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servants. Butlers today may be called upon to do whatever household and personal duties their employers deem fitting, in the goal of freeing their employers to carry out their own personal and professional affairs. Professional butler and author Steven M. Ferry states that the image of tray-wielding butlers who specialise in serving tables and decanting wine is now anachronistic, and that employers may well be more interested in a butler who is capable of managing a full array of household affairs‒from providing the traditional dinner service, to acting as valet, to managing high-tech systems and multiple homes with complexes of staff. While in truly grand houses the modern butler may still function exclusively as a top-ranked household affairs manager, in lesser homes, such as those of dual-income middle-class professionals, they perform a full array of household and
485:
669:"I turned schoolmaster to educate my son, as I could not afford to send him to school. Mrs. Sydney turned schoolmistress to educate my girls as I could not afford a governess. I turned farmer as I could not let my land. A man servant was too expensive, so I caught up a little garden girl, made like a milestone, christened her Bunch, put a napkin in her hand, and made her my butler. The girls taught her to read, Mrs. Sydney to wait, and I undertook her morals. Bunch became the best butler in the country.
38:
747:
851:‒may be a father figure to said hero. Regardless of the genre in which they are cast, butlers in fiction almost invariably follow the "British butler" model and are given an appropriate-sounding surname. The fictional butler tends to be given a typical Anglo-Celtic surname and have an English accent. The Asian, African American, or Caribbean houseboy is a variant, but even these major-domos are based on the British icon.
344:
325:
835:. Butlers may provide comic relief with wry comments, clues as to the perpetrators of various crimes, and are represented as at least as intelligent and moral as their “betters,” or even more so. They are often portrayed as being serious and expressionless and in the case that the wealthy hero is an orphan‒such as
340:(originally a storeroom for "butts" of liquor, although the term later came to mean a general storeroom or pantry). While this is so for household butlers, those with the same title but in service to the Crown enjoyed a position of administrative power and were only minimally involved with various stores.
777:. While this was a subversive act that certainly raised many eyebrows in his day‒Hogarth conspicuously displayed the work in his estate home in full view of guests‒at the same time he had painted his servants' facial expressions to convey the sincerity and deference expected of servant-class members.
681:
families where there may be religious objections for men to work closely with women in a household. Western female celebrities may also prefer a female butler, as may households where the wife is driving the decision to hire a butler. Despite these trends, the Ivor
Spencer School asserts that female
528:
formed a corps of domestic workers from which butlers were eventually drawn. Although not the victims of institutionalised slavery, many of them had not volunteered for domestic service, but were forced into it by indebtedness or coercion. As with
African American slaves, they could rise in domestic
467:
was in charge of the house as a whole and its appearance. In a household without an official head housekeeper, female servants and kitchen staff were also directly under the butler's management, while in smaller households, the butler usually doubled as valet. Employers and their children and guests
420:
Butlers were head of a strict service hierarchy and therein held a position of power and respect. They were more managerial than "hands on"—more so than serving, they officiated in service. For example, although the butler was at the door to greet and announce the arrival of a formal guest, the door
133:
are sometimes given. The precise duties of the employee will vary to some extent in line with the title given but, perhaps more importantly, in line with the requirements of the individual employer. In the grandest homes or when the employer owns more than one residence, there is sometimes an estate
793:
glass over which the butler obsesses provide the interpretive clues. In selecting a butler as his subject, Stock sought to provide a "universal character", a pathos-laden figure that could be widely related to and that could depict the universality of loneliness felt by someone who can only look in
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is especially poignant. In the series, Stock portrays the butler as sick with love, but the possibility of fulfillment is hopeless: the love is a forbidden love, perhaps felt for the lady of the house, and so it must be suffered alone in silent concealment. In addition to the ongoing mannerisms and
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Higman additionally argues that the inequality/equality levels of societies are a major determinant of the nature of the domestic servant/employer relationship. As the 21st century approached, many butlers began carrying out an increasing number of duties formerly reserved for more junior household
404:
The number of the male domestics in a family varies according to the wealth and position of the master, from the owner of the ducal mansion, with a retinue of attendants, at the head of which is the chamberlain and house-steward, to the occupier of the humbler house, where a single footman, or even
772:
