1684:
1676:
31:
5708:
1353:
1334:
78:(527–565), no universal system of units of measurement existed in the Byzantine world, and each region used its traditional measures. Justinian began the process of standardization that resulted in a specifically Byzantine system, chiefly due to the need of such a system for the fiscal administration. Official measurement and weighing was performed subject to an array of charges including the
102:. Despite the central government's insistence on the use of official measures, other systems continued to be used in parallel, whether due to local traditions or foreign influences, or in order to cover the necessities of specific trades or crafts. In addition, from the 12th century, foreign merchants such as the
1784:) over the course of the 4th century. In the second half of the 6th century, these were replaced by discs until at least the early 9th century and possibly the 12th. The glass weights had numerous advantages in manufacture and use but seem to have disappeared following the loss of the empire's
1741:, however, implying average pounds of 0.324 kg (4th–6th century), 0.322 kg (6th–7th century), 0.320 kg (7th–9th century), 0.319 kg (9th–13th century), and even less thereafter.
2711:
Byzantine Trade, 4th-12th
Centuries: The Archaeology of Local, Regional and International Exchange: Papers of the Thirty-eighth Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, St John's College University of Oxford, March
2789:
2734:
2621:
3877:
1311:
Highly variable. Modioi were sometimes much smaller units that might come 100 or 250 to a single zeugarion. The "Modion" was originally a grain measure, and "zeugarion" referred to a
380:
Derived from the ancient Greek foot, the standard foot length in
Byzantium seems to have been 0.3123 m, but in practice the length fluctuated between 0.308 and 0.320 m
3113:
4587:
2801:
144:. An 11th-century guide to Byzantine tax collection contains emendations concerning the Emperor Michael's addition of a palm to the fathom used in computing the
774:
The basis of land tax assessments, variously reckoned as 10 fathoms in the fertile Balkan and west
Anatolian themes and as 12 in the rest of Asia Minor.
4820:
2746:
1258:, originally defined by the distance plowed by a team of oxen in a day and continuing to vary according to land quality under the Byzantines between 900 and
2597:
3800:
2081:
2015:
1885:
1555:
1550:
1381:
2633:
2913:
5696:
4050:
3951:
3158:
2776:
1583:
5384:
3961:
3894:
3108:
3909:
3904:
4985:
3971:
3946:
1798:
Analysis of the thousands of surviving model weights strongly suggest multiple local weight standards in the
Byzantine Empire before the
448:
and was used for the measurement of fields for the purpose of tax assessment. Local variants also existed for various other commodities.
5336:
5319:
3976:
3956:
3680:
3427:
3152:
5740:
5035:
4881:
4853:
4497:
4489:
3966:
3899:
3705:
1764:. They came in various styles. Presently, archaeologists believe the bronze spheres sliced flat at top and bottom and marked with an
5231:
4592:
5080:
3700:
3417:
3237:
607:
Derived from the equivalent ancient Greek unit (1.89 m) From the 14th century on local variants also existed, often called
5735:
5560:
5085:
5484:
4244:
4237:
3793:
3736:
3731:
3685:
3336:
3326:
3227:
2846:
2720:
2662:
5236:
5095:
4383:
3741:
3311:
3249:
2906:
4227:
3675:
3462:
5565:
4978:
3715:
3690:
3543:
3291:
2653:
5666:
4232:
3599:
2869:
4729:
3786:
3569:
3533:
3442:
3180:
3118:
5701:
5523:
4055:
3823:
3655:
3640:
3594:
3472:
3447:
3432:
3392:
3316:
2899:
17:
5671:
5661:
5454:
5272:
5140:
4712:
4656:
4577:
4444:
3650:
3635:
3625:
3615:
3553:
3523:
3493:
3457:
3382:
3301:
3276:
3271:
3266:
2963:
5528:
5518:
5433:
5188:
4973:
3645:
3620:
3584:
3548:
3528:
3518:
3503:
3498:
3488:
3397:
3321:
3222:
2953:
2943:
2605:
1792:
4408:
5602:
5570:
5474:
5183:
5155:
4963:
4502:
3710:
3630:
3589:
3579:
3508:
3412:
3351:
3346:
3306:
3296:
3286:
3281:
3185:
3087:
3082:
3001:
2996:
2958:
115:
3045:
5326:
4968:
4815:
4572:
4323:
3538:
3513:
3452:
3402:
3387:
3377:
3341:
3232:
3195:
3164:
3035:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2173:
674:
673:, used for the measurement of fields for the purpose of tax assessment. To ease the farmers' tax burden,
2817:
681:(2.17 m) for use in middle and high quality, while the lower value was retained for poorer fields.
5745:
5646:
5592:
5331:
5203:
5193:
4893:
4773:
4651:
4582:
4470:
4439:
4282:
4222:
3574:
3422:
3356:
3254:
3200:
3190:
2857:
1810:
137:
2308:
5506:
5030:
4886:
4671:
4562:
4449:
3467:
3006:
2598:"Pylos Regional Archaeological Project, Part VI: Administration and Settlement in Venetian Navarino"
4805:
4557:
4044:
3923:
1821:
133:
1683:
5711:
5135:
4861:
4681:
4567:
3030:
2981:
5636:
5226:
5068:
4512:
4318:
4292:
4287:
4060:
4036:
4032:
3999:
2880:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
1785:
1772:
date from the early 3rd to late 5th centuries, gradually being replaced by cubes marked with a
1738:
2831:
5354:
5208:
4398:
4308:
4272:
4157:
3887:
3882:
2922:
2709:
1712:
1704:
1361:
2207:
5597:
5580:
5401:
5160:
5125:
5008:
4945:
4940:
4475:
4418:
1865:
1849:
127:
64:
1252:
Sometimes described as a (square) "plethron", although this is uncommon in
Byzantine texts
8:
4507:
4423:
4413:
4277:
4040:
4028:
3915:
3695:
3215:
3146:
2785:
2730:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2280:
5585:
5575:
5449:
5120:
5003:
4920:
4783:
4135:
4115:
4095:
4085:
3851:
3210:
2986:
1817:
103:
5707:
5641:
5546:
5479:
5459:
5427:
5359:
5346:
5267:
5262:
5013:
4778:
4628:
4147:
4100:
4090:
4080:
2865:
2842:
2770:
2716:
2658:
2648:
2539:
2277:
1688:
111:
2686:
5511:
5304:
5252:
5198:
5165:
5115:
4908:
4898:
4676:
4364:
4256:
4179:
4162:
4140:
4125:
4110:
4024:
3809:
3242:
107:
68:
38:
2296:
5656:
5489:
5469:
5464:
5419:
5409:
5369:
5364:
5314:
5309:
5090:
4696:
4613:
4608:
4348:
4338:
4174:
4168:
4152:
4130:
4120:
4105:
3407:
2794:
The
Economic History of Byzantium: From the Seventh through the Fifteenth Century
2739:
The
Economic History of Byzantium: From the Seventh through the Fifteenth Century
2672:
2626:
The
Economic History of Byzantium: From the Seventh through the Fifteenth Century
2189:
The text survives in a 14th-century copy but is dated from its internal evidence.
