez about the same issues that Richard did, but Chavez dismissed their concerns as grower propaganda.

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community. Dederich had told Chavez that "the Game" was key to reshaping the UFW, and the latter decided that he wanted everyone at La Paz to play it. He received tacit agreement from the executive board, although some of its members privately opposed the measure. The Game took place at La Paz on Sunday mornings and Wednesday evenings, and at its height, about 100 people were taking part in it each week. There it was used to shape behavior and punish nonconformity. Many individuals dreaded the humiliation it involved, disliked the obscenities that were part of it, and found going through it to be a traumatic experience. Chavez remained enthusiastic about the Game, calling it "a good tool to fine-tune the union". Many of those close to Chavez, including his wife and Richard Chavez, refused to take part. The farmworkers were not informed about the Game. Various long-term supporters of the UFW, including various clerical figures, visited La Paz at this time and left alarmed by how it had changed.

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Christianity for his own campaigns. Most of the farmworkers his union represented shared his Roman Catholicism and were happy to incorporate its religious practices into their marches, strikes, and other UFW activities. Chavez called on his fellow Roman Catholics to be more consistent in standing up for the religion's values. He stated that "in a nutshell, what do we want the Church to do? We don't ask for more cathedrals. We don't ask for bigger churches or fine gifts. We ask for its presence with us, beside us, as Christ among us. We ask the Church to sacrifice with the people for social change, for justice, and for love of brother." Ospino stated that "The combination of labor organizing strategies with explicit expressions of Catholic religiosity made Chavez's approach unique" within the U.S. labor movement, although some of his associates, non-Catholics, and other parts of the labor movement were critical of his use of Catholic elements.

1485:(ALRB), to oversee union elections among farmworkers. Brown appointed a five-person board to lead the ALRB which was sympathetic to Chavez; it included the former UFW official LeRoy Chatfield. As the UFW prepared for the elections in the fields, Chavez organized a "1000 mile march" from the San Diego border up the coast in July 1975. During the march, he stopped to attend the second UFW convention. For the campaign, the UFW hired 500 organizers, many of them farmworkers. The UFW won more elections than it lost, although in instances where it went head-to-head with the Teamsters, the latter beat the UFW. This indicated that the UFW's greatest strengths were among vegetable and citrus growers, rather than in their original heartlands of the Delano vineyards. The Teamster victories in the Delano vineyards angered Chavez, who insisted that there had not been free elections there. Chavez criticised the ALRB and launched a targeted campaign against 1513:

idea of Proposition 14, which would go forward to the electorate later that year. Chavez thought that Proposition 14 had little chance of being passed by the electorate and was concerned that devoting its resources to the campaign would be financially costly for the UFW. Brown also warned them not to, arguing that it would backfire on farmworkers by polarizing communities. Despite these concerns, Fred Ross urged the union to take on the issue, and after much debate, the UFW's executive board voted to involve itself in the 'vote yes' campaign on Proposition 14. Growers responded with a well-funded multi-media campaign that emphasized the claim that the measure would give unions the right to trespass on private property. When it went to the electorate in November 1976, Proposition 14 was defeated by a measure of two-to-one. Although this defeat had little serious impact on the UFW, Chavez took it as a very public rejection of him personally.

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else." Pawel stated that as a leader, Chavez was both "charming, attentive, and humble" as well as being "single-minded, demanding, and ruthless". When he wanted to criticize one of his volunteers or staff members he usually did so in private but on occasion could berate them in a public confrontation. He described his own life's work as a crusade against injustice, and displayed a commitment to self-sacrifice. Pawel thought that "Chavez thrived on the power to help people and the way that made him feel". Ross, who was a friend and colleague of Chavez's for many years, noted that "He would do in thirty minutes what it would take me or somebody else thirty days". Pawel noted that Chavez was "openly ruthless" in his "drive to be the one and only farm labor leader". He was stubborn and would rarely back down once he had taken a stance. He would not accept criticism of himself, but would deflect it.

1191:, a grape grower in the Coachella area. They signed contracts allowing Steinberg's products to be sold with a union logo on them, indicating that they would be exempt from the boycott. Other Coachella growers regarded Steinberg as a traitor for negotiating with Chavez but ultimately followed suit, resulting in contracts being signed with the union. In July 1969, the Delano growers agreed to negotiate. Chavez insisted that their negotiations also cover issues at the Delano High School, where several pupils, including his own daughter Eloise, had been suspended or otherwise disciplined for protesting in support of the boycott. On July 29, 1970, the Delano growers signed contracts with the union at the Forty Acres Hall, in front of press. These contracts agreed to wage rises for pickers, the introduction of a health plan, and new safety measures regarding the use of pesticides on the crop. 2108:, drawing ideas from each. His use of purges to expel people from his movement was influenced by Mao's Cultural Revolution, and he opened a June 1978 board meeting by reciting a poem by Mao. Chavez repeatedly referred to himself as a community organizer rather than as a labor leader and underscored that distinction. He wanted his organization to represent not just a union but a larger social movement. He was ambivalent about the national labor movement. He personally disliked many of the prominent figures within the American labor movement but, as a pragmatist, recognized the value of working with organized labor groups. He opposed the idea of paying wages to those who worked for the union, believing that it would destroy the spirit of the movement. He rarely fired people from their positions, but instead made their working situation uncomfortable so that they would resign. 1579:

option was explored, it did not materialize. Following Dederich's advice, Chavez began grooming young people who had grown up in the movement to remain committed to him and his ideals. He created a curriculum for them to follow, which included the Game. Whereas Chavez had previously refused to accept government money, he now applied for over $ 500,000 in grants for a school and other projects. Formal celebrations and group rituals became an important part of life at La Paz, while Chavez also declared that on Saturday mornings all residents of La Paz should work in the vegetable and flower gardens to improve sociability. A rule was passed that everyone at La Paz had to wear a UFW button at all times on penalty of a fine. After attending a course in Los Angeles, Chavez began claiming that he could heal people by laying on his hands.

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members of the union were critical of what they saw as a stunt; Itliong was annoyed that Chavez had not consulted the union's board before making his declaration. The union introduced a motion urging Chavez to cancel his plan, although this failed. Father Mark Day announced that a Mass would be held every night at Forty Acres. These attracted many of Chavez's supporters, with the gas station decorated as an impromptu shrine. Sympathetic Protestant clergy and Jewish rabbis also spoke at these Masses. After three weeks, Chavez's doctors urged him to end the fast. He agreed to do so at a public event on March 10. He invited Robert Kennedy to be the guest of honor at this event. Kennedy arrived at the event, which was attended by thousands of observers as well as the national press, and there they shared bread.

2079:, who provided much of the theoretical basis for liberation theology, stated that the "theology of liberation represents the right of the poor to think". Frederick John Dalton argues that Chavez was the reflection of liberation theology, writing: "The moral vision of Cesar Chavez is the moral vision of a Mexican-American migrant farm worker and labor organizer with no formal education beyond the eighth grade. It is the moral vision of a man who knew the indignities of being impoverished and excluded. A field laborer of Mexican descent, he experienced life as a nonperson, as little more than an agricultural implement, a cost to be minimized." Similarly, Mark R. Day, a member of UFW, remarked that “in many ways we were practicing liberation theology in Delano in the late 1960s.” 1094:

quotations in English and Spanish. Meanwhile, Chavez was increasingly concerned that his supporters might turn to violence. Members had engaged in the destruction of property, something they regarded as not breaching the movement's ethos on non-violence. Chavez's cousin Manuel had tampered with refrigerator units on trains, so that grapes being shipped out of Delano spoiled before reaching their destination; Chavez noted that "He's done all the dirty work for the union. There's a lot of fucking dirty work, and he did it all." In February 1968, the Giumarra company obtained a contempt citation against the union, claiming that its members had used threatening and intimidating behavior against its employees and had placed roofing nails at the entrances to its ranches.

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wages to everyone or instead continue to rely on volunteers. The executive committee split largely on generational lines, with older members backing Chavez's desire to remain a voluntary organization, and this attitude narrowly prevailed. Medina, one of only two former farmworkers on the board, resigned over the issue. Drake also resigned. Half of the lawyers left straight away, and the others in the coming weeks as the UFW switched to a voluntary legal department; the new volunteers were largely inexperienced. It was also in 1977 that the UFW declared that contributions to the union's political fund would become mandatory for members; this was then used to support political groups and candidates considered sympathetic to the UFW's interests.

1349: 826:, meeting with workers and encouraging them to join his association. At the time, he lived off a combination of unemployment benefit, his wife's wage as a farmworker, and donations from friends and sympathizers. On September 30, 1962, he formalized the Association at a convention in Fresno. There, delegates elected Chavez as the group's general-director. They also agreed that, once the association had a life insurance policy up and running, members would start paying monthly dues of $ 3.50. The group adopted the motto "viva la causa" ("long live the cause") and a flag featuring a black eagle on a red and white background. At the organization's constitutional convention held in Fresno in January 1963, Chavez was elected president, with Huerta, 1361:

UFW in representing the region's farmworkers. The Teamsters organized counter-protests; their picketers were often armed and violent clashes between members of the two unions broke out. The UFW used these instances of Teamster violence to rally public support for their cause. The AFL-CIO was concerned by this clash between unions, and Meany struck a deal with Chavez that they would provide the UFW with renewed financial support if it pushed for state legislation to govern the rights of farmworkers to organize. Chavez agreed; although he did not want such a law and he thought that Governor Reagan would never agree to it anyway. The AFL-CIO gave the UFW $ 1.6 million, allowing the latter to pay Salinas picketers $ 75 and later $ 90 a week.

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increasingly distant from Chavez, helped tutor them. Chavez called all staff to a meeting at La Paz in May 1981, where he again insisted that the UFW was being infiltrated by spies seeking to undermine it and overthrow him. He arranged for more of his loyalists to be put on the executive board, which now had no farmworkers sitting on it. At the UFW's Fresno convention in September 1981, the paid representatives nominated some of their own choices, rather than Chavez's, to go on the board. Chavez's supporters responded with leaflets claiming that the paid representatives were puppets of "the two Jews", Ganz and Cohen, who were trying to undermine the union. This brought allegations of

538:, where they first lived in a garage in the city's impoverished Mexican district. They moved regularly, and on weekends and holidays, Cesar joined his family in working as an agricultural laborer. In California, he moved schools many times, spending the longest time at Miguel Hidalgo Junior School; here, his grades were generally average, although he excelled at mathematics. At school, he faced ridicule for his poverty, while more broadly, he experienced anti-Latino prejudice from many European-Americans, with many establishments refusing to serve non-white customers. He graduated from junior high in June 1942, after which he left formal education and became a full-time farm laborer. 1205: 1461:, was elected governor of California. At this point, farm-worker's rights took center stage in the state's political agenda. Chavez met with Brown and together they developed a strategy: Brown would introduce a bill to improve farmworkers' rights, at which the UFW would support a more radical alternative. Brown would then negotiate a law with other stakeholders that included all the UFW's bottom lines. The purpose of this law would be to guarantee farmworkers the right to a secret ballot in which they could decide which union, if any, should represent them in their negotiations with their employer. Brown signed the 1948:

interacting with affluent people. When speaking with reporters, he sometimes mythologized his own life story. Chavez was not a great orator; according to Pawel, "his power lay not in words, but in actions". She noted that he was "not an articulate speaker", and similarly, Bruns observed that he "had no special talent as a public speaker". He was soft-spoken, and according to Pawel had an "informal, conversational style", and was "good at reading people". He was unwilling to delegate or trust others. He preferred to tackle every task personally. He was also capable of responding quickly and decisively to events.

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would paralyze the group. At the convention, the UFW agreed to scrap monthly membership fees in favor of charging members 2 percent of their annual income. It also announced that volunteers who had worked for the UFW for more than six months could become members with voting rights. Previously, membership had been restricted primarily to farmworkers. The new executive committee, which included Huerta and Richard Chavez, was racially mixed, although some members expressed dissatisfaction that it did not contain more Mexican Americans. By 1974, the UFW was again broke and its boycott was floundering. That year,

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deported, appointing Liza Hirsch to oversee the campaign. In Chavez's view, "if we can get the illegals out of California, we will win the strike overnight." This was a reiteration of an early view he expressed concerning the problems the UFW boycott faced in 1972. Chavez believed that any strike undertaken by agricultural workers could be undermined by "wetbacks" and "illegal immigrants". Huerta urged him not to refer to migrants who had come to the U.S. illegally as "illegals" but Chavez refused, stating: "a spade's a spade." Some UFW field offices refused to collaborate with the campaign, and the

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in the running of its medical plan. In the 22 farmworker elections that took place between June and September 1978, the UFW lost two-thirds. To stop the loss of its contracts and members, Chavez launched his Plan de Flote, an initiative to regain the trust of the vegetable pickers. Chavez organized a new strike over wages, hoping that salary increases would stem the UFW's losses; the union made its wage demands in January 1979, days after its contracts had expired. Eleven lettuce growers in the Salinas and Imperial Valleys were included in the strike, which caused lettuce prices to soar.

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conspiracy against the union. UFW had also entered into a negotiation with the Teamsters union, a process led by Cohen. The two unions reached an agreement by which the UFW would cease bringing litigation against the Teamsters if the latter ceased operating among farm-workers altogether. This left the UFW as the only dominant union among the farmworkers. The Teamsters agreed because farmworkers were a marginal group for them; their typically low incomes also meant that farmworkers did not generate sufficient funds for the union to warrant its ongoing and costly clashes with the UFW.

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working in partnership with the Fresno businessman Celestino Aguilar. Together they bought properties undergoing foreclosure, renovated them, before selling them on. They ultimately moved from foreclosures to high-end custom built houses and subsidized apartment blocks. To conceal the UFW's involvement in these projects, Chavez and Aguilar formed the company American Liberty Investments. They also established the Ideal Minimart Corporation, which built two strip malls and operated a check-cashing store. Richard's company, Bonita Construction, was hired for some of the work. The

1844:, who had the backing of the state's growers; under Deukmejian, the ALRB's influence eroded. In 1987, the UFW was found liable for $ 1.7 million in damages to the Maggio company for the illegal actions that the union carried out against it during their 1979 strike. As the UFW's boycott of Bruce Church products failed to gain traction, in July 1988 Chavez launched another public fast at Forty Acres. Three of Robert Kennedy's children visited, generating media attention for the fast. After 19 days, Chavez broke the fast at a ceremony attended by the Democratic politician 2254: 1497:, whose ideas led to a restructuring of the union. These reforms further centralized the union's powers among the executive committee. The changes involved decision-making powers being delegated from Chavez to the department heads, although Chavez—who liked to oversee everything personally—found this difficult to adhere to in practice. As part of these reforms, Chavez continued to call on the union's leaders to all relocate to La Paz, which many were reluctant to do. In July 1976, Chavez traveled to New York to attend the Democratic Party's 2379: 1280:. La Paz became the union's new headquarters, something that various backers and funders were critical of due to its remote location; Chavez said that this was necessary for his security, particularly following allegations of a plot against his life. At night, the perimeter of the commune was patrolled by armed guards. The organization at La Paz was often chaotic, with frustrated detractors in the movement referring to it as "Magic Mountain". Amid his growing frustrations with Chavez's leadership, Itliong resigned in October 1971. 796: 547: 1931:. With his wife, he had eight children: Fernando (b.1949), Sylvia (b.1950), Linda (b.1951), Eloise (b.1952), Anna (b.1953), Paul (b.1957), Elizabeth (b.1958), and Anthony (b.1958). Helen avoided the limelight, a trait which Chavez admired. While he led the union, she focused on raising the children, cooking, and housekeeping. During the latter part of the 1970s, his infidelity with a range of women became common knowledge among senior UFW figures, who kept this knowledge quiet so as not to damage his reputation as a devoted 2121: 1882: 1289: 1369:

would do so until the federal government guaranteed the safety of UFW protesters; the government believed that this was a cover to conceal the financial problems that the strike was causing the UFW. By this point, the UFW had lost much of its membership, and most of its California contracts, to the Teamsters. Many farmworkers found that while the Teamsters appeared less interested in workers' rights, they did not expect their employees to spend their weekends on political campaigns and boycotts as the UFW did.

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the UFW—it cost the union between $ 300,000 and $ 400,000 a month—and that they should end the strike and switch to a boycott campaign. The strike leaders rejected these suggestions. To end the strike, in August and September, several growers signed contracts with the UFW but many held out and the union was broke. Chavez continued arguing for a boycott, suggesting that the union could use alcoholics from the cities to run the boycott campaign, an idea most of the executive board rejected.

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started picketing the lettuce fields. Lettuce production slumped by three quarters and prices of lettuces doubled. Various restraining orders were issued against the picketers, and when they broke them they were fined; the UFW paid many of these, as well as financially supporting the strikers in other ways. This proved expensive for the union, and Chavez decided that the pickets could not be maintained. Instead he decided to switch towards a boycott of Salinas lettuce. Chavez selected the

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continued to work to join them on strike, the growers sought to provoke and threaten the strikers. Chavez insisted that the strikers must never respond with violence. The picketers also protested outside strike-breakers' homes, with the strike dividing many families and breaking friendships. Police monitored the protests, photographing many of those involved; they also arrested various strikers. To raise support for those arrested, Chavez called for donations at a speech in Berkeley's

2239:, Kevin J. O'Brien argued that Chavez could be "a vital resource for contemporary Christian ecological ethics". O'Brien argued that it was both Chavez's focus on "the moral centrality of human dignity" as well as his emphasis on sacrifice that could be of use by Christians wanting to engage in environmentalist activism. The theologian Carlos R. Piar similarly stated that Hispanic people should look to Chavez as an exemplar for "a way of being Christian in the United States." 2194: 1130:

disrupted annual meetings of several supermarket chains. Chavez hoped that by putting pressure on the supermarkets, they in turn would pressure the grape growers to give in to strikers' demands. The growers hired a public relations firm to counteract the boycott, warning stores that if they gave in to the boycott they would soon be faced with similar boycotts for many other products. The growers also turned to the newly elected Governor of California,

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years later. By the early 1980s, there was a burgeoning Latino middle-class in the U.S. Although Chavez hated the aspirational approach that had encouraged working-class Latinos to become middle-class, he recognized that this offered the UFW a wider support base. At the 1983 UFW convention, he announced the formation of a new non-profit organization, the Chicano Lobby. At the Lobby's launch, addresses were given by the San Antonio Mayor

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the enmity of the poor" if they failed to meet with Chavez's demands. Many ex-members of the UFW took the view that Chavez had been a poor administrator. Other labor unions had long been wary of Chavez's movement, with the UFW gaining a reputation for always wanting money but doing little to assist others. In the U.S. union movement, many skeptics believed that Chavez's idealism detracted from his effectiveness as a union leader.

621:, with Chavez's sister Rita marrying her fiancé at the same ceremony. By early 1949, Chavez and his new wife had settled in the Sal Si Puedes neighborhood of San Jose, where many of his other family members were now living. Their first child, Fernando, was born there in February 1949; a second, Sylvia, followed in February 1950; and then a third, Linda, in January 1951. The latter had been born shortly after they had relocated to 2024:

slain in recent wars — all these burdens generation after generation have sought to demoralize us, to break our human spirit. But God knows we are not beasts of burden, we are not agricultural implements or rented slaves, we are men. And mark this well we are men locked in a death struggle against man's inhumanity to man in the industry you represent. And this struggle itself gives meaning to our life and ennobles our dying.

779:. He found the CSO's financial situation was bad, with even his own salary in jeopardy. He laid off several organizers to keep the organization afloat. He tried to organize a life insurance scheme among CSO members to raise funds, but this project failed to materialize. Under Chavez, the CSO secured financing from wealthier donors and organizations, usually to finance specific projects for a set period of time. The California 1944:

dependent, and although she did not hesitate to raise complaints with him, she also usually deferred to him. During their working relationship, they often argued, something which intensified in the latter part of the 1970s. Huerta stated that she was Chavez's "whipping girl" when he was under pressure. He never had close friendships outside of his family, believing that friendships distracted from his political activism.

1529:. He became convinced that there was a far-left conspiracy, whose members he called the "assholes" or "them", who were trying to undermine the UFW. At a La Paz meeting in April 1977, later called "the Monday Night Massacre," Chavez called together a range of individuals whom he denounced as malcontents or spies. They were verbally abused by members of the executive board and ejected from the community. He later accused 14421: 1378: 1465:(ALRA) into law in June 1975. This was widely seen as a UFW victory, as California now had the most favorable labor bill in the country. Chavez nevertheless worried that it would kill the movement's spirit, stating that the cause would now lose "the essential fight of recognition, which is the one that appeals to the human mind and the heart", instead focusing on more prosaic issues such as wages and benefits. 636:(CSO) in San Jose, and joined him in voter registration drives. He was soon voted vice president of the CSO chapter. He also helped McDonnell construct the first purpose-built church in Sal Si Puedes, the Our Lady of Guadalupe church, which was opened in December 1953. In turn, McDonnell lent Chavez books, encouraging the latter to develop a love of reading. Among the books were biographies of the saint 1898:

illegally threatened supermarkets to stop them selling Red Coach lettuce. In 1988, a jury returned a $ 5.4 million verdict against the UFW, but this verdict was thrown out in the appeals court. The case was then remanded for trial on narrower grounds. Chavez was called to testify in front of a Yuma court in 1993. The stakes were high; a verdict against the UFW would have been financially devastating.

1616:. This generated outcry in the U.S., especially among religious groups, who argued that Chavez was overlooking the human rights abuses taking place under Marcos' administration. Chavez then organized an event on Delano for five senior Filipino government officially to speak to an assembled audience. The incident eroded support among religious organizations, a key constituency for Chavez and the UFW. 838: 807:, an agricultural community in the southern San Joaquin Valley, where they rented a house on Kensington Street. He was intent on forming a labor union for farm workers but, to conceal this aim, told people that he was simply conducting a census of farm workers to determine their needs. He began devising the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA), referring to it as a "movement" rather than a 2075:, emphasizing liberation of the poor and self-sacrifice in the pursuit of justice. Liberation theology sought to centralize Catholic faith on the perspective and plight of the excluded, marginalized, poor and oppressed; basic points of liberation theology was the belief that God speaks directly for and to the poor, and that socioeconomic systems that oppress the poor are morally unacceptable. 1848:. The fast was followed by further purges at La Paz as Chavez accused more people of being saboteurs. Hartmire was among those pushed out, resigning in January 1989. Some of those at La Paz left before Chavez could target them, and the commune became increasingly depopulated. Chavez meanwhile continued to receive awards and honors. In November 1989, the Mexican government awarded him the 730:(UPWA) paid $ 20,000 to the CSO for the latter to open a branch in Oxnard; Chavez became its organizer, working with the largely Mexican farm laborers. In Oxnard, Chavez worked to encourage voter registration. He repeatedly heard concerns from local Mexican-American laborers that they were being routinely passed over or fired so that employers could hire cheaper Mexican guest workers, or 2068:

but rather to motivate his supporters, keeping them focused on the cause and on avoiding violence. He also saw it as a sign of solidarity with the suffering of the people. Chavez was also interested in Gandhi's ideas about sacrifice, noting that "I like the idea of sacrifice to do things. If they are done that way they are more lasting. If they cost more, then you will value them more."

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organizing their strike for better working conditions. The strike targeted two companies, Mount Arbor and Conklin. Aided by the NFWA, the workers struck on May 3, and after four days the growers agreed to raise wages, after which the strikers returned to work. Following this success, Chavez's reputation began to filter through leftist activist circles across California.

10696: 14457: 467:. Librado and Juana's first child, Rita, was born in August 1925, with their first son, Cesar, following nearly two years later. In November 1925, Librado and Juana bought a series of buildings near to the family home which included a pool hall, store, and living quarters. They soon fell into debt and were forced to sell these assets, in April 1929 moving into the 2168:

response to these claims, Chavez insisted that "There is a big difference between being a saint and being an angel Saints are known for being tough and stubborn." In 1972, John Zerzan described Chavez as presenting himself as "a Christ-figure sacrificing all for his flock" through his fasts, adding that Chavez took the form of a "messianic leader". The scholar of

1253:. She took part in a rally which included a Roman Catholic Mass; it was opposed by a group of local counter-protesters who opposed the concentration of leftist activism in their community. These events attracted national media attention. Soon after, the California Supreme Court voted to dissolve key aspects of Bud Antle's injunction and ordered Chavez's release. 2083:

Americans were treated in the United States to the way that he and his fellow Mexican Americans were treated. He absorbed many of the tactics that African American civil rights activists had employed throughout the 1960s, applying them to his own movement. He was willing to take risks. Chavez recognized the impact that his farm-worker campaigns had had on the

1024:, was competing against the NFWA in the DiGiorgio workers' election. After DiGiorgio altered the terms of the election to benefit a Teamster victory, Chavez removed the NFWA from the ballot and urged his supporters to abstain. When the vote took place in June 1966, nearly half of eligible workers abstained, allowing a Teamster victory. Chavez then appealed to 1902:

already stipulated that he wanted his brother Richard to build his coffin, and that his funeral should take place at Forty Acres. There, his body lay in state, where tens of thousands of people visited it. A funeral procession took place in Delano, with 120 pallbearers taking turns to carry the coffin. Chavez was then buried in a private ceremony at La Paz.

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medical clinic; it was still far from Chavez's original vision. He used his image of physical suffering as a tactic in his cause, although some of his inner circle thought his pain to be at least partially psychosomatic. By 1968, Chavez was a national celebrity. Journalists increasingly approached him for interviews; he granted particularly close access to

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subversive. Having monitored him for over a decade, the FBI's dossier on Chavez grew to over 1,500 pages in length. They ultimately found no evidence suggesting he had communist leanings. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, he received a series of death threats, and—according to Bruns—he often faced "spiteful mobs and scurrilous race-baiting".

2233:—translated into English as "Yes we can"—as one of his main campaign slogans. When Obama was seeking re-election in 2012, he visited Chavez's grave and placed a rose upon it, also declaring his Union Headquarters to be a national monument. Chavez's work has continued to exert influence on later activists. For instance, in his 2012 article in the 783:(AFL-CIO) for instance paid it $ 12,000 to conduct voter registration schemes in six counties with high Mexican populations. The wealthy benefactor Katy Peake then offered it $ 50,000 over three years to organize California's farm workers. Under Chavez's leadership, the CSO assisted the successful campaign to get the government to extend the 707:

members were becoming increasingly dominant and were pushing its priorities and allocation of funds in directions he disapproved of; he for instance opposed the decision to hold the organization's 1957 convention in Fresco's Hacienda Hotel, arguing that its prices were prohibitive for poorer members. Amid the wider context of the

1521:, after accusing him of deliberately undermining the newspaper. He then ordered Ross and Ganz to interrogate everyone who worked on the campaign, ostensibly to decide on new assignments but also to route out alleged malcontents, agitators, and spies. Many of those involved in running the UFW's boycott expressed concerns about a 2488:, was released. He received belated full military honors from the U.S. Navy at his graveside on April 23, 2015, the 22nd anniversary of his death. In 2015, statues of Chavez and Huerta were erected above a pizzeria in Downtown Napa, financed by a wealthy private citizen, Michael Holcomb, rather than city authorities. 1837:. Many of the parents were angered and several sued the UFW, claiming that the union was exploiting their children for its own agenda. UFW activists also turned up at the funeral procession of a 14-year old who had died from cancer, where they carried union flags; the child's furious mother demanded that they leave. 1073:

members were among those highly critical of the union's new links with the AFL-CIO. Chavez was concerned that the Teatro had become a rival to his prominent standing in the movement and was questioning his actions. Chavez asked the Teatro to disband, at which it split from the union and went on a tour of the U.S.