depicted his household servants, all surrounding the butler. In showing the group in a close-knit assemblage rather than in the performance of their routine household duties, Hogarth sought to humanise and dignify them in a manner akin to wealthy-class members, who were the normal subjects of such
685:
In ancient times, the roles precursive to butlering were reserved for chattel or those confined within heredity-based class structures. With the advent of the medieval era, butlering became an opportunity for social advancement‒even more so during
Victorian times. Although still based upon various
572:
beginning in the late 1980s, overall global demand for butlers since the turn of the millennium has risen dramatically. According to
Charles MacPherson, President of Charles MacPherson Associates and owner of The Charles MacPherson Academy for Butlers and Household Managers, the proximate cause is
508:
were put to task as domestic servants. Some eventually became butlers. Gary
Puckrein, a social historian, argues that those used in particularly affluent homes authentically internalised the sorts of "refined" norms and personal attributes that would reflect highly upon the social stature of their
425:
by a footman, who would receive the guest's hat and coat. Even though the butler helped his employer into his coat, this had been handed to him by a footman. However, even the highest-ranking butler would "pitch in" when necessary, such as during a staff shortage, to ensure that the household ran
197:
In
Britain, the butler was originally a middle-ranking member of the staff of a grand household. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the butler gradually became the senior, usually male, member of a household's staff in the very grandest households. However, there was sometimes a steward who ran the
252:
From ancient through medieval times, alcoholic beverages were chiefly stored first in earthenware vessels, then later in wooden barrels, rather than in glass bottles; these containers would have been an important part of a household's possessions. The care of these assets was therefore generally
368:
of the
Elizabethan era was more akin to the butler that later emerged. Gradually, throughout the 19th century and particularly the Victorian era, as the number of butlers and other domestic servants greatly increased in various countries, the butler became a senior male servant of a household's
613:
has changed. Whereas butlers have traditionally worn a special uniform that separated them from junior servants, and although this is still often the case, butlers today may wear more casual clothing geared for climate, while exchanging it for formal business attire only upon special service
194:'bottle'. For centuries, the butler has been the attendant entrusted with the care and serving of wine and other bottled beverages, which in ancient times might have represented a considerable portion of the household's assets and led to the position becoming chief steward of a household.
818:
The real-life modern butler attempts to be discreet and unobtrusive, friendly but not familiar, keenly anticipative of the needs of his or her employer, and graceful and precise in execution of duty. The butler of fiction, by contrast, often tends to be larger than life and has become a
410:
150:
230:
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Butlers were typically hired by the master of the house but usually reported to its lady. Beeton in her manual suggested a GBP 25–50 (US$ 2,675‒5,350) per-year salary for butlers; room and board and livery clothing were additional benefits, and tipping known as
2179:
In
Loeffler (15 April 2007), Nathalie Laitmon of The Calendar Group in Stamford, Connecticut, states that skilled butlers within the grandest households can make USD 200,000 (GBP 101,500). She states, "The bigger the lifestyle of the family, the more they can
686:
antecedent roles as manifested during different eras, butlering today has frequently taken over many of the roles formerly reserved for lower-ranking domestic servants. At the same time it has become a potentially lucrative career option.
405:
the odd man-of-all-work, is the only male retainer. The majority of gentlemen's establishments probably comprise a servant out of livery, or butler, a footman, and coachman, or coachman and groom, where the horses exceed two or three.
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that the number of millionaires and billionaires has increased in recent years, and such people are finding that they desire assistance in managing their households. MacPherson emphasises that the number of wealthy people in
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outside estate and financial affairs, rather than just the household, and who was senior to the butler in social status into the 19th century. Butlers used always to be attired in a special uniform, distinct from the
81:
caring for the entire house and its appearance. A butler is usually male and in charge of male servants while a housekeeper is usually a woman and in charge of female servants. Traditionally, male servants (such as
577:
has increased particularly, creating in that country a high demand for professional butlers who have been trained in the
European butlering tradition. There is also increasing demand for such butlers in other
2359:
2342:
455:‒there were frequently numerous young men in the role within a household‒ performed a range of duties including serving meals, attending doors, carrying or moving heavy items, and they often doubled as
1927:
Ms
Camille, who is the Australasian representative to the Butler's Guild: "I still make beds, clean toilets and peg out washing," she says. "It's not all as glamorous as people perceive it to be".
