2451:, at levels of hazardous waste concern, is a growing problem. In particular, hazardous waste scale chemical contamination of buried water systems was first discovered in the U.S. in 2017, and has since been increasingly documented in Hawaii, Colorado, and Oregon after wildfires. In 2021, Canadian authorities adapted their post-fire public safety investigation approaches in British Columbia to screen for this risk, but have not found it as of 2023. Another challenge is that private drinking wells and the plumbing within a building can also become chemically contaminated and unsafe. Households experience a wide-variety of significant economic and health impacts related to this contaminated water. Evidence-based guidance on how to inspect and test wildfire impacted wells and building water systems was developed for the first time in 2020. In Paradise, California, for example, the 2018 Camp Fire caused more than $ 150 million dollars worth of damage. This required almost a year of time to decontaminate and repair the municipal drinking water system from wildfire damage.
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1076:: intentionally igniting smaller less-intense fires to minimize the amount of flammable material available for a potential wildfire. Vegetation may be burned periodically to limit the accumulation of plants and other debris that may serve as fuel, while also maintaining high species diversity. While other people claim that controlled burns and a policy of allowing some wildfires to burn is the cheapest method and an ecologically appropriate policy for many forests, they tend not to take into account the economic value of resources that are consumed by the fire, especially merchantable timber. Some studies conclude that while fuels may also be removed by logging, such thinning treatments may not be effective at reducing fire severity under extreme weather conditions.
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1536:, or misapplication. Fire retardant's effects on drinking water remain inconclusive. Dilution factors, including water body size, rainfall, and water flow rates lessen the concentration and potency of fire retardant. Wildfire debris (ash and sediment) clog rivers and reservoirs increasing the risk for floods and erosion that ultimately slow and/or damage water treatment systems. There is continued concern of fire retardant effects on land, water, wildlife habitats, and watershed quality, additional research is needed. However, on the positive side, fire retardant (specifically its nitrogen and phosphorus components) has been shown to have a fertilizing effect on nutrient-deprived soils and thus creates a temporary increase in vegetation.
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773:, and regional weather patterns, such as high-pressure ridges, can increase the risk and alter the behavior of wildfires dramatically. Years of high precipitation can produce rapid vegetation growth, which when followed by warmer periods can encourage more widespread fires and longer fire seasons. High temperatures dry out the fuel loads and make them more flammable, increasing tree mortality and posing significant risks to global forest health. Since the mid-1980s, in the Western US, earlier snowmelt and associated warming has also been associated with an increase in length and severity of the wildfire season, or the most fire-prone time of the year. A 2019 study indicates that the increase in
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reproduce and grow. Fire helps to return nutrients from plant matter back to the soil. The heat from fire is necessary to the germination of certain types of seeds, and the snags (dead trees) and early successional forests created by high-severity fire create habitat conditions that are beneficial to wildlife. Early successional forests created by high-severity fire support some of the highest levels of native biodiversity found in temperate conifer forests. Post-fire logging has no ecological benefits and many negative impacts; the same is often true for post-fire seeding. The exclusion of wildfires can contribute to vegetation regime shifts, such as
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suppress a fire. Wildfires have continually been a threat to human populations. However, human-induced geographic and climatic changes are exposing populations more frequently to wildfires and increasing wildfire risk. It is speculated that the increase in wildfires arises from a century of wildfire suppression coupled with the rapid expansion of human developments into fire-prone wildlands. Wildfires are naturally occurring events that aid in promoting forest health. Global warming and climate changes are causing an increase in temperatures and more droughts nationwide which contributes to an increase in wildfire risk.
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However, a period of increased fire frequency between 1750 and 1870 was suggested by charcoal data from North
America and Asia, attributed to human population growth and influences such as land clearing practices. This period was followed by an overall decrease in burning in the 20th century, linked to the expansion of agriculture, increased livestock grazing, and fire prevention efforts. A meta-analysis found that 17 times more land burned annually in California before 1800 compared to recent decades (1,800,000 hectares/year compared to 102,000 hectares/year).
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1601:, wildfire modeling involves the statistical analysis of past fire events to predict spotting risks and front behavior. Various wildfire propagation models have been proposed in the past, including simple ellipses and egg- and fan-shaped models. Early attempts to determine wildfire behavior assumed terrain and vegetation uniformity. However, the exact behavior of a wildfire's front is dependent on a variety of factors, including wind speed and slope steepness. Modern growth models utilize a combination of past ellipsoidal descriptions and
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reduces oxygen delivery to the body's vital organs. At high concentrations, it can cause headaches, weakness, dizziness, confusion, nausea, disorientation, visual impairment, coma, and even death. Even at lower concentrations, such as those found at wildfires, individuals with cardiovascular disease may experience chest pain and cardiac arrhythmia. A recent study tracking the number and cause of wildfire firefighter deaths from 1990 to 2006 found that 21.9% of the deaths occurred from heart attacks.
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Considerable airway development occurs during the 2nd and 3rd trimesters and continues until 3 years of age. It is hypothesized that exposure to these toxins during this period could have consequential effects, as the epithelium of the lungs during this time could have increased permeability to toxins. Exposure to air pollution during parental and pre-natal stage could induce epigenetic changes which are responsible for the development of asthma. Studies have found significant association between PM
804:). In Australia, the annual number of hot days (above 35 °C) and very hot days (above 40 °C) has increased significantly in many areas of the country since 1950. The country has always had bushfires but in 2019, the extent and ferocity of these fires increased dramatically. For the first time catastrophic bushfire conditions were declared for Greater Sydney. New South Wales and Queensland declared a state of emergency but fires were also burning in South Australia and Western Australia.
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1284:(AVHRR) for detection of fire and smoke plume locations. However, satellite detection is prone to offset errors, anywhere from 2 to 3 kilometers (1 to 2 mi) for MODIS and AVHRR data and up to 12 kilometers (7.5 mi) for GOES data. Satellites in geostationary orbits may become disabled, and satellites in polar orbits are often limited by their short window of observation time. Cloud cover and image resolution may also limit the effectiveness of satellite imagery.
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2552:. Exposure to residents is greatly dependent on individual susceptibility. Vulnerable persons such as children (ages 0–4), the elderly (ages 65 and older), smokers, and pregnant women are at an increased risk due to their already compromised body systems, even when the exposures are present at low chemical concentrations and for relatively short exposure periods. They are also at risk for future wildfires and may move away to areas they consider less risky.
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1374:. Complete fire suppression is no longer an expectation, but the majority of wildfires are often extinguished before they grow out of control. While more than 99% of the 10,000 new wildfires each year are contained, escaped wildfires under extreme weather conditions are difficult to suppress without a change in the weather. Wildfires in Canada and the US burn an average of 54,500 square kilometers (13,000,000 acres) per year.
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0.1 to 2.5 micrometers, and ultrafine particle are less than 0.1 micrometer. lmpact on the body upon inhalation varies by size. Coarse PM is filtered by the upper airways and can accumulate and cause pulmonary inflammation. This can result in eye and sinus irritation as well as sore throat and coughing. Coarse PM is often composed of heavier and more toxic materials that lead to short-term effects with stronger impact.
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925:(SOA) over hours to days after emission. In addition, the formation of the other pollutants as the air is transported can lead to harmful exposures for populations in regions far away from the wildfires. While direct emissions of harmful pollutants can affect first responders and residents, wildfire smoke can also be transported over long distances and impact air quality across local, regional, and global scales.
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1510:. To reduce smoke exposure, wildfire fighting crews should, whenever possible, rotate firefighters through areas of heavy smoke, avoid downwind firefighting, use equipment rather than people in holding areas, and minimize mop-up. Camps and command posts should also be located upwind of wildfires. Protective clothing and equipment can also help minimize exposure to smoke and ash.
1694:, but smoke and other wildfire emissions have been detected from the lower stratosphere. Pyrocumulus clouds can reach 6,100 meters (20,000 ft) over wildfires. Satellite observation of smoke plumes from wildfires revealed that the plumes could be traced intact for distances exceeding 1,600 kilometers (1,000 mi). Computer-aided models such as
1199:: able to recharge their battery systems using the small electrical currents in plant material. Larger, medium-risk areas can be monitored by scanning towers that incorporate fixed cameras and sensors to detect smoke or additional factors such as the infrared signature of carbon dioxide produced by fires. Additional capabilities such as
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hazards wildland firefighters face include slips, trips, falls, burns, scrapes, and cuts from tools and equipment, being struck by trees, vehicles, or other objects, plant hazards such as thorns and poison ivy, snake and animal bites, vehicle crashes, electrocution from power lines or lightning storms, and unstable building structures.
1222:, based in Brazil and Toronto, has released a sensor device that continuously monitors 14 different variables common in forests, ranging from soil temperature to salinity. This information is connected live back to clients through dashboard visualizations, while mobile notifications are provided regarding dangerous levels.
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cools, creating air currents that travel downhill. Wildfires are fanned by these winds and often follow the air currents over hills and through valleys. Fires in Europe occur frequently during the hours of 12:00 p.m. and 2:00 p.m. Wildfire suppression operations in the United States revolve around a 24-hour
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while being exposed to peak concentrations of PM in smoke. Another epidemiological study found a 7.2% (95% confidence interval: 0.25%, 15%) increase in risk of respiratory related hospital admissions during smoke wave days with high wildfire-specific particulate matter 2.5 compared to matched non-smoke-wave days.
744:. This can cause vegetation and soils to dry out. When a fire starts in an area with very dry vegetation, it can spread rapidly. Higher temperatures can also lengthen the fire season. This is the time of year in which severe wildfires are most likely, particularly in regions where snow is disappearing.
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suggests that, while many fires occurred during severe drought conditions, an increase in the number of fires during 850 BC and 1660 AD can be attributed to human influence. Charcoal evidence from the
Americas suggested a general decrease in wildfires between 1 AD and 1750 compared to previous years.
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The source of this contamination was first proposed after the 2018 Camp Fire in
California as originating from thermally degraded plastics in water systems, smoke and vapors entering depressurized plumbing, and contaminated water in buildings being sucked into the municipal water system. In 2020, it
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The EPA has defined acceptable concentrations of PM in the air, through the
National Ambient Air Quality Standards and monitoring of ambient air quality has been mandated. Due to these monitoring programs and the incidence of several large wildfires near populated areas, epidemiological studies have
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Benzene is one of many chemicals that have been found in drinking water systems after wildfires. Benzene can permeate certain plastic pipes and thus require long times to be removed from the water distribution infrastructure. Researchers estimated that, in worst case scenarios, more than 286 days of
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layers. Afterwards, wind erosion stripped the ash and the exposed soil, revealing archaeological remains dating to 10,000 BC. Wildfires can also have an effect on climate change, increasing the amount of carbon released into the atmosphere and inhibiting vegetation growth, which affects overall
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Especially in hot weather conditions, fires present the risk of heat stress, which can entail feeling heat, fatigue, weakness, vertigo, headache, or nausea. Heat stress can progress into heat strain, which entails physiological changes such as increased heart rate and core body temperature. This can
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which directly affects the country's economy. While costs vary wildly from year to year, depending on the severity of each fire season, in the United States, local, state, federal and tribal agencies collectively spend tens of billions of dollars annually to suppress wildfires. In the United States,
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Wildfire suppression depends on the technologies available in the area in which the wildfire occurs. In less developed nations the techniques used can be as simple as throwing sand or beating the fire with sticks or palm fronds. In more advanced nations, the suppression methods vary due to increased
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Intensity also increases during daytime hours. Burn rates of smoldering logs are up to five times greater during the day due to lower humidity, increased temperatures, and increased wind speeds. Sunlight warms the ground during the day which creates air currents that travel uphill. At night the land
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fires are fueled by low-lying vegetative matter on the forest floor such as leaf and timber litter, debris, grass, and low-lying shrubbery. This kind of fire often burns at a relatively lower temperature than crown fires (less than 400 °C (752 °F)) and may spread at slow rate, though steep
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Children participating in the
Children's Health Study were also found to have an increase in eye and respiratory symptoms, medication use and physician visits. Mothers who were pregnant during the fires gave birth to babies with a slightly reduced average birth weight compared to those who were not
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The
Western US has seen an increase in both the frequency and intensity of wildfires over the last several decades. This has been attributed to the arid climate of there and the effects of global warming. An estimated 46 million people were exposed to wildfire smoke from 2004 to 2009 in the Western
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and development of asthma during childhood despite heterogeneity among studies. Furthermore, maternal exposure to chronic stressors is most likely present in distressed communities, and as this can be correlated with childhood asthma, it may further explain links between early childhood exposure to
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Particulate matter (PM) is a type of air pollution made up of particles of dust and liquid droplets. They are characterized into three categories based on particle diameter: coarse PM, fine PM, and ultrafine PM. Coarse particles are between 2.5 micrometers and 10 micrometers, fine particles measure
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In 2014, an international campaign was organized in South Africa's Kruger
National Park to validate fire detection products including the new VIIRS active fire data. In advance of that campaign, the Meraka Institute of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research in Pretoria, South Africa, an
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5 to 10 meters (16 to 33 ft) wide between the forest and their village, and patrol these lines during summer months or seasons of dry weather. Continued residential development in fire-prone areas and rebuilding structures destroyed by fires has been met with criticism. The ecological benefits
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making similar assertions became the most popular offering on the newspaper's website," the New York Times writes. "It's all part of what critics see as a relentless effort led by the powerful media outlet to do what it has also done in the United States and
Britain – shift blame to
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Another important and somewhat less obvious health effect of wildfires is psychiatric diseases and disorders. Both adults and children from various countries who were directly and indirectly affected by wildfires were found to demonstrate different mental conditions linked to their experience with
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are traits of plants and animals that help them survive wildfire or to use resources created by wildfire. These traits can help plants and animals increase their survival rates during a fire and/or reproduce offspring after a fire. Both plants and animals have multiple strategies for surviving and
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Debris and chemical runoff into waterways after wildfires can make drinking water sources unsafe. Though it is challenging to quantify the impacts of wildfires on surface water quality, research suggests that the concentration of many pollutants increases post-fire. The impacts occur during active
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Wildfire prevention refers to the preemptive methods aimed at reducing the risk of fires as well as lessening its severity and spread. Prevention techniques aim to manage air quality, maintain ecological balances, protect resources, and to affect future fires. Prevention policies must consider the
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Research in 2007 stated that black carbon in snow changed temperature three times more than atmospheric carbon dioxide. As much as 94 percent of Arctic warming may be caused by dark carbon on snow that initiates melting. The dark carbon comes from fossil fuels burning, wood and other biofuels, and
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Odimayomi, Tolulope O.; Proctor, Caitlin R.; Wang, Qi Erica; Sabbaghi, Arman; Peterson, Kimberly S.; Yu, David J.; Lee, Juneseok; Shah, Amisha D.; Ley, Christian J.; Noh, Yoorae; Smith, Charlotte D.; Webster, Jackson P.; Milinkevich, Kristin; Lodewyk, Michael W.; Jenks, Julie A.; Smith, James F.;
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Direct risks to building residents in fire-prone areas can be moderated through design choices such as choosing fire-resistant vegetation, maintaining landscaping to avoid debris accumulation and to create firebreaks, and by selecting fire-retardant roofing materials. Potential compounding issues
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An increase in PM smoke emitted from the Hayman fire in
Colorado in June 2002, was associated with an increase in respiratory symptoms in patients with COPD. Looking at the wildfires in Southern California in 2003, investigators have shown an increase in hospital admissions due to asthma symptoms
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causes inflammation but also increases oxidative stress in the epithelial cells. These particulates also cause apoptosis and autophagy in lung epithelial cells. Both processes damage the cells and impact cell function. This damage impacts those with respiratory conditions such as asthma where the
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Above all, fighting wildfires can become deadly. A wildfire's burning front may also change direction unexpectedly and jump across fire breaks. Intense heat and smoke can lead to disorientation and loss of appreciation of the direction of the fire, which can make fires particularly dangerous. For
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The demand for timely, high-quality fire information has increased in recent years. Fast and effective detection is a key factor in wildfire fighting. Early detection efforts were focused on early response, accurate results in both daytime and nighttime, and the ability to prioritize fire danger.
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noted the native use of fire for tobacco cultivation, to encourage deer into smaller areas for hunting purposes, and to improve foraging for honey and grasshoppers. Charcoal found in sedimentary deposits off the
Pacific coast of Central America suggests that more burning occurred in the 50 years
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habitat (also called "snag forest habitat"), which often has higher species richness and diversity than unburned old forest. Plant and animal species in most types of North American forests evolved with fire, and many of these species depend on wildfires, and particularly high-severity fires, to
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Fire retardants are used to slow wildfires by inhibiting combustion. They are aqueous solutions of ammonium phosphates and ammonium sulfates, as well as thickening agents. The decision to apply retardant depends on the magnitude, location and intensity of the wildfire. In certain instances, fire
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and respiratory conditions, extend beyond immediate exposure, contributing to nearly 16,000 annual deaths, a number expected to rise to 30,000 by 2050. The economic impact is also significant, with projected costs reaching $ 240 billion annually by 2050, surpassing other climate-related damages.
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Wildfires can be classified by cause of ignition, physical properties, combustible material present, and the effect of weather on the fire. Wildfire severity results from a combination of factors such as available fuels, physical setting, and weather. Climatic cycles with wet periods that create
1167:, time of day, time of year, and geographic location. Electronic systems have gained popularity in recent years as a possible resolution to human operator error. These systems may be semi- or fully automated and employ systems based on the risk area and degree of human presence, as suggested by
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Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless gas that can be found at the highest concentration at close proximity to a smoldering fire. Thus, it is a serious threat to the health of wildfire firefighters. CO in smoke can be inhaled into the lungs where it is absorbed into the bloodstream and
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is of the largest concern in regards to wildfire. This is particularly hazardous to the very young, elderly and those with chronic conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis and cardiovascular conditions. The illnesses most commonly associated with
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The degree of wildfire smoke exposure to an individual is dependent on the length, severity, duration, and proximity of the fire. People are exposed directly to smoke via the respiratory tract through inhalation of air pollutants. Indirectly, communities are exposed to wildfire debris that can
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Wildfire risk is the chance that a wildfire will start in or reach a particular area and the potential loss of human values if it does. Risk is dependent on variable factors such as human activities, weather patterns, availability of wildfire fuels, and the availability or lack of resources to
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Firefighters are also at risk of cardiac events including strokes and heart attacks. Firefighters should maintain good physical fitness. Fitness programs, medical screening and examination programs which include stress tests can minimize the risks of firefighting cardiac problems. Other injury
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Cardoso, Anabelle W.; Archibald, Sally; Bond, William J.; Coetsee, Corli; Forrest, Matthew; Govender, Navashni; Lehmann, David; Makaga, Loïc; Mpanza, Nokukhanya; Ndong, Josué Edzang; Koumba Pambo, Aurélie Flore; Strydom, Tercia; Tilman, David; Wragg, Peter D.; Staver, A. Carla (28 June 2022).
1813:. Also, fires in the rainforest, along with drought and human involvement, could damage or destroy more than half of the Amazon rainforest by 2030. Wildfires generate ash, reduce the availability of organic nutrients, and cause an increase in water runoff, eroding other nutrients and creating
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Asthma is one of the most common chronic disease among children in the United States, affecting an estimated 6.2 million children. Research on asthma risk focuses specifically on the risk of air pollution during the gestational period. Several pathophysiology processes are involved in this.
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There are also significant indirect or second-order societal impacts from wildfire, such as demands on utilities to prevent power transmission equipment from becoming ignition sources, and the cancelation or nonrenewal of homeowners insurance for residents living in wildfire-prone areas.