11303:(University of Arizona Press; 185 pages; 2006). Analyzes the church's changing role from mediator to Chavez supporter in the farmworkers' strike that polarized central California's Catholic community from 1965 to 1970; draws on previously untapped archives of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. 2043:

individuals moving out of poverty often adopted middle-class values; he viewed the middle classes with contempt. He recognized that union activity was not a long-term solution to poverty across society and suggested that forming co-operatives therefore might be the best solution. In Chavez's view, workers'

1268:, for the union. Chavez named this new base Nuestra Señora Reina de la Paz ("Our Lady Queen of Peace"), although it became commonly known just as "La Paz". Renovating the existing buildings, he invited various families to come and live there. In creating this commune, he drew on Gandhi's experiments with 1230:. Seeking to avoid industrial action, the Teamsters set up a meeting with Chavez, where they eventually reached an agreement. The Teamsters agreed to relinquish their contracts with the Grower-Shipper Association, opening the way for the Salinas lettuce cutters to choose the UFW as their representative. 2206:

commented that Chavez's UFW oversaw "the largest and most effective boycott since the colonists threw tea into Boston Harbor". Lichtenstein also stated that Chavez had become "an iconic, foundational figure in the political, cultural, and moral history" of the Latino American community. Many Latinos

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that the U.S. was combating in the Vietnam War. He was interested not only in Gandhi's ideas on non-violence but also in the Indian's voluntary embrace of poverty, his use of fasting, and his ideas about community. Fasting was important for Chavez. He saw it not as a tactic to pressure his opponents,

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family man. After Helen read a love letter written to Chavez by another woman, she temporarily left La Paz and lived with one of her daughters in Delano. Chavez's children resented the union and displayed little interest in it, although most ended up working for it. Of these children, Chavez's eldest

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The union's survival, its very existence, sent out a signal to all Hispanics that we were fighting for our dignity. That we were challenging and overcoming injustice, that we were empowering the least educated among us, the poorest among us. The message was clear. If it could happen in the fields, it

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Chavez's mother died in December 1991, aged 99. The following year, in September 1992, Chavez's mentor Ross died. Chavez gave the eulogy at his funeral. Chavez's final years saw the UFW's involvement in a legal battle with Bruce Church. The company had sued the union, claiming it libeled them and had

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elected to represent by their peers in the fields. Chavez responded with a counter-suit, suing them for libel and slander. He acknowledged to a reporter that in doing so, he was trying to intimidate the protester's lawyer, something which brought negative publicity for the UFW. One of the protesters,

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The UFW continued to rely on voluntary labor, only paying a small number of employees, such as lawyers. When the union's lawyers, who were paid, asked for a raise, it generated a major debate among the executive committee. Chavez framed the issue along the lines of whether the UFW should start paying

1414:

Chavez pulled up to my Laurel Canyon house in an old car with a German shepherd dog named Huelga—Spanish for strike. We talked for several hours about whether the proposed state law or any labor law could actually help farm workers. Chavez repeatedly said that his boycott was a much better organizing

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opened with a headline: "Is Chavez Beaten?". Chavez flew to Europe to urge the unions there to block the imported goods that the UFW were sending there. He traveled through London, Oslo, Stockholm, Geneva, Hamburg, Copenhagen, Brussels, and Paris, although he found that the unions were cautious about

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migrant Nagi Moshin Daifullah, died after an altercation with a police officer breaking up a bar-room fight. The UFW portrayed Daifullah as a martyr for the cause and over 5000 people marched at his funeral, with Chavez fasting for three days. Chavez then called off the Denalo strike, stating that he

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where Chavez addressed them. Rallying against the Teamsters, he emphasized that their union was run by white people, in contrast to the largely non-white makeup of the lettuce cutters. There, the cutters voted to go on strike. Over the coming days, many of them joined the UFW. Chavez decided that the

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in San Jose. He followed this with a recuperation stay at St Anthony's Seminary in Santa Barbara. He returned home, but finding it too crowded moved in to Forty Acres. Due to a donation from the United Auto Workers, the union had erected an office and meeting hall here, with a trailer being used as a

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television show and announced a boycott of all grapes produced in California. The boycotters' message was that consumers should avoid buying California grapes so that farmworkers would get better wages and working conditions. Supporters across the country picketed stores selling California grapes and

1103:

You stand today as a living example of the Gandhian tradition with its great force for social progress and its healing spiritual powers. My colleagues and I commend you for your bravery, salute you for your indefatigable work against poverty and injustice, and pray for your health and your continuing

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views. The UFWOC was plagued by ethnic divisions between its Filipino and Mexican members, although it continued to attract new volunteers. The majority of the volunteers were whites brought into the movement via left-wing and religious groups, or as part of social service internships. Chavez brought

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WE SHALL OVERCOME. Across the San Joaquin Valley, across California, across the entire Southwest of the United States, wherever there are Mexican people, wherever there are farm workers, our movement is spreading like flames across dry plain. Our PILGRIMAGE is the MATCH that will light our cause for

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In early 1957, he moved to Brawley to rebuild the chapter there. His repeated moving meant that his family were regularly uprooted; he saw little of his wife and children, and was absent for the birth of his sixth child. Chavez grew increasingly disillusioned with the CSO, believing that middle-class

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Within Chavez's movement itself, there was concern and criticism of his methods. It the early 1970s, for instance, Chavez-supporter George Higgins wrote a private memo arguing that Chavez "appealed very crassly" to feelings of guilt among many "Protestant social actionists" and threatened them "with

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dream was to found a labor union of farmworkers. He had no money, no political connections, and no experience. He was not a particularly dynamic personality and had no special talent as a public speaker. The dream, he knew, was almost fanciful. Nevertheless, through determination, grit, and a dogged

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Chavez described his movement as promoting "a Christian radical philosophy". According to Chavez biographer Roger Bruns, he "focused the movement on the ethnic identity of Mexican Americans" and on a "quest for justice rooted in Catholic social teaching". Chavez saw his fight for farmworkers' rights

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In June 1978, Chavez joined a picket in Yuma as part of his cousin Manuel's Arizona melon strike. This broke an injunction and Chavez was thrown into the county jail for a night. By 1978, there was growing anger at the UFW among vegetable workers; they were frustrated by its incompetency, especially

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Chavez blamed the defeat on the UFW's national boycott director, Nick Jones, who had been the only staff member to publicly voice disquiet over the Proposition 14 campaign. He claimed that Jones and the New York boycott director, Charlie March, had been part of a far-left conspiracy to undermine the

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In 1976, the ALRB ran out of its budgeted money for the year. The California legislature refused to allocate more money, so the ALRB closed shop for the year. Seeking to get the farmworkers' rights introduced by ALRA enshrined in California's constitution, in early 1976 UFW activists put forward the

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with running the campaign against it; at the ballot, Proposition 22 lost by 58 percent to 42 percent. In April 1973, the UFW's contact with grape growers in the Delano area expired. At this, Chavez called a strike in the Coachella Valley. The Teamsters union saw this as an opportunity to replace the

1114:

Not long after, Kennedy announced his candidacy to be the Democratic Party's next presidential candidate. He asked Chavez to run as a delegate in the California primary. Throughout May, Chavez traveled across California, urging farmworkers and registered Democrats to back Kennedy. His activism was a

930:

By 1965, Chavez was aware that the numbers joining the picket lines had declined; although hundreds of pickers had initially struck, some had returned to their jobs, found employment elsewhere, or moved away from Delano. To keep the pickets going, Chavez invited left-wing activists from elsewhere to

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advised them to unite the chapters, of which there were over twenty, into a self-sustaining national organization. In late 1955, Chavez returned to San Jose to rebuild the CSO chapter there so that it could sustain an employed full-time organizer. To raise funds, he opened a rummage store, organized

2224:

The scholar Steven Lloyd-Moffett argued that after Chavez's death, the "liberal intelligentsia and Chicano activists" came to dominate attempts to define his legacy and that they downplayed his firm commitment to Christianity so as to portray him as being motivated by "a secular ideology of justice

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Bruns noted that Chavez's movement was "part of the fervor of change of the late 1960s", alongside the civil rights movement and the campaign against the Vietnam War. The historian Ronald A. Wells described Chavez as "one of the most important Christian activists in our time," while the theologian

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called Chavez "the only true hero we have walking on this Earth today." These supporters were known as "Chavistas"; many of them, especially those living at the La Paz commune, emulated his vegetarian diet. By the 1970s, he was increasingly referred to as a "saint" among those who supported him. In

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Bruns described Chavez as combining a "remarkable tenacity with a sense of serenity". A tireless worker, he was known for often working 18 hours a day; he used to start his working day at 3.30am and would often continue working until 10pm. He stated that "I just sleep and eat and work. I do nothing

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In the early 1990s, the UFW continued to market Chavez as a heroic figure, especially on university and college campuses. In 1990, he appeared at 64 events, earning an average of $ 3,800 for each appearance. In 1991, he launched a "Public Action Speaking Tour" of U.S. colleges and universities. His

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Chavez launched a boycott of grapes and Red Coach Lettuce because their parent company, Bruce Church, had refused to sign a contract with the UFW. Chavez launched a boycott of Lucky, a California supermarket chain. His strategy was to convince the supermarket that the UFW could damage its patronage

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over the incident; Chavez criticized Ganz for organizing this without his approval. He then led a 12-day march from San Francisco to San Jose, beginning a fast on the sixth day. Arriving in Salinas, he met with strike leaders at a UFW convention. He argued that the strike was proving too costly for

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company fields and attempted to drive away those still working. The foreman and other employees opened fire and one picketer, Rufino Contreras, was killed. Chavez urged the strikers not to resort to violence and with Contreras' father led a three-mile candlelit funerary procession, attended by 7000

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company. In February 1975, the UFW organized a four-day march from San Francisco to the Gallo headquarters in Modesto, where a crowd of around 10,000 protesters amassed. The Modesto march had been a means of trying to rekindle the successes of the late 1960s and a public display of strength despite

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While Chavez had been focusing on Salinas, his brother Richard had been tasked with overseeing the UFW's activities in Delano. In early 1972, Richard visited Chavez and confronted him about the problems in Delano, telling him that the union was losing support among farmworkers and that they were in

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became the new group's assistant director, although soon felt marginalized by Chavez. UFWOC was also made an organizing committee of the AFL-CIO; this ensured that it would become a formal part of the U.S. labor movement and would receive a monthly subsidy. Not all of Chavez's staff agreed with the

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Chavez wanted to control the NFWA's direction and to that end ensured that the role of the group's officers was largely ceremonial, with control of the group being primarily in the hands of the staff, headed by himself. At the NFWA's second convention, held in Delano in 1963, Chavez was retained as

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I guess the best thing is to keep organizing new groups until they become rotten with personalities, then just move over and begin another group. I really don't know. The only one suggestion I have is to make sure there is always one person who is in charge... I think this way the work of the group

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met him in Washington, D.C., during the 1970s, at which he criticized Chavez for acting like a saint rather than a union leader, stating that he had become "a fad – the poor man others can support to expiate their sins." Some Mexican-Americans were critical of Chavez, believing him an agitator and

2038:

Chavez utilized a range of tactics drawing on Roman Catholic religion, including vigils, public prayers, a shrine on the back of his station wagon, and references to dead farmworkers as "martyrs". His point in doing so was not necessarily to proselytize, but to use the socio-political potential of

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During the case, Chavez stayed at the home of a San Luis supporter. It was there that he died in bed on April 23. He was aged 66. Chavez's body was flown to Bakersfield aboard a chartered plane. The autopsy proved inconclusive, with the family stating that he had died of natural causes. Chavez had

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By October, all of those who had opposed Chavez's choices at the convention had been fired. They responded by launching a fast in protest outside the UFW's Salinas office. Nine of them then sued Chavez in a federal court, claiming that he had no right to fire them from positions that they had been

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Now we come to this 1981 convention facing yet another assault on our beloved union. An assault even more menacing than the past conventions. More menacing because it is clandestinely organized by those forces whose every wish and desire is our destruction. Obstruction by those evil forces visible

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In February 1977, Chavez took the UFW's executive board on a visit to the Synanon compound. There, they took part in a therapy system based on Dederich's own process, "the Game," as part of which each "player" was singled out in turn to receive harsh, profanity-laced criticism from the rest of the

1438:, broke its links with the UFW over the issue. Chavez dismissed the reports of violence as the smears of paid provocateurs, a claim which many of his supporters accepted. Chavez protected Manuel, while the executive board kept silent on his activities, regarding him as useful. The Chicano activist 1429:

to stop illegal migrants crossing into the United States. There were rumors that this patrol was employing violence against these migrants, beating and robbing them and in one case castrating a man. These allegations soon appeared in the local press. A Mexican investigation determined that the UFW

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visited Chavez and determined that fused vertebrae were the source of his back pain. She prescribed various exercises and other treatments which he found eased his pain. Between September and December, Chavez traveled the country in a Winnebago speaking at dozens of fundraisers and rallies for the

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In February 1968, Chavez began a fast; he publicly stated that in doing so he was reaffirming his commitment to peaceful protest and presented it as a form of penance. He stated that he would remain at Forty Acres for the duration of his fast, which at this point had only a gas station there. Many

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and related far-left groups, although the FBI's report at the time found no evidence of communist infiltration of the union. Some longstanding members, such as Esher, left because they disapproved of these purges. Tensions between Chavez and the Teatro had been building for some time; the Teatro's

923:(SNCC), which became an important ally of the strikers. Influenced by the civil rights movement's successful use of boycott campaigns, Chavez decided to launch his own, targeting companies which owned Delano vineyards or sold grapes grown there. The first target selected, in December 1965, was the 2095:

Chavez placed the success of the movement above all else; Pawel described him as "the ultimate pragmatist". He felt that he had to be both the leader and the organizer-in-chief of his movement because only he had the necessary commitment to the cause. He was interested in power and how to use it;

2023:

The men and women who have suffered and endured much and not only because of our abject poverty but because we have been kept poor. The color of our skins, the languages of our cultural and native origins, the lack of formal education, the exclusion from the democratic process, the numbers of our

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The UFW's membership, and the subsequent membership dues they paid, continued to decline. In January 1983, UFW contracts covered 30,000 jobs but by January 1986 this had fallen to 15,000. In 1982, the dues that membership brought in were $ 2.9 million although this had fallen to $ 1 million three

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In September 1973, the UFW's first constitutional convention was held in Fresno, representing the final step in the organization becoming a full union. A new constitution was announced that gave the group's president, a post occupied by Chavez, significant powers; he feared that greater democracy

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to protest for higher wages. Chavez and his largely Mexican American supporters voted to support them. The strike covered an area of over 400 square miles (1,000 km); Chavez divided the picketers among four quadrants, each with a mobile crew led by a captain. As the picketers urged those who

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In 2004, the National Chavez Center was opened on the UFW national headquarters campus in Keene by the César E. Chávez Foundation. It currently consists of a visitor center, memorial garden and his grave site. When it is fully completed, the 187-acre (0.76 km) site will include a museum and

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that was contemporary with his activism. In his movement, men took almost all the senior roles, with women largely being confined to background roles as secretaries, nurses, or in child-care; the main exception was Huerta. Chavez had a close working relationship with Huerta. They became mutually

1536:

Chavez reversed many of the changes he had implemented under Milne's guidance, with executive board members being reassigned to cover geographic areas rather than having union-wide responsibilities. Milne, who had been living at La Paz, soon left, with Chavez later alleging he had been part of a

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The Salinas lettuce growers secured a temporary restraining order preventing a strike, at which Chavez initiated another protest fast. Amid a ten-day truce, he reached an agreement with Interharvest but not the other Salinas growers. Thus, the strike against them began on August 24, when cutters

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renegotiated its contracts with the Teamsters, allowing the latter union to represent their employees. Chavez was angry at this, traveling to Salinas to talk with the lettuce cutters, many of whom were dissatisfied with the way that the Teamsters represented them. In August, thousands of cutters

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Chavez's leadership style was authoritarian; he stated that when he launched his movement, he initially had "total, absolute power" over it. Bruns characterized the UFW under Chavez as an "autocratic regime". Ex-members of the group, such as Bustamante and Padilla described Chavez as a dictator

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Chavez abhorred poverty, regarding it as dehumanizing, and wanted to ensure a better standard of living for the poor. He was frustrated that most farmworkers appeared more interested in money and did not appreciate the values that he espoused. He was concerned that, as he had seen with the CSO,

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Synanon provided the UFW with $ 100,000 worth of cars and materials; building links with Chavez's movement burnished Dederich's reputation with rich liberals who were among Synanon's core constituency. Dederich suggested that Synanon and the UFW establish a joint communal farm, and although the

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Chavez told the executive committee that radical change was necessary in the UFW; he stated that they could be either a union or a movement, but not both. If the former, they would have to start paying wages to their staff rather than relying on volunteers, which at that time they were not in a

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Cesario began attending Laguna Dam School in 1933; there, the speaking of Spanish was forbidden and Cesario was expected to change his name to Cesar. After Dorotea died in July 1937, the Yuma County local government auctioned off her farmstead to cover back taxes, and despite Librado's delaying

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to conduct a special resource study of sites that are significant to the life of Cesar Chavez and the farm labor movement in the western United States. The study evaluated the significance and suitability of sites significant to Cesar Chavez and the farm labor movement, and the feasibility and

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Many of the UFW's protests have been interpreted as representing not only farmworkers but the Mexican-American community more broadly, making a statement that Anglo-Americans must recognize Mexican-Americans as "legitimate players in American life". Chavez saw parallels in the way that African

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Physically, Chavez was short, and had jet black hair. He was quiet, and Bruns described him as being "outwardly shy and unimposing". Like many farm laborers, he experienced severe back pain throughout his life. He could be self-conscious about his lack of formal education and was uncomfortable

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With membership dues declining, the UFW increasingly turned to commercial activities as a means of raising funds. It began marketing UFW branded merchandise through El Taller Grafico Speciality Advertising (ETG), which had Chavez as its chair. Chavez also set himself up as a housing developer,

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I'm going to tell you something. It's not threatening, it's just plain fucking fact. If this union doesn't turn around and become a movement, I want no part of it. I'll help and everything, but I don't want to be in charge. I want to do something else. I tell you because that's the way I feel.

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church in Albany Street, West Delano. During its second full year in operation the association more than doubled both its income and its expenditures. As it became more secure, it began to plan for its first strike. In April 1965, rose grafters approached the organization and requested help in

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Lilia Soto called him and Huerta "freedom fighters". He received a range of awards and accolades, which he claimed to hate. For these supporters, his visions for the future were regarded as inspirational. Bruns noted that he had "a mesmerizing effect on the lives of thousands. They saw in him

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by extending its boycott to cover supermarket chains then the AFL-CIO could be held liable. As a result, Chavez formally requested a charter so that the UFW could become an independently chartered union separate from the AFL-CIO; he was loath to do so as it meant losing the AFL-CIO's subsidy.

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for their new headquarters. Chavez hoped for it to be a "spiritual" center where union members would relax; he designed it to have a swimming pool, a chapel, a market, and a gas station, as well as gardens with outdoor sculptures. He wanted the main building to be decorated inside with Gandhi

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who were brought in as strikebreakers. He made the unsubstantiated claim that the CIA was involved in part of a conspiracy to bring illegal migrants into the country so that they could undermine his union. He launched the "Illegals Campaign" to identify illegal migrants so that they could be

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contains over 100 linear feet of archival material documenting Chávez's beginnings with the CSO and the formative years of the NFWA, United Farm Workers Organizing Committee, and the UFW as well as some milestones in his personal life. The records range from 1947 to 1984 and include boycott

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Chavez was despised by many growers. John Giumarra Jr, of the Giumarra company, called Chavez a "New Left guerrilla", someone who wanted to topple "the established structure of American democracy". The FBI monitored him and many other senior figures in his movement, concerned that they were

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of Marxist-Leninist countries. His son Paul recalls "My father's basic premise was that capitalism was not going to work because it was too harsh and always took advantage of those least able to defend themselves". He also embraced ideals about communal living, and saw the La Paz commune he

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Under the new contracts, the growers agreed to pay for paid workers' representatives whose job it would be to ensure a smooth relationship between the growers and the UFW. Chavez brought these paid representatives to La Paz for a five-day training session in May 1980. Ganz, who was becoming

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religious organization, Chavez re-emphasized communal living and purged perceived opponents. Membership of the UFW dwindled in the 1980s, with Chavez refocusing on anti-pesticide campaigns and moving into real-estate development, generating controversy for his use of non-unionized laborers.

1816:

was beginning to use new computer technologies to reach potential supporters and decided that the UFW should do the same. Through this, they were better able to target specific groups whom they regarded as sympathetic to their cause: Hispanics, middle-class African Americans, and liberal

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looking into Manuel's activities. It was revealed that under a pseudonym he had become a melon grower in Mexico, and that he was initiating strikes among U.S. melon pickers as a means of improving the market for his own produce. The UFW's reputation was further damaged after the magazine

1632:. Los Angeles police then raided Synanon's compound and revealed evidence that Dederich had sanctioned the use of violence against the group's critics and ex-members; several senior members were also found guilty of murdering a lawyer representing ex-Synanon members. Shortly after, the 1757:

In 1982, the UFW held a celebration of the twentieth anniversary of its first convention at San Jose. It was in October that year that Chavez's father died, with the funeral being held in San Jose. Chavez was also involving himself in a broader range of leftist events. He co-chaired

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joined Chavez in a pro-strike protest march through Delano. This was the first time that the strike attracted national media attention. Reuther then pledged that the UAW would donate $ 5,000 a month to be shared between the AWOC and NFWA. Chavez also met with representatives of the

1319:

Chavez increasingly pushed for the UFW to become a national organization, with a token presence being established in Washington State, Oregon, Idaho, Texas, and Florida. Parts of the union expressed concern that it was now overstretching its resources. Chavez also pushed for the

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people. In June, Ganz and other strike organizers planned a show of strength whereby strikers rushed onto the Salinas field to cause disruption. This generated violent clashes; several people sustained stab wounds and 75 were arrested. Vegetable growers accused Chavez of

1304:, who refused. They subsequently launched a campaign to gain a recall election to remove Williams from office. This started the UFW's first major farm-worker campaign outside California. Farmworkers rallied outside Williams' office while Chavez embarked on a fast in the 1913:

could happen anywhere: in the cities, in the courts, in the city councils, in the state legislatures. I didn't really appreciate it at the time, but the coming of our union signalled the start of great changes among Hispanics that are now only beginning to be seen.

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in the fields, which he argued posed a danger both to farmworkers and to consumers. The UFW raised over $ 100,000, as well as donated equipment, to launch its own pesticide research lab, but this never opened. In his anti-pesticide campaigns he gained support from

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group, at which the UFW began picketing their offices, trying to get Bustamante fired. In court, Chavez denied that the paid representatives were ever elected, alleging that they were appointed by him personally, but produced no evidence to support this claim. The

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nobility, sacrifice, and the grit of the underdog who refuses to give up." Throughout his career as an activist, he received strong ecumenical support. The UFW gained the support of mainline Protestant groups in a way that previous farmworker movements never had.

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community. A Democratic assemblyman soon issued a press release comparing the cult surrounding Chavez to the Peoples Temple. The UFW stopped using the Game in response to these developments; Chavez's calls for it to resume were rejected by other senior members.

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Arizona became the first state to pass a bill that was designed to keep the UFW out of their state; this would criminalize boycotts and make union elections among farm-workers almost impossible. In response, Chavez drove to Arizona and demanded a meeting with

1001:, he argued that the image of his personal suffering—his feet became painful and for part of the journey he had to walk with a cane—would be useful for the movement. At each stop, they read aloud a "Plan de Delano" written by Valdez, deliberately echoing the " 815:; according to Pawel, Huerta became his "indispensable, lifelong ally". Other key supporters of his project were the Reverend Jim Drake and other members of the California Migrant Ministry; although as a Roman Catholic Chavez was initially suspicious of these 1894:

standard speech at these events covered the problems facing farmworkers, the dangers of pesticides, the alliance of agribusiness and the Republican Party, and his view that boycotts and marches were a better means of achieving change than electoral politics.

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subsequently reported that most of the UFW's housing projects had been built by non-union contractors. The trade unions representing the building unions expressed outrage at the news, highlighting that they had previously given financial support to the UFW.

1119:

on June 5. Chavez then attended Kennedy's New York funeral as a pallbearer. Kennedy's assassination came two months after that of Martin Luther King, generating growing concerns among the union that Chavez would also be targeted by those who opposed him.

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against Chavez. Seeking to undermine the paid representatives, Chavez proposed a measure that if 8% of workers at a ranch signed a petition, the representatives of that ranch would be obliged to vote for Chavez's chosen candidates. The measure passed.

1331:

At the AFL-CIO's request, Chavez had suspended the Salinas lettuce boycott, but prepared to relaunch it eight months later as the growers had only conceded to one of their demands. Tensions grew between the UFW and AFL-CIO, with the latter's president

368:. His increased isolation and emphasis on unrelenting campaigning alienated many California farmworkers who had previously supported him, and by 1973 the UFW had lost most of the contracts and membership it won during the late 1960s. His alliance with 474:

Chavez was raised in what his biographer Miriam Pawel called "a typical extended Mexican family"; she noted that they were "not well-off, but they were comfortable, well clothed, and never hungry". The family spoke in Spanish, and he was raised as a

1774:, an anti-nuclear event. The UFW had established itself as one of the largest political donors in California. Its political donations were often concealed from the public, funneled through intermediary committees. It donated thousands of dollars to 1445:

In 1974, Chavez proposed the idea of a Poor People's Union with which he could reach out to poor white communities in the San Joaquin Valley who were largely hostile to the UFW. Meanwhile, the UFW announced that it would launch a boycott of the

1803:

and the newly elected president of the Mexican American Political Association, Chavez's eldest son Fernando. To cope with its declining membership, the UFW sought to build its political influence. In November 1984, Chavez gave a speech to the

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grape fields in 1947. As in the STFU's strikes against cotton plantations in Arkansas, strikers formed "caravans" and marched around the perimeter of the DiGiorgio property, asking its workers to join them. Chavez led one of those caravans.

1492:

UFW organizers moved to follow their electoral victories by signing contracts with the growers; the UFW needed these contracts to stabilize its finances. Meanwhile, to develop the UFW's administration, Chavez hired the management consultant

2001:

dogs for personal protection; two of those he kept at La Paz were named Boycott and Huelga. Chavez preserved many of his notes, letters, the minutes of meetings, as well as tape recordings of many interviewers, and at the encouragement of

405:

on his October, 1981 visit to dedicate the first Farm Worker Service Center in the Midwest evidences his continuing appeal to migrant farm worker activists. Posthumously, he became a "folk saint" among Mexican Americans. His birthday is

736:, in violation of federal law. To combat this practice, he established the CSO Employment Committee that launched a "registration campaign" through which unemployed farm-workers could sign their name to highlight their desire for work. 1829:. Chavez linked this approach in with the ongoing boycott of Bruce Church, arguing that if consumers boycotted the company's products, the growers would stop using pesticides. The UFW claimed that the high rates of childhood cancer in 1180:(CRLA), a group which advocated for farmworkers. Chavez demanded that the CRLA make its staff available for union work and that it would allow the union's attorneys to decide which cases the CRLA would pursue. Under the leadership of 1517:

UFW. Under pressure, in November 1976, Jones resigned; in a letter to the executive board he stated that he was "deeply concerned" about the direction in which Chavez was taking the union. Chavez also fired Joe Smith, the editor of

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exposed that the union had improperly spent nearly $ 1 million in federal funds. Federal and national investigations followed, confirming these allegations. The government asked the UFW to return over $ 250,000 in funds while the

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Hosffman Ospino called him "one of the most influential social leaders in the history of the United States". Pawel referred to Chavez as "an improbable idol in an era of telegenic leaders and charismatic speakers". The historian

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In the popular imagination, Chavez and the movement he led became largely synonymous, although throughout his career, Chavez prompted strong reactions from others. Since his death, there has been a struggle to define his legacy.