393:, which contained napkins and basins for washing and shaving. In the very grandest households there was sometimes an Estate Steward or other senior steward who oversaw the butler and his duties.
1912:
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from the outside. Stock began the series in 1985 to express his difficult feelings during a personal experience of unrequited love. One of the paintings was inspiration for a
1966:
461:. Valets themselves performed a variety of personal duties for their employer. Butlers engaged and directed all these junior staff and each reported directly to him. The
86:) were better paid and of higher status than female servants. The butler, as the senior male servant, has the highest servant status. He can also sometimes function as a
2238:
606:. Butlers today may also be situated within corporate settings, embassies, cruise ships, yachts, or within their own small "Rent-a-Butler" business or similar agency.
1826:
1151:
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occasions. There are cultural distinctions, as well. In the United States, butlers may frequently don a polo shirt and slacks, while in Bali they typically wear
2024:
1948:
476:, were common. The few butlers who were married had to make separate housing arrangements for their families, as did all other servants within the hierarchy.
347:
In a large house, the butler (centre-left) is traditionally head over a full array of household servants. This is the servant staff at the Stonehouse Hill of
807:
2363:
1839:
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In 2007, the number of butlers in Britain had risen to an estimated 5,000. That number rose to 10,000 by 2014, consistent with increased worldwide demand.
517:
first published in 1827, is essentially a manual for butlers and waiters, and is called by Puckrein "the most remarkable book by an African American in
264:
interpreted a dream of Pharaoh's שקה (shaqah) (literally "to give to drink"), which is most often translated into English as "chief butler" or "chief
509:
masters or mistresses. One of the first books written and published through a commercial U.S. publisher by an African American was by a butler named
2119:
1991:
2522:
246:
1767:
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reserved for trusted slaves, although the job could also go to free persons because of heredity-based class lines or the inheritance of trades.
1179:
1953:
Lynda Reeves, president of the Toronto-based House & Home Media, for the term "butler" says: "it's a pretentious name for a housekeeper".
237:
The modern role of the butler has evolved from earlier roles that were generally concerned with the care and serving of alcoholic beverages.
1744:
2057:
541:), employment in domestic service occupations began a sharp overall decline in western European countries, and even more markedly in the
1526:
1295:
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637:. While this is still often the case, numerous private butlering schools exist today. Additionally, major up-market hotels such as the
468:
addressed the butler (and under-butler, if there was one) by last name alone; fellow servants, retainers, and tradespersons as "Mr. ".
1316:
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Butlers have traditionally been male, and this remains the norm. Probably the first mention of a female butler is in the 1892 book
641:
offer traditional butler training, while some hotels have trained a sort of pseudo-butler for service in defined areas such as "
629:
Butlers traditionally learned their position while progressing their way up the service ladder. For example, in the documentary
1806:
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The best-known fictional manservant, and the archetype of the quintessential British butler, is himself not a butler at all.
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In ancient Greece and Rome, it was nearly always slaves who were charged with the care and service of wine, while during the
429:
The household itself was generally divided into areas of responsibility. The butler was in charge of the dining room, the
2515:
2298:
2256:
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2429:
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1834:
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in Powys, U.K., in 1891. The residence had 17 servants in residence. The largest stately houses could have 40 or more.
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2014:
1337:
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Eventually the European butler emerged as a middle-ranking member of the servants of a great house, in charge of the
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facial expressions of the butler, a seated lady once appearing in a curtained room and a recurring lipstick-stained
1940:
2242:
557:
Barry Higman argues that a high number of domestic workers within a society correlates with a high level of socio-
484:
1976:
854:
Today, butlers are usually portrayed as being refined and well-spoken. However, in 19th century fiction such as
2508:
1045:, a murder/romance novel. Howard gives detailed and generally accurate descriptions of butlering in the work.