2086:
1880:
1737:, the pound was therefore 0.3276 kg at the time. The solidus was repeatedly
1376:
1158:
160:
1675:
5494:
5374:
5107:
4866:
4760:
4746:
4545:
4249:
4004:
3757:
3331:
2948:
2797:
2742:
2629:
1900:
1825:
1799:
1720:
1716:
488:
46:
1143:
5729:
5414:
5291:
5257:
4995:
4930:
4903:
4788:
4403:
4343:
3205:
3077:
3017:
870:
185:
1828:, although archaeology has shown others issued their own weights, including
5175:
5150:
5130:
4935:
4913:
4768:
4016:
4011:
3845:
3762:
3050:
3040:
3025:
2135:
Source: Loizos, unless otherwise noted. Metric equivalents are approximate.
2073:
1663:
Source: Loizos, unless otherwise noted. Metric equivalents are approximate.
1454:
1397:
1321:
Source: Loizos, unless otherwise noted. Metric equivalents are approximate.
1168:
1130:
Source: Loizos, unless otherwise noted. Metric equivalents are approximate.
819:
686:
527:
454:
386:
180:
3778:
30:
5676:
5651:
5145:
4955:
4722:
4328:
4313:
3361:
3092:
2991:
2891:
2545:
2153:
2148:
2126:
2070:
1803:
1789:
1734:
1708:
1451:
1187:
536:
353:
313:
232:
75:
61:
57:
4950:
4810:
4800:
4633:
4623:
4333:
958:
567:
141:
5499:
5379:
4871:
4739:
4686:
4618:
1829:
1010:
5025:
4925:
4876:
4734:
4666:
4454:
1711:. This has been reconstructed on the basis of known legislation of
1352:
1345:'s Museum of Underwater Archaeology, loaded with replica Byzantine
1333:
966:
779:
769:
42:
2521:
5391:
5277:
5218:
4717:
4691:
4369:
3767:
1781:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1346:
1214:
873:
809:
1031: stades, against various (usually longer) classical values
5020:
4795:
4661:
3437:
1761:
1749:
1696:
1342:
626:
578:
35:
148:, an act which reduced the holders' taxable area by about 5%.
2330:
2328:
2231:
2229:
2096:
2046:
2035:
2024:
1986:
1953:
1920:
1909:
1861:
1857:
1773:
1753:
1724:
1638:
1598:
1565:
1519:
1482:
1471:
1428:
1417:
1406:
1386:
1286:
1275:
1223:
1198:
1089:
1043:
975:
926:
888:
828:
788:
736:
695:
636:
587:
546:
497:
463:
395:
363:
322:
287:
252:
241:
222:
195:
170:
2246:
2244:
5299:
2511:
2509:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2345:
2343:
1890:
1757:
1745:
1700:
1360:
The ordinary units used for liquid measurement were mostly
1312:
1255:
1180:
1163:
1013:
917:
721:
432:
and was used mainly in construction, hence was also called
348:
165:
2325:
2226:
444:("builder's"). The Imperial or Geometric Cubit counted 32
2409:
2265:
2241:
2506:
2489:
2466:
2445:
2360:
2358:
2340:
2694:
Digital
Humanities: Diophant Ancient Measures Converter
2262:
Codex
Parisinus supplementus graecus 676. 14th century.
1691:
weights were often in the shape of a Byzantine empress.
2387:
2385:
1733:) to the pound. As the early solidi weighed 4.55
114:
operating within the Empire received the right to use
2370:
2355:
2322:, "Orgyia" (E. Schilbach, A. Cutler), pp. 1532–1533.
2800:: Dumbarton Oaks, pp. 973–1058, archived from
2574:
2433:
2421:
2382:
1806:, the weights of currency were administered by the
2745:: Dumbarton Oaks, pp. 815–878, archived from
1142:The ordinary units used for land measurement were
27:System of measurement used in the Byzantine Empire
2397:
1356:The museum's display of Byzantine amphorae styles
5727:
2841:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 917,
2790:"The Role of the Byzantine State in the Economy"
2729:
2564:
2562:
2560:
1820:and eparch of the city. By the 9th century, the
4169:Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands)
3794:
2907:
2830:Pryce, Frederick Norman; et al. (2012),
2796:, Translated for publication by John Solman,
2557:
1824:nominally controlled all official weights in
126:The Byzantine Empire continued to employ the
2829:
2349:
3808:
2885:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
2784:
2334:
2271:
2250:
2235:
2223:, "Measures" (E. Schilbach), pp. 1325–1326.
1842:
1834:
1808:
1695:The ordinary units used for measurement of
227:), "unit", as the smallest unit of length.
56:were a combination and modification of the
3801:
3787:
2921:
2914:
2900:
2775:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2671:
2415:
1648:
1575:
2855:
2822:International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
2735:"Prices and Wages in the Byzantine World"
2619:
2527:
2515:
2500:
2483:
2460:
2364:
2679:, Vol. XCI, De Gruyter, p. 176
1682:
1674:
1351:
1332:
29:
5057:
14:
5728:
2815:
2760:
2684:
2580:
2551:
2427:
2391:
2376:
5625:
5056:
4841:
4533:
4200:
3821:
3782:
2895:
2707:
2595:
2439:
2403:
4842:
2293:, "Daktylos" (E. Schilbach), p. 578.
1715:in AD 309 establishing 72 gold
812:, one side of the ancient Greek acre
677:introduced a longer version of 9.25
4544:
2864:, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
2554:, pp. 32, 45, 47–48, & 56.
24:
2944:International System of Units (SI)
2862:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
2654:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
25:
5757:
5667:Greek scholars in the Renaissance
2878:
2836:The Oxford Classical Dictionary,
2568:
2305:, "Pous" (E. Schilbach), p. 1708.
1246:
1005:
764:
716:
422:
136:were sometimes undertaken by the
5741:Human-based units of measurement
5706:
2824:, William B. Eerdmans Publishing
2632:: Dumbarton Oaks, archived from
4056:Decline of the Byzantine Empire
3878:Constantinian–Valentinianic era
2733:; Cheynet, Jean-Claude (2002),
2647:
2620:Entwistle, Christopher (2002),
2589:
2533:
2319:
2302:
2290:
2220:
130:used by the Greeks and Romans.