11226:

Johnson, Andrea Shan. "Mixed Up in the Making: Martin Luther King, Jr., Cesar Chavez, and the Images of Their Movements". Ph.D. dissertation U. of Missouri, Columbia 2006. 503 pp. DAI 2007 67(11): 4312-A. DA3242742. Fulltext:

1738:. Chavez and his cousin Manuel went to Texas to try and rally opposition to the schism. Manuel also went to Arizona, where he introduced a range of measures to undermine the new group. This led to the investigative journalist 665:

In late 1953, Chavez was laid off by the General Box Company. Ross then secured funds so that the CSO could employ Chavez as an organizer, traveling around California setting up other chapters. In this job, he traveled across

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for NFWA members, having gained a state charter after the federal government refused him one. The NFWA attracted volunteers from other parts of the country. One of these, Bill Esher, became editor of the group's newspaper,

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and invisible who work at every chance to destroy us—the growers, the teamsters, disaffected former staff, scoundrels, and God knows who, some unwittingly trying to each the same goal—that is to bury our beloved union.

1726:

rejected Chavez's argument, ruling that the sacking of the paid representatives had been unlawful. The UFW appealed the ruling, which dragged out for years, until the paid representatives ran out of funds to continue.

1245:, and sentenced to ten days imprisonment in the Monterey County jail. During Chavez's imprisonment, supporters held a round-the-clock vigil outside the jail. Among those who visited him were Martin Luther King's widow 2010:, where they are kept. He disliked telephone conversations, suspecting that his phone line was bugged. He tended to see problems faced by his movement not as evidence of innocent mistakes but as deliberate sabotage. 1415:

tool because the law would always be corrupted by the powerful economic interests that control politics. I argued with him and said that a law would be his best protection. He finally agreed but remained skeptical.

968:

all farm workers to see what is happening here, so that they may do as we have done. The time has come for the liberation of the poor farm worker. History is on our side. MAY THE STRUGGLE GO ON! VIVA LA CAUSA!

1525:-style atmosphere developing within the union, and Chavez's purge attracted press attention. As the criticisms of his leadership intensified, Chavez responded with further purges, inspired by those in China's 1065:, and the lawyer Jerry Cohen, into his inner circle. His old friend Fred Ross had also joined. Soon, the secretary–treasurer Antonio Orendain was left as the only Mexican migrant in the union's senior ranks. 447:'s North Gila Valley. Cesario had brought his wife Dorotea and eight children with him from Mexico; the youngest, Librado, was Cesar's father. Librado married Juana Estrada Chavez in the early 1920s. Born in 12630: 2443:" in the United States, with Americans being urged to "observe this day with appropriate service, community, and educational programs to honor César Chávez's enduring legacy". The heavily Hispanic city of 846:

its general director while the role of the presidency was scrapped. That year, he began collecting membership dues, before establishing an insurance policy for FWA members. Later in the year he launched a

12457: 2063:. Influenced by the ideas of Gandhi and King, Chavez emphasized non-violent confrontation as a tactic. He repeatedly referred to himself as the leader of the "non-violent Viet Cong", a reference to 11221: 2190:

trouble-maker who was insufficiently patriotic in his views of the United States. Some critics believed that Chavez's activism was mobilized largely by the desire for personal gain and ambition.

1312:

group. On the nineteenth day of his fast, Chavez was hospitalized. He then broke the fast at a memorial Mass on the anniversary of Robert Kennedy's death, where he was joined by the folk singer

13029: 14043: 1563:, as an exemplar. Chavez had become increasingly interested in Synanon, a drug-treatment organization that had declared itself a religion in 1975 and which operated out of a compound east of 2145:

will to win, he forged a movement that successfully challenged powerful entrenched economic and political interests and helped thousands of Mexican Americans to new cultural self-awareness.

1936:

son, Fernando, was the only one to graduate college; Chavez's relationship with Fernando was strained, as he was frustrated with what he saw as his son's interest in becoming middle-class.

1256:

Chavez wanted a more remote base for his movement than Forty Acres, especially one where he could experiment with his ideas about communal living. To this end, the Hollywood movie producer

360:, he also pushed a campaign against illegal immigration into the U.S., which generated violence along the U.S.-Mexico border and caused schisms with many of the UFW's allies. Interested in 1559:

financial position to do. He instead urged them to become a movement, which he argued meant establishing communal settlements for members, drawing on a Californian religious organization,

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In June 1967, Chavez launched his first purge of the union to remove those he deemed disruptive or disloyal to his leadership. His cover story was that he wanted to eject members of the

986:, who toured a labor camp with Chavez and addressed a mass meeting. As the strike began to flag in winter, Chavez decided on a march of 300 miles (480 km) to the state capitol at 12711: 625:, where Chavez was employed in the lumber industry. They then returned to San Jose, where Chavez worked as an apricot picker and then as a lumber handler for the General Box Company. 11525:

in the Archives & Special Collections at Amherst College. Cohen was General Counsel of the United Farm Workers of America and personal attorney of Cesar Chavez from 1967 to 1979.

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during the early 1970s, although he kept his distance from the latter movement and many of its leaders. He condemned the violence that some figures in the Chicano Movement espoused.

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In the field elections, the UFW was largely rebuffed by Filipino-American workers. Seeking to remedy this, in 1977 Chavez traveled to the Philippines as the guest of its president,

14497: 2435:, and libraries are closed. Many public schools in the three states are also closed. Chavez Day is an optional holiday in Arizona. Although it is not a federal holiday, President 990:. This would pass through dozens of farmworker communities and attract attention for their cause. In March, the procession started out with about fifty marchers who left Delano. 13972: 1325: 333:, including pickets and boycotts, to pressure farm owners into granting strikers' demands. He imbued his campaigns with Roman Catholic symbolism, including public processions, 11368:. 14. https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/sanjosestudies_90s/14 Special issue 'In Memory of Cesar Chavez 1927-1993'. Contains reference to agricultural poisons and the testimony of 927:

liquor company, which owned one of the area's smaller vineyards. Chavez organized pickets to take place in other cities where Schenley's grapes were being delivered for sale.

11832: 1321: 1040:. On September 1, Chavez's union was declared the victor in the second election. DiGiorgio subsequently largely halted grape production in Delano. The focus then shifted to 2013:

Chavez was self-educated, with Pawel noting that he was "disinclined to analyze information". Once Chavez accepted an idea, he could dedicate himself to it wholeheartedly.

1986:. He credited this diet with easing his chronic back pain. He also avoided eating processed foods. Among his favorite foods were traditional Mexican and Chinese cuisines. 957:, which put on skits with a political message. Within the protest movement there were some tensions between the striking farm-workers and the influx of student radicals. 511:

power structure as the villains of the incident. Influenced by his Roman Catholic beliefs, he increasingly came to see the poor as a source of moral goodness in society.

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The Committee targeted its criticism at Hector Zamora, the director of the Ventura County Farm Labor Association, who controlled the most jobs in the area. It also used

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tactics, the house and land were sold in 1939. This was a seminal experience for Cesar, who regarded it as an injustice against his family, with the banks, lawyers, and

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music; he enjoyed dancing. He was also an amateur photographer, and a keen gardener, making his own compost and growing vegetables. For much of his adult life he kept

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and Father Donald McDonnell, both European-Americans whose activism was primarily within the Mexican-American community. Chavez helped Ross establish a chapter of his

1020:, a major Delano land owner. DiGiorgio then called an election among their vineyard workers, hoping to challenge the NFWA's influence. A more conservative union, the 13299: 2352:"to recognize important activist, scholarly and journalistic contributions on behalf of workers' rights, especially the right to unionize and bargain collectively." 11355: 775:

In 1959, Chavez moved to Los Angeles to become the CSO's national director. He, his wife, and (now) eight children settled into the largely Mexican neighborhood of

14552: 14050: 1739: 1316:. It was during the Arizona campaign that the UFW started using the slogan "Si Se Puede" ("It Can be Done"), which subsequently became closely associated with it. 1016:. They agreed to contract negotiations within 60 days. Chavez then declared an end to the Schenley boycott; instead, the movement would switch the boycott to the 2197:

A campaigner for Barack Obama's 2008 presidential campaign holding up a "Sí se puede" plaque. The slogan was first developed by Chavez's UFW in the early 1970s.

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Opposition to Chavez's hostility to illegal migrants led senior UFW members in Texas and Arizona to break from the union and form their own groups, such as the

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Bud Antle secured an injunction legally preventing a boycott against them, but Chavez continued regardless. Due to this, Chavez was charged, found guilty of

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Chavez became a controversial figure. UFW critics raised concerns about his autocratic control of the union, the purges of those he deemed disloyal, and the

14532: 12394: 10508: 3233: 376: 10163: 1711: 1473: 1188: 14577: 14562: 12697: 11825: 1357: 1184:, a former Chavez ally, the CRLA refused. Pawel believed that these attempts reflected Chavez's desire to be seen as the only voice for farmworkers. 1147: 10288: 1982:, stating that "I wouldn't eat my dog, you know. Cows and dogs are about the same." As part of this diet he also shunned most dairy products except 1009:. At Easter, the marchers arrived in Sacramento, where over 8,000 people amassed in front of the state capitol. Chavez briefly addressed the crowd. 14502: 14067: 12660: 11926: 1051:

An agreement was reached that Chavez's NFWA would merge with the AWOC, resulting in a new United Farm Workers Organizing Committee (UFWOC). AWOC's

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professionals living in the major cities. As part of its boycott, the UFW also bought television commercials, which it used to help raise money.

1675: 1501:, at which he gave a speech nominating Brown as the party's presidential candidate. Brown would come third in the contest, which would be won by 11280: 12492: 3201: 2186: 1494: 1486: 1442:

staged a protest against the UFW wet line, at which Chavez directed Jerry Cohen to launch an investigation into the funding of Corona's group.

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California growers then organized a ballot on Proposition 22 for November 1972 which would ban boycott campaigns in the state. Chavez tasked

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and received assurances from the state farm placement service that they would seek out unemployed Americans rather than automatically hiring

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Ospino, Hosffman (2013). "Religious Education and the Communal Shaping of a Christian Social Consciousness: The Testimony of César Chávez".

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contributing factor to Kennedy's victory in that state. It was at the victory celebration in Los Angeles, an event attended by Chavez, that

12937: 12755: 11818: 2302:. Clinton stated that Chavez had been a "remarkable man" and that "he was for his own people a Moses figure." In 2006, California Governor 1624:

magazine published a story reporting on violence and child abuse at Synanon, which it termed a "kooky cult". Synanon launched a boycott of

299:. In 1959, he became the CSO's national director, a position based in Los Angeles. In 1962, he left the CSO to co-found the NFWA, based in 11499: 2431:, and Texas. It is intended to promote community service in honor of Chavez's life and work. Many, but not all, state government offices, 12678: 12488: 12484: 1462: 1235: 11462: 13949: 13689: 13266: 12125: 3245: 2416: 2235: 1041: 10382: 2492: 997:

and used the slogan "Peregrinación, Penitencia, Revolución" ("Pilgrimage, Penitence, Revolution"). Portraying the march as an act of

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with unemployed Americans. Its campaign also ensured that federal officials began properly investigating complaints about the use of

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In the early 1970s, Chavez sought to expand the UFW's influence outside California by opening branches in other U.S. states. Viewing

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because of McCarthy's role in defeating Proposition 14. Many Democrats feared that Berman would be beholden to Chavez and so backed

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Cesar Chavez (center) on a march from the Mexican border to Sacramento with United Farm Workers members in Redondo Beach, California

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Subcommittee on Migratory Labor held three hearings in California. The third, which took place in Delano, was attended by Senator

14567: 14522: 13195: 13137: 12884: 12779: 12588: 12014: 11711: 2248: 1571:, and the way that the latter controlled his planned community. In Chavez's opinion, Dederich was "a genius in terms of people". 411: 10477: 10408: 3021: 1056:

merger; many of its more left-wing members mistrusted the growing links with organized labor, particularly due to the AFL-CIO's

14352: 12961: 12477: 12113: 11730: 11701: 11625: 10269: 2408: 2259: 1598:. There, he was treated as a high-ranking dignitary, and received both an award from Marcos and an honorary doctorate from the 1455: 1033: 1021: 727: 10884:

O'Brien, Kevin J. (2012). ""La Causa" and Environmental Justice: César Chávez as a Resource for Christian Ecological Ethics".

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Mean things happening in this land : the life and times of H.L. Mitchell, co-founder of the Southern Tenant Farmers Union

2163:. Bruns noted that many of his supporters "nearly worshipped him as a folk hero". In 1982, the American country music singer 14582: 14527: 14492: 13682: 13147: 12645: 12578: 11456: 11106: 10930: 10096: 9463: 7361: 7327: 2600: 1274:

in India; he envisioned it as a retreat center where workers could come for three day retreats modeled on the Roman Catholic

1156:

magazine. Within the union, personal loyalty to Chavez became increasingly important; tensions between him and Itliong grew.

11447:, and holds various collections related to Chávez and the union including photographs, audio, and motion picture recordings. 11139:

Daniel, Cletus E. "Cesar Chavez and the Unionization of California Farm Workers." ed. Dubofsky, Melvyn and Warren Van Tine.

9432: 12996: 12655: 10364: 2392: 2365: 2290:, a Catholic award meant to honor "achievements in peace and justice". In August 1994, Chavez was posthumously awarded the 2208: 1856:. In October 1990, Coachella became the first district to name a school after Chavez; he attended the dedication ceremony. 1337: 902: 479:, with his paternal grandmother Dorotea largely overseeing his religious instruction; his mother Juana engaged in forms of 17: 11352: 10663: 1833:

represented evidence of how pesticides impacted humans; they used footage of some of these children in a 17-minute video,

14592: 14437: 13261: 12932: 12750: 12401: 12249: 11494: 10435: 10340: 2280: 1498: 1301: 1173:, a topic he had previously avoided speaking on, because his son Fernando had been arrested as a conscientious objector. 313:

newspaper for farmworkers. Later that decade, he began organizing strikes among farmworkers, most notably the successful

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The NFWA was initially based out of Chavez's house although in September 1964 it moved its headquarters to an abandoned

14572: 14542: 12496: 12370: 12085: 11228: 11159: 10822: 10017: 8550: 6294: 3166: 2831: 2516: 1116: 601:(STFU). (Later, the NFLU became the National Agricultural Workers Union.) That year, he was picketing cotton fields in 342: 11479:, 2009/7/17. A caution that histories of Chavez and the UFW should not be hagiography, nor be suppressed, but taught " 10591: 1628:

in response, with Chavez urging the UFW to support it, stating that they should assist their friends and help protect

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The Forty Acres complex in Delano, which Chavez established as his headquarters, was made a National Landmark in 2008.

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Chavez placing Jerry Brown's name for nomination during the roll call vote at the 1976 Democratic National Convention

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Wells, Ronald A. (2009). "Cesar Chavez's Protestant Allies: The California Migrant Ministry and the Farm Workers".

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Pontoriero, Eleanor (2016). "Book Review: The Political Spirituality of Cesar Chavez: Crossing Religious Borders".

2451:, a citizens' march is held in downtown Laredo on the last Saturday morning of March to commemorate Chavez. In the 1435: 1292:

The Santa Rita Hall was used as a meeting place for a local Chicano group; Chavez undertook his Arizona fast there.

1037: 13598: 14537: 12408: 12152: 11382: 10708: 2452: 2388: 2349: 1805: 1767: 1489:, the ALRB's general counsel, demanding his resignation. He also put pressure on Governor Brown to remove Kintz. 787:

to non-citizens who were permanent residents. At the ninth annual CSO convention in March 1962, Chavez resigned.

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Chavez kept a large portrait of Gandhi in his office, alongside another of Martin Luther King and busts of both

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in 1898. Cesario had established a successful wood haulage business near Yuma and, in 1906 bought a farm in the

3119: 2360:, intended for the education of Mexican-Americans, that ran from 1973 to 1983. On May 18, 2011, Navy Secretary 633: 292: 14391: 1348: 12689: 12650: 12603: 12059: 2291: 1808:. The UFW launched a print shop, with politicians who were eager to court the Latino vote increasingly used. 1425:

While Chavez had been in Europe, his cousin Manuel Chavez had established a UFW patrol, or "wet line", along

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on March 31, 1927. He was named for his paternal grandfather, Cesario Chavez, a Mexican who had crossed into

415: 163: 31: 12355: 11560: 10178: 1640:, a group which had been closely linked with California's leftist movement, committed mass suicide at their 949:

had formed in Delano, opening its own medical clinic and children's nursery. Protesters were entertained by

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When Chavez returned home from his service in the military in 1948, he married his high school sweetheart,

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city officials to prevent them from interfering in these activities along the border. A Mexican union, the

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before moving to Yuma, where Juana worked as a farm laborer and then an assistant to the chancellor of the

322: 12024: 11216:, Thomas R. Burkholder, and John C. Hammerback. "Martyrs for a Just Cause: The Eulogies of Cesar Chavez", 11061:

Zerzan, John (1972). "Cesar Chavez and the Farm Workers: The New American Revolution – What Went Wrong?".

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as Chavez, covered Chavez's life in the 1960s and early 1970s. That same year, a documentary film, titled

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Chavez imbued the march with Roman Catholic significance. Marchers carried crucifixes and a banner of the

13047: 13022: 12543: 12039: 11595: 10292: 1971: 1720: 1426: 1388: 1150:, both of whom wrote favorable books about him. In July 1969, Chavez's portrait appeared on the front of 1125: 334: 11425: 11401: 10772: 10314: 3155: 514:

The Chavez family joined the growing number of American migrants who were moving to California amid the

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Chavez received a range of awards, both during his lifetime and posthumously. In 1973, he received the

2268: 776: 683: 380: 13622: 1533:, the oldest member of the executive board, of also being part of the conspiracy, and forced him out. 12635: 12244: 11440: 10467:

San Francisco, CA: National Park Service, Pacific West Region, U.S. Department of the Interior, 2012.

10204: 2995: 2215:. He has been described as a "folk saint" of the Mexican-American community. A poll conducted by the 2035:

as a symbol for the broader cultural and ethnic struggle for Mexican Americans in the United States.

2007: 1787: 1783: 911: 622: 590: 13277: 11989: 11554: 11415: 11241:

León, Luis D. "Cesar Chavez in American Religious Politics: Mapping the New Global Spiritual Line."

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whose faith strongly influenced both his social activism and his personal outlook. He rarely missed

1409:(NLG) refused to allow its interns to work on it, at which Chavez cut the UFW's links with the NLG. 1212:

In July 1970, the Grower-Shipper Association representing lettuce growing companies in California's

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grape boycott. At a speech in Washington D.C., he came out publicly against U.S. involvement in the

1036:. He declared the DiGiorgio election invalid and called for an August rerun to be supervised by the 694:. Many of the CSO chapters fell apart after Ross or Chavez ceased running them, and to prevent this 448: 12571: 12239: 11951: 11744: 10126: 2474: 2468: 2212: 2182: 1849: 1751: 1731: 273: 12029: 11984: 2455:

a "Cesar Chavez Holiday Parade" is held on the second weekend of April, in honor of Cesar Chavez.

1974:

and liked to open all of his meetings with either a Mass or a prayer. Privately, he also liked to

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subversive. He became an icon for organized labor and leftist groups in the U.S. His reception by

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matches on the radio. One of six children, he had two sisters, Rita and Vicki, and two brothers,

11549: 11545: 11537: 11250: 1048:. In August 1967, Chavez announced a strike against them followed by a boycott of their grapes. 760:

in the southern United States at that time. It had some success in getting companies to replace

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Piar, Carlos R. (1996). "César Chávez and La Causa: Toward a Hispanic Christian Social Ethic".

8364: 6286: 2332: 2129: 1599: 1406: 1029: 932: 369: 11760: 4456: 2097: 1924: 1109:— Martin Luther King's telegram to Chavez after the latter announced his fast in February 1968 756:

of workers to raise the profile of their cause, a tactic also being used by proponents of the

582:, where he decided to leave the Navy, receiving an honorable discharge in 1946. Relocating to 145: 14477: 13995: 13796: 13308: 13037: 12625: 12620: 12529: 12443: 12380: 12360: 12229: 12090: 11611: 10250: 10007: 3237: 2420: 2303: 2284: 1951: 1830: 1723: 1447: 1260:, a wealthy supporter of Chavez's, fronted the purchase of an old tuberculosis sanatorium in 1017: 757: 606: 531: 476: 464: 330: 11019:

Watson, James G. (2005). "Peter Matthiessen's Sal Si Puedes: In America with Cesar Chavez".

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In 1982, Jerry Brown ceased to be governor of California. He was replaced by the Republican

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ruled that the union owed $ 390,000 in back social security and federal unemployment taxes.

973:— Luis Valdez's "Plan de Delano", read aloud at each stop along Chavez's march to Sacramento 14487: 14482: 13447: 12563: 12436: 12184: 12131: 12049: 12044: 11956: 11936: 11797: 11716: 10577: 7353:

The Union of Their Dreams: Power, Hope, and Struggle in César Chávez's Farm Worker Movement

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From the mid-1980s, Chavez increasingly focused the UFW's campaigns on opposing the use of

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labor. In May, the Employment Committee was formerly transferred from the CSO to the UPWA.

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Chavez entered a relationship with Helen Fabela, who soon became pregnant. They married in

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family, Chavez began his working life as a manual laborer before spending two years in the

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Soto, Lilia (2017). "La Mesa Popular: When César Chávez and Dolores Huerta Came to Napa".

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Beyond the Fields: Cesar Chavez, the UFW, and the Struggle for Justice in the 21st Century

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Beyond the Fields: Cesar Chavez, the UFW, and the struggle for justice in the 21st century

2356:, named after Chavez while he was still alive, was a four-year "college without walls" in 799:

Dolores Huerta (pictured in 2016) was a key ally of Chavez's in his formation of the NFWA.

256:, he co-founded the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA), which later merged with the 8: 14367: 14359: 14328: 14312: 13575: 13327: 13079: 12896: 12517: 12259: 12054: 12034: 11789: 11673: 11648: 11585: 11541: 11444: 2991: 2424:

appropriateness of a National Park Service role in the management of any of these sites.

2357: 2327: 2319: 2203: 2160: 2072: 1629: 1608: 1526: 1401: 1328:(NFWM), insisting that the UFW should have the power to veto decisions made by the NFWM. 1298: 1265: 1069: 994: 954: 924: 887: 857:, which soon after launching increased its print run from 1,000 to 3,000 to meet demand. 679: 671: 456: 314: 261: 11117: 2047:

offered a middle ground economic choice between the failed system of capitalism and the

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Seminar on Farm Labor Problems: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Agricultural Labor

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in 1983 found that Chavez was the Latino whom the Latinos of California most admired.

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Trampling Out the Vintage: Cesar Chavez and the Two Souls of the United Farm Workers.

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During his lifetime, many of Chavez's supporters idolized him, engaging in a form of

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although his role model in this was Gandhi, he also studied the ideas about power by

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President Clinton presents Helen Chavez with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, 1994

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Cesar Chavez, the Catholic Bishops, and the Farmworkers' Struggle for Social Justice

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Chavez expressed traditional views on gender roles and was little influenced by the

578:, where he was promoted to the rank of seaman first class. He was then stationed to 14461: 14035: 13930: 13758: 13535: 13441: 13429: 13402: 13224: 12981: 12839: 12673: 12284: 12274: 12264: 12254: 12141: 11999: 11971: 11865: 11706: 11533: 11420: 11396: 11070: 11028: 10999: 10978: 10949: 10893: 10870: 10841: 10526: 10436:"Cesar Chavez Statue Unveiled on West Mall of University of Texas at Austin Campus" 9385: 3197: 2496: 2463: 2440: 2311: 2084: 1595: 1587: 1568: 1530: 1218: 716: 586:, where his family had settled, he returned to working as an agricultural laborer. 515: 480: 407: 392: 240: 209: 11563:. Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library. 11557:. Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library. 11486: 11310:. Keene, California: United Farm Workers: Distributed by El Taller Grafico, 1989. 2294:, the country's highest honor for non-military personnel, by Democratic President 1881: 14138: 14126: 14003: 13914: 13868: 13640: 13616: 13494: 13476: 13435: 13343: 13331: 13234: 13213: 12891: 12859: 12854: 12834: 12101: 11961: 11921: 11911: 11678: 11522: 11359: 10845: 10811: 10368: 10200: 5729: 4368: 4204: 2567: 2504: 2387:

conference center to explore and share Chavez's work. On September 14, 2011, the

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Sal Si Puedes (Escape If You Can): Cesar Chavez and the New American Revolution,

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drew inspiration from his movement, including student activists – for instance,

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San José State University Foundation, "San José Studies, Spring 1994" (1994).

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Apart from Catholic social teaching, the movement of Chavez was also based on

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added the 187 acres (76 ha) Nuestra Senora Reina de La Paz ranch to the

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materials, correspondence, reports, diaries, memos and other materials. The

2447:, Texas, observes "Cesar Chavez Month" during March. Organized by the local 935:. Recruitment was fueled by coverage of the strike in the SNCC's newspaper, 790: 660: 487:. As a child, Chavez was nicknamed "Manzi" in reference to his fondness for 14118: 14011: 13964: 13646: 13634: 13563: 13551: 13453: 13361: 13355: 13205: 13097: 12879: 12824: 12773: 12345: 12299: 12289: 12214: 12209: 11654: 11254: 10595: 3321: 2767: 2436: 2396: 2295: 2226: 2101: 2044: 1779: 1771: 1689: 1502: 1394: 1333: 1181: 946: 892: 853: 847: 695: 614: 309: 304: 249: 245: 129: 124: 10897: 4907: 2283:

for Greatest Public Service Benefiting the Disadvantaged, and in 1992 the

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Forged under the sun: the life of María Elena Lucas = Forjada bajo el sol

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honored Chavez with a postage stamp. A three-dimensional mural by artist

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Chavez's back pain worsened and in September 1968 he was hospitalized at

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storeroom of Librado's parental home, then owned by the widowed Dorotea.

455:, she had crossed into the U.S. with her mother as a baby. They lived in 397: 372: 265: 27:

American farm worker, labor leader, and civil rights activist (1927–1993)

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Street, Richard Steven (1996). "The FBI's Secret File on César Chávez".