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In June and July 2019, fires in the Arctic emitted more than 140 megatons of carbon dioxide, according to an analysis by CAMS. To put that into perspective this amounts to the same amount of carbon emitted by 36 million cars in a year. The recent wildfires and their massive
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that is subjected to enough heat and has an adequate supply of oxygen from the ambient air. A high moisture content usually prevents ignition and slows propagation, because higher temperatures are needed to evaporate any water in the material and heat the material to its
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5759:"Resisting Another Record-Breaking Year of Deforestation and Destruction in the Brazilian Amazon – While Brazilian authorities deny the impact of the criminal arson, Amazon Watch and our allies exposed and challenged the growing fires and deforestation in the Amazon"
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was developed for fire detection in the 1960s. However, information analysis and delivery was often delayed by limitations in communication technology. Early satellite-derived fire analyses were hand-drawn on maps at a remote site and sent via overnight mail to the
2076:, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and benzene. Small airborne particulates (in solid form or liquid droplets) are also present in smoke and ash debris. 80–90% of wildfire smoke, by mass, is within the fine particle size class of 2.5 micrometers in diameter or smaller.
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may also be used to predict the size of large wildfires. However, large fires that exceed suppression capabilities are often regarded as statistical outliers in standard analyses, even though fire policies are more influenced by large wildfires than by small
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from the wildfire front warms the air to 800 °C (1,470 °F), which pre-heats and dries flammable materials, causing materials to ignite faster and allowing the fire to spread faster. High-temperature and long-duration surface wildfires may encourage
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leaves to resist heat and drought, ensuring their dominance over less fire-tolerant species. Dense bark, shedding lower branches, and high water content in external structures may also protect trees from rising temperatures. Fire-resistant seeds and reserve
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Climate change promotes the type of weather that makes wildfires more likely. In some areas, an increase of wildfires has been attributed directly to climate change. Evidence from Earth's past also shows more fire in warmer periods. Climate change increases
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of wood at 230 °C (450 °F) releases flammable gases. Finally, wood can smolder at 380 °C (720 °F) or, when heated sufficiently, ignite at 590 °C (1,000 °F). Even before the flames of a wildfire arrive at a particular location,
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with poor air quality and heat during warmer months may be addressed with MERV 11 or higher outdoor air filtration in building ventilation systems, mechanical cooling, and a provision of a refuge area with additional air cleaning and cooling, if needed.
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exposure to fine PM from wildfire smoke are bronchitis, exacerbation of asthma or COPD, and pneumonia. Symptoms of these complications include wheezing and shortness of breath and cardiovascular symptoms include chest pain, rapid heart rate and fatigue.
491:, is dependent on the density of the suspended material, canopy height, canopy continuity, sufficient surface and ladder fires, vegetation moisture content, and weather conditions during the blaze. Stand-replacing fires lit by humans can spread into the
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ages altered pre-existing landscapes and fire regimes. Woodlands were gradually replaced by smaller vegetation that facilitated travel, hunting, seed-gathering and planting. In recorded human history, minor allusions to wildfires were mentioned in the
630:. Torching and fires in tree canopies encourage spotting, and dry ground fuels around a wildfire are especially vulnerable to ignition from firebrands. Spotting can create spot fires as hot embers and firebrands ignite fuels downwind from the fire. In
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When many fires started at once in Quebec then people took that as evidence of arson, and their claims got millions of views online. These claims were debunked by meteorologist Wagstaffe who explained that a series of lightning strikes can cause many
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during winter months by as much as 15%. The Amazon is estimated to hold around 90 billion tons of carbon. As of 2019, the earth's atmosphere has 415 parts per million of carbon, and the destruction of the Amazon would add about 38 parts per million.
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that may have adverse effects upon the human respiratory system. Evidence of the health effects should be relayed to the public so that exposure may be limited. The evidence can also be used to influence policy to promote positive health outcomes.
602:(FROS) when burning through dense uninterrupted fuels. They can move as fast as 10.8 kilometres per hour (6.7 mph) in forests and 22 kilometres per hour (14 mph) in grasslands. Wildfires can advance tangential to the main front to form a
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8397:. Tymstra, C.; Bryce, R.W.; Wotton, B.M.; Armitage, O.B. 2009. Development and structure of Prometheus: the Canadian wildland fire growth simulation model. Inf. Rep. NOR-X-417. Nat. Resour. Can., Can. For. Serv., North. For. Cent., Edmonton, AB.
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constant flushing of a contaminated HDPE service line were needed to reduce benzene below safe drinking water limits. Temperature increases caused by fires, including wildfires, can cause plastic water pipes to generate toxic chemicals such as
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among the group sampled. Projected climate scenarios of wildfire occurrences predict significant increases in respiratory conditions among young children. PM triggers a series of biological processes including inflammatory immune response,
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hotspots underneath rain-moistened surface fuels; and then when those surface fuels are all dried by the daytime wind simultaneously, then they are all ignited into full blown fires simultaneously. Wagstaffe also corrected the idea that
546:, and are therefore less susceptible to wildfires. Less dense material such as grasses and leaves are easier to ignite because they contain less water than denser material such as branches and trunks. Plants continuously lose water by
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Hartmann, Henrik; Bastos, Ana; Das, Adrian J.; Esquivel-Muelbert, Adriane; Hammond, William M.; Martínez-Vilalta, Jordi; McDowell, Nate G.; Powers, Jennifer S.; Pugh, Thomas A.M.; Ruthrof, Katinka X.; Allen, Craig D. (20 May 2022).
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and lower-elevation deserts in the American Southwest. The increased fire frequency in these ordinarily fire-dependent areas has upset natural cycles, damaged native plant communities, and encouraged the growth of non-native weeds.
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at close proximity for longer periods of time. A case study on the exposure of wildfire smoke among wildland firefighters shows that firefighters are exposed to significant levels of carbon monoxide and respiratory irritants above
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was first shown that thermal degradation of plastic drinking water materials was one potential contamination source. In 2023, the second theory was confirmed where contamination could be sucked into pipes that lost water pressure.
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into the atmosphere. These emissions affect radiation, clouds, and climate on regional and even global scales. Wildfires also emit substantial amounts of semi-volatile organic species that can partition from the gas phase to form
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with the force of tornadoes at speeds of more than 80 kilometres per hour (50 mph). Rapid rates of spread, prolific crowning or spotting, the presence of fire whirls, and strong convection columns signify extreme conditions.
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Sutherland, E. Rand; Make, Barry J.; Vedal, Sverre; Zhang, Lening; Dutton, Steven J.; Murphy, James R.; Silkoff, Philip E. (2005). "Wildfire smoke and respiratory symptoms in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease".
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agriculture damage fire-resistant forests and promote the growth of flammable brush, creating a cycle that encourages more burning. Fires in the rainforest threaten its collection of diverse species and produce large amounts of
1303:(NPP) satellite to detect smaller fires in more detail than previous space-based products. The high-resolution data is used with a computer model to predict how a fire will change direction based on weather and land conditions.
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Over the past century, wildfires have accounted for 20–25% of global carbon emissions, the remainder from human activities. Global carbon emissions from wildfires through August 2020 equaled the average annual emissions of the
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Dore, S.; Kolb, T.E.; Montes-Helu, M.; Eckert, S.E.; Sullivan, B.W.; Hungate, B.A.; Kaye, J.P.; Hart, S.C.; Koch, G.W. (1 April 2010). "Carbon and water fluxes from ponderosa pine forests disturbed by wildfire and thinning".
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of wildfires to comprehend and predict fire behavior. Wildfire modeling aims to aid wildfire suppression, increase the safety of firefighters and the public, and minimize damage. Wildfire modeling can also aid in protecting
10386:"The San Diego 2007 wildfires and Medi-Cal emergency department presentations, inpatient hospitalizations, and outpatient visits: An observational study of smoke exposure periods and a bidirectional case-crossover analysis"
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2756:. However, while ancient Hebrew, Greek, and Roman writers were aware of fires, they were not very interested in the uncultivated lands where wildfires occurred. Wildfires were used in battles throughout human history as
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biome are particularly susceptible. Wildfires can severely impact humans and their settlements. Effects include for example the direct health impacts of smoke and fire, as well as destruction of property (especially in
2135:(AQI), a public resource that provides national air quality standard concentrations for common air pollutants. The public can use it to determine their exposure to hazardous air pollutants based on visibility range.
2956:. The Smokey Bear fire prevention campaign has yielded one of the most popular characters in the United States; for many years there was a living Smokey Bear mascot, and it has been commemorated on postage stamps.
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J.R. Marlon; P.J. Bartlein; C. Carcaillet; D.G. Gavin; S.P. Harrison; P.E. Higuera; F. Joos; M.J. Power; I.C. Prentice (2008). "Climate and human influences on global biomass burning over the past two millennia".
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Liu, Zhihua; Yang, Jian; Chang, Yu; Weisberg, Peter J.; He, Hong S. (June 2012). "Spatial patterns and drivers of fire occurrence and its future trend under climate change in a boreal forest of Northeast China".
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are fires ignited by government agencies under less dangerous weather conditions. Other objectives can include maintenance of healthy forests, rangelands, and wetlands, and support of ecosystem diversity.
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Mellon, Robert C.; Papanikolau, Vasiliki; Prodromitis, Gerasimos (2009). "Locus of control and psychopathology in relation to levels of trauma and loss: Self-reports of Peloponnesian wildfire survivors".
8354:
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Henderson, Martha; Kalabokidis, Kostas; Marmaras, Emmanuel; Konstantinidis, Pavlos; Marangudakis, Manussos (2005). "Fire and Society: A Comparative Analysis of Wildfire in Greece and the United States".
2119:
and calcium were found in numerous California fires as well. Other chemicals are considered to be significant hazards but are found in concentrations that are too low to cause detectable health effects.
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exposed. Suggesting that pregnant women may also be at greater risk to adverse effects from wildfire. Worldwide, it is estimated that 339,000 people die due to the effects of wildfire smoke each year.
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6188:
Page, Susan E.; Florian Siegert; John O. Rieley; Hans-Dieter V. Boehm; Adi Jaya & Suwido Limin (11 July 2002). "The amount of carbon released from peat and forest fires in Indonesia during 1997".
8372:
6384:
5813:"Jair Bolsonaro launches assault on Amazon rainforest protections – Executive order transfers regulation and creation of indigenous reserves to agriculture ministry controlled by agribusiness lobby"
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5383:
Brando, Paulo M.; Paolucci, Lucas; Ummenhofer, Caroline C.; Ordway, Elsa M.; Hartmann, Henrik; Cattau, Megan E.; Rattis, Ludmila; Medjibe, Vincent; Coe, Michael T.; Balch, Jennifer (30 May 2019).
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Wildfires affect large numbers of people in Western Canada and the United States. In California alone, more than 350,000 people live in towns and cities in "very high fire hazard severity zones".
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10900:
Marshall, G.N.; Schell, T.L.; Elliott, M.N.; Rayburn, N.R.; Jaycox, L.H. (2007). "Psychiatric Disorders Among Adults Seeking Emergency Disaster Assistance After a Wildland-Urban Interface Fire".
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and aerial monitoring through the use of planes, helicopter, or UAVs can provide a wider view and may be sufficient to monitor very large, low risk areas. These more sophisticated systems employ
394:
The spread of wildfires varies based on the flammable material present, its vertical arrangement and moisture content, and weather conditions. Fuel arrangement and density is governed in part by
272:
Sources of human-caused fire may include arson, accidental ignition, or the uncontrolled use of fire in land-clearing and agriculture such as the slash-and-burn farming in Southeast Asia. In the
13400:
2673:, their high flammability increased fire frequency, promoting grasslands over woodlands. However, fire-prone habitats may have contributed to the prominence of trees such as those of the genera
1218:
for the installation of 360 degree 'rapid detection' cameras around the Pacific northwest, which are mounted on cell towers and are capable of 24/7 monitoring of a 15 mile radius. Additionally,
2644:
Wildfires during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic periods followed patterns similar to fires that occur in modern times. Surface fires driven by dry seasons are evident in Devonian and Carboniferous
11507:
1733:
Wildfires are common in climates that are sufficiently moist to allow the growth of vegetation but feature extended dry, hot periods. Such places include the vegetated areas of Australia and
165:
At a global level, human practices have made the impacts of wildfire worse, with a doubling in land area burned by wildfires compared to natural levels. Humans have impacted wildfire through
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7897:
6139:
6081:
10837:
Papanikolaou, V.; Adamis, D.; Mellon, R.C.; Prodromitis, G. (2011). "Psychological distress following wildfires disaster in a rural part of Greece: A case-control population-based study".
10696:
Hehua, Zhang; Qing, Chang; Shanyan, Gao; Qijun, Wu; Yuhong, Zhao (November 2017). "The impact of prenatal exposure to air pollution on childhood wheezing and asthma: A systematic review".
5935:
Wofsy, S.C.; Sachse, G. W.; Gregory, G.L.; Blake, D.R.; Bradshaw, J.D.; Sandholm, S.T.; Singh, H.B.; Barrick, J.A.; Harriss, R.C.; Talbot, R.W.; Shipham, M.A.; Browell, E.V.; Jacob, D.J.;
1709:
contain fine particulate matter which can cause cardiovascular and respiratory problems. Increased fire byproducts in the troposphere can increase ozone concentrations beyond safe levels.
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9400:
7418:
6166:
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3947:
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9525:
2629:. Low atmospheric oxygen during the Middle and Late Devonian was accompanied by a decrease in charcoal abundance. Additional charcoal evidence suggests that fires continued through the
3080:
2489:
Firefighters are at greatest risk for acute and chronic health effects resulting from wildfire smoke exposure. Due to firefighters' occupational duties, they are frequently exposed to
1072:
Strategies for wildfire prevention, detection, control and suppression have varied over the years. One common and inexpensive technique to reduce the risk of uncontrolled wildfires is
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530:
Wildfires occur when all the necessary elements of a fire triangle come together in a susceptible area: an ignition source is brought into contact with a combustible material such as
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7285:
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Wildfires have a place in many cultures. "To spread like wildfire" is a common idiom in English, meaning something that "quickly affects or becomes known by more and more people".
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burning and up to years later. Increases in nutrients and total suspended sediments can happen within a year while heavy metal concentrations may peak 1–2 years after a wildfire.
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8272:
Between 2000–2016, based on data compiled in the NIOSH Wildland Fire Fighter On-Duty Death Surveillance System from three data sources, over 350 on-duty WFF fatalities occurred.
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5822:
5160:
5103:
12349:
Meyer, G.A.; Wells, S.G.; Jull, A.J.T. (1995). "Fire and alluvial chronology in Yellowstone National Park: Climatic and intrinsic controls on Holocene geomorphic processes".
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4286:
12443:
Stephens, Scott L.; Martin, Robert E.; Clinton, Nicholas E. (2007). "Prehistoric fire area and emissions from California's forests, woodlands, shrublands, and grasslands".
11365:
Whelton, Andrew J.; Seidel, Chad; Wham, Brad P.; Fischer, Erica C.; Isaacson, Kristofer; Jankowski, Caroline; MacArthur, Nathan; McKenna, Elizabeth; Ley, Christian (2023).
6285:
3437:
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
984:. Due to the complex oxidative chemistry occurring during the transport of wildfire smoke in the atmosphere, the toxicity of emissions was indicated to increase over time.
15464:
11322:
Proctor, Caitlin R.; Lee, Juneseok; Yu, David; Shah, Amisha D.; Whelton, Andrew J. (2020). "Wildfire caused widespread drinking water distribution network contamination".
9253:
Proctor, Caitlin R.; Lee, Juneseok; Yu, David; Shah, Amisha D.; Whelton, Andrew J. (2020). "Wildfire caused widespread drinking water distribution network contamination".
7015:
2813:, socio-economic changes led more stringent air quality standards and bans on fires that eliminated traditional burning practices. In the mid-19th century, explorers from
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occurred among wildland firefighters. In addition to heat and chemical hazards, firefighters are also at risk for electrocution from power lines; injuries from equipment;
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An observational study of smoke exposure related to the 2007 San Diego wildfires revealed an increase both in healthcare utilization and respiratory diagnoses, especially
2100:
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5758:
2441:
After a wildfire, hazards remain. Residents returning to their homes may be at risk from falling fire-weakened trees. Humans and pets may also be harmed by falling into
711:
Wildfire disasters have increased substantially in recent decades. Climate change intensifies heatwaves and droughts that dry vegetation, which in turn fuels wildfires.
398:, as land shape determines factors such as available sunlight and water for plant growth. Overall, fire types can be generally characterized by their fuels as follows:
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2548:
Residents in communities surrounding wildfires are exposed to lower concentrations of chemicals, but they are at a greater risk for indirect exposure through water or
1670:, the part of the atmosphere that extends from the surface of the planet to a height of about 10 kilometers (6 mi). The vertical lift of a severe thunderstorm or
322:
gained traction on social media; however, arson is generally not a main cause of wildfires in Canada. In California, generally 6–10% of wildfires annually are arson.
13401:"National Wildfire Coordinating Group Communicator's Guide for Wildland Fire Management: Fire Education, Prevention, and Mitigation Practices, Wildland Fire Overview"
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1411:
spends about $ 200 million per year to suppress 98% of wildfires and up to $ 1 billion to suppress the other 2% of fires that escape initial attack and become large.
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emissions mean that it will be important to take them into consideration when implementing measures for reaching greenhouse gas reduction targets accorded with the
788:
suffered its worst recorded wildfire, when 15% of Australia's land mass suffered "extensive fire damage". Fires that summer burned up an estimated 117 million
10170:
2072:
Wildfire smoke is composed primarily of carbon dioxide and water vapor. Other common components present in lower concentrations are carbon monoxide, formaldehyde,
11448:
Whelton, Andrew J. (3 May 2021). "Water safety attitudes, risk perception, experiences, and education for households impacted by the 2018 Camp Fire, California".
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4174:
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11532:
8347:
3939:
12259:"History of Fire in Land-Use Systems of the Baltic Region: Implications on the Use of Prescribed Fire in Forestry, Nature Conservation and Landscape Management"
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Liu, Jia Coco; Wilson, Ander; Mickley, Loretta J.; Dominici, Francesca; Ebisu, Keita; Wang, Yun; Sulprizio, Melissa P.; Peng, Roger D.; Yue, Xu (January 2017).
3667:
Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
1934:. Such adaptations include physical protection against heat, increased growth after a fire event, and flammable materials that encourage fire and may eliminate
5441:
3424:
Parmesan, C., M.D. Morecroft, Y. Trisurat, R. Adrian, G.Z. Anshari, A. Arneth, Q. Gao, P. Gonzalez, R. Harris, J. Price, N. Stevens, and G.H. Talukdarr, 2022:
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The most noticeable adverse effect of wildfires is the destruction of property. However, hazardous chemicals released also significantly impact human health.
526:
A dirt road acted as a fire barrier in South Africa. The effects of the barrier can clearly be seen on the unburnt (left) and burnt (right) sides of the road.
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2445:. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) also reports that wildfires cause significant damage to electric systems, especially in dry regions.
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however studies show that it works into the blood much quicker. The inflammation and epithelial damage done by UFP has also shown to be much more severe. PM
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6376:
5727:
5058:
1163:
in towers, and ground and aerial patrols can be used as a means of early detection of forest fires. However, accurate human observation may be limited by
13655:
5626:
5567:
5221:
Provenzale, Antonello; Llasat, Maria Carmen; Montávez, Juan Pedro; Jerez, Sonia; Bedia, Joaquín; Rosa-Cánovas, Juan José; Turco, Marco (2 October 2018).
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often engages in prescribed burns to mitigate fire risk and promote natural forest cycles. However, controlled burns can turn into wildfires by mistake.