5141:Great Palace of Constantinople
4882:Patriarchate of Constantinople
4201:
2708:Mango, Marlia Mundell (2009).
2256:
2183:
2166:
859:
54:Byzantine units of measurement
13:
1:
5736:Obsolete units of measurement
2954:US customary units (USCS/USC)
2196:
2177:
2117:
1816:and commodity weights by the
1679:Five bronze commodity weights
34:The excavated remains of the
5603:University of Constantinople
5184:Arch of Galerius and Rotunda
4534:
4334:Chartoularios tou vestiariou
4023:Byzantine successor states (
2685:Loizos, Demetris I. (2010),
2201:
2123:, but diminishing over time.
1121:
1071:
1000:
948:
814:Uncommon in Byzantine texts
621:Imperial or Geometric Orguia
460:basilikos/geômetrikos pêkhys
428:The Public Cubit counted 24
7:
5273:Saint Catherine's Monastery
4329:Chartoularios tou sakelliou
4324:Logothetes tou stratiotikou
3822:
2657:. Oxford University Press.
2172:Probably but not certainly
2142:
2109:
2103:
2080:
2059:
2053:
2004:
1993:
1971:
1960:
1938:
1927:
1744:Model weights were made in
1651:
1645:
1620:
1605:
1578:
1572:
1537:
1526:
1500:
1489:
1446:
1435:
1301:
1293:
1238:
1230:
1208:
1205:
1164:square Greek feet
1112:
1097:
1062:
1050:
994:
982:
942:
933:
904:
895:
841:
835:
801:
795:
754:
743:
708:
702:
658:
643:
600:
594:
559:
553:
519:
504:
476:
470:
465:βασιλικός/γεωμετρικός πῆχυς
417:
402:
376:
370:
340:
329:
305:
294:
270:
259:
213:
202:
10:
5762:
5662:Neo-Byzantine architecture
5626:
4283:Comes sacrarum largitionum
2097:
2047:
2036:
2025:
1987:
1954:
1921:
1910:
1811:comes sacrarum largitionum
1725:
1639:
1599:
1566:
1520:
1483:
1472:
1429:
1418:
1407:
1287:
1276:
1224:
1199:
1090:
1044:
976:
927:
889:
829:
789:
737:
696:
638:βασιλικὴ/γεωμετρικὴ ὀργυιά
637:
633:basilikê/geômetrikê orguiá
588:
547:
498:
464:
396:
364:
323:
288:
253:
242:
223:
196:
5689:
5632:
5621:
5542:
5442:
5400:
5345:
5290:
5245:
5232:Sant'Apollinare in Classe
5217:
5174:
5106:
5076:
5067:
5063:
5052:
4994:
4852:
4848:
4837:
4759:
4705:
4644:
4601:
4553:
4540:
4529:
4488:
4463:
4432:
4391:
4382:
4357:
4301:
4265:
4218:
4211:
4207:
4196:
4069:
3985:
3932:
3863:
3834:
3830:
3817:
3750:
3724:
3668:
3608:
3562:
3481:
3370:
3173:
3139:
3132:
3101:
3070:
3063:
3016:
3007:English Engineering Units
2974:
2936:
2929:
2856:Schilbach, Erich (1991),
2677:Byzantinische Zeitschrift
2530:, pp. 611 & 613.
2133:
1670:
1661:
1328:
1319:
1128:
420:
134:Weights and measures acts
121:
4806:Droungarios of the Fleet
2761:Nicole, J., ed. (1970),
2159:
1507:(=Roman half-sextarius)
5320:Early Byzantine mosaics
4682:Domestic of the Schools
3046:Quantum chromodynamical
2818:"Sabbath Day's Journey"
1137:
5637:Byzantine commonwealth
4399:Praetorian prefectures
4319:Logothetes tou genikou
4293:Quaestor sacri palatii
4288:Comes rerum privatarum
4061:Fall of Constantinople
4000:Sack of Constantinople
3159:centimetre–gram–second
2923:Systems of measurement
2879:Smith, William (ed.),
2763:The Book of the Eparch
2715:. Ashgate Publishing.
2596:Davis, Siriol (2004),
1843:
1835:
1809:
1756:and (less often) from
1692:
1680:
1357:
1349:
625:Imperial or Geometric
453:Imperial or Geometric
50:
5337:Komnenian renaissance
5332:Macedonian period art
5237:Sant'Apollinare Nuovo
5209:Walls of Thessaloniki
4309:Logothetes tou dromou
3924:Twenty Years' Anarchy
3888:Valentinianic dynasty
3883:Constantinian dynasty
3681:Biblical and Talmudic
3147:metre–kilogram–second
1713:Constantine the Great
1686:
1678:
1631:(Liquid) Modios
1355:
1336:
1307:
1241:
909:
844:
33:
5534:Units of measurement
5268:Panagia Gorgoepikoos
5161:Pammakaristos Church
5009:Corpus Juris Civilis
4960:Missionary activity
4419:Exarchate of Ravenna
4245:Imperial bureaucracy
2786:Oikonomides, Nicolas
2687:"Byzantine Measures"
2542:, Novel 128, Ch. 15.
1795:in the 7th century.
1707:, based on the late
720: "decafoot: 10-
128:anthropometric units
65:units of measurement
5058:Culture and society
4921:Ecumenical councils
4424:Exarchate of Africa
4414:Quaestura exercitus
4278:Magister officiorum
4273:Praetorian prefects
3916:Byzantine Dark Ages
2816:Porter, H. (1939),
2622:"Byzantine Weights"
2350:Pryce et al. (2012)
1873:
1544:(=Roman sextarius)
1369:
1151:
153:
74:Until the reign of
5475:Flags and insignia
5121:Baths of Zeuxippus
5004:Codex Theodosianus
4894:Oriental Orthodoxy
3852:Later Roman Empire
3153:metre–tonne–second
2949:UK imperial system
2649:Kazhdan, Alexander
2335:Oikonomides (2002)
2272:Oikonomides (2002)
2251:Oikonomides (2002)
2236:Oikonomides (2002)
2065:
2007:
1871:
1818:praetorian prefect
1693:
1681:
1367:
1358:
1350:
1341:reconstruction in
1254:The ancient Greek
1169:square meters
1149:
151:
51:
5746:Byzantine science
5723:
5722:
5685:
5684:
5642:Byzantine studies
5617:
5616:
5613:
5612:
5428:Alexander Romance
5286:
5285:
5263:Nea Moni of Chios
5126:Blachernae Palace
5048:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5014:Code of Justinian
4862:Eastern Orthodoxy
4833:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4755:
4754:
4629:Scholae Palatinae
4525:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4490:Foreign relations
4484:
4483:
4378:
4377:
4192:
4191:
4188:
4187:
3991:(1204–1453)
3776:
3775:
3664:
3663:
3128:
3127:
3119:Foot–pound–second
3059:
3058:
3036:Heaviside–Lorentz
2848:978-0-19-954556-8
2731:Morrisson, Cécile
2722:978-0-7546-6310-2
2664:978-0-19-504652-6
2540:Code of Justinian
2416:Krumbacher (1998)
2180: 1034–1041).