1027:
was coached in brooding detail by Arthur Inch, a longtime real-life butler. Mr. Stevens, the butler played by
2606:
2166:
1437:
1170:
1033:
463:
78:
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389:, bread) as it came to be called, which supplied bread, butter, cheese, and other basic provisions, and the
1385:
1200:
1684:
1237:
993:
661:, who between 1809 and 1829 struggled to make ends meet in a poorly paid assignment to a rural parish in
2337:
1037:, was also acted with remarkable realism. A female butler, Sarah Stevens, is the principal character in
2441:
The Butler Speaks: A Return to Proper Etiquette, Stylish Entertaining, and the Art of Good Housekeeping
2135:
1999:
1780:
1641:
521:". The book generated such interest that a second edition was published in 1828, and a third in 1843.
1917:
1894:
1054:
963:
645:", who fix guests' computers and other electronic devices, and "bath butlers" who draw custom baths.
217:
has expertise and professional knowledge of the management, secure storage, use and cleaning of all
1270:
1250:
1212:
715:
951:
510:
31:
17:
2369:
The article there is a mirror copy of "A Brief History of Butlers and Butlering" by Stephen Ewen
1729:
221:, associated tableware and other paraphernalia for use at military and other special functions.
2601:
1922:
1539:
Nancy Scanlon (2006). "The Development of the Kitchen in the English Country House 1315–1864".
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946:
352:
2047:
1281:
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988:
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service, and their happiness or misery depended greatly on the disposition of their masters.
261:
1513:
This was most likely from a loss of the original Latin meaning and the mistaken belief that
1371:
1226:
1110:
8:
1830:
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1890:
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filled the role within the noble court. The English word "butler" itself comes from the
1944:
1614:
1412:
1117:
1010:
998:
875:, whether or not the character has been given a name. Butlers figure so prominently in
599:
65:, the household is sometimes divided into departments with the butler in charge of the
1360:
Subaru Konoe, the female butler of Kanade Suzutsuki who is disguised as a male in the
1154:, a human-sized sociopathic Autobot Headmaster who acts as Sir Edmund Burton's butler.
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983:
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919:
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505:
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2278:
2275:"The man who got it right for Gosford Park and told Richard E Grant what was wrong"
2019:
1606:
1265:
1245:
1095:
1004:
996:, Bailey (an English canine butler) from the children's animated television series
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314:
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manager of higher rank than the butler. The butler can also be assisted by a head
1971:
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Butler, the butler for Prince Salde Canarl Shellbrick III off of the puzzle game
1028:
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433:, pantry, and sometimes the entire main floor. Directly under the butler was the
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54:
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smoothly, although some evidence suggests this was so even during normal times.
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1344:
1329:
1207:
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840:
799:
554:
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374:
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280:
117:
1601:
Marshall, D. (April 1929). "The Domestic Servants of the Eighteenth Century".
768:(c. 1758), is unique among such works. In it, the 18th-century English artist
260:
contains a reference to a role precursive to modern butlers. The early Hebrew
2590:
2458:
2260:
2153:"Unique Rosewood Ladies Floor could start trend in Saudi, Middle East Hotels"
1995:
1843:
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1128:
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or business casual clothing and appear in uniform only on special occasions.
37:
2474:
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by Horace Smith. In it Smith quotes the noted writer and Anglican clergyman
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In older houses where the butler is the most senior worker, titles such as
673:
Today, female butlers are sometimes preferred, especially for work within
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1379:
1362:
1145:
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844:
820:
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538:
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70:
66:
62:
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who would fill in as butler during the butler's illness or absence. The
1618:
1232:
1018:
848:
824:
785:
674:
395:
296:
265:
176:
2097:
Alex Witchel (20 August 2000). "At Hotels, the Butlers Are Doing It".
1290:, the demon butler and highest-ranking furniture of the Golden Witch;
1432:
1417:
1394:
1389:
872:
868:
662:
587:
95:
87:
58:
1610:
1319:, a demon disguised as a man bound by contract to his master in the
1017:
Not all fictional butlers portray the "butler stereotype", however.