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13226:
12695:
7370:
4704:
3597:"Contrasting Stratospheric Smoke Mass and Lifetime From 2017 Canadian and 2019/2020 Australian Megafires: Global Simulations and Satellite Observations"
1486:
Smoke, ash, and debris can also pose serious respiratory hazards for wildland firefighters. The smoke and dust from wildfires can contain gases such as
550:, but water loss is usually balanced by water absorbed from the soil, humidity, or rain. When this balance is not maintained, often as a consequence of
13199:
11483:
10985:
Jones, R.T.; Ribbe, D.P.; Cunningham, P.B.; Weddle, J.D.; Langley, A.K. (2002). "Psychological impact of fire disaster on children and their parents".
9097:
Zedler, P.H. (1995). "Fire frequency in southern California shrublands: biological effects and management options". In Keeley, J.E.; Scott, T. (eds.).
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5682:
13562:
13059:
7685:
Zhang, Junguo; Li, Wenbin; Han, Ning & Kan, Jiangming (September 2008). "Forest fire detection system based on a ZigBee wireless sensor network".
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2405:
Besides the size of PM, their chemical composition should also be considered. Antecedent studies have demonstrated that the chemical composition of PM
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was accompanied by a more widespread distribution of wildfires. Later, a decrease in wildfire-related charcoal deposits from the late Permian to the
1273:
1268:'s Along-Track Scanning Radiometer can measure infrared radiation emitted by fires, identifying hot spots greater than 39 °C (102 °F). The
1187:
A small, high risk area that features thick vegetation, a strong human presence, or is close to a critical urban area can be monitored using a local
11788:
11500:
9057:
8594:
Bravo, A.H.; E.R. Sosa; A.P. Sánchez; P.M. Jaimes & R.M.I. Saavedra (2002). "Impact of wildfires on the air quality of Mexico City, 1992–1999".
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initiated a nationwide fire prevention campaign, highlighting the role of human carelessness in forest fires. Later posters of the program featured
8030:
7893:
6615:
6135:
6074:
15230:
10229:
Forsberg, Nicole T.; Longo, Bernadette M.; Baxter, Kimberly; Boutté, Marie (2012). "Wildfire Smoke Exposure: A Guide for the Nurse Practitioner".
8153:
4820:
3568:
13487:
13171:
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3172:
1793:, can grow rapidly in areas that were damaged by fires. Because they are highly flammable, they can increase the future risk of fire, creating a
1315:
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1243:
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12145:
recognizes a slightly extended Quaternary as well as the Paleogene and a truncated Neogene, the Tertiary having been demoted to informal status.
9389:
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6414:
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4894:
3055:
1981:
National map of groundwater and soil moisture in the United States. It shows the very low soil moisture associated with the 2011 fire season in
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1219:
12936:
10384:
Hutchinson, Justine A.; Vargo, Jason; Milet, Meredith; French, Nancy H.F.; Billmire, Michael; Johnson, Jeffrey; Hoshiko, Sumi (10 July 2018).
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9515:
9326:
Raoelison, Onja D.; Valenca, Renan; Lee, Allison; Karim, Samiha; Webster, Jackson P.; Poulin, Brett A.; Mohanty, Sanjay K. (15 January 2023).
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been conducted and demonstrate an association between human health effects and an increase in fine particulate matter due to wildfire smoke.
2311:
2128:
1999:
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transition between unburned and burned material. As the front approaches, the fire heats both the surrounding air and woody material through
217:
12258:
8445:
G.D. Richards, "An Elliptical Growth Model of Forest Fire Fronts and Its Numerical Solution", Int. J. Numer. Meth. Eng.. 30:1163–1179, 1990.
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Approximately 15 per cent of Australia's physical land mass sustained extensive fire damage. This equates to roughly around 117 million ha.
8113:
7752:
1171:
data analyses. An integrated approach of multiple systems can be used to merge satellite data, aerial imagery, and personnel position via
17676:
13447:
12175:
11558:
Isaacson, Kristofer P.; Proctor, Caitlin R.; Wang, Q. Erica; Edwards, Ethan Y.; Noh, Yoorae; Shah, Amisha D.; Whelton, Andrew J. (2021).
9474:
Isaacson, Kristofer P.; Proctor, Caitlin R.; Wang, Q. Erica; Edwards, Ethan Y.; Noh, Yoorae; Shah, Amisha D.; Whelton, Andrew J. (2021).
7308:
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5728:"Opinion: Watching Earth Burn – For 10 days in September, satellites in orbit sent tragic evidence of climate change's destructive power"
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8259:
5785:
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11899:
11659:
11032:
9126:
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4772:
2873:, the number of natural and human-caused fires decreased by 24.3% between 1998 and 2015. Researchers explain this as a transition from
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8222:
6706:
6543:
3296:
Trigo, Ricardo M.; Provenzale, Antonello; Llasat, Maria Carmen; AghaKouchak, Amir; Hardenberg, Jost von; Turco, Marco (6 March 2017).
1768:
Although some ecosystems rely on naturally occurring fires to regulate growth, some ecosystems suffer from too much fire, such as the
15998:
8752:
8530:"Meteorological Conditions Associated with the Rapid Transport of Canadian Wildfire Products into the Northeast during 5–8 July 2002"
7054:
6112:
2409:
from wildfire smoke can yield different estimates of human health outcomes as compared to other sources of smoke such as solid fuels.
1256:
and aircraft-mounted infrared or high-resolution visible cameras to identify and target wildfires. Satellite-mounted sensors such as
12220:
9928:
7531:
5812:
5479:
5095:
4730:
4187:
An independent study found online bots and trolls exaggerating the role of arson in the fires, at the same time that an article in
4148:
2214:
Smaller PM moves further into the respiratory system creating issues deep into the lungs and the bloodstream. In asthma patients, PM
1475:. Various factors can contribute to the risks posed by heat stress, including strenuous work, personal risk factors such as age and
1407:
it was reported that approximately $ 6 billion was spent between 2004–2008 to suppress wildfires in the country. In California, the
11928:
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1215:
1195:
that act as automated weather systems: detecting temperature, humidity, and smoke. These may be battery-powered, solar-powered, or
747:
Weather conditions are raising the risks of wildfires. But the total area burnt by wildfires has decreased. This is mostly because
13092:
9427:"Numerical Model for Decontamination of Organic Contaminants in Polyethylene Drinking Water Pipes in Premise Plumbing by Flushing"
4653:
4278:
1345:
1321:
Between 2022–2023, wildfires throughout North America prompted an uptake in the delivery and design of various technologies using
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11877:
Ryan Sabalow; Phillip Reese; Dale Kasler. "A real life gamble: California races to predict which town could be the next victim".
6289:
1292:
186:
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Typical fire retardants contain the same agents as fertilizers. Fire retardants may also affect water quality through leaching,
14016:
13926:
10582:
Nishimura, Katherine K.; Galanter, Joshua M.; Roth, Lindsey A.; Oh, Sam S.; Thakur, Neeta; Nguyen, Elizabeth A. (August 2013).
10503:
Reid, Colleen E.; Brauer, Michael; Johnston, Fay H.; Jerrett, Michael; Balmes, John R.; Elliott, Catherine T. (15 April 2016).
9804:
8284:
A. Agueda; E. Pastor; E. Planas (2008). "Different scales for studying the effectiveness of long-term forest fire retardants".
7820:
7557:
7505:
6513:
5941:"Atmospheric chemistry in the Arctic and subarctic: Influence of natural fires, industrial emissions, and stratospheric inputs"
5182:
2434:
836:
828:
626:(hot wood embers) and other burning materials through the air over roads, rivers, and other barriers that may otherwise act as
487:
fires burn suspended material at the canopy level, such as tall trees, vines, and mosses. The ignition of a crown fire, termed
303:
13268:
13111:
12749:
11560:"Drinking water contamination from the thermal degradation of plastics: Implications for wildfire and structure fire response"
11271:
10639:
Hsu, Hsiao-Hsien Leon; Chiu, Yueh-Hsiu Mathilda; Coull, Brent A.; Kloog, Itai; Schwartz, Joel; Lee, Alison (1 November 2015).
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9476:"Drinking water contamination from the thermal degradation of plastics: Implications for wildfire and structure fire response"
4515:
3271:
17958:
13637:
13303:
13181:
12661:
11645:
9548:
8420:
7729:
7257:
6927:"Severity of an uncharacteristically large wildfire, the Rim Fire, in forests with relatively restored frequent fire regimes"
4888:
4448:
4038:
3747:
3049:
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6875:
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5501:
Williams, A. Park; Abatzoglou, John T.; Gershunov, Alexander; Guzman-Morales, Janin; Bishop, Daniel A.; Balch, Jennifer K.;
17246:
17058:
14643:
13732:
Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final Report to Congress, Vol. II, Assessments and Scientific Basis for Management Options
13724:
9595:
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3862:
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2533:
957:. In 2020, the carbon released by California's wildfires was significantly larger than the state's other carbon emissions.
13656:"Active Fire Detection for Fire Emergency Management: Potential and Limitations for the Operational Use of Remote Sensing"
10641:"Prenatal Particulate Air Pollution and Asthma Onset in Urban Children. Identifying Sensitive Windows and Sex Differences"
8569:
8053:
5223:"Exacerbated fires in Mediterranean Europe due to anthropogenic warming projected with non-stationary climate-fire models"
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In 1974–75 in this season fires burnt over 117 million hectares or 15 per cent of the total land area of this continent.
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Balch, Jennifer K.; Bradley, Bethany A.; Abatzoglou, John T.; Nagy, R. Chelsea; Fusco, Emily J.; Mahood, Adam L. (2017).
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follows. For example, wildfires make soil less able to absorb precipitation, so heavy rainfall can result in more severe
13626:
13315:"The impact of fire suppression, vegetation, and weather on the area burned by lightning-caused forest fires in Ontario"
10162:
7448:
5663:
231:
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14137:
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10757:"The Environmental 'Riskscape' and Social Inequality: Implicationsfor Explaining Maternal and Child Health Disparities"
9836:
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5118:
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349:
216:
Global fires during the year 2008 for the months of August (top image) and February (bottom image), as detected by the
12916:
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7842:
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1394:, at least 173 people died and over 2,029 homes and 3,500 structures were lost when they became engulfed by wildfire.
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into the atmosphere, which is between 13–40% of the annual global carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels.
18018:
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17651:
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15168:
15148:
11823:
11084:"The relationship of respiratory and cardiovascular hospital admissions to the southern California wildfires of 2003"
10937:"Posttraumatic stress disorder and general psychopathology in children and adolescents following a wildfire disaster"
8479:
The physical mechanism of injecting biomass burning materials into the stratosphere during fire-induced thunderstorms
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3010:
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as well as customs and laws that governed the use of fire. In Germany, regular burning was documented in 1290 in the
2376:
2083:, particularly 2.5 μm in diameter and smaller, have been identified as the major health threats. High levels of
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died when they lost their communication links, became disoriented, and were overtaken by the fire. In the Australian
1265:
11406:
Jankowski, Caroline; Isaacson, Kristofer; Larsen, Madeline; Ley, Christian; Cook, Myles; Whelton, Andrew J. (2023).
9887:
8843:
Donato, Daniel C.; Fontaine, Joseph B.; Robinson, W. Douglas; Kauffman, J. Boone; Law, Beverly E. (1 January 2009).
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1023:
A short video on managing and protecting the natural habitat between a town and the hillside, from the risk of fire.
204:
that have evolved with fire. In fact, many plant species depend on the effects of fire for growth and reproduction.
17945:
16349:
14922:
12569:
8689:
7653:
5302:"Climate Change Risks to Global Forest Health: Emergence of Unexpected Events of Elevated Tree Mortality Worldwide"
4021:
de Rigo, Daniele; Libertà, Giorgio; Houston Durrant, Tracy; Artés Vivancos, Tomàs; San-Miguel-Ayanz, Jesús (2017).
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Inhalation of smoke from a wildfire can be a health hazard. Wildfire smoke is composed of combustion products i.e.
832:
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that killed 85 people, lead levels increased by around 50 times in the hours following the fire at a site nearby (
1083:
be maintained by clearing flammable materials within a prescribed distance from the structure. Communities in the
912:
Wildfires release large amounts of carbon dioxide, black and brown carbon particles, and ozone precursors such as
17691:
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15988:
15240:
14450:
8087:
5563:
3472:
3439:
2702:
2267:
related to PM from wildfires, a possible explanation for these counterintuitive findings is the increased use of
1699:
1211:
1080:
1079:
Building codes in fire-prone areas typically require that structures be built of flame-resistant materials and a
839:. The smoke from the fires expanded on huge territory including major cities, dramatically reducing air quality.
291:, the most common human causes of wildfires are equipment generating sparks (chainsaws, grinders, mowers, etc.),
88:
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12006:
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14001:
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5852:
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and other compounds. The principal health concern is the inhalation of particulate matter and carbon monoxide.
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1499:
695:
686:
that begins at 10:00 a.m. due to the predictable increase in intensity resulting from the daytime warmth.
444:
slopes and wind can accelerate the rate of spread. This fuel type is especially susceptible to ignition due to
430:
13577:. Missoula, Montana: The International Association of Wildland Fire, Hot Springs, South Dakota. Archived from
13249:
12687:
11806:"CDC – NIOSH Publications and Products – Wildland Fire Fighting: Hot Tips to Stay Safe and Healthy (2013–158)"
9805:"The National Wildfire Mitigation Programs Database: State, County, and Local Efforts to Reduce Wildfire Risk"
6436:
Baumgardner, D.; et al. (2003). "Warming of the Arctic lower stratosphere by light absorbing particles".
5555:
987:
Atmospheric models suggest that these concentrations of sooty particles could increase absorption of incoming
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18026:
18001:
17306:
15313:
14823:
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14107:
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forests, there is evidence of high frequency, light surface fires. The increase of fire activity in the late
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824:
561:
is the portion sustaining continuous flaming combustion, where unburned material meets active flames, or the
461:
fires consume material between low-level vegetation and tree canopies, such as small trees, downed logs, and
94:. Depending on the type of vegetation present, a wildfire may be more specifically identified as a bushfire (
13153:. Fort Collins, CO: United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station
11950:
Glasspool, IJ; Edwards, D; Axe, L (2004). "Charcoal in the Silurian as evidence for the earliest wildfire".
6976:
5679:
1307:
early adopter of the VIIRS 375 m fire product, put it to use during several large wildfires in Kruger.
17477:
17226:
17206:
16958:
14745:
14740:
14720:
13578:
13569:
13066:
13039:
7119:"An Integration of Remote Sensing, GIS, and Information Distribution for Wildfire Detection and Management"
3655:
2980:
2148:
2060:
1408:
1296:
999:
forest fires. Melting can occur even at low concentrations of dark carbon (below five parts per billion)".
159:
41:
13895:
13427:
13357:
8683:"Quantification of the health impacts associated with fine particulate matter due to wildfires. MS Thesis"
6796:
5627:"What Caused the Wildfires in Australia? Amid Worst Blazes for a Decade, 24 People are Charged with Arson"
5301:
5185:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Satellite and Information Service. Archived from
2079:
Carbon dioxide in smoke poses a low health risk due to its low toxicity. Rather, carbon monoxide and fine
1092:
of fire are often overridden by the economic and safety benefits of protecting structures and human life.
17582:
17236:
16440:
16434:
15123:
14929:
14515:
14470:
9729:
8056:. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. Archived from
6557:
Liu, Cheng-Cheng; Portmann, Robert W.; Liu, Shang; Rosenlof, Karen H.; Peng, Yifeng; Yu, Pengfei (2022).
6259:
5878:; Mickley, Loretta J.; Park, Rokjin J.; Yevich, Rosemarie; Westerling, Anthony L.; Jaffe, Dan A. (2007).
5592:
4396:
2793:
2718:
2633:
period. Later, the overall increase of atmospheric oxygen from 13% in the Late Devonian to 30–31% by the
337:
12915:. Council of Australian Governments (COAG) Inquiry on Bushfire Mitigation and Management. Archived from
11739:
8398:
8145:
8026:
6607:
18085:
18010:
17910:
17833:
17241:
17071:
16901:
15637:
15279:
14915:
14763:
14495:
14434:
13919:
13704:
13597:
Pitkänen, Aki; Huttunen, Pertti; Jungner, Högne; Meriläinen, Jouko; Tolonen, Kimmo (28 February 2003).
13542:
10107:"Wildfire-specific Fine Particulate Matter and Risk of Hospital Admissions in Urban and Rural Counties"
8423:. FireModels.org – Fire Behavior and Danger Software, Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory. Archived from
7962:
7080:
4828:
3560:
3001:
1757:
1560:
228:
The ignition of a fire takes place through either natural causes or human activity (deliberate or not).
37:
17:
11740:"A screening-level assessment of the health risks of chronic smoke exposure for wildland firefighters"
9327:
8000:
7868:"Wildfire startup puts AI-powered eyes in the forest to watch for new blazes and provide rapid alerts"
7240:
Chaczko, Z.; Ahmad, F. (July 2005). "Wireless Sensor Network Based System for Fire Endangered Areas".
4439:
Andrew C. Scott; David M. J. S. Bowman; William J. Bond; Stephen J. Pyne; Martin E. Alexander (2014).
3211:
573:. First, wood is dried as water is vaporized at a temperature of 100 °C (212 °F). Next, the
18095:
17713:
17671:
17633:
17198:
16992:
16111:
15600:
15420:
15289:
14950:
14475:
14006:
11985:
Edwards, D.; Axe, L. (April 2004). "Anatomical Evidence in the Detection of the Earliest Wildfires".
9328:"Wildfire impacts on surface water quality parameters: Cause of data variability and reporting needs"
8845:"Vegetation response to a short interval between high-severity wildfires in a mixed-evergreen forest"
6406:
3595:
D’Angelo, Gennaro; Guimond, Steve; Reisner, Jon; Peterson, David A.; Dubey, Manvendra (27 May 2022).
3039:
2989:
2848:
2538:
2300:
2219:
lung tissues and function are already compromised. Particulates less than 0.1 micrometer are called
2042:
1641:
1253:
1172:
1149:
1058:
922:
913:
33:
12680:
12038:"The diversification of Paleozoic fire systems and fluctuations in atmospheric oxygen concentration"
11759:
7188:
5984:
5079:
3530:
2654:
forests dating to the Carboniferous period have charred peaks, evidence of crown fires. In Jurassic
1705:
Wildfires can affect local atmospheric pollution, and release carbon in the form of carbon dioxide.
1235:
18075:
17708:
17231:
17172:
17083:
16212:
15739:
15425:
15033:
14998:
14835:
14793:
14510:
14404:
14316:
14042:
13683:
5117:
Jones, Matthew; Smith, Adam; Betts, Richard; Canadell, Josep; Prentice, Collin; Le Quéré, Corrine.
3596:
2801:
2263:
Although some studies demonstrated no significant acute changes in lung function among people with
1762:
1424:
1127:
were used in the United States in the early 20th century and fires were reported using telephones,
906:
194:
15375:
13794:
9954:
9638:
8905:
4438:
2498:-permissible exposure limits (PEL) and ACGIH threshold limit values (TLV). 5–10% are overexposed.