10961: 10953: 10905: 2029:— Cesar Chavez's open letter to the grape industry amid the Grape Strike 13500: 13184: 12819: 12799: 12503: 11994: 11766: 3026: 2105: 1862: 1821: 1763: 1759: 987: 895:

in October; he received over $ 1,000. Many growers considered Chavez a

605:, near Delano, for the NFLU. The union had called a strike against the 551: 460: 9456:

The Political Spirituality of Cesar Chavez: Crossing Religious Borders

6281:

Strawberry Fields: Politics, Class, and Work in California Agriculture

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In the late 1970s, Chavez also sought to advance his control over the

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database of portraits in the National Portrait gallery – Cesar Chavez

10464: 10413: 9868: 8414: 8077: 7576: 6335:"Chavez explains the need for boycotts - Bay Area Television Archive" 5713: 5147: 2595:. Women and culture series. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 2361: 2264: 2193: 2064: 1680: 1641: 1637: 1313: 1208:

National Farm Workers Association buttons advertising their campaigns

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American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations

488: 291:. Relocating to California, where he married, he got involved in the 12075: 11979: 10748:. American Friends Service Committee. April 14, 2010. Archived from 10646:"What the New Cesar Chavez Film Gets Wrong About the Labor Activist" 10442:. The University of Texas at Austin. October 9, 2007. Archived from 8574: 8572: 6809: 6480: 6096: 5479: 4289: 4273: 4257: 3781: 1222:

strike should initially target the valley's largest lettuce grower,

899:, and the FBI launched an investigation into both him and the NFWA. 13604: 13089: 12970: 12901: 12335: 12234: 11890: 11488:

The Fight in the Fields: Cesar Chavez and the Farmworker's Struggle

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A Long Time Coming: The Struggle to Unionize America's Farm Workers

6985: 6124: 6044: 5806: 4947: 4619: 4617: 4428: 1994: 1553:— Chavez arguing with the executive board to reform the UFW in 1977 1509:, initiating an administration that was keen to fund UFW projects. 1372: 1276: 1012:

During the march, Chavez had been approached by Schenley's lawyer,

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The Fight in the Fields: Cesar Chavez and the Farmworkers Movement

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Bardacke, Frank. "Cesar's Ghost: Decline and Fall of the U.F.W.",

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Cesar Chavez Special Resource Study and Environmental Assessment.

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join them; many, particularly university students, came from the

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Cesar Chavez's birthday, March 31, is a holiday in California,

2338: 1603: 1564: 1270: 675: 667: 571: 523: 496: 379:, although the UFW's campaign to get its measures enshrined in 14420: 10201:"JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 6982 Cesarchavez (1993 UA3)" 9317: 9006: 7653: 6060: 3898: 3650: 3377: 3337: 3293: 3272: 3085: 1790:, who won. The UFW subsequently also donated to Willie Brown. 873: 364:

as a form of organization, he established a remote commune at

11473:"The study of history demands nuanced thinking", Miriam Pawel 10664:"22 years after death, Cesar Chavez gets Navy funeral honors" 10270:"Labor's New Opening to International Human Rights Standards" 3057: 2903: 2530:, a bust of Chavez was placed on a table directly behind the 2242: 1032:, to intervene. Brown agreed, wanting the endorsement of the 440: 218: 215: 10575:

Gabriela A. Trevino, "Chavez's March for Justice observed",

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Chavez increasingly blamed the failure of the UFW strike on

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established in California as a model for others to follow.

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The grave of César Chávez is located in the garden of the

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In the early 1950s, Chavez was introduced to the ideas of

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of 1965–1970. Amid the grape strike, his NFWA merged with

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Jon Lewis Photographs of the United Farm Workers Movement

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Chavez speaking at a 1974 UFW rally in Delano, California

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Founding the National Farm Workers Association: 1962–1965

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Working for the Community Service Organization: 1953–1962

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The Search for a Civic Voice: California Latino Politics

10341:"Navy To Christen And Launch USNS Cesar Chavez On May 5" 10146: 10144: 9989: 9987: 9750: 9748: 9746: 9744: 9742: 9714: 9712: 9710: 9661: 9659: 9634: 9632: 9547: 9545: 9543: 9518: 9516: 9514: 9240: 9238: 9236: 9234: 9164: 9162: 9137: 9135: 8895: 8893: 8794: 8756: 8754: 8741: 8739: 8702: 8700: 8651: 8649: 8647: 8632: 8533: 8531: 8518: 8516: 8459: 8457: 8380: 8378: 8334: 8332: 8330: 8328: 8326: 8324: 8299: 8297: 8284: 8282: 8245: 8243: 8198: 8196: 8031: 8029: 8004: 8002: 7989: 7987: 7910: 7908: 7906: 7904: 7843: 7841: 7792: 7790: 7777: 7775: 7762: 7760: 7747: 7745: 7743: 7718: 7716: 7615: 7613: 7611: 7494: 7492: 7479: 7477: 7416: 7414: 7412: 7384: 7382: 7380: 7299: 7297: 7224: 7222: 7185: 7183: 7146: 7144: 7142: 7018: 7016: 6975: 6973: 6924: 6922: 6897: 6895: 6893: 6868: 6866: 6864: 6799: 6797: 6784: 6782: 6780: 6659: 6657: 6596: 6594: 6581: 6579: 6446: 6444: 6419: 6417: 6415: 6413: 6411: 6317: 6315: 6313: 6311: 6309: 6248: 6246: 6244: 6242: 6169: 6167: 6010: 6008: 5983: 5981: 5968: 5966: 5905: 5903: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5884: 5882: 5880: 5843: 5841: 5619: 5617: 5604: 5602: 5445: 5443: 5430: 5428: 5399: 5397: 5372: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5273: 5271: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5125: 5123: 5110: 5108: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5024: 5022: 4869: 4867: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4740: 4738: 4677: 4675: 4650: 4648: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4533: 4531: 4322: 4320: 4231: 4229: 4227: 1612:

where he spoke positively about Marcos' introduction of

1454:

In November 1974, the Democratic Party's candidate, the

723:(FBI) began monitoring Chavez and opened a file on him. 14498:

Activists for Hispanic and Latino American civil rights

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Conquering Goliath : Cesar Chavez at the Beginning

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Griswold del Castillo, Richard, and Richard A. Garcia.

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announced that the Navy would be naming the last of 14

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and non-violence". When the Democratic Party candidate

811:. He was aided in this project both by his wife and by 10218: 10175:

The California Museum for History, Women, and the Arts

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The Chicano Lobby and commercial activities: 1983–1989

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National Farm Workers Association/United Farm Workers

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National Farm Workers Association/United Farm Workers

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Mexican American Literature: The Politics of Identity

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Amid the Delano strike, one of the UFW strikers, the

1238:

company as the first target of the boycott campaign.

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built around him, while farm owners considered him a

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unveiled its own Cesar Chavez statue on campus. The

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was campaigning for the presidency in 2008, he used

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Jacques E. Levy Research Collection on Cesar Chavez

11453:, United Farmworker's official biography of Chavez. 10123:"Pacem In Terris (Peace On Earth) Award Recipients" 10038: 10026: 9784: 9724: 9472: 9345: 8835: 8818: 5781: 4073: 4002: 3962: 3945: 3930: 3886: 3830: 3813: 3769: 3717: 3681: 3666: 3638: 3626: 3602: 3538: 3514: 3490: 3469: 3457: 3393: 3353: 3073: 3042: 2950: 2919: 2851: 2799: 2739: 2515:, honors Chavez and the Farm Workers Movement. The 1674:During the strike, the picketers trespassed on the 1134:, who in turn sought the support of the Teamsters. 980:

U.S. Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare's

747:— Cesar Chavez, on avoiding the pitfalls of the CSO 593:(NFLU), which, until its 1947 affiliation with the 377:

California Agricultural Labor Relations Act of 1975

321:'s AWOC to form the UFW in 1967. Influenced by the 303:, through which he launched an insurance scheme, a 244:; March 31, 1927 – April 23, 1993) was an American 212: 11443:serves as the official archival repository of the 10810: 10656: 10371:, National Chávez Center, Accessed August 8, 2009. 10291:. Oregon Public Broadcasting (OPB). Archived from 6278: 3154: 2965: 2891: 2811: 2712: 1104:service as one of the outstanding men of America. 841:The flag adopted by the NFWA at its launch in 1962 628:Here, he befriended two social justice activists, 11436:UFW Office of the President: César Chávez Records 3114:. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications. p. 100. 2651: 2090: 715:suspicions that leftist activism was a front for 14469: 13704: 12661:List of Mexican-American political organizations 11294:Cesar Chavez and the Common Sense of Nonviolence 11152:Delano: The Story of the California Grape Strike 10005: 2348:The Reuther-Chavez Award was created in 2002 by 1586:Chavez's support for the Filipino government of 1373:Immigration and legislative campaigns: 1973–1975 570:. In July, he was stationed at the U.S. base in 554:protest advocated by Indian independence leader 14553:Hispanic and Latino American military personnel 10527:"State of Texas Holiday Schedule – Fiscal 2021" 9458:. University of California Press. p. 151. 6285:. New York: Cornell University Press. pp. 2322:in 1993, was named in his memory; the official 1324:, which supported the UFW, to transform into a 819:preachers, he came to view them as key allies. 11170:Cesar Chavez: A Brief Biography with Documents 10406: 10289:"What Is César Chávez's Connection To Oregon?" 8356: 2187:Seafarers International Union of North America 1873:later termed the incident an "embarrassment". 803:In April 1962, Chavez and his family moved to 14283: 13690: 13293: 12705: 11826: 11619: 10942:The Annual of the Society of Christian Ethics 10867:International Labor and Working-Class History 10545:"Presidential Proclamation: César Chávez Day" 9401: 9399: 2382:The National Chavez Center, Keene, California 1657: 1541:Links with Synanon and Ferdinand Marcos: 1977 1483:California Agricultural Labor Relations Board 1420:— Jerry Brown on his relationship with Chavez 960: 541: 14598:United States Navy personnel of World War II 10860: 9978: 9966: 3015: 3013: 1812:among Latinos. Chavez had observed that the 1770:. In the summer of 1982 he also appeared at 1468: 345:and leftist groups but was monitored by the 14533:American trade unionists of Mexican descent 12679:Category:American people of Mexican descent 11469:, Kids' Reading Room Classic, October 2000. 11178:Ferriss, Susan, and Ricardo Sandoval, eds. 10883: 10071: 10059: 3143: 1463:California Agricultural Labor Relations Act 1451:the setbacks that the UFW had experienced. 1393:joining his campaign. In Rome, he met with 874:Start of the Delano Grape Strike: 1965–1966 822:Chavez spent his days traveling around the 414:, and in 1994 he posthumously received the 14290: 14276: 13697: 13683: 13300: 13286: 12712: 12698: 11833: 11819: 11626: 11612: 10886:Journal of the Society of Christian Ethics 10619:"Power Grape: Cesar Chavez's Labor Legacy" 9396: 9384:(3). University of California Press: 446. 9375: 3022:"Military honors planned for Cesar Chavez" 2591:Lucas, María Elena; Buss, Fran L. (1993). 2417:Consolidated Natural Resources Act of 2008 2243:Orders, decorations, monuments, and honors 2236:Journal of the Society of Christian Ethics 49: 11495:Farmworker Movement Documentation Project 10923:The Crusades of Cesar Chavez: A Biography 10874: 3209:Farmworker Movement Documentation Project 3010: 2590: 2519:(AFSC) nominated him three times for the 1876: 1481:The ALRA law created a state agency, the 921:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 884:Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee 258:Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee 14578:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients 14563:People from Lincoln Heights, Los Angeles 12726:1976 United States presidential election 10735:. "Recent Projects," Winter 1999, p. 42. 10193: 3226: 3161:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 3149: 2829: 2449:League of United Latin American Citizens 2377: 2267:, is dedicated to Chavez, and is on the 2252: 2192: 2119: 1950: 1880: 1661: 1581: 1472: 1376: 1347: 1287: 1203: 1080: 901: 836: 794: 545: 295:(CSO), through which he helped laborers 268:. Ideologically, his worldview combined 12631:U.S. communities with Hispanic majority 12015:Mission Cultural Center for Latino Arts 11712:List of places named after Cesar Chavez 11459:, County of Los Angeles Public Library. 11262:Cesar Chavez: Autobiography of La Causa 11172:(2002), 138pp; by a leading historian. 11154:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 10770: 10506: 10409:"Obama announces César Chávez monument" 9283:Cesar Chavez: Autobiography of La Causa 3107: 2823: 2511:(He Has the Fire Within Him) (2000) at 2298:. Chavez's widow collected it from the 2249:List of places named after Cesar Chavez 2115: 2065:the Vietnamese Marxist-Leninist militia 1077:Forty Acres and public fasts: 1967–1968 648:, and the Indian independence activist 426: 14: 14470: 14353:Arch of Dignity, Equality, and Justice 11731:Arch of Dignity, Equality, and Justice 11201:The Rhetorical Career of Cesar Chavez. 11060: 11018: 10989: 10831: 10726: 10714: 10643: 10616: 10315:"Navy names new ship for Cesar Chavez" 10125:. Diocese of Davenport. Archived from 9954: 9926: 9874: 9862: 9850: 9838: 9826: 9778: 9766: 9405: 9363: 9339: 9256: 9225: 9213: 9201: 9032: 8940: 8860: 8772: 8362: 5791:University of California Press, p. 92. 5767: 5735: 5699: 5683: 5153: 4486: 4462: 4394: 4374: 4247: 4210: 3196: 3019: 2777: 2623:. Arizona Department of Health Service 2409:California State University San Marcos 2260:Arch of Dignity, Equality, and Justice 1034:Mexican American Political Association 1022:International Brotherhood of Teamsters 868: 728:United Packinghouse Workers of America 14271: 13678: 13281: 13020: 12693: 12646:List of Hispanic and Latino Americans 11814: 11607: 11192:(1995). (Highly favorable treatment.) 11146: 11039: 10920: 10808: 10381:Simon, Richard (September 15, 2011). 10380: 10267: 10150: 10047: 10032: 9993: 9942: 9930: 9914: 9902: 9890: 9878: 9814: 9802: 9754: 9733: 9718: 9701: 9689: 9677: 9665: 9650: 9638: 9623: 9611: 9599: 9587: 9575: 9563: 9551: 9534: 9522: 9505: 9493: 9478: 9351: 9327: 9323: 9311: 9307: 9295: 9268: 9244: 9180: 9168: 9153: 9141: 9126: 9122: 9110: 9098: 9086: 9071: 9056: 9044: 9028: 9016: 9012: 9000: 8988: 8976: 8964: 8952: 8923: 8911: 8899: 8884: 8872: 8856: 8844: 8829: 8812: 8800: 8788: 8776: 8760: 8745: 8730: 8718: 8706: 8691: 8679: 8667: 8655: 8638: 8626: 8614: 8610: 8598: 8594: 8582: 8578: 8537: 8522: 8507: 8503: 8491: 8479: 8475: 8463: 8448: 8436: 8424: 8420: 8408: 8396: 8384: 8350: 8338: 8315: 8303: 8288: 8273: 8261: 8249: 8234: 8230: 8218: 8214: 8202: 8187: 8175: 8163: 8151: 8139: 8127: 8123: 8111: 8099: 8087: 8083: 8071: 8059: 8047: 8035: 8020: 8008: 7993: 7978: 7966: 7962: 7950: 7938: 7926: 7914: 7895: 7883: 7871: 7859: 7847: 7832: 7820: 7808: 7796: 7781: 7766: 7751: 7734: 7722: 7707: 7695: 7683: 7671: 7659: 7647: 7643: 7631: 7619: 7602: 7598: 7586: 7582: 7570: 7558: 7546: 7534: 7522: 7510: 7498: 7483: 7468: 7456: 7444: 7432: 7420: 7403: 7388: 7349: 7303: 7288: 7276: 7264: 7252: 7240: 7228: 7213: 7201: 7189: 7174: 7162: 7150: 7133: 7121: 7109: 7097: 7085: 7073: 7061: 7049: 7037: 7022: 7007: 6995: 6991: 6979: 6964: 6952: 6940: 6928: 6913: 6901: 6884: 6872: 6855: 6843: 6831: 6819: 6815: 6803: 6788: 6771: 6759: 6747: 6735: 6723: 6711: 6699: 6687: 6675: 6663: 6648: 6636: 6624: 6612: 6600: 6585: 6570: 6566: 6554: 6542: 6530: 6518: 6514: 6502: 6490: 6486: 6474: 6462: 6450: 6435: 6423: 6402: 6390: 6378: 6366: 6354: 6321: 6276: 6264: 6252: 6233: 6221: 6209: 6197: 6185: 6173: 6158: 6146: 6134: 6130: 6118: 6106: 6102: 6090: 6078: 6066: 6054: 6050: 6038: 6026: 6014: 5999: 5987: 5972: 5957: 5945: 5933: 5921: 5909: 5888: 5871: 5859: 5847: 5832: 5828: 5816: 5812: 5800: 5775: 5771: 5755: 5743: 5739: 5723: 5719: 5707: 5703: 5687: 5671: 5659: 5647: 5635: 5623: 5608: 5593: 5589: 5577: 5565: 5553: 5541: 5529: 5517: 5505: 5501: 5489: 5485: 5473: 5461: 5449: 5434: 5419: 5415: 5403: 5388: 5376: 5357: 5345: 5341: 5329: 5317: 5313: 5301: 5289: 5277: 5262: 5250: 5238: 5226: 5222: 5210: 5198: 5186: 5169: 5157: 5141: 5129: 5114: 5099: 5087: 5075: 5071: 5059: 5040: 5028: 5013: 5009: 4997: 4985: 4981: 4969: 4957: 4953: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4901: 4889: 4885: 4873: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4838: 4826: 4809: 4797: 4780: 4768: 4756: 4744: 4729: 4717: 4705: 4693: 4681: 4666: 4654: 4639: 4627: 4623: 4608: 4596: 4584: 4565: 4561: 4549: 4537: 4522: 4518: 4506: 4494: 4490: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4450: 4438: 4434: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4402: 4398: 4382: 4378: 4362: 4350: 4338: 4326: 4311: 4299: 4295: 4283: 4279: 4267: 4263: 4251: 4235: 4218: 4214: 4198: 4186: 4174: 4162: 4158: 4146: 4134: 4119: 4107: 4103: 4091: 4079: 4067: 4063: 4051: 4039: 4035: 4023: 4008: 3996: 3984: 3980: 3968: 3956: 3939: 3924: 3920: 3908: 3904: 3892: 3880: 3876: 3864: 3852: 3848: 3836: 3824: 3807: 3803: 3791: 3787: 3775: 3763: 3759: 3747: 3735: 3723: 3711: 3699: 3687: 3675: 3660: 3656: 3644: 3632: 3620: 3608: 3596: 3584: 3572: 3560: 3556: 3544: 3532: 3520: 3508: 3496: 3484: 3463: 3451: 3439: 3427: 3415: 3411: 3399: 3387: 3383: 3371: 3359: 3347: 3343: 3331: 3327: 3315: 3303: 3299: 3287: 3283: 3266: 3238:"The Di Giorgio Grape Strike of 1947" 3095: 3091: 3079: 3067: 3063: 3051: 2971: 2959: 2944: 2940: 2928: 2913: 2909: 2897: 2885: 2873: 2869: 2857: 2817: 2805: 2793: 2781: 2773: 2761: 2757: 2745: 2733: 2721: 2706: 2694: 2690: 2678: 2674: 2662: 2645: 2641: 2491:There is a portrait of Chavez in the 1061:new people, such as LeRoy Chatfield, 239: 12656:List of Mexican-American communities 12081:1985–1987 Watsonville Cannery strike 11238:(2005), a short scholarly biography. 10968: 10939: 10723:, "Chavez tribute," June 4–10, 1998. 10684: 10507:Calhoun, Patricia (March 25, 2019). 10355: 10286: 10083: 9790: 9453: 7315: 2393:National Register of Historic Places 2368:cargo ships after Cesar Chavez. The 2341:celebrated his 86th birthday with a 1666:A photograph of Chavez taken in 1979 1590:(pictured) brought strong criticism. 1217:marched into Salinas, converging at 14503:American anti–Vietnam War activists 12458:DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal. 12402:Espinoza v. Farah Manufacturing Co. 11260:Levy, Jacques E. and Cesar Chavez. 11229:ProQuest Dissertations & Theses 11042:The Journal of Presbyterian History 10773:"A look inside Biden's Oval Office" 10771:Linskey, Annie (January 20, 2021). 10362:What is the National Chávez Center? 9430: 1606:. He then spoke to a reporter from 431:Cesario Estrada Chavez was born in 24: 14297: 14044:New Haven-León Sister City Project 11326:Cesar Chavez: a Hero for Everyone. 11091: 10407:Madhani, Aamer (October 8, 2012). 10099:. Jefferson Awards. Archived from 2517:American Friends Service Committee 2016: 1989:Chavez had a love of the music of 1736:Maricopa County Organizing Project 1160:End of the Grape Strike: 1969–1970 1089:The union purchased land known as 1044:, the largest grape grower in the 491:. To entertain himself, he played 25: 14609: 11702:César E. Chávez National Monument 11376: 11210:Sayville: Mandy Publishers, 2005. 11190:Cesar Chavez: A Triumph of Spirit 11101:New York and London: Verso 2011. 10203:(September 17, 2019, last obs.). 8363:Heller, Nathan (April 14, 2014). 2413:The University of Texas at Austin 2401:Cesar E. Chavez National Monument 1887:Cesar E. Chavez National Monument 1766:'s fund-raising dinner for their 1716:California Rural Legal Assistance 1636:run by the civil rights activist 1284:Expanding beyond California: 1972 1200:Salinas Lettuce Strike: 1970–1971 1194: 1178:California Rural Legal Assistance 655: 375:helped ensure the passing of the 112:Cesar E. Chavez National Monument 14455: 14443: 14431: 14419: 12250:Mexican-American women's fashion 11633: 11463:Five Part Series on Cesar Chavez 11218:Western Journal of Communication 11131:The Moral Vision of Cesar Chavez 10764: 10738: 10702: 10690: 10637: 10610: 10584: 10569: 10537: 10519: 10500: 10470: 10458: 10428: 10400: 10374: 10333: 10321:. Associated Press. May 18, 2011 10307: 10280: 10261: 10243: 10156: 10115: 10089: 9999: 9447: 9443:. Claremont McKenna College: 41. 9424: 9408:The Moral Vision of Cesar Chavez 9369: 9285:. University of Minnesota Press. 9280: 9274: 8543: 7343: 7309: 6327: 6270: 3246:U. S. Government Printing Office 3234:Committee on Education and Labor 2395:. On October 8, 2012, President 2124:An illustration of labor leader 1905: 1436:Confederation of Mexican Workers 1336:concerned that if the UFW broke 1038:American Arbitration Association 945:newspaper. By late fall 1966, a 574:, and six months later moved to 562:In 1944, Chavez enlisted in the 341:. He received much support from 208: 14588:Trade unionists from California 14558:Military personnel from Arizona 14513:American human rights activists 14508:American civil rights activists 12395:San Antonio I.S.D. v. Rodriguez 11285:Meister, Dick and Anne Loftis. 10801: 10746:"Nobel Peace Prize Nominations" 10621:. In Good Tilth. Archived from 10617:Rodman, Andrew (July 6, 2016). 10553:(Press release). March 30, 2011 9410:. Orbis Books. pp. 38–39. 9406:Dalton, Frederick John (2003). 8551:"Chavez died of natural causes" 3190: 3101: 3020:Miller, Kent (April 19, 2015). 2830:Quinones, Sam (July 28, 2011). 2621:Arizona Genealogy Record Search 2453:Mission District, San Francisco 2389:U.S. Department of the Interior 2350:Americans for Democratic Action 1806:Commonwealth Club of California 1768:Campaign for Economic Democracy 1704:— Chavez at the 1981 convention 1123:In May, Chavez appeared on the 882:farm workers, organized by the 721:Federal Bureau of Investigation 568:Naval Training Center San Diego 412:many places are named after him 408:a federal commemorative holiday 347:Federal Bureau of Investigation 14568:People from Oxnard, California 14523:American nonviolence advocates 10925:. New York: Bloomsbury Press. 10644:Garcia, Matt (April 2, 2014). 10251:"Cesar Chavez's 86th Birthday" 2609: 2584: 2091:On organization and leadership 1567:. He admired Synanon's leader 1397:, who commended his activism. 1249:, and Robert Kennedy's widow, 726:At Alinsky's instigation, the 703:, although often made a loss. 699:a three-day carnival and sold 634:Community Service Organization 410:in several U.S. states, while 293:Community Service Organization 13: 1: 13599:Álvaro Leonel Ramazzini Imeri 12060:Occupation of Catalina Island 12035:Farm workers' rights campaign 10992:Southern California Quarterly 10861:Lichtenstein, Nelson (2013). 10287:Baer, April (July 17, 2012). 10274:Cornell University ILR School 2573: 2375:was launched on May 5, 2012. 2292:Presidential Medal of Freedom 1652: 1326:National Farm Worker Ministry 1264:, along the foothills of the 599:Southern Tenant Farmers Union 421: 416:Presidential Medal of Freedom 164:Presidential Medal of Freedom 32:Cesar Chavez (disambiguation) 14583:Trade unionists from Arizona 14528:American trade union leaders 14493:20th-century Roman Catholics 14438:Latino and Hispanic American 11516:Jerry Cohen (AC 1963) Papers 11508:Walter P. Reuther Library – 11426:Resources in other libraries 11402:Resources in other libraries 10846:10.1080/00344087.2013.805033 10666:. CBS and AP. April 23, 2015 10164:"César Chávez Inductee Page" 9378:Studies in Religion/Sciences 2578: 2548:List of civil rights leaders 2501:United States Postal Service 1505:. Carter went on to win the 1427:Arizona's border with Mexico 640:, the U.S. labor organizers 595:American Federation of Labor 7: 11451:"The Story of Cesar Chavez" 11349:Chavez and the Farm Workers 11208:Cesar Chavez Dominates Face 10817:. Westport, CT: Greenwood. 10268:Compa, Lance (March 2008). 2988:"The Story of Cesar Chavez" 2541: 1389:The New York Times Magazine 1352:Chavez photographed in 1972 1322:California Migrant Ministry 1005:" of Mexican revolutionary 589:In 1947, Chavez joined the 329:, Chavez emphasized direct 10: 14614: 14593:United Farm Workers people 13059:American Independent Party 11521:November 11, 2011, at the 11457:César E. Chávez Chronology 11075:10.1177/003232927200300107 11033:10.1215/00166928-38-1-2-95 10699:. Accessed March 20, 2009. 10367:December 24, 2009, at the 9431:Cox, Chelsee Lynn (2012). 3108:Collins, David R. (2005). 2509:Tiene la lumbre por dentro 2246: 1658:Growing schisms: 1978–1982 1164:In March 1969, the doctor 961:Growing success: 1966–1967 617:in October 1948; it was a 542:Early adulthood: 1946–1953 383:failed. Influenced by the 29: 14573:People from Yuma, Arizona 14543:Catholics from California 14378: 14344: 14321: 14305: 14095: 13905: 13713: 13655: 13584: 13521: 13468: 13411: 13370: 13319: 13248: 13223: 13194: 13165: 13136: 13107: 13078: 13057: 13036: 13016: 12946: 12928: 12919: 12764: 12746: 12737: 12669: 12613: 12467: 12369: 12313: 12245:Mexican-American folklore 12167: 12068: 12025:Plan Espiritual de Aztlán 11970: 11904: 11853: 11753: 11694: 11666: 11641: 11592: 11582: 11574: 11569: 11477:Austin American-Statesman 11441:Walter P. Reuther Library 11421:Resources in your library 11397:Resources in your library 11328:New York: Aladdin, 2003. 11236:Cesar Chavez and La Causa 11195:Hammerback, John C., and 11143:. University of IL: 1987. 10876:10.1017/S014754791300001X 10813:Cesar Chavez: A Biography 10721:Sonoma County Independent 10205:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 10012:. Routledge. p. 13. 10006:Elizabeth Jacobs (2006). 9390:10.1177/0008429816654427e 6277:Wells, Miriam J. (1996). 3330:, pp. 14–15, 21–23; 2493:National Portrait Gallery 2472:. The 2014 American film 2458:Chavez was referenced by 2306:inducted Chavez into the 2273:San José State University 2138:, published July 4, 1969. 2008:Walter P. Reuther Library 1784:California State Assembly 1469:Proposition 14: 1976–1977 1308:, a hall used by a local 1226:, which was owned by the 912:United Automobile Workers 591:National Farm Labor Union 381:California's constitution 274:Catholic social teachings 197: 189: 179: 174: 170: 159: 151: 141: 117: 107: 86: 60: 48: 41: 14518:American hunger strikers 13513:Jim and Shelley Douglass 12240:Mexican-American cuisine 11745:Cesar Chavez Convocation 11503:obituary, April 24, 1993 11141:Labor Leaders in America 11129:Dalton, Frederick John. 7662:, pp. 405, 411–412. 6069:, pp. 262, 264–265. 2469:Songs in the Key of Life 2213:Cesar Chavez Convocation 1850:Order of the Aztec Eagle 1752:Internal Revenue Service 1732:Texas Farm Workers Union 1117:Kennedy was assassinated 534:, the family made it to 13931:Randall Watson Forsberg 13424:Ernest Leo Unterkoefler 13312:Peace and Freedom Award 13196:Socialist Workers Party 12430:Flores-Figueroa v. U.S. 12326:Coyolxauhqui imperative 11366:San José Studies, 1990s 11358:April 24, 2011, at the 11281:excerpt and text search 11184:excerpt and text search 11174:excerpt and text search 11135:excerpt and text search 10581:, March 30, 2014, p. 3A 10169:California Hall of Fame 3202:"Profile: Cesar Chavez" 2553:List of peace activists 2528:presidency of Joe Biden 2513:Sonoma State University 2308:California Hall of Fame 1978:. In 1970, he became a 1721:US District Court Judge 1187:Chavez negotiated with 14538:Catholics from Arizona 13338:Martin Luther King Jr. 12409:U.S. v. Brignoni-Ponce 12175:Anti-Mexican sentiment 12137:Killing of Adam Toledo 12120:Great American Boycott 11990:Centro de Arte Público 11292:Orosco, Jose-Antonio. 11063:Politics & Society 10921:Pawel, Miriam (2014). 10171:List of 2006 Inductees 9454:León, Luis D. (2015). 7350:Pawel, Miriam (2010). 2617:"AZ birth certificate" 2466:" from the 1976 album 2383: 2276: 2198: 2147: 2139: 2132:, was on the cover of 2130:Manuel Gregorio Acosta 2026: 1959: 1927:. The couple moved to 1915: 1890: 1877:Final years: 1990–1993 1782:as the Speaker of the 1778:'s campaign to unseat 1701: 1667: 1600:Far Eastern University 1591: 1550: 1478: 1417: 1407:National Lawyers Guild 1382: 1353: 1293: 1209: 1106: 1086: 1030:Governor of California 970: 933:San Francisco Bay Area 907: 886:(AWOC), initiated the 842: 800: 744: 742:moves forward always. 566:, and was sent to the 559: 204:Cesario Estrada Chavez 65:Cesario Estrada Chavez 13996:Marian Wright Edelman 13797:William Sloane Coffin 13483:María Julia Hernández 12444:Mendez v. Westminster 12381:Botiller v. Dominguez 12361:Youth control complex 12230:Estrada Courts murals 12091:2019 El Paso shooting 12069:Post-Chicano Movement 12030:Plan de Santa Bárbara 11985:Católicos por La Raza 11532:files, hosted at the 11245:2007 59(3): 857–881. 10898:10.1353/sce.2012.0008 10809:Bruns, Roger (2005). 10687:, pp. 67–68, 74. 10531:comptroller.texas.gov 10478:"2018 State Holidays" 10226:"MPC/MPO/MPS Archive" 2439:proclaimed March 31 " 2421:National Park Service 2381: 2366:Lewis and Clark-class 2326:was published by the 2304:Arnold Schwarzenegger 2269:Plaza de César Chávez 2256: 2196: 2142: 2123: 2021: 2006:donated these to the 1954: 1910: 1889:in Keene, California. 1884: 1696: 1665: 1585: 1545: 1476: 1412: 1380: 1351: 1291: 1207: 1101: 1084: 1018:DiGiorgio Corporation 965: 905: 840: 834:its vice presidents. 798: 758:civil rights movement 739: 549: 483:, being a devotee of 465:University of Arizona 356:as a major source of 260:(AWOC) to become the 252:activist. Along with 190:Years of service 13448:Maurice John Dingman 13253:Other 1976 elections 12437:Leal Garcia v. Texas 12132:Justice for Janitors 12050:Los Siete de la Raza 12045:Colegio César Chávez 11937:Mexican Repatriation 11905:Pre-Chicano Movement 11717:Colegio Cesar Chavez 11570:Trade union offices 11275:Matthiessen, Peter. 11168:Etulain, Richard W. 10983:10.15367/kf.v4i1.144 10578:Laredo Morning Times 10103:on November 24, 2010 9877:, pp. 367–369; 9704:, pp. 257, 280. 9614:, pp. 430, 431. 8694:, pp. 375, 380. 8423:, pp. 125–126; 7316:Shaw, Randy (2008). 7088:, pp. 350, 353. 7076:, pp. 348, 350. 6943:, pp. 380, 402. 6615:, pp. 311, 315. 5738:, pp. 374–375; 5726:, pp. 239, 240. 5544:, pp. 224, 225. 5043:, pp. 171, 174. 4497:, pp. 129, 132. 4425:, pp. 125, 127. 3213:UC San Diego Library 2526:At the start of the 2354:Colegio Cesar Chavez 2330:on August 27, 2019 ( 2116:Reception and legacy 1957:Colegio Cesar Chavez 1941:second wave feminism 1929:San Jose, California 1918:— Cesar Chavez, 1984 1714:, got work with the 1228:United Fruit Company 427:Childhood: 1927–1945 30:For other uses, see 14329:Delano Grape Strike 13576:Hildegard Goss-Mayr 13328:John Howard Griffin 12954:Incumbent nominee: 12897:Adlai Stevenson III 12260:New Mexican cuisine 12086:1992 Drywall Strike 12055:Los Seis de Boulder 12040:Land grant struggle 11957:Sleepy Lagoon trial 11761:Helen Fabela Chávez 11674:Delano Grape Strike 11586:United Farm Workers 11445:United Farm Workers 11148:Dunne, John Gregory 10954:10.5840/asce1996167 10834:Religious Education 10777:The Washington Post 10343:. KPBS. May 3, 2012 10230:Minor Planet Center 10181:on December 5, 2009 9865:, pp. 348–349. 8955:, pp. 143–144. 8815:, pp. 130–131. 8670:, pp. 146–147. 8439:, pp. 466–468. 8399:, pp. 451–452. 8353:, pp. 450–451. 8318:, pp. 449–450. 8276:, pp. 461–462. 8178:, pp. 457–458. 8090:, pp. 440–441. 8023:, pp. 439–440. 7953:, pp. 433–434. 7941:, pp. 444–445. 7886:, pp. 431–432. 7874:, pp. 420–421. 7823:, pp. 434–435. 7811:, pp. 430–431. 7737:, pp. 425–426. 7686:, pp. 414–415. 7674:, pp. 413–415. 7589:, pp. 404–405. 7537:, pp. 402–403. 7459:, pp. 393–395. 7406:, pp. 395–396. 7243:, pp. 363–364. 7216:, pp. 255–356. 7204:, pp. 354–355. 7052:, pp. 348–350. 7040:, pp. 351–352. 6967:, pp. 379–380. 6955:, pp. 343–345. 6887:, pp. 339–340. 6858:, pp. 335–339. 6846:, pp. 333–334. 6822:, pp. 332–333. 6762:, pp. 432–433. 6750:, pp. 330–331. 6714:, pp. 323–325. 6678:, pp. 318–319. 6545:, pp. 305–306. 6489:, pp. 87, 89; 6465:, pp. 296–297. 6438:, pp. 291–292. 6381:, pp. 288–289. 6267:, pp. 313–314. 6224:, pp. 286–287. 6188:, pp. 276–277. 6149:, pp. 273–274. 6109:, pp. 269–270. 6041:, pp. 258–259. 5960:, pp. 255–256. 5948:, pp. 254–255. 5924:, pp. 249–250. 5874:, pp. 244–245. 5819:, pp. 241–242. 5662:, pp. 236–237. 5580:, pp. 229–230. 5492:, pp. 222–223. 5476:, pp. 221–222. 5360:, pp. 215–216. 5292:, pp. 204–205. 5253:, pp. 202–203. 5241:, pp. 191–193. 5213:, pp. 189–190. 5201:, pp. 176–177. 5160:, pp. 172–173. 