404:, a genus of large-eyed and long-legged terrestrial foragers known as thick-knees, it is slender in form and a grey and brown colour with distinctive markings. The bird has conspicuous dark streaks over the buff and greyish white feathers of the upperparts and spotted markings on the wings. The plumage at lower side of the bird is also strongly streaked with dark brown over white and buff feathers. The total length of the species, including a bill around 45 mm and tail 180 mm, is 550 mm; the wingspan approaches 1 m across. Black flight feathers on the wing reveal a light buff patch when extended, and the plumage has a light area at the shoulder. The head is distinguished by a band of dark feathers over the eye and down the neck, and a buff colour at the forehead and brow over the eye. The iris is bright yellow; bare skin near the eye is black. The long legs of the species are an olive-green colour, and the bill is darkish in tone.
531:. The threat from predation by cats is noted as sometimes absent where the fox had already established itself. Attempts to control another exotic pest, the European rabbit, were also a threatening factor to this species succumbing to control methods of water poisoning and inadvertent capture in rabbit traps. Bush curlew's distribution range included most of the mainland of the Australian continent, although this has become reduced by around 90%, and is also found on offshore and nearby islands. A very small population is recorded breeding at a site in southern New Guinea. The curlew was reported to sometimes find protection from foxes by residing near rural properties, receiving the consideration of farmers and defended by their dogs. Young birds have been known to become partially domesticated at rural properties.
492:
267:) is a large, ground-dwelling bird endemic to Australia. Its favoured habitat is open plains and woodlands, where it stalks slowly at night in search of invertebrates such as insects. Its grey-brown coloration is distinguished by dark streaks, its eyes are large and legs are long. It is capable of flight, but relies on the camouflage of its plumage to evade detection during the day; the bush curlew adopts a rigid posture when it becomes aware of an observer. Both sexes care for two eggs laid on the bare ground, usually sited near bush in a shaded position or next to a fallen branch.
31:
453:
644:
671:
84:
656:
620:
206:
480:
632:
59:
437:, it is mainly nocturnal and specialises in hunting small grassland animals; frogs, spiders, insects, molluscs, crustaceans, snakes, lizards, and small mammals are all taken, mostly gleaned or probed from soft soil or rotting wood; a few seeds or tubers are also consumed, particularly in drought years. Birds usually forage individually or in pairs over a large home range, particularly on moonlit nights.
548:
488:
performed by both parents. The brooding parent discreetly moves from the site if disturbed in the first few days of incubation but remains to defend an egg at a later stage of development. The parent adopts its frozen posture and lays over the eggs in an attempt to hide them. An egg that has been discovered by an intruder may be moved a short distance away.
414:
The coloration of the eggshell is generally a stone grey with brownish blotching, although this is variable and often matches the environment to provide camouflage. Size of the egg is also variable, on average it is 53 × 39 mm, yet differences in nearby nests or between the two eggs of the same brood
410:
This stone-curlew's voice is loud and can be heard at a great distance. The call of "weeloo" has an eerie and plaintive tone and is a familiar sound of the night in the
Australian bush. The frequency of calls increases when weather conditions are changing, especially when rain is approaching an area.
440:
During the day, bush stone-curlews tend to remain inactive, sheltering amongst tall grass or the shade of shrubs and trees, relying on their cryptic plumage to protect them from predators. When disturbed, they freeze motionless, often in odd-looking postures. For visual predators such as raptors and
580:
is not threatened, revising an earlier listing of near threatened with extinction. The population is declining and estimated at 10,000 to 15,000 individuals in 2016. Historical declines recorded during colonisation of
Australia are thought to have abated in the 32 years (three generations) prior to
560:
Bush stone-curlews remain reasonably common in the north of
Australia, but have become rare in the less fertile south. Many experts believe that fox predation is a prime factor in their decline, although some areas remain where foxes are common, yet the bush stone-curlew population remains healthy,
487:
The bush curlew is sometimes recorded in flocks, but when the breeding season occurs, the number of birds in a locality is the usually just a mating pair. Like other ground-nesting birds, the females only select a site to lay the eggs and provide no other adornment to the nest; care of the site is
504:
The bush stone-curlew has a broad habitat preference, but is rarely seen in rainforest, arid desert, or urban or agricultural regions. The species is found in open forest, eucalyptus woodland, rainforest edges, grassy plains, arid scrubland, and along inland watercourses. They are not a migratory
538:
noted in 1903 that the bush stone-curlew gained access to open water and favoured the partial clearing of forest where remnant shrubland remained. However, the dramatic decline in former strongholds that were converted to
European farming practices was recorded in the mid-20th century.