1690:. Previously, prevailing scientific theory held that most particles in the stratosphere came from
17920:
17686:
17216:
16767:
16626:
15980:
15568:
15459:
15355:
15350:
14859:
14480:
14389:
12266:
8185:
7471:
6006:
5880:"Wildfires drive interannual variability of organic carbon aerosol in the western U.S. in summer"
3113:
2904:) have in some cases also increased the intensity of wildfires. Examples include species such as
2901:
2714:
2514:
1706:
1556:
1363:
1322:
1192:
1176:
981:
778:
724:
470:
333:
315:
47:
11533:"Fire Destroyed This California Town's Water System. But That Didn't Slow the Effort to Rebuild"
10584:"Early-Life Air Pollution and Asthma Risk in Minority Children. The GALA II and SAGE II Studies"
9161:
8494:
Smoke in the Stratosphere: What Wildfires have Taught Us About Nuclear Winter; abstract #U14A-04
7638:
7133:
6377:"Wildfire Smoke Toxicity Increases Over Time, Poses Public Health Risk, According to UK Chemist"
2824:
using fire for ground clearing, hunting, and regeneration of plant food in a method later named
1977:
1483:. Rest, cool water, and occasional breaks are crucial to mitigating the effects of heat stress.
717:
18080:
17879:
17269:
16116:
16106:
16054:
15345:
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15220:
15208:
14887:
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14286:
14117:
14102:
14069:
13678:
13479:
12956:
12483:
11754:
10936:
10443:
Wu, Jin-Zhun; Ge, Dan-Dan; Zhou, Lin-Fu; Hou, Ling-Yun; Zhou, Ying; Li, Qi-Yuan (8 June 2018).
9633:
8128:
2706:
2390:
US. Evidence has demonstrated that wildfire smoke can increase levels of airborne particulate.
2271:, such as inhalers, in response to elevated levels of smoke among those already diagnosed with
2007:
1854:
1794:
1403:
1111:
933:
816:
808:
631:
261:
95:
52:
13462:
12172:
7312:
7215:
6766:
4545:
2735:. These fires are lit by local farmers every year to promote the growth of a certain mushroom.
542:
Dense forests usually provide more shade, resulting in lower ambient temperatures and greater
413:. Ground fires typically burn by smoldering, and can burn slowly for days to months, such as
18100:
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17681:
17557:
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17155:
17048:
16848:
16305:
15853:
15839:
15510:
14811:
14663:
14245:
14011:
13912:
13853:
10267:
Wu, Jin-Zhun; Ge, Dan-Dan; Zhou, Lin-Fu; Hou, Ling-Yun; Zhou, Ying; Li, Qi-Yuan (June 2018).
10192:
10023:
9753:"Global trends in wildfire and its impacts: perceptions versus realities in a changing world"
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867:
863:
150:
15447:
13337:
11892:
11625:
11028:
10813:
9122:
8844:
8215:
7611:"A probabilistic zonal approach for swarm-inspired wildfire detection using sensor networks"
7582:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Satellite and Information Service.
6241:"Fires in Indonesia: Causes, Costs, and Policy Implications (CIFOR Occasional Paper No. 38)"
4765:
3695:"Effects of Climate Change on Natural-Caused Fire Activity in Western U.S. National Forests"
2115:
concentration also increased significantly in Modesto, 150 miles away. Heavy metals such as
960:
Forest fires in Indonesia in 1997 were estimated to have released between 0.81 and 2.57 giga
17656:
17311:
17007:
16342:
15729:
15469:
15410:
15380:
15250:
15038:
14704:
14658:
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14082:
14077:
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13770:
13670:
13502:
13372:
12971:
12525:
12478:
12452:
12407:
12358:
12049:
11994:
11959:
11694:
11457:
11419:
11378:
11331:
10705:
10337:
9442:
9339:
9262:
9058:"Future of California floristics and systematics: wildfire threats to the California flora"
8977:
8917:
8856:
8787:
8639:
8497:
8348:"Impact of wildfire in Clear Creek Watershed of the city of Golden's drinking water supply"
8293:
6938:
6718:
6570:
6487:
6324:
6313:"Oxidation of Phenolic Aldehydes by Ozone and Hydroxyl Radicals at the Air–Water Interface"
6197:
5952:
5891:
5518:
5396:
5313:
5234:
4094:
3979:
3903:
3776:
3706:
3608:
3374:
3309:
2852:
2829:
2765:
1959:. Smoke, charred wood, and heat can stimulate the germination of seeds in a process called
1606:
1579:
1334:
1156:, permitting the delivery of satellite-based fire information in approximately four hours.
1140:
182:
16312:
10326:"Health effects of wildfire smoke in children and public health tools: a narrative review"
8744:
8688:. Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences of Duke University. Archived from
7050:
6104:
5325:
2690:
634:, spot fires are known to occur as far as 20 kilometres (12 mi) from the fire front.
212:
8:
17723:
17661:
17628:
17567:
17499:
17364:
17359:
17337:
16911:
16553:
16488:
15930:
15301:
15118:
15086:
14563:
14419:
14409:
14276:
14205:
14185:
13822:
12208:
11850:
7606:
7527:
5661:
As Smoke From Bushfires Chokes Sydney, Australian Prime Minister Dodges on Climate Change
5471:
4726:
2949:
2856:
2518:
2506:
2158:
2103:
was organised in fear of the health effects from exposure. In the devastating California
1773:
1750:
1645:
1285:
820:
758:
383:
292:
162:), and economic losses. There is also the potential for contamination of water and soil.
13885:
13774:
13674:
13571:
Eighth International Wildland Firefighter Safety Summit – Human Factors – 10 Years Later
13506:
13376:
13269:"Interagency Strategy for the Implementation of Federal Wildland Fire Management Policy"
12975:
12529:
12456:
12411:
12362:
12053:
11998:
11963:
11924:
11698:
11461:
11423:
11382:
11335:
10709:
10341:
9343:
9266:
8981:
8921:
8860:
8791:
8643:
8501:
8297:
7932:
6942:
6574:
6491:
6328:
6201:
5956:
5895:
5522:
5409:
5400:
5384:
5317:
5238:
4369:
4098:
3983:
3907:
3780:
3710:
3612:
3378:
3313:
637:
Especially large wildfires may affect air currents in their immediate vicinities by the
248:
Natural occurrences that can ignite wildfires without the involvement of humans include
18090:
18065:
18036:
17997:
17930:
17905:
17900:
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17389:
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15956:
15881:
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15225:
15188:
15143:
15096:
15003:
14993:
14603:
14588:
14384:
14261:
14112:
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13956:
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13696:
13534:
13388:
12983:
12727:
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12511:
12080:
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12018:
11780:
11720:
11651:
11347:
11258:
11206:
11181:
11180:
Holstius, David M.; Reid, Colleen E.; Jesdale, Bill M.; Morello-Frosch, Rachel (2012).
11157:
11132:
11108:
11083:
11010:
10967:
10789:
10756:
10737:
10673:
10640:
10616:
10583:
10537:
10504:
10477:
10444:
10420:
10385:
10358:
10325:
10301:
10268:
10139:
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9979:
9781:
9752:
9707:
9497:
9451:
9426:
9371:
9278:
9235:
9183:
Refern, Neil; Vyner, Blaise. "Fylingdales Moor a lost landscape rises from the ashes".
9008:
8965:
7702:
7630:
7263:
6588:
6505:
6358:
6221:
5976:
5917:
5701:"Wildfires are burning around the world. The most alarming is in the Amazon rainforest"
5422:
5353:
5263:
5222:
5061:. Wildfire disasters are those claiming at least 10 lives or affecting over 100 people.
4125:
4082:
4023:
Forest fire danger extremes in Europe under climate change: variability and uncertainty
4003:
3338:
3297:
3203:
2825:
2785:
2663:
2549:
2223:(UFP). It is a major component of wildfire smoke. UFP can enter the bloodstream like PM
2220:
2200:
2080:
1544:
1456:
1145:
1124:
945:
741:
705:
547:
492:
13144:"Science Basis for Changing Forest Structure to Modify Wildfire Behavior and Severity"
8607:
6830:
National Wildfire Coordinating Group Communicator's Guide For Wildland Fire Management
5007:
National Wildfire Coordinating Group Communicator's Guide For Wildland Fire Management
4916:
National Wildfire Coordinating Group Communicator's Guide For Wildland Fire Management
4657:
4583:
National Wildfire Coordinating Group Communicator's Guide For Wildland Fire Management
3940:"Human-caused ignitions spark California's worst wildfires but get little state focus"
3915:
3249:
National Wildfire Coordinating Group Communicator's Guide For Wildland Fire Management
2099:, and copper were found in the ash debris following the 2007 Californian wildfires. A
17925:
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15183:
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14768:
14628:
14623:
14225:
14200:
14170:
13633:
13613:
13526:
13384:
13299:
13227:"Fire intensity, fire severity and burn severity: a brief review and suggested usage"
13177:
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12551:
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11724:
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10603:
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10524:
10482:
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10407:
10363:
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10144:
10126:
10011:
9921:
9786:
9699:
9501:
9456:
9375:
9363:
9355:
9282:
9239:
9227:
9192:
9013:
8995:
8933:
8874:
8869:
8813:
8805:
8663:
8655:
8611:
8054:"General Technical Report INT-GTR-299 – Mann Gulch Fire: A Race That Couldn't Be Won"
7335:
7253:
6895:
6871:
6592:
6509:
6362:
6350:
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6213:
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4034:
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3794:
3743:
3634:
3400:
3392:
3343:
3325:
3298:"On the key role of droughts in the dynamics of summer fires in Mediterranean Europe"
3195:
3045:
2969:
2869:
2412:
2315:
2132:
2108:
2064:
1801:
1575:
1568:
1272:'s Hazard Mapping System combines remote-sensing data from satellite sources such as
889:
859:
855:
843:
812:
654:
570:
253:
235:
Lightning-sparked wildfires are frequent occurrences during the dry summer season in
190:
111:
13790:
13700:
13538:
13392:
13275:
13118:
11784:
11131:
Kunzli, N.; Avol, E.; Wu, J.; Gauderman, W.J.; Rappaport, E.; Millstein, J. (2006).
10971:
10741:
9711:
9651:
7812:
7706:
7634:
7553:
7501:
7267:
7242:
Third International Conference on Information Technology and Applications (ICITA'05)
6475:
5980:
5186:
4622:"Influence of Forest Structure on Wildfire Behavior and the Severity of Its Effects"
4007:
3264:
2278:
There is consistent evidence between wildfire smoke and the exacerbation of asthma.
2056:
1698:
may help predict the size and direction of wildfire-generated smoke plumes by using
98:), desert fire, grass fire, hill fire, peat fire, prairie fire, vegetation fire, or
17869:
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17504:
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15153:
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13778:
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13329:
13241:
13135:
12979:
12815:
12745:
12600:"The Great Lie: Monoculture Trees as Forests | News & Views | UNRISD"
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11386:
11367:"The Marshall Fire: Scientific and policy needs for water system disaster response"
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3317:
3265:"National Wildfire Coordinating Group Fireline Handbook, Appendix B: Fire Behavior"
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In 1974, 117 million hectares of land was burnt in wildfires in central Australia.
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8929:
7722:"Forest Fires & Climate Change | Effects of Deforestation on Wildfires | GFW"
6950:
6744:
5686:
5667:
4192:
the left, protect conservative leaders, and divert attention from climate change.
3869:
3836:
3673:
3662:
3443:
3432:
2828:. Such careful use of fire has been employed for centuries in lands protected by
2781:
2685:
2490:
2459:
2192:
2003:
1956:
1789:
1659:
1487:
1379:
1203:, brightness detection, and color change detection may also be incorporated into
1073:
1042:
1008:
988:
354:
221:
178:
107:
13782:
13598:
12937:"Otways Fire No. 22 – 1982/83 Aspects of fire behaviour. Research Report No. 20"
11626:"Post-Fire Mudflow Prevention by Biopolymer Treatment of Water Repellent Slopes"
11182:"Birth Weight Following Pregnancy During the 2003 Southern California Wildfires"
10998:
9919:
8536:
8346:
Boerner, C.; Coday B.; Noble, J.; Roa, P.; Roux V.; Rucker K.; Wing, A. (2012).
6925:
Lydersen, Jamie M.; North, Malcolm P.; Collins, Brandon M. (15 September 2014).
6163:"'Off the chart': CO2 from California fires dwarf state's fossil fuel emissions"
4479:
4055:
1890:
1797:
that increases fire frequency and further alters native vegetation communities.
1467:. Between 2000 and 2016, more than 350 wildland firefighters died on-duty.
122:
and heat, often precede severe wildfires. These cycles have been intensified by
18046:
17780:
17666:
17623:
17617:
17613:
17458:
17443:
17394:
17384:
17296:
17150:
16906:
16877:
16270:
16024:
16014:
15867:
15791:
15786:
15719:
15627:
15615:
15580:
15538:
15486:
15481:
15405:
15323:
15215:
15058:
15048:
14648:
14598:
14500:
14424:
14349:
14301:
14271:
14190:
14122:
13654:
San-Miguel-Ayanz, Jesus; Ravail, Nicolas; Kelha, Vaino; Ollero, Anibal (2005).
13167:
13143:
12396:
12204:
12042:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
11707:
11682:
11609:
11592:
11469:
11060:
10955:
10656:
10599:
10460:
10349:
10284:
9031:
Interagency Strategy for the Implementation of the Federal Wildland Fire Policy
8775:
8562:
8305:
8057:
6977:"California's Fire Hazard Severity Zone Update and Building Standards Revision"
6818:
Interagency Strategy for the Implementation of the Federal Wildland Fire Policy
6108:
5936:
5875:
5246:
4954:
4235:
4188:
3764:
3321:
3171:
Flannigan, M.D.; B.D. Amiro; K.A. Logan; B.J. Stocks & B.M. Wotton (2005).
2924:
2889:
2728:
2522:
2204:
2188:
2162:
1952:
1805:
1734:
1588:
1533:
1523:
1491:
1464:
1359:
1311:
1188:
1136:
1128:
1101:
1028:
role that humans play in wildfires, since, for example, 95% of forest fires in
954:
847:
650:
474:
410:
325:
277:
166:
123:
13811:
13810:(U.S. Government public domain material published in Association journal. See
13692:
12636:
12265:. Radom-Katowice, Poland: Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). Archived from
11768:
11637:
11148:
9863:
9101:. Fairfield, WA: International Association of Wildland Fire. pp. 101–112.
7698:
7652:
Miller, Jerry; Borne, Kirk; Thomas, Brian; Huang Zhenping & Chi, Yuechen.
7210:
Fok, Chien-Liang; Roman, Gruia-Catalin & Lu, Chenyang (29 November 2004).
6102:
5784:
Colón, Marcos; de Camões Lima Boaventura, Luís; Jennings, Erik (1 June 2020).
3868:. National Wildfire Coordinating Group. March 1998. p. 17. Archived from
3681:
3561:"B.C. wildfires: State of emergency declared in Kelowna, evacuations underway"
3464:
3451:
3361:
Westerling, A.L.; Hidalgo, H.G.; Cayan, D.R.; Swetnam, T.W. (18 August 2006).
3191:
2923:
Wildfire activity has been attributed as a major factor in the development of
2260:, which are associated with harmful changes in allergic respiratory diseases.
2240:
Several epidemiological studies have demonstrated a close association between
18059:
18031:
17800:
17701:
17487:
17416:
17188:
16936:
16800:
16425:
16294:
15993:
15949:
15895:
15876:
15801:
15761:
15714:
15553:
15525:
15390:
15328:
15267:
15262:
15071:
15023:
14788:
14638:
14505:
14379:
14354:
14339:
14296:
14235:
13849:
13617:
13599:"Holocene fire history of middle boreal pine forest sites in eastern Finland"
13530:
13514:
12829:
12773:"Smokey Bear, Iconic Symbol of Wildfire Prevention, Still Going Strong at 70"
12071:
12014:
11818:
11082:
Delfino, R.J.; Brummel, S; Wu, J.; Stern, H.; Ostro, B.; Lipsett, M. (2009).
10913:
10780:
10725:
10664:
10607:
10528:
10468:
10411:
10292:
10130:
9359:
9196:
8999:
8937:
8878:
8809:
8659:
8111:
7440:
6899:
6346:
6337:
6312:
6255:
5972:
5913:
5660:
5540:
5418:
5333:
5254:
4458:
4116:
3999:
3798:
3638:
3396:
3329:
3199:
2974:
2810:
2723:
2670:
2650:
2645:
2630:
2542:
2358:
2241:
2166:
1898:
1625:
1355:
902:
901:
The carbon released from wildfires can add to greenhouse gas concentrations.
851:
579:
371:
311:
13627:
The Effectiveness and Efficiency of Aerial Firefighting in Australia: Part 1
13206:
13200:"Community Involvement in and Management of Forest Fires in South East Asia"
12889:. Parliament House, Canberra: Bushfire CRC. 27 February 2007. Archived from
12537:
12062:
11099:
9694:
9677:
9675:
9223:
8990:
7782:
7604:
7472:"New Wildfire-detection Research Will Pinpoint Small Fires From 10,000 feet"
7161:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) Digital Archives. 21 August 1957.
5507:"Observed Impacts of Anthropogenic Climate Change on Wildfire in California"
5126:
4107:
3500:"The Far-Reaching Consequences of Siberia's Climate-Change-Driven Wildfires"
3387:
3362:
2892:) can increase wildfire risk, especially if these trees are also planted in
1050:
refers to any fire of natural causes that is monitored but allowed to burn.
1035:
Wildfire prevention programs around the world may employ techniques such as
340:. They can also flare up unexpectedly and ignite nearby flammable material.
17821:
17795:
17775:
17599:
17562:
17526:
17162:
17109:
16985:
16941:
16926:
16855:
16649:
16635:
16245:
16186:
16029:
15909:
15744:
15440:
15430:
15415:
15385:
15308:
15284:
15198:
15163:
15128:
15043:
15018:
14974:
14694:
14679:
14578:
14369:
14334:
14220:
14195:
14180:
14155:
14150:
14127:
14054:
13981:
13961:
13935:
12555:
12089:
11805:
11776:
11716:
11593:"Pilot Study on Fire Effluent Condensate from Full Scale Residential Fires"
11300:
11267:
11215:
11166:
11117:
11068:
11006:
10963:
10921:
10886:
10850:
10798:
10733:
10682:
10625:
10546:
10486:
10429:
10367:
10310:
10148:
10015:
9790:
9771:
9703:
9520:
9460:
9367:
9231:
9017:
8817:
8667:
8615:
7579:
7249:
6354:
6217:
5817:
5349:
5272:
4134:
4020:
3806:
3404:
3363:"Warming and Earlier Spring Increase Western U.S. Forest Wildfire Activity"
3347:
3136:"Drought, Tree Mortality, and Wildfire in Forests Adapted to Frequent Fire"
2995:
2844:
2797:
2789:
2780:, firebreaks were used for wildfire protection. In Spain during the 1550s,
2773:
2634:
2591:
2510:
2484:
2180:
2144:
2084:
1746:
1718:
1687:
1679:
1629:
1495:
1460:
1340:
1204:
1200:
1160:
638:
509:
406:
307:
257:
103:
12716:
9996:
8966:"Quantifying the environmental limits to fire spread in grassy ecosystems"
8457:
6407:"As smoke from forest fires ages in the atmosphere its toxicity increases"
4595:
3719:
3694:
2171:
1230:
495:, damaging ecosystems not particularly suited for heat or arid conditions.
17758:
17753:
17438:
17433:
17404:
17369:
17342:
16872:
16608:
16483:
16275:
16191:
16165:
16039:
16034:
15776:
15756:
15749:
15709:
15676:
15257:
15008:
14699:
14374:
14359:
14266:
14240:
14230:
14165:
14145:
14087:
14032:
13986:
13943:
12910:"Automatic remote surveillance system for the prevention of forest fires"
8563:"User Assessment of Smoke-Dispersion Models for Wildland Biomass Burning"
8240:
7373:. San Diego, CA: San Diego State University. 23 June 2005. Archived from
6583:
6559:"Significant Effective Radiative Forcing of Stratospheric Wildfire Smoke"
6558:
6500:
6075:"Wildfire smoke contributes to thousands of deaths each year in the U.S."