746:
2155:. 10 December 2007. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021.
1802:
1193:
1189:
880:
795:
790:
774:
759:
634:
553:. As few as one hundred were estimated to remain by the mid-1980s.
324:
74:
1157:
Domovoi Butler, butler/bodyguard to Artemis Fowl in Eoin Colfer's
2560:
2545:
1663:
Gary Puckrein (October–November 1998). "The Science of Service".
1427:
1135:
958:, which was adapted into a feature film with sequels and later a
892:
861:
856:
633:, retired butler Arthur Inch (born 1915) describes starting as a
497:
451:
229:
135:
83:
27:
Usually male domestic worker in charge of all the household staff
1913:"Move over, Jeeves, a new breed of butler is working her way up"
758:
Butlers have been occasionally depicted in visual art. A famous
202:
of junior servants, but today a butler is more likely to wear a
2466:
2189:
1064:
924:
903:
836:
615:
610:
409:
343:
199:
1588:
The servant's labour: the business of life, England, 1760–1820
545:. Even so, there were still around 30,000 butlers employed in
149:
2570:
1447:
911:
583:
574:
568:
Following varied shifts and changes accompanying accelerated
457:
332:
depicted in service to a noble court during the Medieval Era.
318:
182:'officer in charge of the king's wine bottles', derived from
2360:
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License
2343:
Creative Common Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License
1866:
Butlers & Household Managers: 21st Century Professionals
2565:
2484:
Mrs. Starkey's Original Guide to Private Service Management
1857:
1675:
1633:
1442:
888:
828:
698:, White House butler who served under seven U.S. presidents
579:
1696:
1640:. Munroe and Francis; New York: Charles S. Francis, 1827.
2015:"Shortage of Butlers Has World's Wealthy Facing a Crisis"
1740:
609:
Along with these changes of scope and context, butlering
561:. Conversely, as a society undergoes levelling among its
369:
staff. By this time he was in charge of the more modern
77:. Some also have charge of the entire parlour floor and
2384:
The Butler's Guide to Running the Home and Other Graces
2052:
1313:, frequently conspires with the clever Gally Threepwood
986:, the butler at the Sheffield house in American sitcom
2140:
Joel Lehtonen is a contributor, translator of the book
2121:
Interludes being Two Essays, a Story, and Some Verses
1682:
J. Lee (1988). "Steady, Jeeves‒you've got company!".
1590:. Social History. Vol. 29. Taylor & Francis.
798:
short film, "The Butler's in Love" by actor/director
708:; and founder of The London School of British Butlers
655:
Interludes being Two Essays, a Story, and Some Verses
359:
2090:
565:, the number employed in domestic service declines.
2118:Smith, Horace; Lehtonen, Joel (14 November 2005) .
1820:
1818:
1816:
1369:Underling, the butler in the 2006 Broadway Musical
400:, a manual published in Britain in 1861, reported:
2190:Waterfield G.; A. French; M. Craske, eds. (2003).
1134:Charley Raunce, who succeeds to the position from
867:"The butler" is integral to the plot of countless
53:is a person who works in a house serving and is a
2087:Collector's Edition DVD, Universal Studios, 2002.
1906:
1904:
978:cartoons; Beach, from the Wodehouse series about
2588:
2422:Hotel Butlers, The Great Service Differentiators
2183:
1888:
1813:
1529:; Lord Montagu's Book of Rules and Orders, 1595.
918:. Probably the best-known fictional butlers are
240:
2341:" by Stephen Ewen, which is licensed under the
1882:
784:, "The Butler's in Love" series by U.S. artist
247:Dish-bearers and butlers in Anglo-Saxon England
2257:"San Francisco's historic Westerfield Mansion"
2192:Below stairs, 400 years of servants' portraits
1910:
1901:
1244:John Lawless, a central character in the 1967
1241:, 2002 British historical recreation TV series
30:"Butlers" redirects here. For other uses, see
2516:
2117:
2048:"What It's Like to Be a Billionaire's Butler"
1662:
1538:
1021:, who played the butler Jennings in the film
682:butlers are not easily placed, on the whole.