2140:
2139:
1668:
1667:
1326:
1325:
1249:
1135:
1134:
1008:
862:
767:
719:
611:from the Italian
425:
116:their own systems
16:(Redirected from
5753:
5710:
5623:
5622:
5566:Imperial Library
5512:Byzantine Greeks
5253:Daphni Monastery
5204:Panagia Chalkeon
5199:Hagios Demetrios
5166:Prison of Anemas
5116:Basilica Cistern
5074:
5073:
5065:
5064:
5054:
5053:
4909:West Syriac Rite
4899:Alexandrian Rite
4850:
4849:
4843:Religion and law
4839:
4838:
4774:Maritime themata
4730:Palaiologan army
4583:Military manuals
4551:
4550:
4542:
4541:
4531:
4530:
4389:
4388:
4365:Megas logothetes
4216:
4215:
4209:
4208:
4198:
4197:
4071:By modern region
3992:
3939:
3938:(717–1204)
3870:
3832:
3831:
3819:
3818:
3810:Byzantine Empire
3803:
3796:
3789:
3780:
3779:
3243:Mesures usuelles
3137:
3136:
3068:
3067:
2934:
2933:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2874:
2851:
2825:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2780:
2774:
2766:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2726:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2691:
2680:
2673:Krumbacher, Karl
2668:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2604:, archived from
2584:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2528:Entwistle (2002)
2525:
2519:
2516:Entwistle (2002)
2513:
2504:
2501:Entwistle (2002)
2498:
2487:
2484:Entwistle (2002)
2481:
2464:
2461:Entwistle (2002)
2458:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2365:Schilbach (1991)
2362:
2353:
2347:
2338:
2332:
2323:
2317:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2288:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2239:
2233:
2224:
2218:
2190:
2187:
2181:
2179:
2170:
2136:
2122:
2119:
2113:
2107:
2100:
2099:
2066:
2063:
2057:
2050:
2049:
2039:
2038:
2028:
2027:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1989:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1956:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1923:
1913:
1912:
1874:
1872:Units of weight
1870:
1846:
1838:
1814:
1728:
1727:
1664:
1655:
1649:
1642:
1641:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1602:
1601:
1576:
1569:
1568:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1522:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1485:
1475:
1474:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1431:
1421:
1420:
1410:
1409:
1370:
1368:Units of volume
1366:
1322:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1298:
1290:
1289:
1279:
1278:
1261:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1227:
1226:
1202:
1201:
1191:
1183:
1152:
1148:
1131:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1081:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1047:
1046:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1007:
1004:
1001:
997:
992:
988:
987:
979:
978:
949:
945:
940:
936:
930:
929:
910:
907:
902:
898:
892:
891:
867:
861:
858:
845:
839:
832:
831:
805:
799:
792:
791:
766:
763:
758:
752:
747:
740:
739:
718:
715:
712:
706:
699:
698:
662:
656:
655:
651:
648:
640:
639:
629:
622:
604:
598:
591:
590:
563:
557:
550:
549:
539:
523:
517:
516:
512:
509:
501:
500:
480:
474:
467:
466:
424:
421:
415:
414:
410:
407:
399:
398:
374:
367:
366:
338:
337:
333:
326:
325:
303:
302:
298:
291:
290:
268:
267:
263:
256:
255:
245:
244:
226:
225:
211:
210:
206:
199:
198:
154:
152:Units of length
150:
69:Byzantine Empire
39:zero-mile marker
21:
5761:
5760:
5756:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5751:
5750:
5726:
5725:
5724:
5719:
5716:
5681:
5657:Cyrillic script
5628:
5609:
5554:
5538:
5438:
5420:Digenes Akritas
5396:
5341:
5282:
5246:Other locations
5241:
5213:
5170:
5102:
5091:Cross-in-square
5059:
5040:
4990:
4844:
4825:
4751:
4701:
4697:Varangian Guard
4640:
4614:East Roman army
4609:Late Roman army
4597:
4536:
4517:
4480:
4459:
4428:
4374:
4353:
4349:Epi ton deeseon
4339:Epi tou eidikou
4297:
4261:
4203:
4184:
4171:
4074:
4072:
4065:
4051:Palaiologan era
3993:
3990:
3981:
3952:Nikephorian era
3940:
3937:
3928:
3871:
3869:(330–717)
3868:
3859:
3839:
3826:
3813:
3807:
3777:
3772:
3746:
3720:
3660:
3604:
3558:
3477:
3366:
3169:
3124:
3097:
3055:
3012:
2970:
2925:
2920:
2872:
2849:
2807:
2805:
2768:
2767:
2752:
2750:
2723:
2698:
2696:
2689:
2665:
2639:
2637:
2611:
2609:
2592:
2587:
2579:
2575:
2567:
2558:
2550:
2546:
2538:
2534:
2526:
2522:
2514:
2507:
2499:
2490:
2482:
2467:
2459:
2446:
2438:
2434:
2426:
2422:
2414:
2410:
2402:
2398:
2390:
2383:
2375:
2371:
2363:
2356:
2348:
2341:
2333:
2326:
2318:
2309:
2301:
2297:
2289:
2278:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2257:
2249:
2242:
2238:, p. 1052.