5904:
5879:
5531:
5506:
5500:
5385:"Droughts, Wildfires, and Forest Carbon Cycling: A Pantropical Synthesis"
4258:
3620:
2953:
2909:
2893:
2878:
2840:
2761:
2740:
2600:
2425:
2196:
1966:
1947:
1935:
1931:
1814:
1674:
can be enhanced in the area of a large wildfire, which can propel smoke,
1667:
1592:
1472:
1471:
lead to heat-related illnesses, such as heat rash, cramps, exhaustion or
1432:
1387:
1106:
1084:
1064:
801:
60:
12731:
11249:
11197:
10520:
10044:"Wildfire smoke can increase hazardous toxic metals in air, study finds"
8713:
8491:
7651:
7212:"Mobile Agent Middleware for Sensor Networks: An Application Case Study"
7079:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Archived from
6209:
4083:"Human-started wildfires expand the fire niche across the United States"
3170:
2931:
and figures prominently in the social and economic lives of its people.
1955:
that sprout after a fire encourage species preservation, as embodied by
1842:
366:
17935:
17552:
16867:
16860:
16843:
16828:
16700:
16581:
16255:
16019:
15771:
15766:
15492:
15113:
14608:
14394:
14364:
14344:
14281:
14251:
14215:
14059:
13966:
13522:
12119:
11576:
11559:
11231:"Estimated global mortality attributable to smoke from landscape fires"
9492:
9475:
6103:
Laura Millan Lombrana; Hayley Warren; Akshat Rathi (10 February 2020).
5786:"Offensive against the Amazon: An incontrollable pandemic (commentary)"
5153:"Explainer: How climate change is affecting wildfires around the world"
3629:
2905:
2851:
was linked to the period between AD 1050 and 1200, coinciding with the
2814:
2744:
2739:
The human use of fire for agricultural and hunting purposes during the
2675:
2655:
2618:). Smoldering surface fires started to occur sometime before the Early
1970:
1942:
1927:
1655:
1529:
retardant may also be applied as a precautionary fire defense measure.
1431:
Wildland fire fighters face several life-threatening hazards including
1419:
1164:
1132:
658:
619:
566:
536:
531:
505:
418:
395:
281:
138:
91:
12820:
12803:
11432:
11407:
11391:
11366:
11343:
11133:"Health Effects of the 2003 Southern California Wildfires on Children"
10878:
9758:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
9274:
8800:
8651:
7684:
6707:"UK: The Role of Fire in the Ecology of Heathland in Southern Britain"
6105:"Measuring the Carbon-Dioxide Cost of Last Year's Worldwide Wildfires"
5964:
5783:
5341:
3789:
3666:
3436:
2835:
Wildfires typically occur during periods of increased temperature and
2175:
Animation of diaphragmatic breathing with the diaphragm shown in green
770:
414:
302:
Arson may account for over 20% of human caused fires. However, in the
17864:
17816:
17790:
17738:
17572:
17534:
17284:
17274:
16946:
16808:
16783:
16659:
16621:
16576:
16566:
16506:
16327:
16260:
16250:
16240:
16181:
16153:
16049:
15654:
15632:
15533:
15475:
15091:
14957:
14633:
14613:
14593:
14583:
14573:
14455:
14399:
14329:
14324:
14175:
13448:"The 2003 Southern California Wildfires: Constructing Their Cause(s)"
13117:. National Wildfire Coordinating Group. November 2008. Archived from
12131:
11971:
10772:
8593:
7309:"Detecting Forest Fires using Wireless Sensor Networks with Waspmote"
4518:. Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies. Archived from
2939:
2624:
2613:
2467:
2116:
1822:
1769:
1650:
1584:
1402:
The suppression of wild fires takes up a large amount of a country's
1367:
1300:
1249:
1088:
965:
785:
762:
752:
646:
627:
584:
574:
517:
513:
426:
249:
201:
170:
146:
16316:
13333:
13245:
12848:
Alvarado, Ernesto; Sandberg, David V.; Pickford, Stewart G. (1998).
12419:
10811:
10060:
9952:
9516:"Plastic pipes are polluting drinking water systems after wildfires"
8904:
O'Connor, Tim G.; Puttick, James R.; Hoffman, M. Timm (4 May 2014).
8248:"CDC – Fighting Wildfires – NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic"
7626:
7502:"Airborne campaign tests new instrumentation for wildfire detection"
6926:
5844:
4025:. Luxembourg: Publication Office of the European Union. p. 71.
2927:. In modern Greece, as in many other regions, it is the most common
2573:
378:
17509:
17453:
16963:
16931:
16710:
16654:
16521:
16407:
16395:
16367:
15734:
15704:
15699:
15659:
15605:
15595:
14903:
14689:
14684:
14097:
13996:
12884:"Are Big Fires Inevitable? A Report on the National Bushfire Forum"
12123:
12115:
11408:"Wildfire damage and contamination to private drinking water wells"
10836:
9978:
Finlay SE, Moffat A, Gazzard R, Baker D, Murray V (November 2012).
9865:
White House explains the link between Climate Change and Wild Fires
9390:"Considerations for Decontaminating HDPE Service Lines by Flushing"
9210:
Running, S.W. (2008). "Ecosystem Disturbance, Carbon and Climate".
9099:
Brushfires in California wildlands: ecology and resource management
8745:"The Ecological Importance of Mixed-Severity Fires – ScienceDirect"
8345:
7209:
5631:
4239:
4209:
3739:
3676:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge & New York, pp. 3−32,
3446:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, pp. 197–377,
3426:
Chapter 2: Terrestrial and Freshwater Ecosystems and Their Services
2885:
2874:
2777:
2769:
2732:
2659:
2638:
2619:
2608:
2596:
2578:
2463:
2073:
1961:
1728:
1503:
1371:
937:
653:. Great vertical differences in temperature and humidity encourage
543:
522:
200:
Naturally occurring wildfires can have beneficial effects on those
13725:"Use of a Deterministic Fire Growth Model to Test Fuel Treatments"
11738:
Booze, T.F.; Reinhardt, T.E.; Quiring, S.J.; Ottmar, R.D. (2004).
5298:
4030:
1969:
in other types of plants by inducing the production of the orange
995:
Some research has shown wildfire smoke can have a cooling effect.
17470:
16973:
16951:
16838:
16833:
16705:
16693:
16631:
16561:
16536:
16496:
16475:
16445:
15724:
15620:
15590:
15585:
15573:
15563:
15548:
15101:
13653:
13596:
13428:"The Amazon's Vicious Cycles: Drought and Fire in the Greenhouse"
13274:. National Interagency Fire Council. 20 June 2003. Archived from
13142:
Graham, Russell; McCaffrey, Sarah; Jain, Theresa B (April 2004).
13060:"FARSITE: Fire Area Simulator – Model Development and Evaluation"
13038:. National Interagency Fire Center. 18 April 2005. Archived from
12127:
11484:"After a Wildfire: Water Safety Considerations for Private Wells"
11179:
8776:"The Ecological Importance of Severe Wildfires: Some Like It Hot"
7654:"Automated Wildfire Detection Through Artificial Neural Networks"
7469:
6476:"Wildfire smoke cools summer river and stream water temperatures"
5078:. Canadian Interagency Forest Fire Centre (CIFFC). October 2023.
3765:"The Ecological Importance of Severe Wildfires: Some Like It Hot"
2860:
2855:. However, human influence caused an increase in fire frequency.
2836:
2583:
2442:
2096:
2092:
1906:
1879:
1695:
1691:
1383:
1257:
789:
766:
748:
675:
642:
641:: air rises as it is heated, and large wildfires create powerful
562:
551:
422:
273:
174:
134:
119:
56:
32:"Brushfire" and "Forest fire" redirect here. For other uses, see
15904:
13625:
Plucinski, M.; Gould, J.; McCarthy, G.; Hollis, J. (June 2007).
12570:"Fires spark biodiversity criticism of Sweden's forest industry"
11876:
11501:"After a Wildfire: Water Safety Considerations Inside Buildings"
10814:"Wildland firefighter fatalities in the United States 1990–2006"
10445:"Effects of particulate matter on allergic respiratory diseases"
10269:"Effects of particulate matter on allergic respiratory diseases"
6250:. Bogor, Indonesia: Center for International Forestry Research.
5096:"Earth's climate shatters heat records. These 5 charts show how"
4960:. National Wildfire Coordinating Group. March 2003. p. 19.
3693:
Heidari, Hadi; Arabi, Mazdak; Warziniack, Travis (August 2021).
3295:
1552:
1175:(GPS) into a collective whole for near-realtime use by wireless
896:
110:, which are carried out to provide a benefit for people. Modern
17874:
17854:
17748:
17423:
16916:
16688:
16681:
16390:
16385:
16359:
16075:
15558:
15296:
15133:
15081:
14980:
13904:
11591:
Horn, Gavin P.; Dow, Nicholas W.; Neumann, Danielle L. (2023).
9158:"Bushfire and Catchments: Effects of Fire on Soils and Erosion"
8112:
Ellison, A; Evers, C.; Moseley, C.; Nielsen-Pincus, M. (2012).
7894:"Transport Canada SFOC Granted to Support Wildfire Suppression"
7411:"is artificial intelligence the future of wildfire prevention?"
5071:
4167:"How Rupert Murdoch Is Influencing Australia's Bushfire Debate"
2792:. As early as the 17th century, Native Americans were observed
2604:
2430:
2319:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2252:
2245:
1742:
1507:
1115:
1029:
387:
236:
64:
10505:"Critical Review of Health Impacts of Wildfire Smoke Exposure"
8842:
5382:
4883:. Victorian Bushfires Royal Commission, Australia. July 2010.
3594:
2589:
The first evidence of wildfires is fossils of the giant fungi
1749:, the forested areas of the United States and Canada, and the
1325:
for early detection, prevention, and prediction of wildfires.
606:
front, or burn in the opposite direction of the main front by
17884:
17826:
17167:
17099:
16997:
16889:
16718:
16676:
16669:
16664:
16501:
16455:
16417:
16375:
16132:
16090:
16085:
15890:
15610:
14256:
9616:
8716:"Wildfires Cause Ozone Pollution to Violate Health Standards"
8394:
6136:"Global fires are up 13% from 2019's record-breaking numbers"
5220:
4703:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). October 2005.
3360:
2983: – Transition zone between wilderness and developed land
2944:
2753:
2749:
1982:
1605:
to simulate fire growth as a continuously expanding polygon.
1452:
1440:
1261:
961:
466:
319:
296:
154:
16752:
13624:
13356:
McKenzie, D.; Gedalof, Z.; Peterson, D.L.; Mote, P. (2004).
11446:
10899:
10863:
8714:
National Center for Atmospheric Research (13 October 2008).
6869:
4656:. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Archived from
2582:, an award-winning photograph of elk avoiding a wildfire in
665:
17859:
16980:
16968:
16884:
16596:
16531:
16526:
16516:
16511:
16380:
16080:
16070:
15972:
15669:
15644:
15318:
14872:
13355:
12371:
10.1130/0016-7606(1995)107<1211:FAACIY>2.3.CO;2
12007:
10.1669/0883-1351(2004)019<0113:AEITDO>2.0.CO;2
11737:
10755:
Morello-Frosch, Rachel; Shenassa, Edmond D. (August 2006).
9888:"How Have Forest Fires Affected Air Quality in California?"
9676:
Flematti GR; Ghisalberti EL; Dixon KW; Trengove RD (2004).
8962:
8283:
8216:"Wildland Fire Fighting: Hot Tips to Stay Safe and Healthy"
8086:. New South Wales Government. 13 March 2009. Archived from
6795:. Voice of America (VOA) News. 24 June 2009. Archived from
5593:"New South Wales, December 1974 Bushfire – New South Wales"
4236:"Who's fuelling the wild theories about Canada's wildfires"
2112:
2088:
1909:. The pictures were taken one and two years after the fire.
1826:
1738:
1675:
1637:
1448:
1444:
1239:
793:
462:
359:
99:
84:
13488:"A Burning Story: The Role of Fire in the History of Life"
11557:
11405:
11137:
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
10984:
10645:
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
10588:
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
10383:
9669:
9473:
8906:"Bush encroachment in southern Africa: changes and causes"
8903:
7750:
7311:. Libelium Comunicaciones Distribuidas S.L. Archived from
6876:"Managing fire-prone forests in the western United States"
5042:
5040:
4080:
2881:
that lead to a drop in the use of fire for land clearing.
16265:
13173:
The Nature of Mediterranean Europe: An Ecological History
10935:
McDermott, B.M.; Lee, E.M.; Judd, M.; Gibbon, P. (2005).
10502:
10228:
9955:"Smoke management guide for prescribed and wildland fire"
9920:
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (2008).
9583:
8628:
8481:. San Francisco: American Geophysical Union fall meeting.
8221:. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
7843:"Faster satellite detection of extreme wildfires eminent"
7360:"Evaluation of three wildfire smoke detection systems", 6
6474:
David, Aaron T.; Asarian, J. Eli; Lake, Frank K. (2018).
6453:"What you need to know about the Amazon rainforest fires"
5873:
5556:"Bushfires – An Integral Part of Australia's Environment"
2345:
deal primarily with United States and do not represent a
2291:
air pollution, neighborhood poverty, and childhood risk.
1666:
Most of Earth's weather and air pollution resides in the
1291:
In 2015 a new fire detection tool is in operation at the
940:
burned more than 250,000 acres (1,000 km) of forest.
917:
734:
328:
burn in the thousands around the world, such as those in
12847:
11364:
11045:
10104:
9977:
9861:
9549:"Section Three: Problems, Cares, Economics, and Species"
9325:
8192:. National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health.
8114:"Forest service spending on large wildfires in the West"
7528:"World fire maps now available online in near-real time"
6892:
10.1890/1540-9295(2006)4[481:MFFITW]2.0.CO;2
6127:
3894:
Scott, A. (2000). "The Pre-Quaternary history of fire".
944:
The health effects of wildfire smoke, such as worsening
15941:
12942:. Victoria Department of Sustainability and Environment
12802:
Auer, Matthew R.; Hexamer, Benjamin E. (18 July 2022).
11881:. Reno Gazette Journal. The Sacramento Bee. p. 1A.
10581:
6311:
Rana, Md. Sohel; Guzman, Marcelo I. (22 October 2020).
5934:
5037:
3006:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
13406:. National Wildfire Coordinating Group. Archived from
12999:"Evaluation of three wildfire smoke detection systems"
12954:
12510:
Andela, N.; Morton, D.C.; et al. (30 June 2017).
12425:
University of Oregon Summary, accessed 2 February 2010
11564:
Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology
10934:
10754:
10193:"1 Wildfire Smoke A Guide for Public Health Officials"
10063:"Air quality index: A guide to air quality and health"
9678:"A compound from smoke that promotes seed germination"
9480:
Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology
9297:"Wildfires and Water Quality | U.S. Geological Survey"
9160:. eWater Cooperative Research Center's. Archived from
7282:"Wireless Weather Sensor Networks for Fire Management"
6870:
Noss, Reed F.; Franklin, Jerry F.; Baker, William L.;
6644:
6642:
6556:
5047:
Haddad, Mohammed; Hussein, Mohammed (19 August 2021).
4771:. Florida Alliance for Safe Homes (FLASH). p. 5.
3692:
3180:
Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change
3128:
2809:
than after the colonization. In the post-World War II
2689:, which have thick bark to withstand fires and employ
1310:
Since 2021 NASA has provided active fire locations in
13870:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
13446:
Olson, Richard Stuart; Gawronski, Vincent T. (2005).
12804:"Income and Insurability as Factors in Wildfire Risk"
12442:
11130:
11081:
10695:
9922:"Wildfire smoke: A guide for public health officials"
8341:
8339:
8256:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
6793:"International Experts Study Ways to Fight Wildfires"
4516:"Global Commodities Boom Fuels New Assault on Amazon"
4337:
4335:
3173:"Forest Fires and Climate Change in the 21st century"
2641:
periods is explained by a decrease in oxygen levels.
1614:
858:'s existence is threatened by fires. Record-breaking
314:
exaggerating the role of arson in the fires." In the
27:
Uncontrolled fires in countryside or wilderness areas
11683:"The devastating mudslides that follow forest fires"
8561:
Breyfogle, Steve; Sue A., Ferguson (December 1996).
8208:
7751:
Earth Science Data Systems, NASA (28 January 2016).
7470:
Rochester Institute of Technology (4 October 2003).
7338:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) News.
7214:. Washington University in St. Louis. Archived from
6924:
6759:
6007:"The Impact of Wildfires on Climate and Air Quality"
5442:"What Causes Wildfires? Understand The Science Here"
5059:
Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters
3968:
3270:. National Wildfire Coordinating Group. April 2006.
3106:"Forest fire videos – See how fire started on Earth"
2244:
and respiratory allergic diseases such as bronchial
2037:
The 2009 Station Fire burns in the foothills of the
1946:
contain flammable oils that encourage fire and hard
13486:Pausas, Juli G.; Keeley, Jon E (July–August 2009).
13205:. Project FireFight South East Asia. Archived from
13141:
11949:
9837:"Extreme wildfires may be fueled by climate change"
8492:Fromm, M.; Stocks, B.; Servranckx, R.; Lindsey, D.
8029:. National Climatic Data Center. 11 December 2008.
6639:
5845:"Wildfires: How are they linked to climate change?"
5719:
5116:
4727:"Satellites are tracing Europe's forest fire scars"
2002:Smoke trail from a fire seen while looking towards
1804:, drought, logging, cattle ranching practices, and
554:, plants dry out and are therefore more flammable.
13033:"Federal Fire and Aviation Operations Action Plan"
12955:de Souza Costa, Fernando; Sandberg, David (2004).
12108:
11624:Movasat, Mahta; Tomac, Ingrid (21 February 2020).
10812:National Wildfire Coordinating Group (June 2007).
8336:
8319:
8317:
8315:
8183:
7441:"Devastating wildfires spur new detection systems"
7284:. University of Montana – Missoula. Archived from
6286:"The Effects of Wildfires on a Zero Carbon Future"
5183:"Chronological List of U.S. Billion Dollar Events"
4560:
4544:. National Interagency Fire Center. Archived from
4332:
4058:. NOVA online – Public Broadcasting System (PBS).
3070:"CIFFC Canadian Wildland Fire Management Glossary"
3044:(3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 2008.
1225:
784:In the summer of 1974–1975 (southern hemisphere),
11747:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
10638:
10561:"American Lung Association and Asthma Fact sheet"
10028:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
9619:"Trace gas emission in smoke-induced germination"
8535:. American Meteorological Society. Archived from
8496:. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2006.
7554:"Earth from Space: California's 'Esperanza' fire"
6599:
6044:"Wildland Fire Research: Health Effects Research"
4470:
4468:
3896:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
3736:The Ecological Importance of Mixed-Severity Fires
3734:DellaSalla, Dominick A.; Hanson, Chad T. (2015).
3529:Australia, Government Geoscience (25 July 2017).
1965:. Exposure to smoke from burning plants promotes
1930:often survive through adaptations to their local
1926:reproducing after fire. Plants in wildfire-prone
1479:, dehydration, sleep deprivation, and burdensome
1274:Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite
477:that scale trees may also encourage ladder fires.
405:fires are fed by subterranean roots, duff on the
18057:
13756:"The History and Evolution of Wildland Fire Use"
13632:(Report). Bushfire Cooperative Research Centre.