524:
Historical records of the species' occurrence in southwest
Australia indicate it was common, sometimes abundant, but the population greatly declined in this region during the 20th century. The cause of its extirpation is largely attributed to the introduction of the red fox
418:
No other
Australian bird resembles the bush curlew. Another species of the family, the beach stone-curlew also known as a wee-lo, is distinguished by its plumage and larger bill and is only found at the coast. Confusion with the nightjars is possible, but the species of
552:
550:
464:
Despite their ungainly appearance and habit of freezing motionless, they are sure-footed, fast, and agile on the ground, and although they seldom fly during daylight hours, they are far from clumsy in the air; flight is rapid and direct on long, broad wings.
565:
and fragmentation has undoubtedly been important, and may well be the major factor, although some evidence suggests that the species favours agricultural land and some urban areas with patches of remnant native vegetation over intact areas of vegetation.
449:. Approaching the camouflaged individual does not dissuade it from this behaviour, maintaining the rigid posture even if handled. If moving from a disturbance, they crouch and walk stealthily into vegetation, only attempting to fly if vigorously pursued.
476:, noted that their call was heard in response to the cry of possums shot by hunters. When threatened (presumably in the presence of a nest), they may raise their wings wide and high in an impressive threat posture and emit a loud, hoarse hissing noise.
551:
383:
at a district in the western interior. Up to the early 20th century, the name southern stone-plover was used in settler texts. International sources may use the name bush thick-knee, using one of the common names for the genus
612:
1988. Under this act, an action statement for the recovery and future management of this species has been prepared. On the 2007 advisory list of threatened vertebrate fauna in
Victoria, this species is listed as endangered.
1126:
1101:
549:
468:
The bush stone-curlew is probably heard more than it is seen. Its call sounds like a wail or a scream in the night. When scared, it screeches – a sound similar to the screech of a
585:
517:
of
Australia's northeast, but is not found around urban areas in the south of its range. It can be found throughout Australia apart from the West Australian coast and
1529:
1130:
1105:
1377:
1061:"Habitat preferences of an endangered species in developing landscapes: the Bush Stone-curlew on the Central Coast of New South Wales, Australia"
1416:
505:
species, although weather conditions may cause them to relocate to another site in a local area. It is a common species around the cities of
1509:
966:
521:. It is still abundant in the tropical and subtropical north, but has become very rare in the less fertile south where it was once common.
351:
almost exclusively used for this species within
Australia, its natural range. A name used by the indigenous peoples of Western Australia,
1091:
Kirkwood J 2005, "Bush-stone Curlew (Burhinus grallarius)", Threatened
Species Day fact sheet, Department of the Environment and Heritage
895:
303:
Until a revision determining the priority of names assigned to this species, ornithologists cited the description under the epithet
1351:
601:
1390:
411:
Several individuals may join their voices in chorus, greatly intensifying the extraordinary quality of their nocturnal calling.
1160:
1395:
605:
390:. Other common names that have been cited as used for this species are southern stone-curlew and scrub stone-curlew.
1473:
1004:
843:
570:
1524:
1421:
643:
970:
364:
971:"Historical perspectives of the ecology of some conspicuous vertebrate species in south-west Western Australia"
943:
340:, it is terrestrial forager of semiarid inland environments related to the shorebirds and waders of the order
1215:
609:
1242:
670:
655:
1519:
1289:
1237:
800:
749:
473:
276:
195:
1294:
296:
727:
407:
The sexes are similar, with juveniles displaying a paler plumage that otherwise resembles the adults.
1255:
619:
441:
humans, this works well, but it serves little purpose with animals that hunt by scent such as foxes,
356:
83:
1460:
491:
1382:
1263:
1177:
1408:
1455:
899:
178:
1447:
1229:
1468:
1338:
1268:
1224:
845:
A handbook of the birds of Western Australia (with the exception of the Kimberley division)
323:
collected in the east at Queensland. These descriptions are recognised as synonymous with
30:
8:
562:
336:
48:
1281:
704:
1276:
1041:
597:
535:
359:
and published by Gould in 1845. Later authorities included this name as current at the
223:
78:
1155:. East Melbourne, Victoria: Department of Sustainability and Environment. p. 15.