5144:, pp. 175–176. 5102:, pp. 173–174. 5090:, pp. 186–187. 4944:, pp. 167–168. 4783:, pp. 152–153. 4720:, pp. 133–134. 4708:, pp. 144–145. 4669:, pp. 139–140. 4552:, pp. 136–137. 4493:, pp. 53, 55; 4477:, pp. 129–130. 4385:, pp. 124–125. 4365:, pp. 122–123. 4314:, pp. 119–120. 4302:, pp. 118–119. 4286:, pp. 121–122. 4270:, pp. 120–121. 4221:, pp. 114–115. 4070:, pp. 104–107. 2992:United Farm Workers 2358:Mount Angel, Oregon 2328:Minor Planet Center 2320:Palomar Observatory 2204:Nelson Lichtenstein 2150:— Roger Bruns, 2005 2098:Niccolò Machiavelli 2073:liberation theology 1835:The Wrath of Grapes 1609:The Washington Post 1527:Cultural Revolution 1266:Tehachapi Mountains 1070:Communist Party USA 995:Virgin of Guadalupe 978:In March 1966, the 955:El Teatro Campesino 888:Delano grape strike 878:In September 1965, 869:Delano Grape Strike 518:. First working as 370:California Governor 323:Indian independence 315:Delano grape strike 262:United Farm Workers 146:Helen Fabela Chávez 14225:Tom B.K. Goldtooth 13739:John Haynes Holmes 13735:Maurice Eisendrath 13706:Gandhi Peace Award 13420:Crystal Lee Sutton 13350:A. Philip Randolph 13344:R. Sargent Shriver 13048:Thomas J. Anderson 12468:By city and region 12388:Hernandez v. Texas 12351:Spiritual activism 12195:Chicano literature 12010:Chicano Moratorium 11917:Bisbee Deportation 11801:(2014 documentary) 11501:The New York Times 11491:, PBS Documentary. 11481:wikt:warts and all 11347:Taylor, Ronald B. 11243:American Quarterly 11214:Jensen, Richard J. 10752:on August 15, 2008 10711:U.S. Stamp Gallery 10625:on August 26, 2016 10097:"National Winners" 8803:, pp. 13, 92. 8641:, pp. 13, 26. 6994:, pp. 97–98; 6133:, pp. 83–84; 6053:, pp. 81–82; 4956:, pp. 61–62; 4853:, pp. 60–61; 4469:, pp. 53–54; 4437:, pp. 52–53; 4066:, pp. 41–43; 3851:, pp. 33–34; 3790:, pp. 31–32; 3766:, pp. 77, 79. 3702:, pp. 63, 66. 2433:community colleges 2384: 2337:). In March 2013, 2277: 2199: 2165:Kris Kristofferson 2140: 1960: 1891: 1668: 1592: 1479: 1402:illegal immigrants 1383: 1354: 1294: 1247:Coretta Scott King 1210: 1087: 1046:San Joaquin Valley 939:, and the Marxist 908: 843: 824:San Joaquin Valley 805:Delano, California 801: 584:Delano, California 560: 354:illegal immigrants 331:nonviolent tactics 301:Delano, California 270:left-wing politics 184:United States Navy 14407: 14406: 14265: 14264: 13946:Robert Jay Lifton 13727:Edwin T. Dahlberg 13723:Eleanor Roosevelt 13672: 13671: 13629:Gustavo Gutiérrez 13546:Dorothy Hennessey 13530:George G. Higgins 13275: 13274: 13244: 13243: 13167:Prohibition Party 13109:Libertarian Party 13012: 13011: 12979:Other candidates: 12915: 12914: 12870:Jennings Randolph 12797:Other candidates: 12687: 12686: 12636:Mexican Americans 12584:Dallas–Fort Worth 12451:Bernal v. Fainter 12423:Medellín v. Texas 11952:Porvenir Massacre 11947:Plan de San Diego 11942:Operation Wetback 11808: 11807: 11798:Cesar's Last Fast 11686:Salad Bowl strike 11602: 11601: 11593:Succeeded by 11584:President of the 11467:Los Angeles Times 11383:Library resources 11370:Maria Elena Lucas 11299:Prouty, Marco G. 11220:, Vol. 67, 2003. 11197:Richard J. Jensen 11122:Burt, Kenneth C. 11107:978-1-84467-718-4 11097:Bardacke, Frank. 10932:978-1-60819-710-1 10733:Public Art Review 10563:National Archives 10446:on March 31, 2017 10387:Los Angeles Times 10257:. March 31, 2013. 9979:Lichtenstein 2013 9967:Lichtenstein 2013 9465:978-0-520-95948-4 9437:CMC Senior Theses 9281:Levy, Jacques E. 7363:978-1-60819-099-7 7329:978-0-520-25107-6 6301:ufw undocumented. 4812:, pp. 59–60. 3999:, pp. 96–98. 3987:, pp. 95–96. 3927:, pp. 88–89. 3883:, pp. 86–87. 3867:, pp. 82–83. 3810:, pp. 80–81. 3794:, pp. 81–82. 3750:, pp. 71–72. 3738:, pp. 65–66. 3714:, pp. 64–65. 3623:, pp. 59–60. 3599:, pp. 57–58. 3575:, pp. 56–57. 3563:, pp. 53–54. 3535:, pp. 50–51. 3511:, pp. 49–50. 3454:, pp. 41–44. 3442:, pp. 40–41. 3430:, pp. 37–38. 3418:, pp. 26–27. 3374:, pp. 29–30. 3334:, pp. 27–28. 3318:, pp. 22–23. 3269:, pp. 21–22. 3198:Matthiesen, Peter 3030:. Sightline Media 2888:, pp. 13–14. 2876:, pp. 13–14. 2837:Los Angeles Times 2796:, pp. 10–11. 2648:, pp. 8, 10. 2602:978-0-472-06432-8 2521:Nobel Peace Prize 2485:Cesar's Last Fast 2429:Denver (Colorado) 2218:Los Angeles Times 2077:Gustavo Gutierrez 1842:George Deukmejian 1630:religious freedom 1499:National Congress 1306:Santa Rita Center 1243:contempt of court 1144:Peter Matthiessen 1139:O'Connor Hospital 984:Robert F. Kennedy 910:In December, the 880:Filipino American 638:Francis of Assisi 403:Maria Elena Lucas 241:[ˈtʃaβes] 201: 200: 100:San Luis, Arizona 16:(Redirected from 14605: 14460: 14459: 14458: 14448: 14447: 14446: 14436: 14435: 14434: 14424: 14423: 14415: 14292: 14285: 14278: 14269: 14268: 14258: 14250: 14238: 14237: 14231: 14219: 14211: 14203: 14195: 14183: 14182: 14176: 14175: 14169: 14168: 14162: 14161: 14155: 14154: 14148: 14147: 14141: 14129: 14121: 14113: 14112: 14106: 14105: 14088: 14087: 14081: 14080: 14074: 14060: 14053: 14046: 14038: 14036:Edith Ballantyne 14030: 14022: 14014: 14006: 13998: 13990: 13982: 13981: 13975: 13967: 13959: 13958: 13952: 13940: 13939: 13933: 13925: 13917: 13898: 13890: 13878: 13877: 13871: 13863: 13855: 13854: 13848: 13847: 13841: 13833: 13832: 13826: 13814: 13813: 13807: 13799: 13783: 13775: 13774: 13768: 13767: 13761: 13759:E. Stanley Jones 13753: 13741: 13729: 13699: 13692: 13685: 13676: 13675: 13442:Joseph Bernardin 13430:George F. Kennan 13403:Thomas Gumbleton 13302: 13295: 13288: 13279: 13278: 13225:U.S. Labor Party 13018: 13017: 12982:James L. Buckley 12926: 12925: 12921:Republican Party 12840:Henry M. Jackson 12744: 12743: 12739:Democratic Party 12714: 12707: 12700: 12691: 12690: 12674:Category:Chicano 12604:Salt Lake Valley 12314:Chicana/o Theory 12285:Teatro Campesino 12275:Regional Mexican 12265:New Mexico music 12255:Mexican muralism 12142:Murder of Selena 12005:Chicano Blowouts 12000:Chicana feminism 11972:Chicano Movement 11866:Mexican American 11846:Mexican American 11835: 11828: 11821: 11812: 11811: 11707:Cesar Chavez Day 11628: 11621: 11614: 11605: 11604: 11596:Arturo Rodriguez 11590:1963–1993 11575:Preceded by 11567: 11566: 11534:Internet Archive 11165: 11116:(July 26, 1993) 11086: 11057: 11036: 11015: 11004:10.2307/41171831 10986: 10965: 10936: 10917: 10880: 10878: 10857: 10828: 10816: 10796: 10795: 10793: 10791: 10768: 10762: 10761: 10759: 10757: 10742: 10736: 10730: 10724: 10718: 10712: 10706: 10700: 10694: 10688: 10682: 10676: 10675: 10673: 10671: 10660: 10654: 10653: 10641: 10635: 10634: 10632: 10630: 10614: 10608: 10607: 10605: 10603: 10598:on June 19, 2017 10594:. 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Archived from 10160: 10154: 10148: 10139: 10138: 10136: 10134: 10129:on July 25, 2011 10119: 10113: 10112: 10110: 10108: 10093: 10087: 10081: 10075: 10069: 10063: 10057: 10051: 10045: 10036: 10030: 10024: 10023: 10003: 9997: 9991: 9982: 9976: 9970: 9964: 9958: 9952: 9946: 9940: 9934: 9924: 9918: 9912: 9906: 9900: 9894: 9888: 9882: 9872: 9866: 9860: 9854: 9848: 9842: 9836: 9830: 9824: 9818: 9812: 9806: 9800: 9794: 9788: 9782: 9776: 9770: 9764: 9758: 9752: 9737: 9731: 9722: 9716: 9705: 9699: 9693: 9687: 9681: 9675: 9669: 9663: 9654: 9648: 9642: 9636: 9627: 9621: 9615: 9609: 9603: 9597: 9591: 9585: 9579: 9573: 9567: 9561: 9555: 9549: 9538: 9532: 9526: 9520: 9509: 9503: 9497: 9491: 9482: 9476: 9470: 9469: 9451: 9445: 9444: 9428: 9422: 9421: 9403: 9394: 9393: 9373: 9367: 9361: 9355: 9349: 9343: 9337: 9331: 9321: 9315: 9305: 9299: 9293: 9287: 9286: 9278: 9272: 9266: 9260: 9254: 9248: 9242: 9229: 9223: 9217: 9211: 9205: 9199: 9184: 9178: 9172: 9166: 9157: 9151: 9145: 9139: 9130: 9120: 9114: 9108: 9102: 9096: 9090: 9084: 9075: 9069: 9060: 9054: 9048: 9042: 9036: 9026: 9020: 9010: 9004: 8998: 8992: 8986: 8980: 8974: 8968: 8962: 8956: 8950: 8944: 8938: 8927: 8921: 8915: 8909: 8903: 8897: 8888: 8882: 8876: 8870: 8864: 8854: 8848: 8842: 8833: 8827: 8816: 8810: 8804: 8798: 8792: 8786: 8780: 8770: 8764: 8758: 8749: 8743: 8734: 8728: 8722: 8716: 8710: 8704: 8695: 8689: 8683: 8677: 8671: 8665: 8659: 8653: 8642: 8636: 8630: 8624: 8618: 8608: 8602: 8592: 8586: 8576: 8567: 8566: 8564: 8562: 8557:. April 27, 1993 8547: 8541: 8535: 8526: 8520: 8511: 8501: 8495: 8489: 8483: 8473: 8467: 8461: 8452: 8446: 8440: 8434: 8428: 8418: 8412: 8406: 8400: 8394: 8388: 8382: 8373: 8372: 8360: 8354: 8348: 8342: 8336: 8319: 8313: 8307: 8301: 8292: 8286: 8277: 8271: 8265: 8259: 8253: 8247: 8238: 8228: 8222: 8212: 8206: 8200: 8191: 8185: 8179: 8173: 8167: 8161: 8155: 8149: 8143: 8137: 8131: 8121: 8115: 8109: 8103: 8097: 8091: 8081: 8075: 8069: 8063: 8057: 8051: 8045: 8039: 8033: 8024: 8018: 8012: 8006: 7997: 7991: 7982: 7976: 7970: 7960: 7954: 7948: 7942: 7936: 7930: 7924: 7918: 7912: 7899: 7893: 7887: 7881: 7875: 7869: 7863: 7857: 7851: 7845: 7836: 7830: 7824: 7818: 7812: 7806: 7800: 7794: 7785: 7779: 7770: 7764: 7755: 7749: 7738: 7732: 7726: 7720: 7711: 7705: 7699: 7693: 7687: 7681: 7675: 7669: 7663: 7657: 7651: 7641: 7635: 7629: 7623: 7617: 7606: 7596: 7590: 7580: 7574: 7568: 7562: 7556: 7550: 7544: 7538: 7532: 7526: 7520: 7514: 7508: 7502: 7496: 7487: 7481: 7472: 7466: 7460: 7454: 7448: 7442: 7436: 7430: 7424: 7418: 7407: 7401: 7392: 7386: 7375: 7374: 7372: 7370: 7347: 7341: 7340: 7338: 7336: 7313: 7307: 7301: 7292: 7286: 7280: 7274: 7268: 7262: 7256: 7250: 7244: 7238: 7232: 7226: 7217: 7211: 7205: 7199: 7193: 7187: 7178: 7172: 7166: 7160: 7154: 7148: 7137: 7131: 7125: 7119: 7113: 7107: 7101: 7095: 7089: 7083: 7077: 7071: 7065: 7059: 7053: 7047: 7041: 7035: 7026: 7020: 7011: 7005: 6999: 6989: 6983: 6977: 6968: 6962: 6956: 6950: 6944: 6938: 6932: 6926: 6917: 6911: 6905: 6899: 6888: 6882: 6876: 6870: 6859: 6853: 6847: 6841: 6835: 6829: 6823: 6813: 6807: 6801: 6792: 6786: 6775: 6769: 6763: 6757: 6751: 6745: 6739: 6733: 6727: 6721: 6715: 6709: 6703: 6697: 6691: 6685: 6679: 6673: 6667: 6661: 6652: 6646: 6640: 6634: 6628: 6622: 6616: 6610: 6604: 6598: 6589: 6583: 6574: 6564: 6558: 6552: 6546: 6540: 6534: 6528: 6522: 6512: 6506: 6500: 6494: 6484: 6478: 6472: 6466: 6460: 6454: 6448: 6439: 6433: 6427: 6421: 6406: 6400: 6394: 6388: 6382: 6376: 6370: 6364: 6358: 6352: 6343: 6342: 6331: 6325: 6319: 6304: 6303: 6284: 6274: 6268: 6262: 6256: 6250: 6237: 6231: 6225: 6219: 6213: 6207: 6201: 6195: 6189: 6183: 6177: 6171: 6162: 6156: 6150: 6144: 6138: 6128: 6122: 6116: 6110: 6100: 6094: 6088: 6082: 6076: 6070: 6064: 6058: 6048: 6042: 6036: 6030: 6024: 6018: 6012: 6003: 5997: 5991: 5985: 5976: 5970: 5961: 5955: 5949: 5943: 5937: 5931: 5925: 5919: 5913: 5907: 5892: 5886: 5875: 5869: 5863: 5857: 5851: 5845: 5836: 5826: 5820: 5810: 5804: 5798: 5792: 5787:Shaw, R. (2008) 5785: 5779: 5765: 5759: 5753: 5747: 5733: 5727: 5717: 5711: 5697: 5691: 5681: 5675: 5669: 5663: 5657: 5651: 5645: 5639: 5633: 5627: 5621: 5612: 5606: 5597: 5587: 5581: 5575: 5569: 5563: 5557: 5551: 5545: 5539: 5533: 5527: 5521: 5515: 5509: 5499: 5493: 5483: 5477: 5471: 5465: 5459: 5453: 5447: 5438: 5432: 5423: 5413: 5407: 5401: 5392: 5386: 5380: 5374: 5361: 5355: 5349: 5339: 5333: 5327: 5321: 5311: 5305: 5299: 5293: 5287: 5281: 5275: 5266: 5260: 5254: 5248: 5242: 5236: 5230: 5220: 5214: 5208: 5202: 5196: 5190: 5184: 5173: 5167: 5161: 5151: 5145: 5139: 5133: 5127: 5118: 5112: 5103: 5097: 5091: 5085: 5079: 5069: 5063: 5057: 5044: 5038: 5032: 5026: 5017: 5007: 5001: 4995: 4989: 4979: 4973: 4967: 4961: 4951: 4945: 4931: 4925: 4911: 4905: 4899: 4893: 4883: 4877: 4871: 4862: 4848: 4842: 4836: 4830: 4824: 4813: 4807: 4801: 4795: 4784: 4778: 4772: 4766: 4760: 4754: 4748: 4742: 4733: 4727: 4721: 4715: 4709: 4703: 4697: 4691: 4685: 4679: 4670: 4664: 4658: 4652: 4643: 4637: 4631: 4621: 4612: 4606: 4600: 4594: 4588: 4582: 4569: 4559: 4553: 4547: 4541: 4535: 4526: 4516: 4510: 4504: 4498: 4484: 4478: 4460: 4454: 4448: 4442: 4432: 4426: 4412: 4406: 4392: 4386: 4372: 4366: 4360: 4354: 4348: 4342: 4336: 4330: 4324: 4315: 4309: 4303: 4293: 4287: 4277: 4271: 4261: 4255: 4245: 4239: 4233: 4222: 4208: 4202: 4196: 4190: 4184: 4178: 4172: 4166: 4156: 4150: 4144: 4138: 4132: 4123: 4117: 4111: 4101: 4095: 4089: 4083: 4077: 4071: 4061: 4055: 4049: 4043: 4033: 4027: 4021: 4012: 4006: 4000: 3994: 3988: 3978: 3972: 3966: 3960: 3954: 3943: 3937: 3928: 3918: 3912: 3902: 3896: 3890: 3884: 3874: 3868: 3862: 3856: 3846: 3840: 3834: 3828: 3822: 3811: 3801: 3795: 3785: 3779: 3773: 3767: 3757: 3751: 3745: 3739: 3733: 3727: 3721: 3715: 3709: 3703: 3697: 3691: 3685: 3679: 3673: 3664: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3576: 3570: 3564: 3554: 3548: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3524: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3500: 3494: 3488: 3482: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3443: 3437: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3381: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3341: 3335: 3325: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3297: 3291: 3281: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3230: 3224: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3206: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3160: 3147: 3141: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3105: 3099: 3089: 3083: 3077: 3071: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3040: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3017: 3008: 3007: 3005: 3003: 2998:on March 5, 2010 2994:. Archived from 2984: 2975: 2969: 2963: 2957: 2948: 2943:, pp. 4–5; 2938: 2932: 2926: 2917: 2907: 2901: 2895: 2889: 2883: 2877: 2867: 2861: 2855: 2849: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2827: 2821: 2815: 2809: 2803: 2797: 2791: 2785: 2776:, pp. 2–3; 2771: 2765: 2755: 2749: 2743: 2737: 2736:, pp. 8, 9. 2731: 2725: 2719: 2710: 2709:, pp. 9–10. 2704: 2698: 2688: 2682: 2672: 2666: 2660: 2649: 2639: 2633: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2613: 2607: 2606: 2588: 2497:Washington, D.C. 2441:Cesar Chavez Day 2336: 2314:, discovered by 2312:6982 Cesarchavez 2151: 2085:Chicano Movement 2030: 1955:Chavez visiting 1919: 1712:Chava Bustamante 1705: 1596:Ferdinand Marcos 1588:Ferdinand Marcos 1569:Charles Dederich 1554: 1531:Philip Vera Cruz 1421: 1219:Hartnell College 1189:Lionel Steinberg 1110: 974: 914:(UAW) president 748: 717:Marxist-Leninist 516:Great Depression 495:and listened to 481:folk Catholicism 393:personality cult 297:register to vote 285:Mexican-American 243: 238: 234: 233: 230: 229: 226: 223: 220: 217: 214: 96: 94: 74: 72: 53: 39: 38: 21: 14613: 14612: 14608: 14607: 14606: 14604: 14603: 14602: 14468: 14467: 14466: 14456: 14454: 14444: 14442: 14432: 14430: 14426:Organized labor 14418: 14410: 14408: 14403: 14374: 14340: 14317: 14301: 14296: 14266: 14261: 14253: 14241: 14235: 14234: 14222: 14214: 14206: 14198: 14186: 14180: 14179: 14173: 14172: 14166: 14165: 14159: 14158: 14152: 14151: 14145: 14144: 14139:David Cortright 14132: 14127:Dennis Kucinich 14124: 14116: 14110: 14109: 14103: 14102: 14091: 14085: 14084: 14078: 14077: 14065: 14056: 14049: 14041: 14033: 14025: 14017: 14009: 14004:George McGovern 14001: 13993: 13985: 13979: 13978: 13973:John Somerville 13970: 13962: 13956: 13955: 13943: 13937: 13936: 13928: 13920: 13915:Helen Caldicott 13912: 13901: 13893: 13881: 13875: 13874: 13869:Daniel Ellsberg 13866: 13858: 13852: 13851: 13845: 13844: 13836: 13830: 13829: 13817: 13811: 13810: 13802: 13786: 13778: 13772: 13771: 13765: 13764: 13756: 13744: 13732: 13720: 13709: 13703: 13673: 13668: 13651: 13623:Thích Nhất Hạnh 13617:Simone Campbell 13580: 13517: 13495:Daniel Berrigan 13477:Mairead Maguire 13464: 13436:Helen Caldicott 13407: 13366: 13332:John F. Kennedy 13315: 13310:Pacem in Terris 13306: 13276: 13271: 13240: 13235:Lyndon LaRouche 13219: 13214:Willie Mae Reid 13190: 13161: 13148:Margaret Wright 13132: 13103: 13080:Communist Party 13074: 13053: 13032: 13008: 12942: 12911: 12892:Sargent Shriver 12860:Ellen McCormack 12855:Eugene McCarthy 12835:Hubert Humphrey 12760: 12733: 12718: 12688: 12683: 12665: 12609: 12463: 12365: 12309: 12295:Tex-Mex cuisine 12163: 12153:Proposition 187 12102:Arizona SB 1070 12064: 11966: 11962:Zoot Suit Riots 11922:Bracero program 11912:1917 Bath riots 11900: 11849: 11839: 11809: 11804: 11749: 11690: 11679:The Forty Acres 11662: 11637: 11632: 11598: 11589: 11580: 11528:Cesar Chavez's 11523:Wayback Machine 11432: 11431: 11430: 11410:By Cesar Chavez 11407: 11406: 11391: 11390: 11386: 11379: 11360:Wayback Machine 11279:(2nd ed. 2000) 11162: 11094: 11092:Further reading 11089: 11027:(1–2): 95–114. 10933: 10869:(83): 143–145. 10825: 10804: 10799: 10789: 10787: 10769: 10765: 10755: 10753: 10744: 10743: 10739: 10731: 10727: 10719: 10715: 10709:Cesar E. Chavez 10707: 10703: 10695: 10691: 10683: 10679: 10669: 10667: 10662: 10661: 10657: 10642: 10638: 10628: 10626: 10615: 10611: 10601: 10599: 10590: 10589: 10585: 10574: 10570: 10556: 10554: 10543: 10542: 10538: 10525: 10524: 10520: 10505: 10501: 10491: 10489: 10482:www.cpuc.ca.gov 10476: 10475: 10471: 10463: 10459: 10449: 10447: 10434: 10433: 10429: 10419: 10417: 10405: 10401: 10391: 10389: 10379: 10375: 10369:Wayback Machine 10360: 10356: 10346: 10344: 10339: 10338: 10334: 10324: 10322: 10313: 10312: 10308: 10298: 10296: 10295:on July 4, 2009 10285: 10281: 10266: 10262: 10249: 10248: 10244: 10234: 10232: 10224: 10223: 10219: 10209: 10207: 10199: 10198: 10194: 10184: 10182: 10162: 10161: 10157: 10149: 10142: 10132: 10130: 10121: 10120: 10116: 10106: 10104: 10095: 10094: 10090: 10082: 10078: 10070: 10066: 10058: 10054: 10046: 10039: 10031: 10027: 10020: 10004: 10000: 9992: 9985: 9977: 9973: 9965: 9961: 9953: 9949: 9941: 9937: 9929:, p. 363; 9925: 9921: 9917:, p. 4511. 9913: 9909: 9901: 9897: 9889: 9885: 9873: 9869: 9861: 9857: 9849: 9845: 9837: 9833: 9825: 9821: 9813: 9809: 9801: 9797: 9789: 9785: 9777: 9773: 9765: 9761: 9753: 9740: 9732: 9725: 9717: 9708: 9700: 9696: 9688: 9684: 9676: 9672: 9664: 9657: 9649: 9645: 9637: 9630: 9622: 9618: 9610: 9606: 9598: 9594: 9586: 9582: 9574: 9570: 9562: 9558: 9550: 9541: 9533: 9529: 9521: 9512: 9504: 9500: 9492: 9485: 9477: 9473: 9466: 9452: 9448: 9429: 9425: 9418: 9404: 9397: 9374: 9370: 9362: 9358: 9350: 9346: 9338: 9334: 9322: 9318: 9306: 9302: 9294: 9290: 9279: 9275: 9267: 9263: 9255: 9251: 9243: 9232: 9224: 9220: 9212: 9208: 9200: 9187: 9179: 9175: 9167: 9160: 9152: 9148: 9140: 9133: 9121: 9117: 9109: 9105: 9097: 9093: 9085: 9078: 9070: 9063: 9055: 9051: 9043: 9039: 9027: 9023: 9011: 9007: 8999: 8995: 8987: 8983: 8975: 8971: 8963: 8959: 8951: 8947: 8939: 8930: 8922: 8918: 8910: 8906: 8898: 8891: 8883: 8879: 8871: 8867: 8855: 8851: 8843: 8836: 8828: 8819: 8811: 8807: 8799: 8795: 8787: 8783: 8775:, p. 355; 8771: 8767: 8759: 8752: 8744: 8737: 8729: 8725: 8717: 8713: 8705: 8698: 8690: 8686: 8678: 8674: 8666: 8662: 8654: 8645: 8637: 8633: 8629:, pp. 2–3. 8625: 8621: 8613:, p. 127; 8609: 8605: 8597:, p. 127; 8593: 8589: 8581:, p. 126; 8577: 8570: 8560: 8558: 8549: 8548: 8544: 8536: 8529: 8521: 8514: 8506:, p. 126; 8502: 8498: 8490: 8486: 8478:, p. 126; 8474: 8470: 8462: 8455: 8447: 8443: 8435: 8431: 8419: 8415: 8407: 8403: 8395: 8391: 8383: 8376: 8365:"Hunger Artist" 8361: 8357: 8349: 8345: 8337: 8322: 8314: 8310: 8302: 8295: 8287: 8280: 8272: 8268: 8260: 8256: 8248: 8241: 8233:, p. 117; 8229: 8225: 8217:, p. 107; 8213: 8209: 8201: 8194: 8186: 8182: 8174: 8170: 8162: 8158: 8150: 8146: 8138: 8134: 8126:, p. 115; 8122: 8118: 8110: 8106: 8098: 8094: 8086:, p. 114; 8082: 8078: 8070: 8066: 8058: 8054: 8046: 8042: 8034: 8027: 8019: 8015: 8007: 8000: 7992: 7985: 7977: 7973: 7965:, p. 108; 7961: 7957: 7949: 7945: 7937: 7933: 7925: 7921: 7913: 7902: 7894: 7890: 7882: 7878: 7870: 7866: 7858: 7854: 7846: 7839: 7831: 7827: 7819: 7815: 7807: 7803: 7795: 7788: 7780: 7773: 7765: 7758: 7750: 7741: 7733: 7729: 7721: 7714: 7706: 7702: 7694: 7690: 7682: 7678: 7670: 7666: 7658: 7654: 7646:, p. 102; 7642: 7638: 7630: 7626: 7618: 7609: 7601:, p. 102; 7597: 7593: 7585:, p. 102; 7581: 7577: 7569: 7565: 7557: 7553: 7545: 7541: 7533: 7529: 7521: 7517: 7509: 7505: 7497: 7490: 7482: 7475: 7467: 7463: 7455: 7451: 7443: 7439: 7431: 7427: 7419: 7410: 7402: 7395: 7387: 7378: 7368: 7366: 7364: 7348: 7344: 7334: 7332: 7330: 7314: 7310: 7302: 7295: 7287: 7283: 7275: 7271: 7263: 7259: 7251: 7247: 7239: 7235: 7227: 7220: 7212: 7208: 7200: 7196: 7188: 7181: 7173: 7169: 7161: 7157: 7149: 7140: 7132: 7128: 7120: 7116: 7108: 7104: 7096: 7092: 7084: 7080: 7072: 7068: 7060: 7056: 7048: 7044: 7036: 7029: 7021: 7014: 7006: 7002: 6990: 6986: 6978: 6971: 6963: 6959: 6951: 6947: 6939: 6935: 6927: 6920: 6912: 6908: 6900: 6891: 6883: 6879: 6871: 6862: 6854: 6850: 6842: 6838: 6830: 6826: 6814: 6810: 6802: 6795: 6787: 6778: 6770: 6766: 6758: 6754: 6746: 6742: 6734: 6730: 6722: 6718: 6710: 6706: 6698: 6694: 6686: 6682: 6674: 6670: 6662: 6655: 6647: 6643: 6635: 6631: 6623: 6619: 6611: 6607: 6599: 6592: 6584: 6577: 6565: 6561: 6553: 6549: 6541: 6537: 6529: 6525: 6513: 6509: 6501: 6497: 6485: 6481: 6473: 6469: 6461: 6457: 6449: 6442: 6434: 6430: 6422: 6409: 6401: 6397: 6389: 6385: 6377: 6373: 6365: 6361: 6353: 6346: 6333: 6332: 6328: 6320: 6307: 6297: 6275: 6271: 6263: 6259: 6251: 6240: 6232: 6228: 6220: 6216: 6208: 6204: 6196: 6192: 6184: 6180: 6172: 6165: 6157: 6153: 6145: 6141: 6129: 6125: 6117: 6113: 6101: 6097: 6089: 6085: 6077: 6073: 6065: 6061: 6049: 6045: 6037: 6033: 6025: 6021: 6013: 6006: 5998: 5994: 5986: 5979: 5971: 5964: 5956: 5952: 5944: 5940: 5932: 5928: 5920: 5916: 5908: 5895: 5887: 5878: 5870: 5866: 5858: 5854: 5846: 5839: 5827: 5823: 5811: 5807: 5799: 5795: 5786: 5782: 5770:, p. 375; 5766: 5762: 5754: 5750: 5734: 5730: 5718: 5714: 5702:, p. 374; 5698: 5694: 5686:, p. 127; 5682: 5678: 5670: 5666: 5658: 5654: 5646: 5642: 5634: 5630: 5622: 5615: 5607: 5600: 5588: 5584: 5576: 5572: 5564: 5560: 5552: 5548: 5540: 5536: 5528: 5524: 5516: 5512: 5500: 5496: 5484: 5480: 5472: 5468: 5460: 5456: 5448: 5441: 5433: 5426: 5414: 5410: 5402: 5395: 5387: 5383: 5375: 5364: 5356: 5352: 5340: 5336: 5328: 5324: 5312: 5308: 5300: 5296: 5288: 5284: 5276: 5269: 5261: 5257: 5249: 5245: 5237: 5233: 5221: 5217: 5209: 5205: 5197: 5193: 5185: 5176: 5168: 5164: 5152: 5148: 5140: 5136: 5128: 5121: 5113: 5106: 5098: 5094: 5086: 5082: 5070: 5066: 5058: 5047: 5039: 5035: 5027: 5020: 5008: 5004: 4996: 4992: 4980: 4976: 4968: 4964: 4952: 4948: 4932: 4928: 4912: 4908: 4900: 4896: 4884: 4880: 4872: 4865: 4849: 4845: 4837: 4833: 4825: 4816: 4808: 4804: 4796: 4787: 4779: 4775: 4767: 4763: 4755: 4751: 4743: 4736: 4728: 4724: 4716: 4712: 4704: 4700: 4692: 4688: 4680: 4673: 4665: 4661: 4653: 4646: 4638: 4634: 4622: 4615: 4607: 4603: 4595: 4591: 4583: 4572: 4560: 4556: 4548: 4544: 4536: 4529: 4517: 4513: 4505: 4501: 4489:, p. 360; 4485: 4481: 4465:, p. 359; 4461: 4457: 4449: 4445: 4433: 4429: 4413: 4409: 4397:, p. 359; 4393: 4389: 4377:, p. 357; 4373: 4369: 4361: 4357: 4349: 4345: 4337: 4333: 4325: 4318: 4310: 4306: 4294: 4290: 4278: 4274: 4262: 4258: 4250:, p. 125; 4246: 4242: 4234: 4225: 4213:, p. 356; 4209: 4205: 4197: 4193: 4185: 4181: 4173: 4169: 4157: 4153: 4145: 4141: 4133: 4126: 4118: 4114: 4102: 4098: 4090: 4086: 4078: 4074: 4062: 4058: 4050: 4046: 4034: 4030: 4022: 4015: 4007: 4003: 3995: 3991: 3979: 3975: 3967: 3963: 3955: 3946: 3938: 3931: 3919: 3915: 3903: 3899: 3891: 3887: 3875: 3871: 3863: 3859: 3847: 3843: 3835: 3831: 3823: 3814: 3802: 3798: 3786: 3782: 3774: 3770: 3758: 3754: 3746: 3742: 3734: 3730: 3722: 3718: 3710: 3706: 3698: 3694: 3686: 3682: 3674: 3667: 3655: 3651: 3643: 3639: 3631: 3627: 3619: 3615: 3607: 3603: 3595: 3591: 3583: 3579: 3571: 3567: 3555: 3551: 3543: 3539: 3531: 3527: 3519: 3515: 3507: 3503: 3495: 3491: 3483: 3470: 3462: 3458: 3450: 3446: 3438: 3434: 3426: 3422: 3410: 3406: 3398: 3394: 3382: 3378: 3370: 3366: 3358: 3354: 3342: 3338: 3326: 3322: 3314: 3310: 3298: 3294: 3282: 3273: 3265: 3261: 3251: 3249: 3231: 3227: 3217: 3215: 3204: 3195: 3191: 3181: 3179: 3169: 3151:Mitchell, H. L. 3148: 3144: 3134: 3132: 3122: 3106: 3102: 3090: 3086: 3078: 3074: 3062: 3058: 3050: 3043: 3033: 3031: 3018: 3011: 3001: 2999: 2986: 2985: 2978: 2970: 2966: 2958: 2951: 2939: 2935: 2927: 2920: 2908: 2904: 2896: 2892: 2884: 2880: 2868: 2864: 2856: 2852: 2842: 2840: 2828: 2824: 2816: 2812: 2804: 2800: 2792: 2788: 2780:, p. 405; 2772: 2768: 2756: 2752: 2744: 2740: 2732: 2728: 2720: 2713: 2705: 2701: 2689: 2685: 2673: 2669: 2661: 2652: 2640: 2636: 2626: 2624: 2615: 2614: 2610: 2603: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2576: 2568:Union organizer 2544: 2505:Johanna Poethig 2419:authorized the 2399:designated the 2331: 2324:naming citation 2286:Pacem in Terris 2281:Jefferson Award 2251: 2245: 2153: 2149: 2118: 2093: 2061:Abraham Lincoln 2057:John F. Kennedy 2049:state socialism 2032: 2028: 2019: 2017:Political views 