13433:. World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF International)
11321:
10839:International Journal of Emergency Mental Health
10323:
9915:
9913:
9911:
9909:
9252:
7239:
6473:
5119:"Climate Change Increases the Risk of Wildfires"
4701:"Archimedes Death Ray: Idea Feasibility Testing"
4598:. NBC News. Associated Press. 15 November 2008.
4596:"Ashes cover areas hit by Southern Calif. fires"
3733:
2669:-type grasses. As these grasses shifted to more
1821:burned off 2.5 square kilometers (600 acres) of
1447:, as well as the risk of other injuries such as
1397:
1288:provides detailed daily updates on fire alerts.
835:. The fires in the latter were caused mainly by
727:was more than twice that of any year since 1983.
433:that unintentionally drained and dried the peat.
370:Charred landscape following a crown fire in the
185:. The carbon released from wildfires can add to
83:is an unplanned, uncontrolled and unpredictable
12850:"Modeling Large Forest Fires as Extreme Events"
12240:
12238:
12199:
12197:
10324:Holm SM, Miller MD, Balmes JR (February 2021).
9960:. Boise, ID: National Interagency Fire Center.
9425:Haupert, Levi M.; Magnuson, Matthew L. (2019).
9424:
9182:
8970:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
8560:
8370:
8312:
7605:Ramachandran, Chandrasekar; Misra, Sudip &
7415:designboom | architecture & design magazine
7113:
7111:
6435:
6161:Alberts, Elizabeth Claire (18 September 2020).
6014:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
4372:. British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) News.
4279:"How Arson factors into California's Wildfires"
4087:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3465:"Main Types of Disasters and Associated Trends"
1414:
1316:Fire Information for Resource Management System
1270:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
350:Surface-area-to-volume ratio § Fire spread
187:carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere
63:burned more than 70,000 acres (280 km) of
13753:
13722:
13445:
12692:definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary
12512:"A human-driven decline in global burned area"
12348:
12101:
12099:
12035:
11925:"Earliest evidence of wildfire found in Wales"
11590:
8718:. Geophysical Research Letters. Archived from
8179:
8177:
8175:
8173:
8171:
7580:"Hazard Mapping System Fire and Smoke Product"
7371:"SDSU Tests New Wildfire-Detection Technology"
7126:Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing
7009:"California Senate Bill No. 1595, Chapter 366"
4465:
4206:"Did climate change cause Canada's wildfires?"
3590:
3588:
3586:
3259:
3257:
3062:
2977: – Study of the distribution of wildfires
2867:According to a paper published in the journal
1349:A Russian firefighter extinguishing a wildfire
16768:
16343:
15957:
14888:
13920:
13358:"Climatic change, wildfire, and conservation"
13298:. United States: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
12770:
12252:
12250:
12209:"Fire in the European Mediterranean: History"
10317:
10061:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2009).
9953:National Wildlife Coordination Group (2001).
9906:
9617:Keeley, J.E. & C.J. Fotheringham (1997).
9555:. California State University. Archived from
8910:African Journal of Range & Forage Science
7187:. Alabama Forestry Commission. Archived from
5624:
5389:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
5146:
5144:
5046:
4578:
4576:
4397:"When bogs burn, the environment takes a hit"
4228:
3004: – Estimate of the soil moisture deficit
2458:Other post-fire risks, can increase if other
2343:The examples and perspective in this section
2153:Household air pollution § Health impacts
1423:Wildland firefighter working a brush fire in
1278:Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer
897:Carbon dioxide and other emissions from fires
846:were 13% worse than in 2019 due primarily to
218:Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer
14654:Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel
13485:
13165:
12509:
12235:
12194:
11623:
9839:. Michigan State University. 1 August 2013.
9055:
8373:"Colorado Wildfires Threaten Water Supplies"
8326:"Officials: Fire slurry poses little threat"
8184:Campbell, Corey; Liz Dalsey (13 July 2012).
7929:"China Makes Snow to Extinguish Forest Fire"
7159:"Radio communication keeps rangers in touch"
7108:
5945:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
5810:
5680:The facts about bushfires and climate change
5597:Australian Institute for Disaster Resilience
5553:
5064:
4869:
4476:"Global Fire Initiative: Fire and Invasives"
3650:
3648:
3601:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
2877:to settled lifestyle and intensification of
2788:due to the harmful effects of fires used in
13568:. In Butler, B.W.; Alexander, M.E. (eds.).
12801:
12479:"Researchers Detect a Global Drop in Fires"
12096:
10449:Chronic Diseases and Translational Medicine
10442:
10273:Chronic Diseases and Translational Medicine
10266:
10163:"Side Effects of Wildfire Smoke Inhalation"
9751:Doerr, Stefan H.; Santín, Cristina (2016).
9750:
9589:
8168:
8146:"Region 5 – Land & Resource Management"
8107:
8105:
7961:. NASA-Ames Research Center. Archived from
7334:Thomson, Elizabeth A. (23 September 2008).
7132:(10): 977–985. October 1998. Archived from
4766:"Protecting Your Home From Wildfire Damage"
3834:
3583:
3254:
2727:Aerial view of deliberate wildfires on the
16775:
16761:
16350:
16336:
15964:
15950:
14895:
14881:
14486:International Association of Fire Fighters
13927:
13913:
13312:
12289:"Wildland fire – An American legacy|"
12247:
12029:
11984:
11943:
11229:Johnston, Fay H.; et al. (May 2012).
11049:Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
9862:Rajamanickam Antonimuthu (5 August 2014).
9592:"How Plants Use Fire (And Are Used By It)"
8186:"Wildland Fire Fighting Safety and Health"
8072:
7931:. FOXNews.com. 18 May 2006. Archived from
7504:. European Space Agency. 11 October 2006.
7014:. State of California. 27 September 2008.
6310:
5141:
5110:
5093:
4573:
3837:"How Plants Use Fire (And Are Used By It)"
3830:
3828:
2998: – Estimation of the risk of wildfire
2992: – Estimation of the risk of wildfire
2859:fire scar data and charcoal layer data in
2361:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
1358:can be used to encourage snow fall, while
696:Effects of climate change § Wildfires
649:new, cooler air from surrounding areas in
595:and their subsequent ignition from below.
15999:Native American use of fire in ecosystems
13682:
13296:The Chemistry and Uses of Fire Retardants
12819:
12545:
12256:
12079:
12061:
11817:
11758:
11706:
11608:
11575:
11431:
11390:
11257:
11205:
11156:
11107:
10788:
10672:
10615:
10536:
10476:
10419:
10401:
10357:
10300:
10138:
10005:
9995:
9780:
9770:
9728:. Oregon State University. Archived from
9693:
9637:
9491:
9450:
9007:
8989:
8868:
8799:
8527:
8286:Progress in Energy and Combustion Science
8051:
8027:"Climate of 2008 Wildfire Season Summary"
7956:"Disaster Management Applications – Fire"
7336:"Preventing forest fires with tree power"
6582:
6536:"How Extreme Weather can Cool the Planet"
6499:
6336:
5903:
5530:
5408:
5262:
4881:2009 Victorian Bushfires Royal Commission
4812:
4719:
4614:
4124:
4106:
3893:
3887:
3788:
3718:
3645:
3628:
3528:
3386:
3337:
3098:
3032:
2796:for many purposes including cultivation,
2377:Learn how and when to remove this message
2294:
1301:Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership
874:, thought to be linked to climate change.
689:
666:Intensity variations during day and night
13176:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
13091:. NSW Rural Fire Service. Archived from
12957:"Mathematical model of a smoldering log"
11228:
8680:
8102:
7953:
7556:. European Space Agency. 11 March 2006.
7306:
7077:"Extreme Events: Wild & Forest Fire"
6880:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment
6283:
5439:
5292:
4478:. The Nature Conservancy. Archived from
4203:
3497:
3164:
3143:UC Berkeley College of Natural Resources
2884:Increases of certain tree species (i.e.
2784:was discouraged in certain provinces by
2722:
2572:
2532:
2424:
2411:
2170:
1976:
1889:
1649:
1551:
1543:
1418:
1344:
1282:Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer
1262:Advanced Along Track Scanning Radiometer
1229:
1182:
1105:
1057:
1012:
927:
876:
669:
521:
382:Forest fires visible from a distance in
377:
365:
358:A surface fire in the western desert of
353:
230:
211:
46:
17916:Pollutant release and transfer register
16208:International Flame Research Foundation
13425:
13112:"Glossary of Wildland Fire Terminology"
12934:
12263:First Baltic Conference on Forest Fires
12203:
11088:Occupational and Environmental Medicine
10819:. NWCG Safety and Health Working Team.
10498:
10496:
10379:
10377:
10262:
10260:
10258:
10256:
10254:
10224:
10222:
10220:
10100:
10098:
10096:
10094:
10092:
10090:
9209:
9120:
7333:
7048:
7042:
6438:American Geophysical Union fall meeting
6238:
6160:
6072:
5547:
4729:. European Space Agency. 27 July 2004.
4307:
3825:
3077:Canadian Interagency Forest Fire Centre
3041:Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary
1885:
1362:and water can be dropped onto fires by
14:
18058:
16357:
13825:. Congressional Research Service. 2022
13234:International Journal of Wildland Fire
13224:
13057:
12036:Scott, C.; Glasspool, J. (July 2006).
11893:"Design Discussion Primer – Wildfires"
11680:
10571:from the original on 16 November 2015.
10198:. US Environmental Protection Agency.
9546:
9096:
8739:
8737:
8360:from the original on 12 November 2012.
8323:
7719:
7598:
7530:. European Space Agency. 24 May 2006.
7408:
6865:
6863:
6605:
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6041:
5765:from the original on 12 September 2023
5757:Vargas, Ana Paula (10 December 2020).
5756:
5725:
5707:from the original on 13 September 2019
5376:
4513:
4394:
4367:
3937:
2915:
2707:Deforestation § Historical causes
2449:Chemically contaminated drinking water
2235:
2010:, Victoria, Australia, 11 January 2007
735:Increasing risks due to climate change
499:
16756:
16331:
15945:
14876:
13908:
13560:
13293:
13197:
13151:General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-120
12257:Goldammer, Johann G. (5–9 May 1998).
11905:from the original on 20 December 2022
11826:from the original on 22 November 2016
11539:from the original on 17 December 2023
11513:from the original on 17 December 2023
9967:from the original on 11 October 2016.
9817:from the original on 7 September 2012
8774:Hutto, Richard L. (1 December 2008).
8773:
8575:from the original on 26 February 2009
7753:"VIIRS I-Band 375 m Active Fire Data"
7560:from the original on 10 November 2008
7342:from the original on 29 December 2008
7069:
6989:from the original on 26 February 2009
6957:from the original on 13 February 2020
6906:from the original on 13 February 2023
6874:; Moyle, Peter B. (1 November 2006).
6717:: 80–81. January 1998. Archived from
6133:
5698:
5570:from the original on 6 September 2023
5326:10.1146/annurev-arplant-102820-012804
5163:from the original on 19 December 2023
5150:
5106:from the original on 24 October 2023.
5032:Glossary of Wildland Fire Terminology
4986:Glossary of Wildland Fire Terminology
4733:from the original on 10 November 2008
4690:de Sousa Costa and Sandberg, 229–230.
4679:Glossary of Wildland Fire Terminology
4634:from the original on 17 December 2008
4602:from the original on 30 November 2020
4376:from the original on 19 December 2008
4053:
4047:
3763:Hutto, Richard L. (1 December 2008).
3762:
3541:from the original on 1 September 2022
3420:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3277:from the original on 17 December 2008
2124:contaminate soil and water supplies.
280:method of clearing fields during the
102:fire. Some natural forest ecosystems
18006:
17247:Electromagnetic radiation and health
16301:
14819:
14644:Modular Airborne FireFighting System
12491:from the original on 8 December 2017
12223:from the original on 11 October 2008
11870:
11858:from the original on 24 January 2021
11035:from the original on 15 August 2012.
11021:
10493:
10374:
10251:
10217:
10087:
9876:from the original on 11 August 2014.
9431:Journal of Environmental Engineering
9307:from the original on 26 October 2023
8476:
8401:from the original on 3 February 2011
8262:from the original on 25 October 2004
8033:from the original on 23 October 2015
7586:from the original on 14 January 2009
7049:Manning, Richard (1 December 2007).
6773:from the original on 1 November 2020
6769:. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service.
6767:"Fire Management: Wildland Fire Use"
6618:from the original on 7 November 2023
6142:from the original on 14 January 2021
6115:from the original on 28 January 2023
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5855:from the original on 12 October 2023
5726:Benson, Michael (28 December 2020).
5603:from the original on 13 January 2020
5585:
5082:from the original on 25 October 2023
5055:from the original on 19 August 2021.
5049:"Mapping wildfires around the world"
4967:from the original on 16 January 2009
4818:
4707:from the original on 7 February 2009
4627:. US Forest Service. November 2003.
4534:
4062:from the original on 27 October 2009
3058:from the original on 13 August 2009.
3013: – Australian fire danger index
2900:, moved in by humans (i.e., for the
2807:Spanish colonization of the Americas
2696:
2329:
2129:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
2015:
1837:
1619:
1152:, a data station was established in
1135:. Aerial and land photography using
755:, so there are fewer trees to burn.
18022:
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17105:Radium and radon in the environment
15820:
13322:Canadian Journal of Forest Research
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13065:. US Forest Service. Archived from
12698:from the original on 29 August 2017
11297:"IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 2022"
11029:"Particulate Matter (PM) Standards"
10826:from the original on 15 March 2012.
10232:The Journal for Nurse Practitioners
9406:from the original on 13 August 2023
9129:from the original on 13 August 2009
8767:
8755:from the original on 1 January 2017
8734:
8156:from the original on 23 August 2016
7900:from the original on 14 August 2023
7874:from the original on 14 August 2023
7823:from the original on 25 August 2023
7763:from the original on 12 August 2023
7534:from the original on 13 August 2009
7508:from the original on 13 August 2009
7451:from the original on 14 August 2023
7421:from the original on 14 August 2023
7165:from the original on 13 August 2009
7001:
6969:
6918:
6860:
6847:
6835:
6811:
6317:The Journal of Physical Chemistry A
5689:, Climate Council, 13 November 2019
5410:10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010235
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4407:from the original on 3 January 2020
4289:from the original on 30 August 2023
4204:Kaminski, Isabella (12 June 2023).
3756:
3571:from the original on 18 August 2023
2942:, characters from the Disney movie
2929:disaster caused by a natural hazard
2662:is possibly due to the increase of
2509:; injuries from vehicle rollovers;
2050:
1817:conditions. A 2003 wildfire in the
892:are linked to fire-season severity.
306:"an independent study found online
24:
14292:Self-contained breathing apparatus
13992:Firefighter assist and search team
13868:from websites or documents of the
13852:from websites or documents of the
12984:10.1016/j.combustflame.2004.07.009
12610:from the original on 6 August 2021
12136:2009 version of the ICS time chart
11506:. Purdue University. 16 May 2021.
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5825:from the original on 26 April 2019
5560:1301.0 – Year Book Australia, 1995
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3017:National Fire Danger Rating System
2420:
2416:Sediment off the Yucatán Peninsula
1615:Impacts on the natural environment
1517:
1032:are related to human involvement.
304:2019–20 Australian bushfire season
25:
18112:
15169:Global Forest Information Service
13086:"Fire. The Australian Experience"
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11662:from the original on 4 March 2022
11489:. Purdue University. 16 May 2021.
11238:Environmental Health Perspectives
11186:Environmental Health Perspectives
10761:Environmental Health Perspectives
10509:Environmental Health Perspectives
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8944:from the original on 1 April 2023
8007:from the original on 19 June 2009
7793:from the original on 26 July 2023
7732:from the original on 25 July 2023
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6516:from the original on 26 July 2023
6417:from the original on 4 April 2023
6387:from the original on 4 April 2023
6169:from the original on 30 June 2023
5792:from the original on 10 June 2023
5738:from the original on 4 April 2023
4955:"The New Generation Fire Shelter"
4877:"Volume 1: The Kilmore East Fire"
4778:from the original on 19 July 2011
4370:"Asian peat fires add to warming"
4246:from the original on 17 June 2023
4216:from the original on 12 June 2023
4177:from the original on 21 June 2023
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3498:Machemer, Theresa (9 July 2020).
3086:from the original on 10 June 2023
3011:McArthur Forest Fire Danger Index
2948:, and the official mascot of the
2800:, and warfare. Scottish botanist
2752:and by classical writers such as
2473:
2138:
1940:For example, plants of the genus
1392:February 2009 Victorian bushfires
1266:European Remote-Sensing Satellite
1110:Dry Mountain Fire Lookout in the
777:may be partially attributable to
674:A wildfire in Venezuela during a
267:
243:
18040:
18030:
18021:
18013:
18005:
17993:
17992:
16737:
16736:
16311:
16300:
16290:
16289:
15925:
15916:
15915:
15903:
15889:
15875:
15861:
15847:
15833:
15819:
14854:
14842:
14830:
14818:
14807:
14806:
14017:Fire department ranks by country
13934:
13878:
13864: This article incorporates
13859:
13848: This article incorporates
13843:
13561:Peuch, Eric (26–28 April 2005).
13385:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00492.x
12863:(Special): 66–75. Archived from
12795:
12783:from the original on 6 July 2018
12764:
12738:
12710:
12654:
12622:
12592:
12580:from the original on 9 July 2023
12562:
12503:
12471:
12436:
12390:
12377:
12342:
12333:
12321:
12281:
12185:
12166:
12157:
12148:
11978:
11931:from the original on 1 June 2023
11917:
11885:
11838:
11798:
11731:
11681:Palmer, Jane (12 January 2022).
11674:
11617:
11584:
11551:
11525:
11493:
11476:
11440:
11399:
11358:
11315:
11289:
11222:
11173:
11124:
11075:
11039:
10978:
10928:
10893:
10857:
10830:
10805:
10748:
10689:
10632:
10575:
10553:
10436:
10185:
10173:from the original on 9 July 2023
10155:
10054:
10036:
9971:
9946:
9934:from the original on 16 May 2012
9880:
9855:
9829:
9797:
9744:
9718:
9610:
9571:
9540:
9528:from the original on 26 May 2023
9508:
9467:
9418:
9382:
9319:
9289:
9246:
9203:
9176:
9150:
9141:
9114:
9105:
9090:
9049:
9036:
9024:
8956:
8897:
8870:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01456.x
8836:
8824:from the original on 9 July 2023
8707:
8674:
8622:
8587:
8554:
8521:
8508:
8485:
8470:
8448:
8439:
8413:
8387:
8364:
8277:
8138:
8045:
8019:
7993:
7980:
7947:
7921:
7912:
7886:
7860:
7835:
7805:
7775:
7744:
7713:
7678:
7666:from the original on 22 May 2010
7645:
7572:
7546:
7520:
7494:
7482:from the original on 5 June 2008
7463:
7433:
7402:
7389:
7363:
7354:
7327:
7300:
7274:
7233:
7203:
7185:"Wildfire Detection and Control"
7177:
7151:
7095:
7033:
6823:
6785:
6743:. SmokeyBear.com. Archived from
6733:
6699:
6673:
6660:
6651:
6630:
6550:
6528:
6467:
6444:
6429:
6399:
6369:
6304:
6277:
6232:
6181:
6154:
6134:Boyle, Louise (27 August 2020).
6096:
6066:
6023:from the original on 2 June 2019
5625:Cole, Brendan (7 January 2020).