2234:
2227:
2219:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2174:Michael IV
2171:
2167:
2162:
2145:
2134:
2124:
2120:
2111:
2105:
2084:
2064:
2061:
2055:
2041:
2030:
2006:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1915:
1881:Greek name
1844:viri clarissimi
1836:viri laudabiles
1673:
1662:
1653:
1647:
1622:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1574:
1553:
1539:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1502:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1477:
1463:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1423:
1412:
1377:Greek name
1331:
1320:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1294:
1281:
1267:
1259:
1253:
1251:
1250: "turning"
1240:
1233:
1231:
1185:
1184:
1178:
1159:Greek name
1140:
1129:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1084:
1079:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1017:
999:
995:
990:
985:
983:
956:
947:
943:
938:
934:
908:
905:
900:
896:
868:
848:
843:
837:
813:
803:
797:
773:
759:
756:
750:
748:
745:
710:
704:
660:
653:
649:
646:
644:
624:
623:
620:
602:
596:
576:
561:
555:
535:
521:
514:
510:
507:
505:
478:
472:
427:
426: "forearm"
412:
408:
405:
403:
392:dêmosios pêkhys
372:
351:
335:
331:
330:
300:
296:
295:
279:
265:
261:
260:
247:
208:
204:
203:
183:
166:Greek feet
161:Greek name
124:
28:
23:
22:
18:Byzantine units
15:
12:
11:
5:
5759:
5749:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5714:
5704:
5699:
5693:
5690:
5687:
5686:
5683:
5682:
5680:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5633:
5630:
5629:
5619:
5618:
5615:
5614:
5611:
5610:
5608:
5607:
5606:
5605:
5595:
5590:
5589:
5588:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5557:
5555:
5553:
5552:
5549:
5543:
5540:
5539:
5537:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5515:
5514:
5504:
5503:
5502:
5497:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5446:
5444:
5440:
5439:
5437:
5436:
5431:
5424:
5423:
5422:
5412:
5406:
5404:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5394:
5389:
5388:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5351:
5349:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5323:
5322:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5296:
5294:
5288:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5249:
5247:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5223:
5221:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5189:Byzantine Bath
5186:
5180:
5178:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5112:
5110:
5108:Constantinople
5104:
5103:
5101:
5100:
5099:
5098:
5093:
5083:
5077:
5071:
5061:
5060:
5050:
5049:
5046:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5017:
5016:
5006:
5000:
4998:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4988:
4983:
4982:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4917:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4891:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4867:Byzantine Rite
4858:
4856:
4846:
4845:
4835:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4771:
4765:
4763:
4757:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4749:
4747:Grand domestic
4744:
4743:
4742:
4737:
4727:
4726:
4725:
4720:
4713:Komnenian army
4709:
4707:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4648:
4646:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4637:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4611:
4605:
4603:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4590:
4588:Military units
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4558:Battle tactics
4554:
4548:
4538:
4537:
4527:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4494:
4492:
4486:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4473:
4467:
4465:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4436:
4434:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4395:
4393:
4386:
4380:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4305:
4303:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4269:
4267:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4250:Medieval Greek
4242:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4219:
4213:
4205:
4204:
4194:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4138:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4077:
4075:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4005:Fourth Crusade
3996:
3994:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3962:Macedonian era
3959:
3954:
3949:
3943:
3941:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3895:Theodosian era
3892:
3891:
3890:
3885:
3874:
3872:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3842:
3840:
3835:
3828:
3827:
3815:
3814:
3806:
3805:
3798:
3791:
3783:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3758:Absolute scale
3754:
3752:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3252:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3143:
3141:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3116:
3111:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3074:
3072:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3022:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2940:
2938:
2931:
2927:
2926:
2919:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2887:, p. 1213
2876:
2870:
2853:
2847:
2827:
2813:
2782:
2758:
2727:
2721:
2705:
2682:
2675:, ed. (1998),
2669:
2663:
2651:, ed. (1991).
2645:
2617:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2573:
2556:
2544:
2532:
2520:
2518:, p. 614.
2505:
2503:, p. 613.
2488:
2486:, p. 612.
2465:
2463:, p. 611.
2444:
2432:
2420:
2418:, p. 176.
2408:
2396:
2381:
2379:, p. 1–2.
2369:
2354:
2339:
2337:, p. 996.
2324:
2307:
2295:
2276:
2274:, p. 975.
2264:
2255:
2253:, p. 976.
2240:
2225:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2182:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2090:
2078:
2077:
2067:
2058:
2052:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2003:
1992:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1959:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1926:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1826:Constantinople
1800:Arab conquests
1672:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1619:
1604:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1580:
1577:
1571:
1559:
1549:(Liquid)
1546:
1545:
1542:
1536:
1525:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1499:
1488:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1448:
1445:
1434:
1400:
1396:(Liquid)
1393:
1392:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1309:
1300:
1292:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1243:
1237:
1229:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1192:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1150:Units of area
1139:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1111:
1109:
1096:
1086:hodós sabbátou
1082:
1080:Week's Journey
1076:
1075:
1073:
1061:
1059:
1049:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1002:
993:
991:
981:
969:
963:
962:
950:
941:
939:
932:
920:
914:
913:
911:
903:
901:
894:
882:
878:
877:
846:
840:
838:
834:
822:
816:
815:
806:
804:
800:
798:
794:
782:
776:
775:
768: "little
761:
757:
753:
751:
746:
742:
730:
726:
725:
713:
707:
705:
701:
689:
683:
682:
663:
661:
657:
642:
630:
617:
616:
605:
603:
599:
597:
593:
581:
572:
571:
564:
558:
556:
552:
540:
532:
531:
524:
518:
503:
491:
484:
483:
481:
475:
473:
469:
457:
450:
449:
419:
416:
401:
397:δημόσιος πῆχυς
389:
382:
381:
378:
375:
373:
369:
357:
345:
344:
342:
339:
328:
316:
310:
309:
307:
304:
293:
281:
275:
274:
272:
269:
258:
235:
229:
228:
215:
212:
201:
189:
177:
176:
173:
168:
163:
158:
123:
120:
47:Constantinople
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5758:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5691:
5688:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5634:
5631:
5624:
5620:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5587:
5584:
5583:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5561:Encyclopedias
5559:
5558:
5556:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5544:
5541:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5513:
5510:
5509:
5508:
5505:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5492:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5485:Hellenization
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5443:Everyday life
5441:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5418:
5417:
5416:
5415:Acritic songs
5413:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5403:
5399:
5393:
5390:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5372:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5352:
5350:
5348:
5344:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5293:
5289:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5258:Hosios Loukas
5256:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5244:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5220:
5216:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5177:
5173:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5109:
5105:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5078:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5055:
5051:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4997:
4993:
4987:
4984:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4931:Monophysitism
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4904:Armenian Rite
4902:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4895:
4892:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4840:
4836:
4822:
4821:Naval battles
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4758:
4748:
4745:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4728:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4704:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4616:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4600:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4532:
4528:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4462:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4431:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4381:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4356:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4344:Protasekretis
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4300:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4264:
4258:
4255:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4243:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4217:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4199:
4195:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4170:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4068:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4006:
4003:
4002:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3989:
3984:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3972:Komnenian era
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3936:
3931:
3925:
3922:
3917:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3910:Heraclian era
3908:
3906:
3905:Justinian era
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3867:
3862:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3820:
3816:
3811:
3804:
3799:
3797:
3792:
3790:
3785:
3784:
3781:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3725:List articles
3723:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3609:South America
3607:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3563:North America
3561:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3544:South African
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3292:Luxembourgian
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3165:gravitational
3163:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2982:Apothecaries'
2980:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2917:
2912:
2910:
2905:
2903:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2871:9780195046526
2867:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2819:
2814:
2804:on 2015-09-23
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2772:
2764:
2759:
2749:on 2015-09-23
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2706:
2695:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2636:on 2015-09-23
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2608:on 2015-09-24
2607:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2593:
2582:
2581:Loizos (2010)
2577:
2570:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2553:
2552:Nicole (1970)
2548:
2541:
2536:
2529:
2524:
2517:
2512:
2510:
2502:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2485:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2462:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2442:, p. 73.