479:
287:(and several other forms), from Anglo-Norman
2350:This article incorporates material from the
2096:
1224:and the radio comedy on which it was based,
1093:, the Tate butler in the hit 1970's sitcom,
723:, White House chief butler from 1932 to 1953
537:Beginning around the early 1920s (following
1730:"By Jeeves, We're Having a Butler Shortage"
1556:
1554:
2523:
2509:
2438:
1727:
1631:
1541:Journal of Culinary Science and Technology
1527:Anthony-Maria Browne, 2nd Viscount Montagu
317:"butler" thus relates both to bottles and
233:A slave in charge of wine in ancient Rome.
2530:
1768:"Inside the Billionaire Service Industry"
1739:(Interview). Interviewed by Scott Simon.
1563:Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management
1138:when Eldon the Butler dies, in the novel
2382:Ager, Stanley; Aubyn, Fiona St. (2012).
2338:A Brief History of Butlers and Butlering
2335:This article is based on material from "
1765:
1728:MacPherson, Charles (10 February 2007).
1721:
1656:
1600:
1585:
1565:. Oxford University Press. p. 393.
1551:
1460:
1377:Wadsworth, the protagonist in the movie
860:, butlers generally spoke with a strong
745:
483:
408:
342:
323:
245:For butlers in Anglo-Saxon England, see
228:
148:
36:
2236:
2012:
1309:, from the Blandings Castle stories by
648:
14:
2589:
1989:
1964:
1951:from the original on 12 January 2022.
1824:
1796:
1702:
1681:
1560:
1532:
2504:
2194:. London: National Portrait Gallery.
1967:"More money than time? Rent a butler"
1863:
940:television series; and Crichton from
224:
2045:
1938:
1868:. BookSurge Publishing. p. 14.
1766:Kolhatka, Sheelah (September 2006).
1747:from the original on 4 February 2008
1644:from the original on 10 January 2022
1586:Steedman, Carrolyn (February 2004).
1493:Servants: Their Hierarchy and Duties
1466:
532:
2060:from the original on 3 October 2021
1825:Gerard, Jasper (15 November 2007).
1797:Chadha, Monica (17 February 2003).
1707:. Melbourne University Publishing.
1491:Michelle Jean Hoppe’s article 046:
24:
2424:. BookSurge Publishing (reprint).
2375:
2315:A synopsis of Linda Howard's 2002
2214:Croft, Karen. "Butlers in Love",
1965:Harvey, Jones (15 December 2001).
1889:William Loeffler (15 April 2007).
1827:"Butlers: A Jeeves of my very own"
1126:, butler to the Crawley family in
765:Heads of Six of Hogarth's Servants
752:Heads of Six of Hogarth's Servants
689:
441:), although there could also be a
360:Elizabethan through Victorian eras
25:
2618:
2403:A Butler's Guide to Table Manners
2027:from the original on 8 March 2021
1911:James Woodford (5 October 2002).
1809:from the original on 20 May 2020.
1779:. pp. 97‒101. Archived from
1338:Power Rangers Operation Overdrive
302:("bottle bearer"), Modern French
2299:"Linda Howard - Dying To Please"
2285:The Authenticity of Gosford Park
2079:The Authenticity of Gosford Park
1990:Patrao, Michael (27 July 2007).
1975:. United Kingdom. Archived from
1343:Mr. Stevens, the protagonist of
906:, the iconic creation of author
741:
631:The Authenticity of Gosford Park
2358:", which is licensed under the
2291:
2267:
2249:
2230:
2221:
2208:
2173:
2145:
2111:
2072:
2039:
2006:
1983:
1958:
1932:
1848:
1799:"Royal tips for Indian butlers"
1790:
1759:
1634:"The House Servant's Directory"
1625:
1002:and Benson from the two series
398:'s Book of Household Management
171:, a variant form of Old Norman
2013:Sapsted, David (30 May 2007).
1939:Dube, Rebecca (20 July 2007).