2004:Philip P. Mason 1999:German shepherd 1921: 1917: 1908: 1879: 1814:Christian Right 1796: 1707: 1703: 1660: 1655: 1556: 1552: 1543: 1471: 1423: 1419: 1375: 1358:LeRoy Chatfield 1286: 1202: 1197: 1162: 1148:Jacques E. Levy 1112: 1108: 1091:The Forty Acres 1079: 1007:Emiliano Zapata 976: 972: 963: 876: 871: 832:Gilbert Padilla 828:Julio Hernandez 793: 750: 746: 701:Christmas trees 663: 658: 544: 429: 424: 358:strike-breakers 236: 211: 207: 175:Military career 137: 103: 97: 92: 90: 82: 76: 70: 68: 67: 66: 56: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:César E. Chávez 15: 12: 11: 5: 14611: 14601: 14600: 14595: 14590: 14585: 14580: 14575: 14570: 14565: 14560: 14555: 14550: 14548:Dolores Huerta 14545: 14540: 14535: 14530: 14525: 14520: 14515: 14510: 14505: 14500: 14495: 14490: 14485: 14480: 14465: 14464: 14452: 14440: 14428: 14405: 14404: 14402: 14401: 14395: 14392:Juan Fernández 14389: 14386:Richard Chavez 14382: 14380: 14376: 14375: 14373: 14372: 14364: 14356: 14348: 14346: 14342: 14341: 14339: 14338: 14331: 14325: 14323: 14319: 14318: 14316: 14315: 14309: 14307: 14303: 14302: 14299:Dolores Huerta 14295: 14294: 14287: 14280: 14272: 14263: 14262: 14260: 14259: 14256:Jackson Browne 14251: 14248:Omar Barghouti 14239: 14232: 14220: 14217:Medea Benjamin 14212: 14204: 14196: 14193:Arik Ascherman 14184: 14177: 14170: 14163: 14156: 14149: 14142: 14130: 14122: 14114: 14107: 14099: 14097: 14093: 14092: 14090: 14089: 14082: 14075: 14063: 14062: 14061: 14054: 14039: 14031: 14023: 14015: 14007: 13999: 13991: 13983: 13976: 13968: 13960: 13953: 13941: 13934: 13926: 13923:Corliss Lamont 13918: 13909: 13907: 13903: 13902: 13900: 13899: 13896:Roland Bainton 13891: 13884:Peter Benenson 13879: 13872: 13864: 13856: 13849: 13842: 13834: 13827: 13824:Willard Uphaus 13815: 13808: 13805:Benjamin Spock 13800: 13784: 13776: 13769: 13762: 13754: 13742: 13730: 13717: 13715: 13711: 13710: 13702: 13701: 13694: 13687: 13679: 13670: 13669: 13667: 13666: 13664:Norma Pimentel 13659: 13657: 13653: 13652: 13650: 13649: 13643: 13637: 13631: 13625: 13619: 13613: 13607: 13601: 13595: 13588: 13586: 13582: 13581: 13579: 13578: 13572: 13566: 13560: 13554: 13548: 13542:Gwen Hennessey 13538: 13532: 13525: 13523: 13519: 13518: 13516: 13515: 13509: 13503: 13497: 13491: 13485: 13479: 13472: 13470: 13466: 13465: 13463: 13462: 13456: 13450: 13444: 13438: 13432: 13426: 13415: 13413: 13409: 13408: 13406: 13405: 13399: 13393: 13387: 13381: 13374: 13372: 13368: 13367: 13365: 13364: 13358: 13352: 13346: 13340: 13334: 13323: 13321: 13317: 13316: 13305: 13304: 13297: 13290: 13282: 13273: 13272: 13270: 13269: 13264: 13259: 13249: 13246: 13245: 13242: 13241: 13239: 13238: 13229: 13227: 13221: 13220: 13218: 13217: 13209: 13200: 13198: 13192: 13191: 13189: 13188: 13180: 13171: 13169: 13163: 13162: 13160: 13159: 13156:Benjamin Spock 13151: 13142: 13140: 13138:People's Party 13134: 13133: 13131: 13130: 13127:David Bergland 13122: 13119:Roger MacBride 13113: 13111: 13105: 13104: 13102: 13101: 13093: 13084: 13082: 13076: 13075: 13073: 13072: 13063: 13061: 13055: 13054: 13052: 13051: 13042: 13040: 13038:American Party 13034: 13033: 13014: 13013: 13010: 13009: 13007: 13006: 13004:Harold Stassen 13001: 13000: 12999: 12994: 12984: 12975: 12974: 12966: 12965: 12964: 12950: 12948: 12944: 12943: 12941: 12940: 12935: 12929: 12923: 12917: 12916: 12913: 12912: 12910: 12909: 12907:George Wallace 12904: 12899: 12894: 12889: 12888: 12887: 12877: 12872: 12867: 12865:Walter Mondale 12862: 12857: 12852: 12850:Barbara Jordan 12847: 12842: 12837: 12832: 12830:Fred R. Harris 12827: 12822: 12817: 12812: 12807: 12802: 12793: 12792: 12789:Walter Mondale 12784: 12783: 12782: 12768: 12766: 12762: 12761: 12759: 12758: 12753: 12747: 12741: 12735: 12734: 12717: 12716: 12709: 12702: 12694: 12685: 12684: 12682: 12681: 12676: 12670: 12667: 12666: 12664: 12663: 12658: 12653: 12648: 12643: 12638: 12633: 12628: 12623: 12617: 12615: 12611: 12610: 12608: 12607: 12600: 12593: 12592: 12591: 12586: 12576: 12575: 12574: 12566: 12561: 12554: 12551:Nuevomexicanos 12547: 12540: 12533: 12526: 12521: 12514: 12507: 12500: 12482: 12481: 12480: 12471: 12469: 12465: 12464: 12462: 12461: 12454: 12447: 12440: 12433: 12426: 12419: 12412: 12405: 12398: 12391: 12384: 12376: 12374: 12367: 12366: 12364: 12363: 12358: 12353: 12348: 12343: 12338: 12333: 12331:Gringo justice 12328: 12323: 12317: 12315: 12311: 12310: 12308: 12307: 12302: 12297: 12292: 12287: 12282: 12277: 12272: 12267: 12262: 12257: 12252: 12247: 12242: 12237: 12232: 12227: 12222: 12217: 12212: 12207: 12205:Chicano poetry 12202: 12197: 12192: 12190:Chicano cinema 12187: 12182: 12177: 12171: 12169: 12165: 12164: 12162: 12161: 12156: 12149: 12144: 12139: 12134: 12129: 12122: 12117: 12110: 12105: 12098: 12093: 12088: 12083: 12078: 12072: 12070: 12066: 12065: 12063: 12062: 12057: 12052: 12047: 12042: 12037: 12032: 12027: 12022: 12017: 12012: 12007: 12002: 11997: 11992: 11987: 11982: 11976: 11974: 11968: 11967: 11965: 11964: 11959: 11954: 11949: 11944: 11939: 11934: 11929: 11924: 11919: 11914: 11908: 11906: 11902: 11901: 11899: 11898: 11893: 11888: 11883: 11878: 11873: 11868: 11863: 11857: 11855: 11851: 11850: 11838: 11837: 11830: 11823: 11815: 11806: 11805: 11803: 11802: 11794: 11786: 11784:McDonnell Hall 11781: 11779:Dolores Huerta 11776: 11773:Richard Chavez 11770: 11764: 11757: 11755: 11751: 11750: 11748: 11747: 11742: 11734: 11727: 11719: 11714: 11709: 11704: 11698: 11696: 11692: 11691: 11689: 11688: 11683: 11682: 11681: 11670: 11668: 11664: 11663: 11661: 11660: 11659: 11658: 11645: 11643: 11639: 11638: 11631: 11630: 11623: 11616: 11608: 11600: 11599: 11594: 11591: 11581: 11576: 11572: 11571: 11565: 11564: 11558: 11552: 11526: 11513: 11505: 11497: 11492: 11484: 11470: 11460: 11454: 11448: 11429: 11428: 11423: 11418: 11412: 11408: 11405: 11404: 11399: 11393: 11392: 11381: 11380: 11378: 11377:External links 11375: 11374: 11373: 11362: 11353:online edition 11345: 11319: 11304: 11297: 11290: 11283: 11273: 11258: 11239: 11232: 11224: 11222:online edition 11211: 11206:Jacob, Amanda 11204: 11193: 11186: 11176: 11166: 11161:978-0520254336 11160: 11144: 11137: 11127: 11120: 11118:online version 11110: 11093: 11090: 11088: 11087: 11069:(1): 117–128. 11058: 11037: 11016: 10998:(4): 347–384. 10987: 10966: 10937: 10931: 10918: 10892:(1): 151–168. 10881: 10858: 10840:(4): 403–417. 10829: 10824:978-0313334528 10823: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10798: 10797: 10763: 10737: 10725: 10713: 10701: 10689: 10677: 10655: 10636: 10609: 10583: 10568: 10550:whitehouse.gov 10536: 10518: 10499: 10469: 10457: 10427: 10399: 10373: 10354: 10332: 10306: 10279: 10260: 10242: 10217: 10192: 10155: 10153:, p. 128. 10140: 10114: 10088: 10086:, p. 103. 10076: 10074:, p. 152. 10064: 10062:, p. 151. 10052: 10037: 10025: 10019:978-1134218233 10018: 9998: 9996:, p. 438. 9983: 9981:, p. 143. 9971: 9969:, p. 144. 9959: 9957:, p. 404. 9947: 9935: 9919: 9907: 9905:, p. 107. 9895: 9883: 9867: 9855: 9853:, p. 348. 9843: 9841:, p. 347. 9831: 9829:, p. 372. 9819: 9807: 9805:, p. 122. 9795: 9783: 9781:, p. 128. 9771: 9769:, p. 126. 9759: 9757:, p. 298. 9738: 9723: 9721:, p. 296. 9706: 9694: 9692:, p. 178. 9682: 9680:, p. 148. 9670: 9668:, p. 144. 9655: 9653:, p. 385. 9643: 9641:, p. 179. 9628: 9616: 9604: 9602:, p. 378. 9592: 9590:, p. 379. 9580: 9578:, p. 279. 9568: 9566:, p. 281. 9556: 9554:, p. 100. 9539: 9537:, p. 143. 9527: 9525:, p. 243. 9510: 9508:, p. 264. 9498: 9483: 9471: 9464: 9446: 9423: 9416: 9395: 9368: 9366:, p. 411. 9356: 9344: 9342:, p. 410. 9332: 9326:, p. 46; 9316: 9314:, p. 190. 9310:, p. 60; 9300: 9298:, p. 238. 9288: 9273: 9271:, p. 196. 9261: 9259:, p. 415. 9249: 9247:, p. 195. 9230: 9228:, p. 407. 9218: 9216:, p. 408. 9206: 9204:, p. 409. 9185: 9173: 9171:, p. 329. 9158: 9156:, p. 191. 9146: 9144:, p. 189. 9131: 9129:, p. 365. 9125:, p. 94; 9115: 9113:, p. 173. 9103: 9101:, p. 147. 9091: 9076: 9061: 9059:, p. 204. 9049: 9037: 9035:, p. 408. 9031:, p. 95; 9021: 9005: 9003:, p. 252. 8993: 8991:, p. 256. 8981: 8979:, p. 247. 8969: 8957: 8945: 8943:, p. 363. 8928: 8916: 8914:, p. 301. 8904: 8902:, p. 278. 8889: 8887:, p. 283. 8877: 8865: 8863:, p. 413. 8859:, p. 26; 8849: 8834: 8817: 8805: 8793: 8781: 8765: 8763:, p. 180. 8750: 8748:, p. 358. 8735: 8723: 8721:, p. 192. 8711: 8709:, p. 440. 8696: 8684: 8682:, p. 381. 8672: 8660: 8658:, p. 146. 8643: 8631: 8619: 8617:, p. 472. 8603: 8601:, p. 471. 8587: 8585:, p. 471. 8568: 8542: 8540:, p. 471. 8527: 8525:, p. 470. 8512: 8510:, p. 470. 8496: 8494:, p. 126. 8484: 8482:, p. 469. 8468: 8466:, p. 469. 8453: 8451:, p. 468. 8441: 8429: 8427:, p. 465. 8413: 8411:, p. 452. 8401: 8389: 8387:, p. 451. 8374: 8369:The New Yorker 8355: 8343: 8341:, p. 450. 8320: 8308: 8306:, p. 464. 8293: 8291:, p. 463. 8278: 8266: 8264:, p. 461. 8254: 8252:, p. 460. 8239: 8237:, p. 459. 8223: 8221:, p. 442. 8207: 8205:, p. 434. 8192: 8190:, p. 459. 8180: 8168: 8166:, p. 458. 8156: 8154:, p. 116. 8144: 8142:, p. 457. 8132: 8130:, p. 457. 8116: 8114:, p. 443. 8104: 8102:, p. 114. 8092: 8076: 8074:, p. 441. 8064: 8062:, p. 442. 8052: 8050:, p. 446. 8040: 8038:, p. 445. 8025: 8013: 8011:, p. 439. 7998: 7996:, p. 448. 7983: 7981:, p. 449. 7971: 7969:, p. 444. 7955: 7943: 7931: 7929:, p. 437. 7919: 7917:, p. 436. 7900: 7898:, p. 433. 7888: 7876: 7864: 7862:, p. 420. 7852: 7850:, p. 419. 7837: 7835:, p. 435. 7825: 7813: 7801: 7799:, p. 430. 7786: 7784:, p. 429. 7771: 7769:, p. 427. 7756: 7754:, p. 426. 7739: 7727: 7725:, p. 425. 7712: 7710:, p. 418. 7700: 7698:, p. 416. 7688: 7676: 7664: 7652: 7650:, p. 411. 7636: 7634:, p. 410. 7624: 7622:, p. 409. 7607: 7605:, p. 405. 7591: 7575: 7573:, p. 404. 7563: 7561:, p. 101. 7551: 7549:, p. 403. 7539: 7527: 7525:, p. 402. 7515: 7513:, p. 401. 7503: 7501:, p. 390. 7488: 7486:, p. 444. 7473: 7471:, p. 395. 7461: 7449: 7447:, p. 394. 7437: 7435:, p. 407. 7425: 7423:, p. 396. 7408: 7393: 7391:, p. 368. 7376: 7362: 7342: 7328: 7308: 7306:, p. 367. 7293: 7291:, p. 387. 7281: 7279:, p. 371. 7269: 7267:, p. 369. 7257: 7255:, p. 360. 7245: 7233: 7231:, p. 363. 7218: 7206: 7194: 7192:, p. 389. 7179: 7177:, p. 366. 7167: 7165:, p. 362. 7155: 7153:, p. 357. 7138: 7136:, p. 356. 7126: 7124:, p. 365. 7114: 7112:, p. 354. 7102: 7100:, p. 350. 7090: 7078: 7066: 7064:, p. 355. 7054: 7042: 7027: 7025:, p. 353. 7012: 7010:, p. 351. 7000: 6998:, p. 351. 6984: 6982:, p. 346. 6969: 6957: 6945: 6933: 6931:, p. 343. 6918: 6916:, p. 340. 6906: 6904:, p. 341. 6889: 6877: 6875:, p. 339. 6860: 6848: 6836: 6834:, p. 333. 6824: 6818:, p. 97; 6808: 6806:, p. 330. 6793: 6791:, p. 332. 6776: 6774:, p. 322. 6764: 6752: 6740: 6738:, p. 325. 6728: 6726:, p. 327. 6716: 6704: 6702:, p. 326. 6692: 6690:, p. 319. 6680: 6668: 6666:, p. 321. 6653: 6651:, p. 320. 6641: 6639:, p. 318. 6629: 6627:, p. 316. 6617: 6605: 6603:, p. 312. 6590: 6588:, p. 308. 6575: 6573:, p. 307. 6569:, p. 91; 6559: 6547: 6535: 6533:, p. 302. 6523: 6521:, p. 302. 6517:, p. 88; 6507: 6495: 6493:, p. 304. 6479: 6477:, p. 303. 6467: 6455: 6453:, p. 292. 6440: 6428: 6426:, p. 295. 6407: 6405:, p. 289. 6395: 6393:, p. 290. 6383: 6371: 6369:, p. 288. 6359: 6344: 6326: 6324:, p. 294. 6305: 6296:978-0801482793 6295: 6269: 6257: 6255:, p. 293. 6238: 6236:, p. 287. 6226: 6214: 6212:, p. 285. 6202: 6200:, p. 286. 6190: 6178: 6176:, p. 276. 6163: 6161:, p. 275. 6151: 6139: 6137:, p. 271. 6123: 6121:, p. 271. 6111: 6105:, p. 83; 6095: 6093:, p. 265. 6083: 6081:, p. 263. 6071: 6059: 6057:, p. 261. 6043: 6031: 6029:, p. 261. 6019: 6017:, p. 260. 6004: 6002:, p. 246. 5992: 5990:, p. 257. 5977: 5975:, p. 253. 5962: 5950: 5938: 5936:, p. 254. 5926: 5914: 5912:, p. 251. 5893: 5891:, p. 245. 5876: 5864: 5862:, p. 242. 5852: 5850:, p. 244. 5837: 5835:, p. 241. 5831:, p. 78; 5821: 5805: 5803:, p. 241. 5793: 5780: 5778:, p. 240. 5774:, p. 77; 5760: 5758:, p. 239. 5748: 5746:, p. 241. 5742:, p. 78; 5728: 5722:, p. 77; 5712: 5710:, p. 239. 5706:, p. 77; 5692: 5690:, p. 253. 5676: 5674:, p. 282. 5664: 5652: 5650:, p. 236. 5640: 5638:, p. 235. 5628: 5626:, p. 233. 5613: 5611:, p. 230. 5598: 5596:, p. 230. 5592:, p. 74; 5582: 5570: 5568:, p. 229. 5558: 5556:, p. 227. 5546: 5534: 5532:, p. 224. 5522: 5520:, p. 226. 5510: 5508:, p. 224. 5504:, p. 73; 5494: 5488:, p. 73; 5478: 5466: 5464:, p. 221. 5454: 5452:, p. 219. 5439: 5437:, p. 218. 5424: 5422:, p. 218. 5418:, p. 75; 5408: 5406:, p. 217. 5393: 5391:, p. 215. 5381: 5379:, p. 216. 5362: 5350: 5348:, p. 214. 5344:, p. 71; 5334: 5322: 5320:, p. 208. 5316:, p. 68; 5306: 5304:, p. 206. 5294: 5282: 5280:, p. 200. 5267: 5265:, p. 202. 5255: 5243: 5231: 5229:, p. 193. 5225:, p. 67; 5215: 5203: 5191: 5189:, p. 177. 5174: 5172:, p. 181. 5162: 5156:, p. 95; 5146: 5134: 5132:, p. 190. 5119: 5117:, p. 175. 5104: 5092: 5080: 5078:, p. 188. 5074:, p. 67; 5064: 5062:, p. 186. 5045: 5033: 5031:, p. 172. 5018: 5016:, p. 171. 5012:, p. 65; 5002: 5000:, p. 171. 4990: 4988:, p. 170. 4984:, p. 64; 4974: 4972:, p. 168. 4962: 4960:, p. 166. 4946: 4940:, p. 10; 4936:, p. 63; 4926: 4924:, p. 167. 4916:, p. 63; 4906: 4904:, p. 162. 4894: 4892:, p. 161. 4888:, p. 61; 4878: 4876:, p. 160. 4863: 4861:, p. 159. 4843: 4841:, p. 159. 4831: 4829:, p. 158. 4814: 4802: 4800:, p. 155. 4785: 4773: 4771:, p. 153. 4761: 4759:, p. 152. 4749: 4747:, p. 154. 4734: 4732:, p. 150. 4722: 4710: 4698: 4696:, p. 149. 4686: 4684:, p. 140. 4671: 4659: 4657:, p. 145. 4644: 4642:, p. 139. 4632: 4630:, p. 139. 4626:, p. 56; 4613: 4611:, p. 183. 4601: 4599:, p. 182. 4589: 4587:, p. 157. 4570: 4568:, p. 141. 4564:, p. 56; 4554: 4542: 4540:, p. 136. 4527: 4525:, p. 134. 4521:, p. 55; 4511: 4509:, p. 133. 4499: 4479: 4455: 4443: 4441:, p. 127. 4427: 4417:, p. 51; 4407: 4405:, p. 125. 4401:, p. 52; 4387: 4381:, p. 51; 4367: 4355: 4343: 4331: 4329:, p. 120. 4316: 4304: 4298:, p. 48; 4288: 4282:, p. 50; 4272: 4266:, p. 50; 4256: 4254:, p. 115. 4240: 4238:, p. 115. 4223: 4217:, p. 50; 4203: 4201:, p. 114. 4191: 4189:, p. 112. 4179: 4177:, p. 113. 4167: 4165:, p. 113. 4161:, p. 47; 4151: 4139: 4137:, p. 118. 4124: 4122:, p. 109. 4112: 4110:, p. 107. 4106:, p. 46; 4096: 4094:, p. 107. 4084: 4072: 4056: 4054:, p. 102. 4044: 4042:, p. 101. 4038:, p. 39; 4028: 4026:, p. 101. 4013: 4001: 3989: 3983:, p. 38; 3973: 3961: 3944: 3929: 3923:, p. 34; 3913: 3907:, p. 35; 3897: 3885: 3879:, p. 34; 3869: 3857: 3841: 3829: 3812: 3806:, p. 34; 3796: 3780: 3768: 3762:, p. 31; 3752: 3740: 3728: 3716: 3704: 3692: 3680: 3665: 3659:, p. 29; 3649: 3637: 3625: 3613: 3601: 3589: 3587:, p. 104. 3577: 3565: 3559:, p. 27; 3549: 3537: 3525: 3513: 3501: 3489: 3468: 3456: 3444: 3432: 3420: 3414:, p. 26; 3404: 3392: 3386:, p. 16; 3376: 3364: 3352: 3346:, p. 24; 3336: 3320: 3308: 3302:, p. 14; 3292: 3286:, p. 13; 3271: 3259: 3244:. Washington: 3225: 3189: 3168:978-0806139845 3167: 3142: 3120: 3100: 3094:, p. 10; 3084: 3072: 3056: 3041: 3009: 2976: 2964: 2949: 2933: 2918: 2902: 2890: 2878: 2862: 2850: 2822: 2810: 2798: 2786: 2766: 2750: 2738: 2726: 2711: 2699: 2683: 2667: 2650: 2634: 2608: 2601: 2582: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2571: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2558:List of vegans 2555: 2550: 2543: 2540: 2247:Main article: 2244: 2241: 2170:Latino studies 2141: 2117: 2114: 2092: 2089: 2020: 2018: 2015: 1991:Duke Ellington 1984:cottage cheese 1909: 1907: 1904: 1878: 1875: 1870:The New Yorker 1854:Carlos Salinas 1801:Henry Cisneros 1795: 1792: 1724:William Ingram 1695: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1634:Peoples Temple 1544: 1542: 1539: 1470: 1467: 1456:modern liberal 1411: 1374: 1371: 1285: 1282: 1214:Salinas Valley 1201: 1198: 1196: 1195:Later activism 1193: 1161: 1158: 1100: 1078: 1075: 1058:anti-communist 1014:Sidney Korshak 964: 962: 959: 942:People's World 916:Walter Reuther 875: 872: 870: 867: 813:Dolores Huerta 792: 789: 738: 684:San Bernardino 662: 659: 657: 656:Early activism 654: 650:Mahatma Gandhi 646:Eugene V. Debs 619:double wedding 556:Mahatma Gandhi 543: 540: 509:Anglo-American 489:manzanilla tea 485:Santa Eduviges 477:Roman Catholic 428: 425: 423: 420: 327:Mahatma Gandhi 254:Dolores Huerta 199: 198: 195: 194: 191: 187: 186: 181: 177: 176: 172: 171: 168: 167: 161: 157: 156: 153: 149: 148: 143: 139: 138: 136: 135: 127: 121: 119: 115: 114: 109: 105: 104: 98: 95:(aged 66) 91:April 23, 1993 88: 84: 83: 77: 75:March 31, 1927 64: 62: 58: 57: 55:Chavez in 1979 54: 46: 45: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14610: 14599: 14596: 14594: 14591: 14589: 14586: 14584: 14581: 14579: 14576: 14574: 14571: 14569: 14566: 14564: 14561: 14559: 14556: 14554: 14551: 14549: 14546: 14544: 14541: 14539: 14536: 14534: 14531: 14529: 14526: 14524: 14521: 14519: 14516: 14514: 14511: 14509: 14506: 14504: 14501: 14499: 14496: 14494: 14491: 14489: 14486: 14484: 14481: 14479: 14476: 14475: 14473: 14463: 14453: 14451: 14441: 14439: 14429: 14427: 14422: 14417: 14416: 14413: 14399: 14396: 14393: 14390: 14387: 14384: 14383: 14381: 14377: 14370: 14369: 14365: 14362: 14361: 14357: 14355: 14354: 14350: 14349: 14347: 14343: 14336: 14332: 14330: 14327: 14326: 14324: 14320: 14314: 14311: 14310: 14308: 14304: 14300: 14293: 14288: 14286: 14281: 14279: 14274: 14273: 14270: 14257: 14252: 14249: 14245: 14240: 14233: 14230: 14226: 14221: 14218: 14213: 14210: 14209:Bill McKibben 14205: 14202: 14197: 14194: 14190: 14185: 14178: 14171: 14164: 14157: 14150: 14143: 14140: 14136: 14131: 14128: 14123: 14120: 14115: 14108: 14101: 14100: 14098: 14094: 14083: 14076: 14073: 14072:Alice Frazier 14069: 14064: 14059: 14055: 14052: 14048: 14047: 14045: 14040: 14037: 14032: 14029: 14028:Roy Bourgeois 14024: 14021: 14020:Lucius Walker 14016: 14013: 14008: 14005: 14000: 13997: 13992: 13989: 13984: 13977: 13974: 13969: 13966: 13961: 13954: 13951: 13947: 13942: 13935: 13932: 13927: 13924: 13919: 13916: 13911: 13910: 13908: 13904: 13897: 13892: 13889: 13888:Martin Ennals 13885: 13880: 13873: 13870: 13865: 13862: 13857: 13850: 13843: 13840: 13835: 13828: 13825: 13821: 13816: 13809: 13806: 13801: 13798: 13794: 13790: 13789:Norman Thomas 13785: 13782: 13777: 13770: 13763: 13760: 13755: 13752: 13751:James Warburg 13748: 13747:Linus Pauling 13743: 13740: 13736: 13731: 13728: 13724: 13719: 13718: 13716: 13712: 13707: 13700: 13695: 13693: 13688: 13686: 13681: 13680: 13677: 13665: 13661: 13660: 13658: 13654: 13648: 13644: 13642: 13638: 13636: 13632: 13630: 13626: 13624: 13620: 13618: 13614: 13612: 13608: 13606: 13602: 13600: 13596: 13594: 13590: 13589: 13587: 13583: 13577: 13573: 13571: 13570:Marvin Mottet 13567: 13565: 13561: 13559: 13558:Donald Mosley 13555: 13553: 13549: 13547: 13543: 13539: 13537: 13533: 13531: 13527: 13526: 13524: 13520: 13514: 13510: 13508: 13504: 13502: 13498: 13496: 13492: 13490: 13486: 13484: 13480: 13478: 13474: 13473: 13471: 13467: 13461: 13457: 13455: 13451: 13449: 13445: 13443: 13439: 13437: 13433: 13431: 13427: 13425: 13421: 13417: 13416: 13414: 13410: 13404: 13400: 13398: 13397:Mother Teresa 13394: 13392: 13391:Hélder Câmara 13388: 13386: 13385:Harold Hughes 13382: 13380: 13376: 13375: 13373: 13369: 13363: 13359: 13357: 13353: 13351: 13347: 13345: 13341: 13339: 13335: 13333: 13329: 13325: 13324: 13322: 13318: 13313: 13311: 13303: 13298: 13296: 13291: 13289: 13284: 13283: 13280: 13268: 13267:Gubernatorial 13265: 13263: 13260: 13258: 13254: 13251: 13250: 13247: 13237: 13236: 13231: 13230: 13228: 13226: 13222: 13216: 13215: 13210: 13208: 13207: 13202: 13201: 13199: 13197: 13193: 13187: 13186: 13181: 13179: 13178: 13173: 13172: 13170: 13168: 13164: 13158: 13157: 13152: 13150: 13149: 13144: 13143: 13141: 13139: 13135: 13129: 13128: 13123: 13121: 13120: 13115: 13114: 13112: 13110: 13106: 13100: 13099: 13094: 13092: 13091: 13086: 13085: 13083: 13081: 13077: 13071: 13070: 13069:Lester Maddox 13065: 13064: 13062: 13060: 13056: 13050: 13049: 13044: 13043: 13041: 13039: 13035: 13031: 13028: 13024: 13019: 13015: 13005: 13002: 12998: 12995: 12993: 12990: 12989: 12988: 12987:Ronald Reagan 12985: 12983: 12980: 12977: 12976: 12973: 12972: 12967: 12963: 12960: 12959: 12958: 12957: 12952: 12951: 12949: 12945: 12939: 12936: 12934: 12931: 12930: 12927: 12924: 12922: 12918: 12908: 12905: 12903: 12900: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12890: 12886: 12883: 12882: 12881: 12878: 12876: 12875:Terry Sanford 12873: 12871: 12868: 12866: 12863: 12861: 12858: 12856: 12853: 12851: 12848: 12846: 12845:Leon Jaworski 12843: 12841: 12838: 12836: 12833: 12831: 12828: 12826: 12823: 12821: 12818: 12816: 12813: 12811: 12808: 12806: 12805:Lloyd Bentsen 12803: 12801: 12798: 12795: 12794: 12791: 12790: 12785: 12781: 12778: 12777: 12776: 12775: 12770: 12769: 12767: 12763: 12757: 12754: 12752: 12749: 12748: 12745: 12742: 12740: 12736: 12731: 12727: 12723: 12715: 12710: 12708: 12703: 12701: 12696: 12695: 12692: 12680: 12677: 12675: 12672: 12671: 12668: 12662: 12659: 12657: 12654: 12652: 12649: 12647: 12644: 12642: 12639: 12637: 12634: 12632: 12629: 12627: 12626:Chicano poets 12624: 12622: 12621:Chicano films 12619: 12618: 12616: 12612: 12605: 12601: 12598: 12594: 12590: 12587: 12585: 12582: 12581: 12580: 12577: 12573: 12570: 12569: 12568:Pennsylvania 12567: 12565: 12562: 12559: 12558:New York City 12555: 12552: 12548: 12545: 12541: 12538: 12534: 12531: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12519: 12515: 12512: 12508: 12505: 12501: 12498: 12494: 12493:San Francisco 12490: 12486: 12483: 12479: 12476: 12475: 12473: 12472: 12470: 12466: 12460: 12459: 12455: 12453: 12452: 12448: 12446: 12445: 12441: 12439: 12438: 12434: 12432: 12431: 12427: 12425: 12424: 12420: 12418: 12417: 12416:Plyler v. Doe 12413: 12411: 12410: 12406: 12404: 12403: 12399: 12397: 12396: 12392: 12390: 12389: 12385: 12383: 12382: 12378: 12377: 12375: 12372: 12371:Supreme Court 12368: 12362: 12359: 12357: 12354: 12352: 12349: 12347: 12344: 12342: 12341:New tribalism 12339: 12337: 12334: 12332: 12329: 12327: 12324: 12322: 12321:Barrioization 12319: 12318: 12316: 12312: 12306: 12303: 12301: 12298: 12296: 12293: 12291: 12288: 12286: 12283: 12281: 12278: 12276: 12273: 12271: 12268: 12266: 12263: 12261: 12258: 12256: 12253: 12251: 12248: 12246: 12243: 12241: 12238: 12236: 12233: 12231: 12228: 12226: 12225:Cinco de Mayo 12223: 12221: 12218: 12216: 12213: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12200:Chicano names 12198: 12196: 12193: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12172: 12170: 12166: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12154: 12150: 12148: 12145: 12143: 12140: 12138: 12135: 12133: 12130: 12128: 12127: 12123: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12115: 12111: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12103: 12099: 12097: 12094: 12092: 12089: 12087: 12084: 12082: 12079: 12077: 12074: 12073: 12071: 12067: 12061: 12058: 12056: 12053: 12051: 12048: 12046: 12043: 12041: 12038: 12036: 12033: 12031: 12028: 12026: 12023: 12021: 12018: 12016: 12013: 12011: 12008: 12006: 12003: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11983: 11981: 11978: 11977: 11975: 11973: 11969: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11955: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11940: 11938: 11935: 11933: 11930: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11909: 11907: 11903: 11897: 11894: 11892: 11889: 11887: 11884: 11882: 11879: 11877: 11874: 11872: 11869: 11867: 11864: 11862: 11859: 11858: 11856: 11852: 11847: 11843: 11836: 11831: 11829: 11824: 11822: 11817: 11816: 11813: 11800: 11799: 11795: 11792: 11791: 11787: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11777: 11774: 11771: 11768: 11765: 11762: 11759: 11758: 11756: 11752: 11746: 11743: 11741: 11740: 11735: 11733: 11732: 11728: 11726:(2007 statue) 11725: 11724: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11708: 11705: 11703: 11700: 11699: 11697: 11693: 11687: 11684: 11680: 11677: 11676: 11675: 11672: 11671: 11669: 11665: 11657: 11656: 11652: 11651: 11650: 11647: 11646: 11644: 11640: 11636: 11629: 11624: 11622: 11617: 11615: 11610: 11609: 11606: 11597: 11588: 11587: 11579: 11578:Union founded 11573: 11568: 11562: 11559: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11550:Parts 6 and 7 11547: 11546:Parts 4 and 5 11543: 11539: 11538:Parts 1 and 2 11535: 11531: 11527: 11524: 11520: 11517: 11514: 11512: 11511: 11506: 11504: 11502: 11498: 11496: 11493: 11490: 11489: 11485: 11482: 11478: 11474: 11471: 11468: 11464: 11461: 11458: 11455: 11452: 11449: 11446: 11442: 11437: 11434: 11433: 11427: 11424: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11413: 11411: 11403: 11400: 11398: 11395: 11394: 11389: 11384: 11371: 11367: 11363: 11361: 11357: 11354: 11350: 11346: 11343: 11342:0-689-85922-8 11339: 11335: 11334:0-689-85923-6 11331: 11327: 11323: 11320: 11317: 11316:0-9625298-0-X 11313: 11309: 11305: 11302: 11298: 11295: 11291: 11288: 11284: 11282: 11278: 11274: 11271: 11270:0-393-07494-3 11267: 11263: 11259: 11256: 11252: 11248: 11244: 11240: 11237: 11234:LaBotz, Dan. 11233: 11230: 11225: 11223: 11219: 11215: 11212: 11209: 11205: 11202: 11198: 11194: 11191: 11187: 11185: 11181: 11177: 11175: 11171: 11167: 11163: 11157: 11153: 11149: 11145: 11142: 11138: 11136: 11132: 11128: 11125: 11121: 11119: 11115: 11111: 11108: 11104: 11100: 11096: 11095: 11084: 11080: 11076: 11072: 11068: 11064: 11059: 11055: 11051: 11047: 11043: 11038: 11034: 11030: 11026: 11022: 11017: 11013: 11009: 11005: 11001: 10997: 10993: 10988: 10984: 10980: 10976: 10972: 10967: 10963: 10959: 10955: 10951: 10947: 10943: 10938: 10934: 10928: 10924: 10919: 10915: 10911: 10907: 10903: 10899: 10895: 10891: 10887: 10882: 10877: 10872: 10868: 10864: 10859: 10855: 10851: 10847: 10843: 10839: 10835: 10830: 10826: 10820: 10815: 10814: 10807: 10806: 10786: 10782: 10778: 10774: 10767: 10751: 10747: 10741: 10734: 10729: 10722: 10717: 10710: 10705: 10698: 10693: 10686: 10681: 10665: 10659: 10651: 10647: 10640: 10624: 10620: 10613: 10597: 10593: 10587: 10580: 10579: 10572: 10564: 10552: 10551: 10546: 10540: 10532: 10528: 10522: 10514: 10510: 10503: 10487: 10483: 10479: 10473: 10466: 10461: 10445: 10441: 10437: 10431: 10416: 10415: 10410: 10403: 10392:September 16, 10388: 10384: 10377: 10370: 10366: 10363: 10358: 10342: 10336: 10320: 10316: 10310: 10294: 10290: 10283: 10275: 10271: 10264: 10256: 10252: 10246: 10235:September 25, 10231: 10227: 10221: 10210:September 25, 10206: 10202: 10196: 10180: 10176: 10172: 10170: 10165: 10159: 10152: 10147: 10145: 10128: 10124: 10118: 10102: 10098: 10092: 10085: 10080: 10073: 10068: 10061: 10056: 10049: 10044: 10042: 10034: 10029: 10021: 10015: 10011: 10010: 10002: 9995: 9990: 9988: 9980: 9975: 9968: 9963: 9956: 9951: 9945:, p. 84. 