2441:
2436:
2429:
2428:Loizos (2010)
2424:
2417:
2412:
2405:
2400:
2393:
2392:Loizos (2010)
2388:
2386:
2378:
2377:Loizos (2010)
2373:
2366:
2361:
2359:
2351:
2346:
2344:
2336:
2331:
2329:
2321:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2304:
2299:
2292:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2273:
2268:
2259:
2252:
2247:
2245:
2237:
2232:
2230:
2222:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2206:
2186:
2175:
2169:
2165:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2132:
2128:
2115:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2044:
2033:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2010:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1918:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1845:
1839:
1837:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1690:
1685:
1677:
1660:
1657:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1480:
1469:
1466:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1426:
1415:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1365:
1363:
1354:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1284:
1273:
1270:
1265:
1264:
1257:
1244:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1147:
1145:
1127:
1124:
1091:ὁδός σαββάτου
1087:
1083:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1041:
1040:hodós hēméras
1038:
1036:Day's Journey
1035:
1034:
1015:
1012:
1003:
973:
970:
968:
965:
964:
960:
955:
951:
924:
921:
919:
916:
915:
912:
890:δοξαριού βολή
886:
885:doxarioú bolḗ
883:
880:
879:
875:
872:
865:
856:
852:
847:
826:
823:
821:
818:
817:
811:
807:
786:
783:
781:
778:
777:
771:
762:
734:
731:
728:
727:
723:
714:
693:
690:
688:
685:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
634:
631:
628:
619:
618:
614:
610:
606:
585:
582:
580:
575:Simple Orguia
574:
573:
569:
565:
544:
541:
538:
534:
533:
529:
525:
495:
492:
490:
486:
485:
482:
461:
458:
456:
452:
451:
447:
443:
440:("-sawing"),
439:
435:
431:
393:
390:
388:
384:
383:
379:
361:
358:
355:
350:
347:
346:
343:
320:
317:
315:
312:
311:
308:
285:
282:
277:
276:
273:
250:
239:
236:
234:
231:
230:
220:
216:
193:
190:
187:
182:
179:
178:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
156:
155:
149:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
129:
119:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
92:kambaniatikon
89:
85:
81:
77:
72:
70:
66:
63:
59:
58:ancient Greek
55:
48:
44:
40:
37:
32:
19:
5533:
5426:
5194:Hagia Sophia
5176:Thessalonica
5151:Hagia Sophia
5131:Chora Church
5069:Architecture
4946:Great Schism
4936:Paulicianism
4914:Miaphysitism
4769:Karabisianoi
4073:or territory
4033:Thessalonica
4017:Latin Empire
4012:Frankokratia
3987:
3947:Isaurian era
3934:
3865:
3850:
3846:Roman Empire
3836:
3706:Mesopotamian
3600:Puerto Rican
3259:
2997:Astronomical
2884:
2861:
2839:
2838:4th ed.
2835:
2821:
2806:, retrieved
2802:the original
2793:
2762:
2751:, retrieved
2747:the original
2738:
2710:
2697:, retrieved
2693:
2676:
2652:
2638:, retrieved
2634:the original
2625:
2610:, retrieved
2606:the original
2601:
2590:Bibliography
2583:, p. 5.
2576:
2547:
2535:
2523:
2440:Mango (2009)
2435:
2430:, p. 4.
2423:
2411:
2404:Davis (2004)
2399:
2394:, p. 3.
2372:
2298:
2267:
2258:
2185:
2168:
2092:
2042:
2031:
2020:
1982:
1949:
1916:
1905:
1886:Greek ounces
1853:
1841:
1833:
1807:
1797:
1743:
1730:
1703:were mostly
1694:
1634:
1594:
1561:
1515:
1478:
1467:
1424:
1413:
1402:
1359:
1338:
1282:
1271:
1219:
1194:
1141:
1085:
1039:
971:
953:
922:
884:
863:
854:
850:
824:
784:
760:25.30
732:
691:
678:
670:
666:
632:
612:
608:
584:haplê orguiá
583:
548:βῆμα διπλοῦν
543:bêma diploûn
542:
528:English pace
494:bêma haploûn
493:
459:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
391:
359:
318:
283:
248:
237:
218:
217:also called
191:
145:
140:as forms of
132:
125:
100:samariatikon
99:
96:gomariatikon
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
73:
67:used in the
53:
52:
45:(the former
5677:Megali Idea
5652:Byzantinism
5355:Agriculture
5146:Hagia Irene
4979:Kievan Rus'
4956:Mount Athos
4779:Cibyrrhaeot
4723:Vestiaritai
4578:Mercenaries
4455:Catepanates
4314:Sakellarios
4233:Family tree
4158:Mesopotamia
3977:Angelid era
3957:Amorian era
3570:Costa Rican
3534:Seychellois
3443:Singaporean
3238:Traditional
3093:Metrication
3031:Geometrised
2987:Avoirdupois
2154:Roman units
2149:Greek units
2127:Roman pound
1709:Roman pound
1479:hēmixéstion
1464:Half-xesta
1260:1900 m
1188:square foot
1045:ὁδός ἡμέρας
589:ἁπλὴ ὀργυιά
537:Double pace
499:βῆμα ἁπλοῦν
436:("stone"),
76:Justinian I
5730:Categories
5672:Third Rome
5598:University