1594:
1579:
1520:
1507:
1498:
1485:
1279:, the butler in the TV Series
515:The House Servant's Directory,
13:
1:
2482:Starkey, Mary Louise (1989).
2237:Garchik, Leah (14 May 2008).
1705:Domestic Service in Australia
1453:
1210:, The titular protagonist of
966:, from the television series
813:
504:, in the early 17th century,
490:The House Servant's Directory
241:Ancient through medieval eras
154:
144:
2439:MacPherson, Charles (2013).
2081:, Documentary featurette in
1941:"Desperately seeking Jeeves"
1685:U.S. News & World Report
1366:anime, manga and light novel
1198:Giles, the butler for ABC's
883:that they can be considered
190:, itself from Gallo-Romance
7:
1406:
1238:The Edwardian Country House
1076:, from the television show
1048:
994:The Fresh Prince of Bel Air
972:, based on Charles Addams'
928:comic and films; Hudson of
624:
10:
2623:
2401:Clayton, Nicholas (2017).
2046:Katz, David (8 May 2014).
1561:Beeton, Isabella (2000) .
1357:and movie of the same name
1294:and the Endless Sorcerer,
1052:
864:or other regional accent.
843:'s Satella Harvenheit, or
602:duties, including mundane
480:In the early United States
244:
29:
2536:
2443:. Toronto: Random House.
2239:"San Francisco Chronicle"
2227:The World of Marck Stock.
2165:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1992:"The alter ago of Jeeves"
1918:The Sydney Morning Herald
1895:Pittsburgh Tribune-Review
1218:Higgins, from the sitcom
1055:List of fictional butlers
291:, itself from Old Norman
2463:Every Man His Own Butler
2328:
1864:Ferry, Steven M (2002).
1737:Weekend Edition Saturday
1271:The Adventures of Tintin
1251:The Happiest Millionaire
1213:Hayate the Combat Butler
950:. Lesser-knowns include
899:is "The butler did it!"
716:Diana, Princess of Wales
519:antebellum United States
186:'bottle' (Modern French
167:comes from Anglo-Norman
1301:Umineko no Naku Koro ni
1254:played by 60 teen idol
306:, and before that from
131:head of household staff
32:Butler (disambiguation)
2486:. Mansion Publishing.
2469:: Whittaker & Co.
2420:Ferry, Steven (2009).
2124:. MacMillan & Co.
1703:Higman, Barry (2002).
1469:Emily Post's Etiquette
1354:The Remains of the Day
1325:manga and anime series
1084:Austin, from the game
947:The Admirable Crichton
755:
671:
496:From the beginning of
493:
417:
407:
356:
353:Frederick Lothrop Ames
333:
234:
160:
46:
2531:Modern cleaning roles
2138:on 28 December 2008.
912:gentleman's gentleman
749:
667:
487:
412:
402:
346:
327:
232:
152:
40:
2607:Gendered occupations
1979:on 13 November 2013.
1891:"The butler does it"
1837:on 13 November 2012.
1786:on 13 December 2013.
1517:related to "butter".
1467:Post, Emily (2007).
1372:The Drowsy Chaperone
1180:Blackadder the Third
1079:Upstairs, Downstairs
930:Upstairs, Downstairs
649:Gender and butlering
101:butler administrator
2319:book, archived copy
2305:on 20 February 2008
2245:on 16 January 2009.
1842:14 January 2013 at
1831:The Daily Telegraph
1638:digital.lib.msu.edu
1335:Spencer, butler in
1332:'s fictional butler
1317:Sebastian Michaelis
1177:, in the TV Series
1169:, butler to Prince
1109:Cadbury, butler to
808:Westerfield Mansion
737:, from 2004 to 2011
559:economic inequality
526:indentured servants
295:, corresponding to
175:, corresponding to
2405:. National Trust.
2362:but not under the
1945:The Globe and Mail
1413:Butler of Scotland
1034:Remains of the Day
827:and a traditional
802:, shot in 2008 at
756:
643:technology butlers
600:personal assistant
494:
418:
357:
334:
235:
225:Origin and history
161:
136:footman or footboy
47:
2584:
2583:
2201:978-1-85514-512-2
2002:on 11 April 2008.