5482:from the original on 7 July 2022
4997:de Souza Costa and Sandberg, 228
4153:National Interagency Fire Center
3992:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02649.x
3863:"Wildfire Prevention Strategies"
3813:from the original on 9 July 2023
3510:from the original on 5 June 2023
3479:from the original on 3 June 2023
2501:Between 2001 and 2012, over 200
2334:
2026:
1991:
1914:This section is an excerpt from
1841:
1712:
1567:This section is an excerpt from
1299:(USFS) which uses data from the
1191:. Detection systems may include
888:Video to explain how increasing
716:
704:
108:controlled or prescribed burning
16819:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
15989:Control of fire by early humans
15926:
14855:
14491:International Firefighters' Day
14451:Candidate Physical Ability Test
13754:van Wagtendonk, Jan W. (2007).
13723:van Wagtendonk, Jan W. (1996).
13563:"Firefighting Safety in France"
12771:Kathryn Sosbe (7 August 2014).
12328:Fire. The Australian Experience
12302:(3): 4, 5, 9, 11. Summer 2000.
10205:from the original on 9 May 2013
10075:from the original on 7 May 2012
9578:Fire. The Australian Experience
9078:from the original on 7 May 2009
6842:Fire. The Australian Experience
6542:. 6 August 2021. Archived from
6239:Tacconi, Luca (February 2003).
6054:from the original on 2 May 2023
6035:
5999:
5928:
5867:
5837:
5811:Dom Phillips (2 January 2019).
5804:
5777:
5750:
5699:Irfan, Umair (21 August 2019).
5692:
5673:
5654:
5618:
5564:Australian Bureau of Statistics
5554:Cheney, N.P. (1 January 1995).
5494:
5464:
5433:
5279:
5214:
5201:
5175:
5025:
5012:
5000:
4991:
4979:
4947:
4934:
4921:
4909:
4856:
4843:
4799:
4790:
4758:
4745:
4693:
4684:
4672:
4646:
4588:
4507:
4494:
4432:
4419:
4395:Hamers, Laurel (29 July 2019).
4388:
4361:
4348:
4301:
4271:
4197:
4159:
4141:
4074:
4014:
3962:
3931:
3922:
3855:
3727:
3686:
3553:
3522:
3491:
3457:
3354:
2703:Control of fire by early humans
2478:
2325:
2065:Joss paper § Health impact
1833:
1756:High-severity wildfire creates
1700:atmospheric dispersion modeling
1226:Satellite and aerial monitoring
1212:Department of Natural Resources
129:Wildfires are a common type of
118:substantial fuels, followed by
14002:Special operations firefighter
13455:Quick Response Research Report
13058:Finney, Mark A. (March 1998).
13012:(4). June 2004. Archived from
10944:Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
8377:National Geographic Daily News
7687:Frontiers of Forestry in China
6711:International Forest Fire News
5306:Annual Review of Plant Biology
4542:"The Science of Wildland fire"
4514:Butler, Rhett (19 June 2008).
4441:Fire on earth: an introduction
3289:
3242:
3229:
2839:. An increase in fire-related
2429:Charred shrubland in suburban
2312:post-traumatic stress disorder
1328:
1293:U.S. Department of Agriculture
936:, United States, in 2013. The
905:do not yet fully reflect this
854:and agricultural burning. The
809:2019, extreme heat and dryness
59:, United States, in 2020. The
13:
1:
17307:Electrical resistance heating
16782:
14541:Wildfire emergency management
14108:Hazardous materials apparatus
12445:Forest Ecology and Management
12118:has been divided up into the
10000:(inactive 5 September 2024).
9980:"Health impacts of wildfires"
9648:10.1126/science.276.5316.1248
8608:10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00277-9
8084:Parliament of New South Wales
8001:"Fighting fire in the forest"
7954:Ambrosia, Vincent G. (2003).
6931:Forest Ecology and Management
6683:. MSN Encarta. Archived from
6606:Biello, David (8 June 2007).
6042:US EPA, ORD (30 March 2017).
5151:Dunne, Daisy (14 July 2020).
4368:Rincon, Paul (9 March 2005).
3916:10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00192-9
3025:
3019: – Wildfire hazard scale
2310:the wildfires. These include
1481:personal protective equipment
1398:Costs of wildfire suppression
1139:were used in the 1950s until
1002:
451:
338:coal-sustained fires in China
276:, farmers often practice the
106:Wildfires are different from
16959:Persistent organic pollutant
14902:
13813:WERC Highlights – April 2008
12465:10.1016/j.foreco.2007.06.005
10718:10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.038
10403:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002601
10330:J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol
10245:10.1016/j.nurpra.2011.07.001
10123:10.1097/ede.0000000000000556
9726:"About Oregon wildfire risk"
9553:The Eucalyptus of California
9352:10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120713
9125:. Earth Observatory (NASA).
8930:10.2989/10220119.2014.939996
8353:. Colorado School of Mines.
7787:firms.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov
6951:10.1016/j.foreco.2014.06.005
6657:van Wagtendonk (1996), 1156.
6563:Geophysical Research Letters
6440:. San Francisco, California.
5884:Geophysical Research Letters
5440:Anuprash (28 January 2022).
3473:Legislative Analyst's Office
2528:
2435:2019–20 Australian bushfires
2149:Health effects of wood smoke
2061:Health effects of wood smoke
2057:Heavy metals § Toxicity
1415:Wildland firefighting safety
1095:
779:human-induced climate change
723:The area that burned in the
336:, Pennsylvania; and several
42:Forest fire (disambiguation)
7:
17969:Least polluted cities by PM
14516:World Police and Fire Games
14471:Fire protection engineering
13783:10.4996/fireecology.0302003
13734:: 1155–1166. Archived from
10999:10.1177/0145445502026002003
10867:Journal of Traumatic Stress
8528:John R. Scala; et al.
8121:Ecosystem Workforce Program
6608:"Impure as the Driven Snow"
5599:. Government of Australia.
4308:Krajick, Kevin (May 2005).
2963:
2832:to encourage biodiversity.
2764:, accounts were written of
2719:Native American use of fire
2357:, discuss the issue on the
2045:, near Pasadena, California
1539:
449:
207:
189:and thus contribute to the
133:in some regions, including
10:
18117:
17911:Pollution haven hypothesis
17834:Brain health and pollution
17072:Ecological light pollution
16902:Internal combustion engine
15280:Growth and yield modelling
14764:Glossary of wildfire terms
14496:List of firefighting films
13944:Personnel and organization
13426:Nepstad, Daniel C (2007).
12840:
12207:(November–December 2003).
11846:"Living under a time bomb"
11708:10.1038/d41586-022-00028-3
11610:10.1007/s10694-023-01487-4
11470:10.1007/s11069-021-04714-9
11061:10.1016/j.jaci.2004.11.030
10956:10.1177/070674370505000302
10657:10.1164/rccm.201504-0658OC
10600:10.1164/rccm.201302-0264oc
10461:10.1016/j.cdtm.2018.04.001
10350:10.1038/s41370-020-00267-4
10285:10.1016/j.cdtm.2018.04.001
9547:Santos, Robert L. (1997).
9123:"Amazon fires on the rise"
8306:10.1016/j.pecs.2008.06.001
8003:. CBS News. 17 June 2009.
7813:"NASA VIIRS Land Products"
6648:van Wagtendonk (2007), 14.
5247:10.1038/s41467-018-06358-z
4266:are state-sponsored arson.
3322:10.1038/s41598-017-00116-9
3002:Keetch-Byram Drought Index
2700:
2566:
2562:
2482:
2298:
2156:
2142:
2101:national clean-up campaign
2054:
1913:
1758:complex early seral forest
1722:
1716:
1623:
1566:
1521:
1386:, United States, thirteen
1338:
1332:
1099:
1006:
914:volatile organic compounds
693:
610:. They may also spread by
503:
347:
38:Brushfire (disambiguation)
31:
17990:
17944:
17893:
17842:
17809:
17714:Nonpoint source pollution
17642:
17634:War and environmental law
17581:
17543:
17525:
17325:
17260:
17197:
17123:
17092:
17057:
17041:
17006:
16993:Volatile organic compound
16799:
16790:
16732:
16645:
16604:
16595:
16552:
16474:
16416:
16366:
16284:
16221:
16200:
16174:
16146:
16125:
16099:
16063:
16007:
15979:
15854:Earth sciences portal
15840:Climate change portal
15815:
15692:
15524:
15421:Great Green Wall (Africa)
15366:
15057:
14967:
14910:
14802:
14781:
14756:
14713:
14672:
14554:
14533:
14524:
14476:Geography of firefighting
14443:
14315:
14136:
14068:
14025:
14007:Volunteer fire department
13942:
13693:10.1007/s11069-004-1797-2
12630:"Plant flammability list"
12430:27 September 2008 at the
12126:sub-eras, as well as the
11769:10.1080/15459620490442500
11638:10.1061/9780784482834.019
11149:10.1164/rccm.200604-519OC
10565:American Lung Association
10167:www.cleanairresources.com
7726:www.globalforestwatch.org
7699:10.1007/s11461-008-0054-3
4054:Krock, Lexi (June 2002).
3682:10.1017/9781009157896.001
3452:10.1017/9781009325844.004
3192:10.1007/s11027-005-9020-7
2990:Forest fire weather index
2849:Yellowstone National Park
2539:2020 California wildfires
2301:Carbon monoxide poisoning
2043:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
1830:carbon uptake by plants.
1642:1997 Southeast Asian haze
1378:example, during the 1949
1173:Global Positioning System
1150:Yellowstone fires of 1988
923:secondary organic aerosol
431:riceland creation project
343:
160:wildland–urban interfaces
34:Wildfire (disambiguation)
17173:Marine mammals and sonar
17084:Radio spectrum pollution
16213:The Combustion Institute
15971:
15426:Great Green Wall (China)
14999:Close to nature forestry
14794:Template:Fire protection
14511:World Firefighters Games
14405:Gaseous fire suppression
13606:Annales Botanici Fennici
13515:10.1525/bio.2009.59.7.10
12935:Billing, P (June 1983).
12178:1 September 2015 at the
12141:29 December 2009 at the
11939:– via www.bbc.com.
11819:10.26616/NIOSHPUB2013158
10914:10.1176/appi.ps.58.4.509
8371:Eichenseher, T. (2012).
6480:Water Resources Research
6338:10.1021/acs.jpca.0c05944
5874:Spracklen, Dominick V.;
5685:16 December 2019 at the
5670:, Time 21 November 2019.
4819:Shea, Neil (July 2008).
4654:"Prepare for a Wildfire"
4149:"Wildfire Investigation"
3656:Summary for Policymakers
3442:28 February 2022 at the
2981:Wildland–urban interface
2934:In 1937, U.S. President
2269:quick-relief medications
2179:Wildfire smoke contains
1763:woody plant encroachment
1741:in southern Africa, the
1364:unmanned aerial vehicles
1354:technological capacity.
1193:wireless sensor networks
1177:Incident Command Centers
429:, which resulted from a
51:Wildfire burning in the
18019:WikiProject Environment
17977:Most polluted countries
17921:Polluter pays principle
17652:Agricultural wastewater
15460:Million Tree Initiative
14481:History of firefighting
12662:"Fire-prone plant list"
12538:10.1126/science.aal4108
12063:10.1073/pnas.0604090103
11100:10.1136/oem.2008.041376
9695:10.1126/science.1099944
9332:Environmental Pollution
9224:10.1126/science.1159607
8991:10.1073/pnas.2110364119
8780:Ecological Applications
8632:Ecological Applications
8596:Environmental Pollution
7817:viirsland.gsfc.nasa.gov
5666:2 December 2019 at the
4108:10.1073/pnas.1617394114
3944:San Diego Union-Tribune
3769:Ecological Applications
3388:10.1126/science.1128834
2986:Wildfire risk indices:
2902:pulp and paper industry
2715:History of firefighting
2627: million years ago
2616: million years ago
2515:insect bites and stings
2507:slips, trips, and falls
1745:in the Western Cape of
1557:2003 Canberra bushfires
1323:artificial intelligence
1214:signed a contract with
1062:A prescribed burn in a
982:Paris climate agreement
964:(0.89 and 2.83 billion
842:As of August 2020, the
775:fire risk in California
725:2023 Canadian wildfires
598:Wildfires have a rapid
471:Old World climbing fern
316:2023 Canadian wildfires
262:spontaneous combustions
195:climate change feedback
18037:Environment portal
17270:Agricultural pollution
16055:Spontaneous combustion
15882:Environment portal
15314:Sustainable management
15209:Trillion Tree Campaign
14619:Firefighting apparatus
14307:Thermal imaging camera
14287:Secure information box
14103:Firefighting apparatus
13866:public domain material
13850:public domain material
13294:Lyons, John W (1971).
13198:Karki, Sameer (2002).
12688:"Spread Like Wildfire"
12484:NASA Earth Observatory
12191:Pausas and Keeley, 597
12163:Pausas and Keeley, 596
12154:Pausas and Keeley, 595
12105:Pausas and Keeley, 594
11031:. EPA. 24 April 2016.
10698:Environmental Research
9772:10.1098/rstb.2015.0345
9397:engineering.purdue.edu
8127:: 1–16. Archived from
7250:10.1109/ICITA.2005.313
6982:. CAL FIRE. May 2007.
5503:Lettenmaier, Dennis P.
3661:11 August 2021 at the
2776:. In the 14th century
2736:
2586:
2545:
2438:
2417:
2295:Carbon monoxide danger
2176:
1986:
1910:
1897:after a wildfire in a
1795:positive feedback loop
1663:
1563:
1549:
1548:Fire Propagation Model
1428:
1404:gross domestic product
1350:
1246:
1236:2020 Córdoba wildfires
1119:
1112:Ochoco National Forest
1069:
1024:
941:
934:Yosemite National Park
893:
844:wildfires in that year
751:has been converted to
690:Climate change effects
678:
618:as winds and vertical
600:forward rate of spread
527:
391:
375:
363:
240:
225:
151:Mediterranean climates
68:
53:Kaibab National Forest
17692:Industrial wastewater
17558:Clutter (advertising)
17466:Municipal solid waste
17312:Soil guideline values
17156:Sustainable transport
17049:Information pollution
16849:Open burning of waste
15807:Wood process engineer
15511:Urban forest inequity
14664:Wildland water tender
14246:Hydraulic rescue tool
14012:Women in firefighting
13854:National Park Service
13823:"Wildfire Statistics"
12296:Fire Management Today
10987:Behavior Modification
9997:10.1371/4f959951cce2c
9810:. US Forest Service.
9056:Keeley, J.E. (1995).
8749:www.sciencedirect.com
8681:Douglass, R. (2008).
8568:. US Forest Service.
8080:"Victorian Bushfires"
5227:Nature Communications
3972:Global Change Biology
3720:10.3390/atmos12080981
2936:Franklin D. Roosevelt
2822:Australian Aborigines
2758:early thermal weapons
2726:
2711:Environmental history
2576:
2569:Fossil record of fire
2567:Further information:
2536:
2428:
2415:
2203:, organic chemicals,
2174:
2157:Further information:
2039:San Gabriel Mountains
1980:
1903:Lahemaa National Park
1895:Ecological succession
1893:
1819:North Yorkshire Moors
1784:Lygodium microphyllum
1725:Disturbance (ecology)
1686:as high as the lower
1653:
1634:Atmospheric chemistry
1599:computational science
1555:
1547:
1422:
1348:
1233:
1183:Local sensor networks
1109:
1061:
1022:
931:
918:nitrogen oxides (NOx)
887:
673:
525:
381:
369:
357:
260:from rock falls, and
234:
215:
50:
18071:Emergency management
17964:Most polluted cities
17657:Biological pollution
17568:Overhead power lines
16617:Evolutionary history
15470:Shifting cultivation
15411:Forest fragmentation
15381:Carbon sequestration
15251:Woodland Carbon Code
15216:Forest certification
15124:Even-aged management
15039:Sustainable forestry
14705:Wildland fire module
14659:Wildland fire engine
14546:Wildfire suppression
14083:Fire command vehicle
14078:Airport crash tender
13977:Retained firefighter
13584:on 28 September 2007
13413:on 17 September 2008
13365:Conservation Biology
13225:Keeley, J E (2009).
12964:Combustion and Flame
12720:Human Ecology Review
12213:AridLands Newsletter
11632:. pp. 170–178.
11535:. 12 December 2023.
10902:Psychiatric Services
9524:. 28 December 2020.
8722:on 27 September 2011
8134:on 23 November 2020.
7615:Int. J. Commun. Syst
7607:Obaidat, Mohammad S.
6584:10.1029/2022GL100175
6501:10.1029/2018WR022964
5951:(D15): 16731–16746.
5905:10.1029/2007GL030037
5532:10.1029/2019EF001210
5189:on 15 September 2001
4314:Smithsonian Magazine
3621:10.1029/2021JD036249
3504:Smithsonian Magazine
2888:) over others (i.e.
2853:Medieval Warm Period
2830:Kakadu National Park
2766:occupational burning
2511:heat-related illness
2355:improve this section
2131:(EPA) developed the
1886:On plant and animals
1607:Extreme value theory
1580:numerical simulation
1335:Wildfire suppression
657:, strong winds, and
632:Australian bushfires
293:overhead power lines
183:wildfire suppression
18027:WikiProject Ecology
17724:Ocean acidification
17629:Unexploded ordnance
17500:Post-consumer waste
17360:Foam food container
17338:Biodegradable waste
16912:Global distillation
16554:Natural environment
15275:Formally designated
15119:Ecological thinning
15029:Plantation forestry
14937:Research institutes
14564:Aerial firefighting
14420:Stop, drop and roll
14410:Multiple-alarm fire
14277:Portable water tank
14186:Fire proximity suit
13800:on 2 September 2016
13775:2007FiEco...3b...3V
13741:on 26 February 2009
13675:2005NatHa..35..361S
13507:2009BiSci..59..593P
13377:2004ConBi..18..890M
13072:on 26 February 2009
13045:on 1 September 2009
13019:on 26 February 2009
12976:2004CoFl..139..227D
12896:on 26 February 2009
12870:on 26 February 2009
12530:2017Sci...356.1356A
12524:(6345): 1356–1362.
12457:2007ForEM.251..205S
12412:2008NatGe...1..697M
12363:1995GSAB..107.1211M
12054:2006PNAS..10310861S
12048:(29): 10861–10865.
11999:2004Palai..19..113E
11964:2004Geo....32..381G
11851:The Washington Post
11699:2022Natur.601..184P
11462:2021NatHa.108..947O
11424:2023AWWWS...5E1319J
11383:2023AWWWS...5E1318W
11336:2020AWWWS...2E1183P
11250:10.1289/ehp.1104422
11198:10.1289/ehp.1104515
10710:2017ER....159..519H
10567:. 19 October 2018.
10521:10.1289/ehp.1409277
10342:2021JESEE..31....1H
9892:www.purakamasks.com
9732:on 18 February 2013
9632:(5316): 1248–1250.
9344:2023EPoll.31720713R
9267:2020AWWWS...2E1183P
9185:Current Archaeology
8982:2022PNAS..11910364C
8976:(26): e2110364119.
8922:2014AJRFS..31...67O
8861:2009JEcol..97..142D
8792:2008EcoAp..18.1827H
8644:2010EcoAp..20..663D
8542:on 26 February 2009
8502:2006AGUFM.U14A..04F
8477:Wang, P.K. (2003).
8427:on 15 February 2008
8298:2008PECS...34..782A
8090:on 27 February 2010
7399:, 366–369, 373–375.
7377:on 1 September 2006
7191:on 20 November 2008
7051:"Our Trial by Fire"
6943:2014ForEM.328..326L
6612:Scientific American
6575:2022GeoRL..4900175L
6540:National Geographic
6492:2018WRR....54.7273D
6383:. 15 October 2020.
6329:2020JPCA..124.8822R
6292:on 28 November 2020
6265:on 26 February 2009
6210:10.1038/nature01131
6202:2002Natur.420...61P
6138:. The Independent.