5581:Philosophy
5571:Inventions
5434:Historians
5402:Literature
5385:Varangians
5227:San Vitale
5156:Hippodrome
5136:City Walls
5036:Mutilation
5031:Hexabiblos
4951:Bogomilism
4941:Iconoclasm
4811:Megas doux
4801:Greek fire
4784:Aegean Sea
4657:Kleisourai
4634:Excubitors
4624:Bucellarii
4476:Despotates
4445:Kleisourai
4384:Provincial
4228:Coronation
4202:Governance
3967:Doukid era
3900:Leonid era
3656:Venezuelan
3641:Paraguayan
3595:Nicaraguan
3473:Vietnamese
3448:Sri Lankan
3433:Philippine
3393:Indonesian
3317:Portuguese
3211:Winchester
3114:Comparison
3064:Background
3002:Electrical
2832:"measures"
2808:2015-04-08
2798:Washington
2753:2015-04-08
2743:Washington
2640:2015-04-07
2630:Washington
2612:2015-04-08
2197:References
2121: 309
1854:anthypatoi
1830:proconsuls
1484:ἡμιξέστιον
959:Roman mile
808:The Greek
675:Michael IV
568:Roman pace
442:tektonikos
284:hēmipódion
142:tax reform
88:zygastikon
84:miniatikon
5500:Octoechos
5380:Silk Road
4872:Hesychasm
4740:Paramonai
4687:Hetaireia
4619:Foederati
4508:Diplomacy
4503:Diplomats
4409:Provinces
4238:Empresses
4041:Trebizond
3837:Preceding
3651:Uruguayan
3636:Colombian
3626:Brazilian
3616:Argentine
3554:Tanzanian
3524:Mauritian
3494:Ethiopian
3458:Taiwanese
3428:Pakistani
3408:Mongolian
3383:Cambodian
3302:Norwegian
3272:Icelandic
3267:Hungarian
3260:Byzantine
3216:Exchequer
2964:Hong Kong
2858:"Pletron"
2202:Citations
1946:Semissis
1804:Justinian
1793:provinces
1689:steelyard
1288:ζευγάριον
1283:zeugárion
1268:Zeugarion
1239:991
1179:(Square)
836:600
796:100
733:skhoinion
729:Schoinion
697:δεκάποδον
692:dekápodon
679:spithamai
667:spithamai
577:(Simple)
487:(Single)
438:pristikos
289:ἡμιπόδιον
280:Half-foot
278:Half-pous
249:anticheir
146:schoinion
104:Venetians
5593:Scholars
5586:Rhetoric
5576:Medicine
5551:Learning
5450:Calendar
5327:Painters
5026:Basilika
4964:Bulgaria
4926:Arianism
4877:Hayhurum
4854:Religion
4816:Admirals
4735:Allagion
4667:Droungos
4573:Generals
4535:Military
4498:Treaties
4404:Dioceses
4223:Emperors
4136:Sardinia
4116:Dalmatia
4096:Bulgaria
4086:Anatolia
4045:Theodoro
4039: /
4035: /
4027: /
3737:Obsolete
3732:Humorous
3686:Egyptian
3646:Peruvian
3621:Bolivian
3585:Honduran
3549:Tunisian
3529:Moroccan
3519:Malagasy
3504:Eritrean
3499:Egyptian
3489:Algerian
3418:Nepalese
3398:Japanese
3332:Scottish
3322:Romanian
3223:Estonian
3133:Historic
3109:Overview
3078:Overview
2975:Specific
2788:(2002),
2771:citation
2765:, London
2602:Hesperia
2143:See also
2104:12
1979:Nomisma
1922:τρημίσις
1917:trēmísis
1802:. Under
1790:Egyptian
1591:Handful
1582:(=Roman
1347:amphorae
1339:Yassiada
972:skhoinos
967:Schoenus
785:pléthron
780:Plethron
770:schoenus
749:72
744:60
738:σχοινιον
703:10
671:daktyloi
446:daktyloi
434:lithikos
430:daktyloi
319:spithamḗ
254:αντιχειρ
243:παλαιστή
238:palaistḗ
197:δάκτυλος
192:dáktylos
138:emperors
112:Genovese
80:mestikon
43:Istanbul
5702:Outline
5647:Museums
5547:Science
5524:Slavery
5480:Gardens
5460:Cuisine
5392:Dynatoi
5360:Coinage
5347:Economy
5315:Mosaics
5278:Mystras
5219:Ravenna
5081:Secular
4969:Moravia
4718:Pronoia
4692:Akritai
4677:Tagmata
4652:Themata
4593:Revolts
4563:Battles
4471:Kephale
4440:Themata
4370:Mesazon
4212:Central
4148:Maghreb
4101:Corsica
4091:Armenia
4081:Albania
3824:History
3768:Modulor
3742:Unusual
3711:Persian
3669:Ancient
3631:Chilean
3590:Mexican
3580:Haitian
3509:Guinean
3413:Myanmar
3352:Swedish
3347:Spanish
3337:Serbian
3327:Russian
3307:Ottoman
3297:Maltese
3287:Latvian
3282:Italian
3228:Finnish
3206:English
3186:Cypriot
3181:Cornish
3088:History
3083:Outline
3018:Natural
2959:Chinese
2937:General
2930:Current
2881:"Uncia"
2699:6 April
2112:
2106:
2062:
2056:
2054:1
1998:⁄
1988:νόμισμα
1983:nómisma
1965:⁄
1955:σημίσις
1950:sēmísis
1932:⁄
1901:Scruple
1864:in the
1848:in the
1778:omicron
1770:upsilon
1766:omicron
1739:debased
1731:nómisma
1726:νόμισμα
1687:Bronze
1654:
1623:
1614:⁄
1595:phoûkta
1579:2.1888
1540:
1531:⁄
1503:
1494:⁄
1447:0.1824
1440:⁄
1225:στρέμμα
1220:strémma
1215:Stremma
1026:⁄
1009: "
977:σχοινος
881:Bowshot
874:furlong
871:English
855:stadium
851:stadion
830:στάδιον
825:stádion
810:furlong
790:πλέθρον
711:
652:⁄
595:6
562:
554:5
522:
513:⁄
479:
471:2
418:0.4688
411:⁄
385:Public
377:0.3123
371:1
341:0.2361
334:⁄
324:σπιθαμή
306:0.1574
299:⁄
271:0.0787
264:⁄
214:0.0195
207:⁄
5712:Portal
5627:Impact
5507:People
5455:Cities
5305:Enamel
5086:Sacred
5021:Ecloga
4887:Saints
4796:Dromon
4672:Bandon
4662:Tourma
4645:Middle
4568:Beacon
4450:Bandon
4433:Middle
4302:Middle
4257:Senate
4180:Thrace
4163:Serbia
4141:Sicily
4126:Greece
4111:Cyprus
4029:Epirus
4025:Nicaea
3935:Middle