1150:
631:
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1442:
1312:
1156:
1000:
939:
1045:
753:
452:
1072:
1033:
874:
835:
722:
569:
Starting in 2014, bush stone-curlews have been reintroduced to a protected area in
469:
1317:
1304:
1429:
839:
593:
360:
341:
308:
135:
770:
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863:
372:
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1403:
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280:
68:
63:
795:
205:
938:(2nd rev. 1st ed.). Reader's Digest Services. 1982. pp. 170–171.
479:
434:
145:
1020:
Gates, J.A.; Paton, D.C. (2005). "The distribution of Bush Stone-curlews (
1434:
1364:
1209:
421:
348:
286:. Latham published three names simultaneously; however, the seniority of
1077:
1060:
1481:
1356:
589:
514:
331:
291:
573:
in Canberra using a combination of hard- and soft-release strategies.
1024:) in South Australia, with particular reference to Kangaroo Island".
878:
95:
1369:
1330:
1171:
1037:
1194:
518:
506:
400:
386:
275:
The bush stone-curlew was first described by English ornithologist
155:
115:
896:"Bush Stone-Curlew Fact Sheet – Mulligans Flat Woodland Sanctuary"
769:
Gould, Elizabeth; Gould, John; Richter, Henry Constantine (1845).
1343:
1250:
999:. Frenchs Forest, New South Wales: Reed New Holland. p. 68.
661:
457:
755:
Supplementum indicis ornithologici sive systematis ornithologiae
534:
Agricultural activity sometimes favoured the local populations;
1153:
Advisory List of Threatened Vertebrate Fauna in Victoria – 2007
1151:
Victorian Department of Sustainability and Environment (2007).
1059:
Murialdo, G.R.; Kleisner, K.; Wolfenden, J.; Old, J.M. (2015).
510:
446:
105:
39:
1325:
586:
Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999
442:
1058:
994:
848:(2nd ed.). Perth: Paterson Brokensha. pp. 170–171.
592:, and not considered to be regionally threatened there. In
125:
334:, also represented in Australia by the beach stone-curlew
604:. It is listed as "vulnerable" in South Australia on the
584:
The bush stone-curlew is not listed as threatened on the
1127:"Department of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria"
1102:"Department of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria"
319:
describing specimens collected in western Australia and
873:(2). Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union: 104–107.
796:"Species Burhinus (Burhinus) grallarius (Latham, 1801)"
758:(in Latin). London: Leigh & Sotheby. p. lxvi.
702:
936:Reader's digest complete book of Australian birds
768:
728:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22693600A93415183.en
561:so the true causes remain uncertain. Large-scale
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834:
890:
888:
307:. Descriptions of subspecies were published by
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830:
828:
826:
824:
822:
820:
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608:, and listed as "threatened" on the Victorian
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961:
959:
957:
955:
885:
815:
499:
425:are smaller and fly in a different manner.
330:A species of the widely distributed family
1019:
857:
855:
556:Adult and young, Rush Creek, SE Queensland
204:
57:
29:
1530:Taxa named by John Latham (ornithologist)
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1013:
952:
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928:
926:
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920:
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602:Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995
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290:follows the publication of the names in
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1502:
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913:
748:
698:
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542:
495:Threat posture against a carpet python
1176:
1175:
995:Denise Lawungkurr Goodfellow (2005).
790:
788:
786:
861:
606:National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972
1510:IUCN Red List least concern species
1119:
714:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
687:
13:
783:
14:
1541:
775:. Vol. 6. pp. Plate 5,
571:Mulligans Flat Woodland Sanctuary
864:"Some Notes from Brookton, W.A."
669:
654:
642:
630:
618:
82:
1085:
703:BirdLife International (2016).
1243:Burhinus_(Burhinus)_grallarius
393:
1:
681:
649:Preening in crouched position
610:Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act
379:, also in the southwest, and
997:Birds of Australia's Top End
978:Conservation Science W. Aust
581:the IUCN's 2016 assessment.
576:The assessment noted in the
428:
7:
801:Australian Faunal Directory
474:Brookton, Western Australia
270:
10:
1546:
1184:
347:Bush stone-curlew is the
229:
222:
212:
203:
184:
177:
79:Scientific classification
77:
55:
46:
37:
28:
23:
721:: e.T22693600A93415183.
500:Distribution and habitat
1525:Birds described in 1801
772:The birds of Australia
676:Bush stone-curlew eggs
557:
496:
484:
483:Chicks in cryptic pose
472:. A field report from
461:
42:, northern Queensland
1456:Paleobiology Database
625:Adult facial markings
555:
494:
482:
455:
265:Burhinus magnirostris
238:Burhinus magnirostris
1065:Australian Zoologist
284:Charadius grallarius
232:Charadius grallarius
1487:Burhinus-grallarius
1230:Burhinus_grallarius
1216:Burhinus grallarius
1186:Burhinus grallarius
1078:10.7882/AZ.2015.002
1022:Burhinus grallarius
862:Hill, H.E. (1903).