1925:on 8 March 2021.
1875:978-1-59109-306-0
1733:(Streaming Audio)
1714:978-0-522-85011-6
1572:978-0-19-283345-7
1478:978-1-4068-1215-2
1227:It's Higgins, Sir
1167:Edmund Blackadder
1104:Puyo Puyo Fever 2
1061:Alfred Pennyworth
969:The Addams Family
960:television series
932:television fame;
533:The modern butler
506:African Americans
488:Robert Roberts's
193:
16:(Redirected from
2614:
2551:Exterior cleaner
2525:
2518:
2511:
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2478:
2454:
2435:
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2397:
2386:. Potter Style.
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2312:
2310:
2301:. Archived from
2295:
2289:
2288:
2279:Mid Sussex Times
2271:
2265:
2264:
2263:on 31 July 2010.
2259:. Archived from
2253:
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2241:. Archived from
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2134:. Archived from
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2037:
2036:
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2020:The New York Sun
2010:
2004:
2003:
1998:. Archived from
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1921:. Archived from
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1632:Robert Roberts.
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1471:. Echo Library.
1464:
1351:-winning novel,
1266:Marlinspike Hall
1264:, the butler of
1248:' musical movie
1246:Sherman Brothers
992:, Geoffrey from
980:Blandings Castle
885:stock characters
782:contemporary art
731:King Charles III
555:Social historian
351:, the estate of
191:
159:
156:
45:Butler's Pantry.
41:A butler in the
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1423:Domestic worker
1409:
1400:Terry Pratchett
1311:P. G. Wodehouse
1307:Sebastian Beach
1221:Our Man Higgins
1192:'s butler from
1115:Chadwick, from
1067:'s butler from
1057:
1051:
1043:Dying to Please
1029:Anthony Hopkins
954:from the novel
908:P. G. Wodehouse
904:Reginald Jeeves
833:performing arts
816:
770:William Hogarth
744:
735:Prince of Wales
702:Leslie Bartlett
692:
690:Notable butlers
679:Southeast Asian
651:
627:
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482:
362:
258:book of Genesis
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55:domestic worker
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2459:Redding, Cyrus
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2431:978-1439226483
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1235:, a butler in
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975:The New Yorker
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841:Chrono Crusade
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800:David Arquette
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127:estate manager
118:chief of staff
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2307:. Retrieved
2303:the original
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2084:Gosford Park
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2062:. Retrieved
2051:
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2029:. Retrieved
2018:
2008:
2000:the original
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1977:the original
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1923:the original
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1776:The Atlantic
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1086:Gardenscapes
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1024:Gosford Park
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1146:Henry Green
1118:Jamaica Inn
1111:Richie Rich
1065:Bruce Wayne
897:catchphrase
845:Tomb Raider
821:plot device
706:toastmaster
592:Middle East
582:countries,
539:World War I
464:housekeeper
431:wine cellar
385:from Latin
371:wine cellar
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138:called the
71:wine cellar
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2591:Categories
2309:24 January
2283:Also see:
1648:10 January
1454:References
1398:series by
1328:Smithers,
1233:Hugh Edgar
1201:Whodunnit?
1190:Tony Stark
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1019:Alan Bates
895:, where a
873:melodramas
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849:Lara Croft
825:literature
814:In fiction
786:Mark Stock
729:butler to
704:, butler,
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145:Background
109:manservant
2354:article "
1751:13 August
1603:Economica
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1395:Discworld
1386:Willikins
1282:The Nanny
1204:TV series
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2031:16 March
2025:Archived
1949:Archived
1840:Archived
1807:Archived
1803:BBC News
1745:Archived
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1194:Iron Man
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916:factotum
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330:pincerna
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1069:Batman
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999:Arthur
925:Batman
920:Alfred
910:is a "
837:Batman
611:attire
590:-rich
458:valets
423:opened
379:pantry
262:Joseph
200:livery
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2329:Notes
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1771:(PDF)
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1298:from
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319:casks
283:word
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1008:and
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891:and
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