3812:topics
3763:N-body
3701:Indian
3676:Arabic
3539:Somali
3514:Libyan
3482:Africa
3453:Syrian
3403:Korean
3388:Indian
3378:Afghan
3342:Slovak
3312:Polish
3250:German
3233:French
3196:Danish
3174:Europe
3140:Metric
3071:Metric
3051:Stoney
3041:Planck
3026:Atomic
2868:
2845:
2719:
2661:
2116:Value
2048:οὐγκία
2043:ougkía
2026:οὐγγία
2021:ouggía
1911:γραμμα
1906:gramma
1895:Notes
1862:ephors
1860:, and
1858:counts
1840:, and
1822:eparch
1786:Syrian
1762:silver
1752:, and
1750:bronze
1717:solidi
1697:weight
1671:Weight
1652:87.552
1640:μόδιος
1635:módios
1600:φοῦκτα
1521:ξέστης
1516:xéstēs
1512:Xesta
1473:κοτύλη
1468:kotýlē
1462:Cotyla
1430:οὐγκία
1425:ougkía
1408:οὐγγία
1403:ouggía
1391:Notes
1387:liters
1382:Litras
1343:Bodrum
1329:Volume
1305:
1277:μόδιος
1272:módios
1266:Modios
1209:0.095
1173:Notes
1119:
1107:
1069:
1057:
998:
989:
954:milion
946:
937:
928:μίλιον
923:mílion
899:
864:stadia
669:= 108
627:Fathom
579:Fathom
186:Finger
175:Notes
171:meters
122:Length
110:, and
108:Pisans
98:, and
36:Milion
5697:Index
5529:Death
5519:Women
5490:Music
5470:Dress
5465:Dance
5410:Novel
5370:Trade
5365:Mints
5310:Glass
5300:Icons
5096:Domes
4974:Serbs
4789:Samos
4602:Early
4392:Early
4266:Early
4175:Syria
4153:Malta
4131:Italy
4121:Egypt
4106:Crete
4037:Morea
3866:Early
3751:Other
3716:Roman
3696:Hindu
3691:Greek
3575:Cuban
3463:Tatar
3423:Omani
3362:Welsh
3357:Swiss
3277:Irish
3255:Greek
3201:Dutch
3191:Czech
3161:(CGS)
3155:(MTS)
3149:(MKS)
3121:(FPS)
3102:UK/US
2690:(PDF)
2569:Smith
2160:Notes
2110:327.6
2098:λίτρα
2093:lítra
2087:Pound
2082:Litra
2074:uncia
2071:Roman
2037:ὀγκία
2032:ogkía
2016:Ounce
1972:2.27
1939:1.55
1891:grams
1877:Unit
1774:gamma
1754:glass
1721:Greek
1705:Roman
1621:3.367
1584:libra
1567:λίτρα
1562:lítra
1556:Liter
1551:Litra
1538:0.548
1501:0.276
1455:uncia
1452:Roman
1419:ὀγκία
1414:ogkía
1398:Ounce
1373:Unit
1362:Roman
1155:Unit
1144:Greek
952:Also
906:314.8
849:Also
842:188.8
820:Stade
802:31.48
755:21.30
709:3.148
687:Perch
613:canna
609:kanna
560:1.574
520:0.787
477:0.625
455:Cubit
387:Cubit
224:μονάς
219:monas
181:Digit
157:Unit
62:Roman
5495:Lyra
5375:silk
4986:Jews
4761:Navy
4706:Late
4546:Army
4513:Wars
4464:Late
4358:Late
3988:Late
3468:Thai
3438:Pegu
3371:Asia
3009:(US)
2992:Troy
2866:ISBN
2843:ISBN
2777:link
2717:ISBN
2712:2004
2701:2015
2659:ISBN
2060:27.3
2005:4.55
1866:east
1852:and
1850:west
1788:and
1760:and
1758:gold
1746:lead
1701:mass
1337:The
1313:yoke
1303:2973
1256:acre
1247:lit.
1200:ποῦς
1195:poûs
1181:Pous
1138:Area
1014:rope
1011:reed
1006:lit.
996:6296
944:1574
935:5000
918:Mile
897:1000
765:lit.
722:foot
717:lit.
659:2.10
601:1.87
489:Pace
423:lit.
365:ποῦς
360:poûs
354:Foot
349:Pous
314:Span
233:Palm
60:and
5292:Art
4996:Law
2320:ODB
2303:ODB
2291:ODB
2221:ODB
1699:or
1297:000
1234:000
1116:540
1114:330
1104:000
1101:050
1066:220
1054:000
1052:150
986:000
860:pl.
853:or
257:)
41:in
5732::
2883:,
2860:,
2834:,
2820:,
2792:,
2773:}}
2769:{{
2741:,
2737:,
2692:,
2628:,
2624:,
2600:,
2559:^
2508:^
2491:^
2468:^
2447:^
2384:^
2357:^
2342:^
2327:^
2310:^
2279:^
2243:^
2228:^
2209:^
2178:r.
2129:)
2125:(=
2118:c.
2101:)
2089:)
2076:)
2069:(=
2051:)
1991:)
1967:12
1958:)
1934:24
1925:)
1868:.
1856:,
1832:,
1782:𐆄
1748:,
1729:,
1723::
1646:40
1643:)
1616:24
1612:13
1603:)
1586:)
1570:)
1558:)
1524:)
1487:)
1457:)
1450:(=
1442:12
1433:)
1364::
1315:.
1295:30
1291:)
1232:10
1228:)
1206:1
1203:)
1146:.
1064:47
1048:)
1019:33
984:20
980:)
961:)
957:(=
931:)
893:)
876:)
869:(=
833:)
793:)
741:)
724:"
700:)
665:9
641:)
615:.
592:)
570:)
566:(=
551:)
530:)
526:(=
502:)
468:)
400:)
368:)
327:)
292:)
209:16
200:)
118:.
106:,
94:,
90:,
86:,
82:,
71:.
49:).
4047:)
4043:–
4031:–
3918:"
3914:"
3802:e
3795:t
3788:v
2915:e
2908:t
2901:v
2875:.
2852:.
2826:.
2812:.
2781:.
2779:)
2757:.
2725:.
2704:.
2681:.
2667:.
2644:.
2616:.
2571:.
2406:.
2367:.
2352:.
2176:(
2095:(
2085:(
2045:(
2040:)
2034:(
2029:)
2023:(
2000:6
1996:1
1985:(
1963:1
1952:(
1930:1
1919:(
1914:)
1908:(
1780:(
1776:/
1768:/
1735:g
1719:(
1637:(
1609:+
1607:1
1597:(
1573:1
1564:(
1554:(
1533:4
1529:1
1518:(
1496:8
1492:1
1481:(
1476:)
1470:(
1438:1
1427:(
1422:)
1416:(
1411:)
1405:(
1285:(
1280:)
1274:(
1222:(
1197:(
1190:)
1186:(
1099:1
1094:)
1088:(
1042:(
1028:3
1024:1
1021:+
1016:"
974:(
925:(
887:(
866:)
857:(
827:(
787:(
772:"
735:(
694:(
654:4
650:3
647:+
645:6
635:(
586:(
545:(
515:2
511:1
508:+
506:2
496:(
462:(
413:2
409:1
406:+
404:1
394:(
362:(
356:)
352:(
336:4
332:3
321:(
301:2
297:1
286:(
266:4
262:1
251:(
246:)
240:(
221:(
205:1
194:(
188:)
184:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