9944: 9939: 9933:, p. 13. 9932: 9928: 9923: 9916: 9911: 9904: 9899: 9893:, p. 79. 9892: 9887: 9881:, p. 79. 9880: 9876: 9871: 9864: 9859: 9852: 9847: 9840: 9835: 9828: 9823: 9817:, p. 14. 9816: 9811: 9804: 9799: 9793:, p. 67. 9792: 9787: 9780: 9775: 9768: 9763: 9756: 9751: 9749: 9747: 9745: 9743: 9735: 9730: 9728: 9720: 9715: 9713: 9711: 9703: 9698: 9691: 9686: 9679: 9674: 9667: 9662: 9660: 9652: 9647: 9640: 9635: 9633: 9626:, p. 99. 9625: 9620: 9613: 9608: 9601: 9596: 9589: 9584: 9577: 9572: 9565: 9560: 9553: 9548: 9546: 9544: 9536: 9531: 9524: 9519: 9517: 9515: 9507: 9502: 9496:, p. 44. 9495: 9490: 9488: 9480: 9475: 9467: 9461: 9457: 9450: 9442: 9438: 9434: 9427: 9419: 9417:1-57075-458-6 9413: 9409: 9402: 9400: 9391: 9387: 9383: 9379: 9372: 9365: 9360: 9353: 9348: 9341: 9336: 9329: 9325: 9320: 9313: 9309: 9304: 9297: 9292: 9284: 9277: 9270: 9265: 9258: 9253: 9246: 9241: 9239: 9237: 9235: 9227: 9222: 9215: 9210: 9203: 9198: 9196: 9194: 9192: 9190: 9183:, p. 50. 9182: 9177: 9170: 9165: 9163: 9155: 9150: 9143: 9138: 9136: 9128: 9124: 9119: 9112: 9107: 9100: 9095: 9089:, p. 94. 9088: 9083: 9081: 9074:, p. 57. 9073: 9068: 9066: 9058: 9053: 9047:, p. 95. 9046: 9041: 9034: 9030: 9025: 9019:, p. 14. 9018: 9015:, p. 3; 9014: 9009: 9002: 8997: 8990: 8985: 8978: 8973: 8967:, p. 50. 8966: 8961: 8954: 8949: 8942: 8937: 8935: 8933: 8926:, p. 66. 8925: 8920: 8913: 8908: 8901: 8896: 8894: 8886: 8881: 8875:, p. 48. 8874: 8869: 8862: 8858: 8853: 8846: 8841: 8839: 8831: 8826: 8824: 8822: 8814: 8809: 8802: 8797: 8791:, p. 13. 8790: 8785: 8779:, p. 13. 8778: 8774: 8769: 8762: 8757: 8755: 8747: 8742: 8740: 8733:, p. 92. 8732: 8727: 8720: 8715: 8708: 8703: 8701: 8693: 8688: 8681: 8676: 8669: 8664: 8657: 8652: 8650: 8648: 8640: 8635: 8628: 8623: 8616: 8612: 8607: 8600: 8596: 8591: 8584: 8580: 8575: 8573: 8561:September 29, 8556: 8552: 8546: 8539: 8534: 8532: 8524: 8519: 8517: 8509: 8505: 8500: 8493: 8488: 8481: 8477: 8472: 8465: 8460: 8458: 8450: 8445: 8438: 8433: 8426: 8422: 8417: 8410: 8405: 8398: 8393: 8386: 8381: 8379: 8370: 8366: 8359: 8352: 8347: 8340: 8335: 8333: 8331: 8329: 8327: 8325: 8317: 8312: 8305: 8300: 8298: 8290: 8285: 8283: 8275: 8270: 8263: 8258: 8251: 8246: 8244: 8236: 8232: 8227: 8220: 8216: 8211: 8204: 8199: 8197: 8189: 8184: 8177: 8172: 8165: 8160: 8153: 8148: 8141: 8136: 8129: 8125: 8120: 8113: 8108: 8101: 8096: 8089: 8085: 8080: 8073: 8068: 8061: 8056: 8049: 8044: 8037: 8032: 8030: 8022: 8017: 8010: 8005: 8003: 7995: 7990: 7988: 7980: 7975: 7968: 7964: 7959: 7952: 7947: 7940: 7935: 7928: 7923: 7916: 7911: 7909: 7907: 7905: 7897: 7892: 7885: 7880: 7873: 7868: 7861: 7856: 7849: 7844: 7842: 7834: 7829: 7822: 7817: 7810: 7805: 7798: 7793: 7791: 7783: 7778: 7776: 7768: 7763: 7761: 7753: 7748: 7746: 7744: 7736: 7731: 7724: 7719: 7717: 7709: 7704: 7697: 7692: 7685: 7680: 7673: 7668: 7661: 7656: 7649: 7645: 7640: 7633: 7628: 7621: 7616: 7614: 7612: 7604: 7600: 7595: 7588: 7584: 7579: 7572: 7567: 7560: 7555: 7548: 7543: 7536: 7531: 7524: 7519: 7512: 7507: 7500: 7495: 7493: 7485: 7480: 7478: 7470: 7465: 7458: 7453: 7446: 7441: 7434: 7429: 7422: 7417: 7415: 7413: 7405: 7400: 7398: 7390: 7385: 7383: 7381: 7365: 7359: 7355: 7354: 7346: 7331: 7325: 7321: 7320: 7312: 7305: 7300: 7298: 7290: 7285: 7278: 7273: 7266: 7261: 7254: 7249: 7242: 7237: 7230: 7225: 7223: 7215: 7210: 7203: 7198: 7191: 7186: 7184: 7176: 7171: 7164: 7159: 7152: 7147: 7145: 7143: 7135: 7130: 7123: 7118: 7111: 7106: 7099: 7094: 7087: 7082: 7075: 7070: 7063: 7058: 7051: 7046: 7039: 7034: 7032: 7024: 7019: 7017: 7009: 7004: 6997: 6993: 6988: 6981: 6976: 6974: 6966: 6961: 6954: 6949: 6942: 6937: 6930: 6925: 6923: 6915: 6910: 6903: 6898: 6896: 6894: 6886: 6881: 6874: 6869: 6867: 6865: 6857: 6852: 6845: 6840: 6833: 6828: 6821: 6817: 6812: 6805: 6800: 6798: 6790: 6785: 6783: 6781: 6773: 6768: 6761: 6756: 6749: 6744: 6737: 6732: 6725: 6720: 6713: 6708: 6701: 6696: 6689: 6684: 6677: 6672: 6665: 6660: 6658: 6650: 6645: 6638: 6633: 6626: 6621: 6614: 6609: 6602: 6597: 6595: 6587: 6582: 6580: 6572: 6568: 6563: 6557:, p. 89. 6556: 6551: 6544: 6539: 6532: 6527: 6520: 6516: 6511: 6505:, p. 87. 6504: 6499: 6492: 6488: 6483: 6476: 6471: 6464: 6459: 6452: 6447: 6445: 6437: 6432: 6425: 6420: 6418: 6416: 6414: 6412: 6404: 6399: 6392: 6387: 6380: 6375: 6368: 6363: 6357:, p. 67. 6356: 6351: 6349: 6340: 6339:diva.sfsu.edu 6336: 6330: 6323: 6318: 6316: 6314: 6312: 6310: 6302: 6298: 6292: 6288: 6283: 6282: 6273: 6266: 6261: 6254: 6249: 6247: 6245: 6243: 6235: 6230: 6223: 6218: 6211: 6206: 6199: 6194: 6187: 6182: 6175: 6170: 6168: 6160: 6155: 6148: 6143: 6136: 6132: 6127: 6120: 6115: 6108: 6104: 6099: 6092: 6087: 6080: 6075: 6068: 6063: 6056: 6052: 6047: 6040: 6035: 6028: 6023: 6016: 6011: 6009: 6001: 5996: 5989: 5984: 5982: 5974: 5969: 5967: 5959: 5954: 5947: 5942: 5935: 5930: 5923: 5918: 5911: 5906: 5904: 5902: 5900: 5898: 5890: 5885: 5883: 5881: 5873: 5868: 5861: 5856: 5849: 5844: 5842: 5834: 5830: 5825: 5818: 5815:, p. 7; 5814: 5809: 5802: 5797: 5790: 5784: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5764: 5757: 5752: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5732: 5725: 5721: 5716: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5696: 5689: 5685: 5680: 5673: 5668: 5661: 5656: 5649: 5644: 5637: 5632: 5625: 5620: 5618: 5610: 5605: 5603: 5595: 5591: 5586: 5579: 5574: 5567: 5562: 5555: 5550: 5543: 5538: 5531: 5526: 5519: 5514: 5507: 5503: 5498: 5491: 5487: 5482: 5475: 5470: 5463: 5458: 5451: 5446: 5444: 5436: 5431: 5429: 5421: 5417: 5412: 5405: 5400: 5398: 5390: 5385: 5378: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5367: 5359: 5354: 5347: 5343: 5338: 5332:, p. 68. 5331: 5326: 5319: 5315: 5310: 5303: 5298: 5291: 5286: 5279: 5274: 5272: 5264: 5259: 5252: 5247: 5240: 5235: 5228: 5224: 5219: 5212: 5207: 5200: 5195: 5188: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5171: 5166: 5159: 5155: 5150: 5143: 5138: 5131: 5126: 5124: 5116: 5111: 5109: 5101: 5096: 5089: 5084: 5077: 5073: 5068: 5061: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5042: 5037: 5030: 5025: 5023: 5015: 5011: 5006: 4999: 4994: 4987: 4983: 4978: 4971: 4966: 4959: 4955: 4950: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4930: 4923: 4920:, p. 8; 4919: 4915: 4910: 4903: 4898: 4891: 4887: 4882: 4875: 4870: 4868: 4860: 4857:, p. 8; 4856: 4852: 4847: 4840: 4835: 4828: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4811: 4806: 4799: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4782: 4777: 4770: 4765: 4758: 4753: 4746: 4741: 4739: 4731: 4726: 4719: 4714: 4707: 4702: 4695: 4690: 4683: 4678: 4676: 4668: 4663: 4656: 4651: 4649: 4641: 4636: 4629: 4625: 4620: 4618: 4610: 4605: 4598: 4593: 4586: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4567: 4563: 4558: 4551: 4546: 4539: 4534: 4532: 4524: 4520: 4515: 4508: 4503: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4483: 4476: 4473:, p. 7; 4472: 4468: 4464: 4459: 4453:, p. 51. 4452: 4447: 4440: 4436: 4431: 4424: 4421:, p. 7; 4420: 4416: 4411: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4391: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4371: 4364: 4359: 4353:, p. 53. 4352: 4347: 4341:, p. 48. 4340: 4335: 4328: 4323: 4321: 4313: 4308: 4301: 4297: 4292: 4285: 4281: 4276: 4269: 4265: 4260: 4253: 4249: 4244: 4237: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4207: 4200: 4195: 4188: 4183: 4176: 4171: 4164: 4160: 4155: 4149:, p. 47. 4148: 4143: 4136: 4131: 4129: 4121: 4116: 4109: 4105: 4100: 4093: 4088: 4082:, p. 46. 4081: 4076: 4069: 4065: 4060: 4053: 4048: 4041: 4037: 4032: 4025: 4020: 4018: 4011:, p. 99. 4010: 4005: 3998: 3993: 3986: 3982: 3977: 3971:, p. 94. 3970: 3965: 3959:, p. 93. 3958: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3942:, p. 36. 3941: 3936: 3934: 3926: 3922: 3917: 3911:, p. 88. 3910: 3906: 3901: 3895:, p. 88. 3894: 3889: 3882: 3878: 3873: 3866: 3861: 3855:, p. 81. 3854: 3850: 3845: 3839:, p. 35. 3838: 3833: 3827:, p. 91. 3826: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3793: 3789: 3784: 3778:, p. 77. 3777: 3772: 3765: 3761: 3756: 3749: 3744: 3737: 3732: 3726:, p. 70. 3725: 3720: 3713: 3708: 3701: 3696: 3690:, p. 64. 3689: 3684: 3678:, p. 63. 3677: 3672: 3670: 3663:, p. 63. 3662: 3658: 3653: 3647:, p. 60. 3646: 3641: 3635:, p. 61. 3634: 3629: 3622: 3617: 3611:, p. 28. 3610: 3605: 3598: 3593: 3586: 3581: 3574: 3569: 3562: 3558: 3553: 3547:, p. 52. 3546: 3541: 3534: 3529: 3523:, p. 25. 3522: 3517: 3510: 3505: 3499:, p. 47. 3498: 3493: 3487:, p. 39. 3486: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3466:, p. 45. 3465: 3460: 3453: 3448: 3441: 3436: 3429: 3424: 3417: 3413: 3408: 3402:, p. 35. 3401: 3396: 3390:, p. 29. 3389: 3385: 3380: 3373: 3368: 3362:, p. 34. 3361: 3356: 3350:, p. 28. 3349: 3345: 3340: 3333: 3329: 3324: 3317: 3312: 3306:, p. 22. 3305: 3301: 3296: 3290:, p. 22. 3289: 3285: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3268: 3263: 3252:September 28, 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3229: 3218:September 29, 3214: 3210: 3203: 3199: 3193: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3164: 3159: 3158: 3152: 3146: 3135:September 29, 3131: 3127: 3123: 3117: 3113: 3112: 3104: 3098:, p. 21. 3097: 3093: 3088: 3082:, p. 21. 3081: 3076: 3070:, p. 20. 3069: 3066:, p. 9; 3065: 3060: 3054:, p. 20. 3053: 3048: 3046: 3034:September 29, 3029: 3028: 3023: 3016: 3014: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2983: 2981: 2973: 2968: 2962:, p. 17. 2961: 2956: 2954: 2947:, p. 16. 2946: 2942: 2937: 2931:, p. 16. 2930: 2925: 2923: 2916:, p. 16. 2915: 2912:, p. 4; 2911: 2906: 2899: 2894: 2887: 2882: 2875: 2872:, p. 4; 2871: 2866: 2860:, p. 12. 2859: 2854: 2839: 2838: 2833: 2826: 2819: 2814: 2808:, p. 19. 2807: 2802: 2795: 2790: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2770: 2763: 2760:, p. 6; 2759: 2754: 2748:, p. 11. 2747: 2742: 2735: 2730: 2724:, p. 10. 2723: 2718: 2716: 2708: 2703: 2697:, p. 10. 2696: 2693:, p. 2; 2692: 2687: 2680: 2677:, p. 2; 2676: 2671: 2664: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2647: 2644:, p. 2; 2643: 2638: 2622: 2618: 2612: 2604: 2598: 2594: 2587: 2583: 2569: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2549: 2546: 2545: 2539: 2537: 2533: 2532:Resolute desk 2529: 2524: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2499:In 2003, the 2498: 2494: 2489: 2487: 2486: 2481: 2477: 2476: 2471: 2470: 2465: 2462:in the song " 2461: 2460:Stevie Wonder 2456: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2425: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2405:National Park 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2380: 2376: 2374: 2373: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2346: 2344: 2343:Google Doodle 2340: 2334: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2316:Eleanor Helin 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2287: 2282: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2261: 2255: 2250: 2240: 2238: 2237: 2232: 2228: 2222: 2220: 2219: 2214: 2210: 2205: 2195: 2191: 2188: 2184: 2178: 2174: 2171: 2166: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2146: 2137: 2136: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2113: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2088: 2086: 2080: 2078: 2074: 2069: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2050: 2046: 2040: 2036: 2031: 2025: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2005: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1966:Chavez was a 1964: 1958: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1942: 1937: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1920: 1914: 1906:Personal life 1903: 1899: 1895: 1888: 1883: 1874: 1872: 1871: 1865: 1864: 1857: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1846:Jesse Jackson 1843: 1838: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1815: 1809: 1807: 1802: 1791: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1776:Howard Berman 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1755: 1753: 1748: 1747: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1717: 1713: 1706: 1700: 1694: 1691: 1685: 1682: 1677: 1676:Mario Saikhon 1672: 1664: 1650: 1646: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1622: 1617: 1615: 1611: 1610: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1589: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1555: 1549: 1538: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1514: 1510: 1508: 1507:1976 election 1504: 1500: 1496: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1475: 1466: 1464: 1460: 1457: 1452: 1449: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1422: 1416: 1410: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1396: 1391: 1390: 1379: 1370: 1367: 1362: 1359: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1339: 1335: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1302:Jack Williams 1300: 1290: 1281: 1279: 1278: 1273: 1272: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1254: 1252: 1251:Ethel Kennedy 1248: 1244: 1239: 1237: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1206: 1192: 1190: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1172: 1167: 1166:Janet Travell 1157: 1155: 1154: 1149: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1133: 1132:Ronald Reagan 1128: 1127: 1121: 1118: 1111: 1105: 1099: 1095: 1092: 1083: 1074: 1071: 1066: 1064: 1063:Marshall Ganz 1059: 1054: 1053:Larry Itliong 1049: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1010: 1008: 1004: 1003:Plan de Ayala 1000: 996: 991: 989: 985: 981: 975: 969: 958: 956: 952: 948: 944: 943: 938: 934: 928: 926: 922: 917: 913: 904: 900: 898: 894: 889: 885: 881: 866: 863: 858: 856: 855: 849: 839: 835: 833: 829: 825: 820: 818: 814: 810: 806: 797: 788: 786: 785:state pension 782: 778: 777:Boyle Heights 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Lewis 639: 635: 631: 626: 624: 623:Crescent City 620: 616: 611: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 587: 585: 581: 580:San Francisco 577: 573: 569: 565: 557: 553: 548: 539: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 512: 510: 504: 503:and Librado. 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 472: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 445:Sonora Desert 442: 438: 434: 419: 417: 413: 409: 404: 400: 399: 394: 389: 386: 382: 378: 374: 371: 367: 363: 362:co-operatives 359: 355: 350: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 319:Larry Itliong 316: 312: 311: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 281:Yuma, Arizona 277: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 242: 232: 205: 196: 192: 188: 185: 182: 178: 173: 169: 165: 162: 158: 154: 150: 147: 144: 140: 134: 131: 128: 126: 123: 122: 120: 116: 113: 110: 108:Resting place 106: 101: 89: 85: 80: 79:Yuma, Arizona 63: 59: 52: 47: 40: 37: 33: 19: 14478:Cesar Chavez 14398:Cesar Chavez 14397: 14366: 14360:Cesar Chavez 14358: 14351: 14246: / 14227: / 14191: / 14137: / 14119:Michael True 14070: / 14012:Ramsey Clark 13988:César Chávez 13987: 13965:Bernard Lown 13948: / 13886: / 13822: / 13795: / 13793:Jerome Davis 13791: / 13749: / 13737: / 13725: / 13647:Munib Younan 13635:Widad Akreyi 13564:Salim Ghazal 13552:Arthur Simon 13544: / 13489:César Chávez 13488: 13454:Desmond Tutu 13422: / 13362:Saul Alinsky 13356:James Groppi 13330: / 13309: 13252: 13232: 13212:VP nominee: 13211: 13206:Peter Camejo 13203: 13183:VP nominee: 13182: 13174: 13154:VP nominee: 13153: 13145: 13125:VP nominee: 13124: 13116: 13098:Jarvis Tyner 13096:VP nominee: 13095: 13087: 13066: 13045: 12978: 12969:VP nominee: 12968: 12953: 12880:Milton Shapp 12825:Frank Church 12796: 12787:VP nominee: 12786: 12774:Jimmy Carter 12771: 12730:1980 → 12722:← 1972 12651:Bibliography 12572:Philadelphia 12549:New Mexico ( 12502:California ( 12456: 12449: 12442: 12435: 12428: 12421: 12414: 12407: 12400: 12393: 12386: 12379: 12346:Rasquachismo 12300:Tortilla art 12290:Tejano music 12215:Chicano rock 12210:Chicano Park 12151: 12124: 12112: 12100: 11796: 11790:Cesar Chavez 11788: 11739:Cesar Chavez 11738: 11729: 11723:Cesar Chavez 11721: 11655:El Malcriado 11653: 11635:Cesar Chavez 11634: 11583: 11577: 11509: 11500: 11487: 11476: 11466: 11416:Online books 11409: 11388:Cesar Chavez 11387: 11365: 11348: 11325: 11307: 11306:Ross, Fred. 11300: 11293: 11286: 11276: 11261: 11255:Project MUSE 11253:. Fulltext: 11242: 11235: 11217: 11207: 11200: 11189: 11179: 11169: 11151: 11140: 11130: 11123: 11113: 11098: 11066: 11062: 11045: 11041: 11024: 11020: 10995: 10991: 10974: 10970: 10945: 10941: 10922: 10889: 10885: 10866: 10837: 10833: 10812: 10802:Bibliography 10788:. Retrieved 10776: 10766: 10754:. Retrieved 10750:the original 10740: 10732: 10728: 10720: 10716: 10704: 10692: 10680: 10668:. Retrieved 10658: 10649: 10639: 10627:. Retrieved 10623:the original 10612: 10600:. Retrieved 10596:the original 10586: 10576: 10571: 10561:– via 10555:. Retrieved 10548: 10539: 10530: 10521: 10512: 10502: 10490:. Retrieved 10486:the original 10481: 10472: 10460: 10448:. Retrieved 10444:the original 10439: 10430: 10418:. Retrieved 10412: 10402: 10390:. Retrieved 10386: 10376: 10357: 10345:. Retrieved 10335: 10323:. Retrieved 10318: 10309: 10297:. Retrieved 10293:the original 10282: 10273: 10263: 10254: 10245: 10233:. Retrieved 10229: 10220: 10208:. Retrieved 10195: 10185:September 8, 10183:. Retrieved 10179:the original 10167: 10158: 10131:. Retrieved 10127:the original 10117: 10105:. Retrieved 10101:the original 10091: 10079: 10072:O'Brien 2012 10067: 10060:O'Brien 2012 10055: 10050:, p. 3. 10035:, p. 6. 10028: 10008: 10001: 9974: 9962: 9950: 9938: 9922: 9910: 9898: 9886: 9870: 9858: 9846: 9834: 9822: 9810: 9798: 9786: 9774: 9762: 9736:, p. 5. 9697: 9685: 9673: 9646: 9619: 9607: 9595: 9583: 9571: 9559: 9530: 9501: 9481:, p. 7. 9474: 9455: 9449: 9440: 9436: 9426: 9407: 9381: 9377: 9371: 9359: 9354:, p. 8. 9347: 9335: 9330:, p. 8. 9319: 9303: 9291: 9282: 9276: 9264: 9252: 9221: 9209: 9176: 9149: 9118: 9106: 9094: 9052: 9040: 9024: 9008: 8996: 8984: 8972: 8960: 8948: 8919: 8907: 8880: 8868: 8852: 8847:, p. x. 8832:, p. 2. 8808: 8796: 8784: 8768: 8726: 8714: 8687: 8675: 8663: 8634: 8622: 8606: 8590: 8559:. 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Retrieved 3248:. p. 66 3241: 3228: 3216:. Retrieved 3208: 3192: 3182:November 12, 3180:. Retrieved 3156: 3145: 3133:. Retrieved 3111:Cesar Chavez 3110: 3103: 3087: 3075: 3059: 3032:. Retrieved 3025: 3000:. Retrieved 2996:the original 2974:, p. 7. 2967: 2936: 2905: 2900:, p. 3. 2893: 2881: 2865: 2853: 2841:. Retrieved 2835: 2825: 2820:, p. 2. 2813: 2801: 2789: 2784:, p. 8. 2769: 2764:, p. 7. 2753: 2741: 2729: 2702: 2686: 2681:, p. 8. 2670: 2665:, p. 8. 2637: 2625:. Retrieved 2620: 2611: 2592: 2586: 2525: 2508: 2490: 2483: 2480:Michael Peña 2475:César Chávez 2473: 2467: 2457: 2437:Barack Obama 2426: 2397:Barack Obama 2385: 2372:Cesar Chavez 2371: 2347: 2296:Bill Clinton 2285: 2278: 2258: 2234: 2230: 2227:Barack Obama 2223: 2216: 2200: 2179: 2175: 2161:hero worship 2158: 2154: 2148: 2143: 2133: 2126:César Chávez 2110: 2102:Adolf Hitler 2094: 2081: 2070: 2054: 2045:cooperatives 2041: 2037: 2033: 2027: 2022: 2012: 1988: 1965: 1961: 1946: 1938: 1925:Helen Fabela 1922: 1916: 1911: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1868: 1861: 1858: 1839: 1834: 1819: 1810: 1797: 1788:Willie Brown 1780:Leo McCarthy 1772:Peace Sunday 1756: 1744: 1729: 1708: 1702: 1697: 1690:antisemitism 1686: 1673: 1669: 1647: 1625: 1619: 1618: 1607: 1593: 1577: 1573: 1557: 1551: 1546: 1535: 1518: 1515: 1511: 1503:Jimmy Carter 1495:Crosby Milne 1491: 1487:Walter Kintz 1480: 1453: 1444: 1424: 1418: 1413: 1399: 1395:Pope Paul VI 1387: 1384: 1363: 1355: 1343: 1334:George Meany 1330: 1318: 1295: 1275: 1269: 1258:Edward Lewis 1255: 1240: 1232: 1224:Interharvest 1211: 1186: 1182:Cruz Reynoso 1175: 1163: 1151: 1136: 1124: 1122: 1113: 1107: 1102: 1096: 1088: 1067: 1050: 1011: 992: 977: 971: 966: 947:protest camp 940: 937:The Movement 936: 929: 909: 893:Sproul Plaza 877: 859: 854:El Malcriado 852: 848:credit union 844: 821: 802: 774: 769: 765: 761: 751: 745: 740: 731: 725: 719:groups, the 705: 696:Saul Alinsky 664: 627: 615:Reno, Nevada 612: 588: 561: 526:and then as 513: 505: 473: 468: 430: 396: 390: 351: 310:El Malcriado 308: 305:credit union 278: 250:civil rights 246:labor leader 203: 202: 130:Civil rights 125:Labor leader 93:(1993-04-23) 43:Cesar Chavez 36: 14488:1993 deaths 14483:1927 births 14400:(associate) 14371:(2017 film) 14363:(2014 film) 14335:Sí se puede 14244:Ralph Nader 14229:Kathy Kelly 14201:Amy Goodman 14189:Ehud Bandel 14135:Karen Jacob 14058:Paula Kline 14051:Alan Wright 13861:Dorothy Day 13820:Wayne Morse 13781:A. J. Muste 13611:Jean Vanier 13536:Lech Wałęsa 13507:Samuel Ruiz 13460:Eileen Egan 13379:Dorothy Day 13027:independent 13023:Third-party 12956:Gerald Ford 12815:Robert Byrd 12810:Jerry Brown 12504:Californios 12489:Los Angeles 12220:Chicano rap 12185:Chicano art 12147:Party crews 12108:Castro 2020 12096:Abolish ICE 11793:(2014 film) 11264:. (1975). 11048:(1): 5–16. 10948:: 103–120. 10790:January 20, 10650:Smithsonian 10602:December 6, 10347:October 17, 9955:Ospino 2013 9927:Street 1996 9875:Street 1996 9863:Street 1996 9851:Street 1996 9839:Street 1996 9827:Street 1996 9779:Zerzan 1972 9767:Zerzan 1972 9364:Ospino 2013 9340:Ospino 2013 9257:Ospino 2013 9226:Ospino 2013 9214:Ospino 2013 9202:Ospino 2013 9033:Ospino 2013 8941:Street 1996 8861:Ospino 2013 8773:Street 1996 5768:Street 1996 5736:Street 1996 5700:Street 1996 5684:Zerzan 1972 5154:Watson 2005 4487:Street 1996 4463:Street 1996 4395:Street 1996 4375:Street 1996 4248:Zerzan 1972 4211:Street 1996 3002:February 8, 2778:Ospino 2013 2563:Sí se puede 2536:Oval Office 2478:, starring 2403:within the 2310:. Asteroid 2300:White House 2231:Sí se puede 1827:Ralph Nader 1614:martial law 1523:McCarthyite 1519:El Macriado 1459:Jerry Brown 1440:Bert Corona 1430:had bribed 1171:Vietnam War 951:Luis Valdez 862:Pentecostal 809:trade union 713:McCarthyite 692:Bakersfield 530:pickers in 522:pickers in 373:Jerry Brown 266:labor union 118:Occupations 14472:Categories 14345:Portrayals 14306:Co-founded 13641:Dalai Lama 13501:Jim Wallis 13185:Earl Dodge 13030:candidates 12947:Candidates 12933:Convention 12820:Hugh Carey 12800:Birch Bayh 12765:Candidates 12751:Convention 12556:New York ( 12542:Nebraska ( 12535:Michigan ( 12528:Maryland ( 12516:Illinois ( 12509:Colorado ( 12485:California 11995:Chicanismo 11932:La Matanza 11927:Korean War 11769:(grandson) 11767:Sam Chavez 11642:Co-founded 11322:Soto, Gary 11114:The Nation 10977:(1): 67–. 10629:August 24, 10420:October 8, 10319:Navy Times 10151:Bruns 2005 10048:Pawel 2014 10033:Wells 2009 9994:Pawel 2014 9943:Bruns 2005 9931:Wells 2009 9915:Pawel 2014 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