707:Burhinus grallarius
596:, it is considered
563:habitat destruction
543:Conservation status
365:Southwest Australia
337:Esacus magnirostris
260:Burhinus grallarius
188:Burhinus grallarius
49:Conservation status
1520:Birds of Australia
1277:BirdLife-Australia
588:. It is common in
558:
536:Frederick Whitlock
497:
485:
462:
355:, was reported by
297:Birds of Australia
279:in 1801 under the
170:B. grallarius
24:Bush stone-curlew
1497:
1496:
1443:Open Tree of Life
1282:bush-stone-curlew
1178:Taxon identifiers
1162:978-1-74208-039-0
553:
251:bush stone-curlew
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1129:. Archived from
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1104:. Archived from
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898:. Archived from
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879:10.1071/MU903104
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460:motionless adult
263:, obsolete name
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840:Whittell, H. M.
836:Serventy, D. L.
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594:New South Wales
547:
545:
502:
431:
396:
342:Charadriiformes
313:B. m. rufescens
309:Gregory Mathews
305:B. magnirostris
273:
255:bush thick-knee
218:
214:
199:
192:
186:
173:
136:Charadriiformes
81:
73:
62:
58:
51:
17:
16:Species of bird
12:
11:
5:
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1071:(3): 294–301.
1051:
1032:(3): 241–247.
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544:
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415:are recorded.
395:
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373:Pallinup River
367:, the similar
361:Northwest Cape
272:
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245:
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241:(Latham, 1801)
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1133:on 2006-09-11
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902:on 2020-04-06
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578:IUCN Red List
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532:
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528:Vulpes vulpes
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64:Least Concern
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1135:. Retrieved
1131:the original
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1110:. Retrieved
1106:the original
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900:the original
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805:. Retrieved
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750:Latham, John
744:
732:. Retrieved
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18:
1365:iNaturalist
1210:Wikispecies
984:(3): 15–17.
734:18 November
422:Caprimulgus
394:Description
349:common name
277:John Latham
217: range
1504:Categories
1482:Xeno-canto
1137:2007-01-16
1112:2007-09-19
967:Abbott, I.
945:0909486638
906:2020-04-17
682:References
600:under the
598:endangered
590:Queensland
515:Townsville
433:Like most
377:welojabbin
332:Burhinidae
292:John Gould
146:Burhinidae
807:27 August
429:Behaviour
311:in 1912,
300:in 1845.
164:Species:
102:Kingdom:
96:Eukaryota
38:Adult at
1515:Burhinus
1409:22693600
1383:11039366
1344:45517786
1269:22693600
1264:BirdLife
1201:Q1260615
1195:Wikidata
1046:83958453
969:(2008).
842:(1951).
752:(1801).
662:Blending
519:Tasmania
507:Brisbane
401:Burhinus
387:Burhinus
271:Taxonomy
224:Synonyms
157:Burhinus
142:Family:
116:Chordata
112:Phylum:
106:Animalia
92:Domain:
69:IUCN 3.1
1357:2482098
1331:butkne1
1305:butkne1
1251:Avibase
867:The Emu
458:cryptic
447:goannas
443:dingoes
369:wee-loo
198:, 1801)
152:Genus:
132:Order:
122:Class:
67: (
1461:401339
1448:868643
1422:585466
1396:558950
1159:
1044:
1003:
942:
777:et seq
513:, and
511:Cairns
470:possum
381:windoo
375:, and
353:wee-lo
215:
196:Latham
40:Cairns
1435:72953
1378:IRMNG
1326:eBird
1302:BOW:
1295:92609
1042:S2CID
974:(PDF)
445:, or
1474:2954
1417:NCBI
1404:IUCN
1391:ITIS
1370:4925
1352:GBIF
1318:NXG6
1290:BOLD
1157:ISBN
1001:ISBN
940:ISBN
809:2019
736:2021
719:2016
637:Pair
363:and
315:and
249:The
126:Aves
1469:TSA
1339:EoL
1313:CoL
1238:AFD
1225:ADW
1073:doi
1034:doi
1030:105
1026:Emu
875:doi
723:doi
371:at
294:'s
253:or
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