5957:1992JGR....9716731W
5896:2007GeoRL..3416816S
5639:on 14 February 2020
5523:2019EaFut...7..892W
5452:on 14 February 2022
5401:2019AREPS..47..555B
5318:2022ARPB...73..673H
5239:2018NatCo...9.3821T
5100:The Washington Post
4831:on 15 February 2009
4825:National Geographic
4320:on 3 September 2010
4285:. 15 October 2021.
4099:2017PNAS..114.2946B
4056:"The World on Fire"
3984:2012GCBio..18.2041L
3908:2000PPP...164..281S
3781:2008EcoAp..18.1827H
3711:2021Atmos..12..981H
3672:26 May 2023 at the
3613:2022JGRD..12736249D
3475:. 10 January 2019.
3431:21 May 2023 at the
3379:2006Sci...313..940W
3314:2017NatSR...7...81T
2950:U.S. Forest Service
2916:Society and culture
2857:Dendrochronological
2772:and in 1344 in the
2491:hazardous chemicals
2236:Asthma exacerbation
2159:Manganese poisoning
1825:and the underlying
1774:southern California
1751:Mediterranean Basin
1646:2005 Malaysian haze
1427:, New Hampshire, US
1409:U.S. Forest Service
1286:Global Forest Watch
1125:Fire lookout towers
759:Climate variability
500:Physical properties
409:, and other buried
384:Dajti National Park
332:, New South Wales;
169:(e.g. more intense
104:depend on wildfire.
18047:Ecology portal
17931:Waste minimisation
17906:Industrial ecology
17901:Cleaner production
17719:Nutrient pollution
17596:Herbicidal warfare
17390:Construction waste
17026:Introduced species
16897:Indoor air quality
16824:Chlorofluorocarbon
15868:Ecology portal
15401:Forest degradation
15396:Ecosystem services
15004:Community forestry
14604:Fire retardant gel
14589:Fire lookout tower
14262:New York roof hook
14113:Light and air unit
14050:Fire lookout tower
13957:Chief fire officer
12748:. Smokeybear.com.
12746:"Smokey's Journey"
12114:Historically, the
11577:10.1039/D0EW00836B
11412:AWWA Water Science
11371:AWWA Water Science
11324:AWWA Water Science
9990:: e4f959951cce2c.
9765:(1696): 20150345.
9493:10.1039/D0EW00836B
9255:AWWA Water Science
8849:Journal of Ecology
8190:NIOSH Science Blog
7395:San-Miguel-Ayanz,
7101:San-Miguel-Ayanz,
7083:on 14 January 2009
6872:Schoennagel, Tania
6747:on 20 October 2008
6741:"Prescribed Fires"
6666:San-Miguel-Ayanz,
6463:on 27 August 2019.
5876:Logan, Jennifer A.
5851:. 11 August 2021.
5732:The New York Times
5472:"Fire Terminology"
5129:on 26 January 2024
5018:San-Miguel-Ayanz,
4897:on 29 October 2013
4660:on 29 October 2008
4548:on 5 November 2008
4310:"Fire in the hole"
4173:. 8 January 2020.
4171:The New York Times
3875:on 9 December 2008
3302:Scientific Reports
3116:on 16 October 2015
2908:in California and
2826:fire-stick farming
2737:
2587:
2550:soil contamination
2546:
2439:
2418:
2221:ultrafine particle
2201:particulate matter
2177:
2081:particulate matter
1987:
1911:
1901:next to Hara Bog,
1899:boreal pine forest
1853:. You can help by
1707:Wildfire emissions
1684:particulate matter
1664:
1654:Wildfire smoke in
1603:Huygens' Principle
1578:is concerned with
1564:
1550:
1429:
1351:
1247:
1120:
1074:controlled burning
1070:
1025:
942:
894:
890:ocean temperatures
792:(290 million
742:evapotranspiration
679:
655:pyrocumulus clouds
548:evapotranspiration
528:
493:Amazon rain forest
392:
376:
364:
254:volcanic eruptions
241:
226:
220:(MODIS) on NASA's
69:
18086:Natural disasters
18053:
18052:
17926:Pollution control
17606:Nuclear holocaust
17515:Thermal treatment
17483:Plastic pollution
17400:Mercury poisoning
17353:Battery recycling
17252:Radioactive waste
17021:Genetic pollution
17016:Biological hazard
16814:Air quality index
16750:
16749:
16728:
16727:
16401:chemical elements
16325:
16324:
16234:List of wildfires
15939:
15938:
15896:Plants portal
15682:green woodworking
14870:
14869:
14777:
14776:
14769:List of wildfires
14629:Helicopter bucket
14624:Firefighting foam
14226:Hard suction hose
14171:Fire extinguisher
14161:Fire brigade keys
13639:978-0-643-06534-5
13305:978-0-471-55740-1
13183:978-0-300-10055-6
13124:on 21 August 2008
12857:Northwest Science
12821:10.3390/f13071130
12400:Nature Geoscience
12387:, 15–16 and 27–30
12357:(10): 1211–1230.
12269:on 16 August 2009
11693:(7892): 184–186.
11647:978-0-7844-8283-4
11630:Geo-Congress 2020
11433:10.1002/aws2.1319
11392:10.1002/aws2.1318
11344:10.1002/aws2.1183
11143:(11): 1221–1228.
10879:10.1002/jts.20411
10169:. 11 March 2019.
9894:. 5 February 2019
9590:Stephen J. Pyne.
9399:. 18 March 2019.
9275:10.1002/aws2.1183
9218:(5889): 652–653.
9164:on 30 August 2007
8801:10.1890/08-0895.1
8652:10.1890/09-0934.1
8150:US Forest Service
8060:on 13 August 2009
7935:on 13 August 2009
7870:. 9 August 2023.
7621:(10): 1047–1073.
7447:. 3 August 2023.
7259:978-0-7695-2316-3
7221:on 3 January 2007
7139:on 16 August 2009
6799:on 7 January 2010
6546:on 6 August 2021.
6486:(10): 7273–7290.
6323:(42): 8822–8833.
5965:10.1029/92JD00622
5072:"Fire Statistics"
4890:978-0-9807408-2-0
4504:., iv, 8, 11, 15.
4450:978-1-119-95357-9
4283:High Country News
4093:(11): 2946–2951.
4040:978-92-79-77046-3
3835:Stephen J. Pyne.
3790:10.1890/08-0895.1
3749:978-0-12-802749-3
3373:(5789): 940–943.
3051:978-0-521-85804-5
2970:List of wildfires
2697:Human involvement
2466:and damages like
2387:
2386:
2379:
2133:air quality index
2016:Impacts on humans
1871:
1870:
1802:Amazon rainforest
1620:On the atmosphere
1576:Wildfire modeling
1569:Wildfire modeling
1197:tree-rechargeable
1159:Public hotlines,
1141:infrared scanning
1068:stand in Portugal
1048:Wildland fire use
1037:wildland fire use
1020:
885:
860:wildfires in 2021
856:Amazon rainforest
833:Amazon rainforest
798:square kilometres
571:thermal radiation
193:. This creates a
191:greenhouse effect
141:(United States),
112:forest management
16:(Redirected from
18108:
18096:Wildfire ecology
18045:
18044:
18043:
18035:
18034:
18025:
18024:
18017:
18016:
18009:
18008:
17996:
17995:
17870:Legacy pollution
17729:Oil exploitation
17591:Chemical warfare
17505:Waste management
17412:Industrial waste
17380:Biomedical waste
17348:Electronic waste
17333:Advertising mail
17317:Phytoremediation
17292:Land degradation
17077:Overillumination
17031:Invasive species
16777:
16770:
16763:
16754:
16753:
16740:
16739:
16612:
16602:
16601:
16542:tropical cyclone
16492:
16352:
16345:
16338:
16329:
16328:
16315:
16304:
16303:
16293:
16292:
16138:Death by burning
16100:Individual fires
15966:
15959:
15952:
15943:
15942:
15929:
15928:
15919:
15918:
15910:Trees portal
15908:
15907:
15894:
15893:
15880:
15879:
15866:
15865:
15864:
15852:
15851:
15850:
15838:
15837:
15836:
15823:
15822:
15544:Forest gardening
15501:Timber recycling
15448:Invasive species
15336:Tree measurement
14897:
14890:
14883:
14874:
14873:
14858:
14857:
14846:
14845:
14834:
14833:
14822:
14821:
14810:
14809:
14531:
14530:
14466:Fire photography
14248:("Jaws of life")
14206:Fireman's switch
13929:
13922:
13915:
13906:
13905:
13882:
13881:
13863:
13862:
13847:
13846:
13834:
13832:
13830:
13809:
13807:
13805:
13799:
13793:. Archived from
13760:
13750:
13748:
13746:
13740:
13729:
13719:
13717:
13715:
13710:on 20 March 2009
13709:
13703:. Archived from
13686:
13660:
13650:
13648:
13646:
13631:
13621:
13603:
13593:
13591:
13589:
13583:
13576:
13567:
13557:
13555:
13553:
13547:
13541:. Archived from
13492:
13477:
13475:
13473:
13467:
13461:. Archived from
13452:
13442:
13440:
13438:
13432:
13422:
13420:
13418:
13412:
13405:
13396:
13362:
13352:
13350:
13348:
13343:on 25 March 2009
13342:
13336:. Archived from
13328:(6): 1547–1563.
13319:
13309:
13290:
13288:
13286:
13280:
13273:
13264:
13262:
13260:
13254:
13248:. Archived from
13231:
13221:
13219:
13217:
13211:
13204:
13194:
13192:
13190:
13162:
13160:
13158:
13148:
13133:
13131:
13129:
13123:
13116:
13107:
13105:
13103:
13097:
13090:
13081:
13079:
13077:
13071:
13064:
13054:
13052:
13050:
13044:
13037:
13028:
13026:
13024:
13018:
13003:
12994:
12992:
12990:
12961:
12951:
12949:
12947:
12941:
12931:
12929:
12927:
12921:
12914:
12905:
12903:
12901:
12895:
12888:
12879:
12877:
12875:
12869:
12854:
12834:
12833:
12823:
12799:
12793:
12792:
12790:
12788:
12768:
12762:
12761:
12759:
12757:
12742:
12736:
12735:
12714:
12708:
12707:
12705:
12703:
12684:
12678:
12677:
12675:
12673:
12668:on 9 August 2018
12664:. Archived from
12658:
12652:
12651:
12649:
12647:
12641:
12635:. Archived from
12634:
12626:
12620:
12619:
12617:
12615:
12596:
12590:
12589:
12587:
12585:
12566:
12560:
12559:
12549:
12507:
12501:
12500:
12498:
12496:
12487:. 30 June 2017.
12475:
12469:
12468:
12440:
12434:
12423:
12394:
12388:
12381:
12375:
12374:
12346:
12340:
12337:
12331:
12325:
12319:
12318:
12316:
12314:
12308:
12293:
12285:
12279:
12278:
12276:
12274:
12254:
12245:
12244:Rackham, 229–230
12242:
12233:
12232:
12230:
12228:
12201:
12192:
12189:
12183:
12170:
12164:
12161:
12155:
12152:
12146:
12112:
12106:
12103:
12094:
12093:
12083:
12065:
12033:
12027:
12026:
11982:
11976:
11975:
11972:10.1130/G20363.1
11947:
11941:
11940:
11938:
11936:
11927:. 27 June 2022.
11921:
11915:
11914:
11912:
11910:
11904:
11897:
11889:
11883:
11882:
11879:Destined to Burn
11874:
11868:
11867:
11865:
11863:
11842:
11836:
11835:
11833:
11831:
11821:
11802:
11796:
11795:
11793:
11762:
11744:
11735:
11729:
11728:
11710:
11678:
11672:
11671:
11669:
11667:
11621:
11615:
11614:
11612:
11588:
11582:
11581:
11579:
11555:
11549:
11548:
11546:
11544:
11529:
11523:
11522:
11520:
11518:
11512:
11505:
11497:
11491:
11490:
11488:
11480:
11474:
11473:
11444:
11438:
11437:
11435:
11403:
11397:
11396:
11394:
11362:
11356:
11355:
11319:
11313:
11312:
11310:
11308:
11299:. Archived from
11293:
11287:
11286:
11284:
11282:
11276:
11270:. Archived from
11261:
11235:
11226:
11220:
11219:
11209:
11192:(9): 1340–1345.
11177:
11171:
11170:
11160:
11128:
11122:
11121:
11111:
11079:
11073:
11072:
11043:
11037:
11036:
11025:
11019:
11018:
10982:
10976:
10975:
10941:
10932:
10926:
10925:
10897:
10891:
10890:
10861:
10855:
10854:
10834:
10828:
10827:
10825:
10818:
10809:
10803:
10802:
10792:
10773:10.1289/ehp.8930
10767:(8): 1150–1153.
10752:
10746:
10745:
10693:
10687:
10686:
10676:
10651:(9): 1052–1059.
10636:
10630:
10629:
10619:
10579:
10573:
10572:
10557:
10551:
10550:
10540:
10515:(9): 1334–1343.
10500:
10491:
10490:
10480:
10440:
10434:
10433:
10423:
10405:
10381:
10372:
10371:
10361:
10321:
10315:
10314:
10304:
10264:
10249:
10248:
10226:
10215:
10214:
10212:
10210:
10204:
10197:
10189:
10183:
10182:
10180:
10178:
10159:
10153:
10152:
10142:
10102:
10085:
10084:
10082:
10080:
10074:
10067:
10058:
10052:
10051:
10040:
10034:
10033:
10027:
10019:
10009:
9999:
9975:
9969:
9968:
9966:
9959:
9950:
9944:
9943:
9941:
9939:
9933:
9926:
9917:
9904:
9903:
9901:
9899:
9884:
9878:
9877:
9859:
9853:
9852:
9850:
9848:
9833:
9827:
9826:
9824:
9822:
9816:
9809:
9801:
9795:
9794:
9784:
9774:
9748:
9742:
9741:
9739:
9737:
9722:
9716:
9715:
9697:
9673:
9667:
9666:
9664:
9662:
9656:
9650:. Archived from
9641:
9623:
9614:
9608:
9607:
9605:
9603:
9587:
9581:
9575:
9569:
9568:
9566:
9564:
9544:
9538:
9537:
9535:
9533:
9512:
9506:
9505:
9495:
9471:
9465:
9464:
9454:
9422:
9416:
9415:
9413:
9411:
9405:
9394:
9386:
9380:
9379:
9323:
9317:
9316:
9314:
9312:
9293:
9287:
9286:
9250:
9244:
9243:
9207:
9201:
9200:
9180:
9174:
9173:
9171:
9169:
9154:
9148:
9145:
9139:
9138:
9136:
9134:
9118:
9112:
9111:Nepstad, 4, 8–11
9109:
9103:
9102:
9094:
9088:
9087:
9085:
9083:
9077:
9062:
9053:
9047:
9040:
9034:
9028:
9022:
9021:
9011:
8993:
8960:
8954:
8953:
8951:
8949:
8901:
8895:
8894:
8892:
8890:
8872:
8840:
8834:
8833:
8831:
8829:
8803:
8786:(8): 1827–1834.
8771:
8765:
8764:
8762:
8760:
8741:
8732:
8731:
8729:
8727:
8711:
8705:
8704:
8702:
8700:
8694:
8687:
8678:
8672:
8671:
8626:
8620:
8619:
8591:
8585:
8584:
8582:
8580:
8574:
8567:
8558:
8552:
8551:
8549:
8547:
8541:
8534:
8525:
8519:
8512:
8506:
8505:
8489:
8483:
8482:
8474:
8468:
8461:
8455:
8452:
8446:
8443:
8437:
8436:
8434:
8432:
8417:
8411:
8410:
8408:
8406:
8391:
8385:
8384:
8383:on 10 July 2012.
8379:. Archived from
8368:
8362:
8361:
8359:
8352:
8343:
8334:
8333:
8321:
8310:
8309:
8281:
8275:
8274:
8269:
8267:
8244:
8238:
8237:
8235:
8233:
8227:
8220:
8212:
8206:
8205:
8203:
8201:
8181:
8166:
8165:
8163:
8161:
8142:
8136:
8135:
8133:
8118:
8109:
8100:
8099:
8097:
8095:
8076:
8070:
8069:
8067:
8065:
8049:
8043:
8042:
8040:
8038:
8023:
8017:
8016:
8014:
8012:
7997:
7991:
7984:
7978:
7977:
7975:
7973:
7967:
7960:
7951:
7945:
7944:
7942:
7940:
7925:
7919:
7916:
7910:
7909:
7907:
7905:
7890:
7884:
7883:
7881:
7879:
7864:
7858:
7857:
7855:
7853:
7839:
7833:
7832:
7830:
7828:
7809:
7803:
7802:
7800:
7798:
7779:
7773:
7772:
7770:
7768:
7748:
7742:
7741:
7739:
7737:
7717:
7711:
7710:
7682:
7676:
7675:
7673:
7671:
7665:
7658:
7649:
7643:
7642:
7637:. Archived from
7602:
7596:
7595:
7593:
7591:
7576:
7570:
7569:
7567:
7565:
7550:
7544:
7543:
7541:
7539:
7524:
7518:
7517:
7515:
7513:
7498:
7492:
7491:
7489:
7487:
7467:
7461:
7460:
7458:
7456:
7437:
7431:
7430:
7428:
7426:
7406:
7400:
7393:
7387:
7386:
7384:
7382:
7367:
7361:
7358:
7352:
7351:
7349:
7347:
7331:
7325:
7324:
7322:
7320:
7315:on 17 April 2010
7304:
7298:
7297:
7295:
7293:
7278:
7272:
7271:
7237:
7231:
7230:
7228:
7226:
7220:
7207:
7201:
7200:
7198:
7196:
7181:
7175:
7174:
7172:
7170:
7155:
7149:
7148:
7146:
7144:
7138:
7123:
7115:
7106:
7099:
7093:
7092:
7090:
7088:
7073:
7067:
7066:
7064:
7062:
7046:
7040:
7037:
7031:
7030:
7028:
7026:
7020:
7013:
7005:
6999:
6998:
6996:
6994:
6988:
6981:
6973:
6967:
6966:
6964:
6962:
6922:
6916:
6915:
6913:
6911:
6867:
6858:
6851:
6845:
6839:
6833:
6827:
6821:
6815:
6809:
6808:
6806:
6804:
6789:
6783:
6782:
6780:
6778:
6763:
6757:
6756:
6754:
6752:
6737:
6731:
6730:
6728:
6726:
6703:
6697:
6696:
6694:
6692:
6677:
6671:
6664:
6658:
6655:
6649:
6646:
6637:
6634:
6628:
6627:
6625:
6623:
6603:
6597:
6596:
6586:
6554:
6548:
6547:
6532:
6526:
6525:
6523:
6521:
6503:
6471:
6465:
6464:
6459:. Archived from
6451:Mufson, Steven.
6448:
6442:
6441:
6433:
6427:
6426:
6424:
6422:
6403:
6397:
6396:
6394:
6392:
6373:
6367:
6366:
6340:
6308:
6302:
6301:
6299:
6297:
6288:. Archived from
6281:
6275:
6274:
6272:
6270:
6264:
6258:. Archived from
6248:Occasional Paper
6245:
6236:
6230:
6229:
6185:
6179:
6178:
6176:
6174:
6158:
6152:
6151:
6149:
6147:
6131:
6125:
6124:
6122:
6120:
6100:
6094:
6093:
6091:
6089:
6070:
6064:
6063:
6061:
6059:
6039:
6033:
6032:
6030:
6028:
6022:
6011:
6003:
5997:
5996:
5994:
5992:
5983:. Archived from
5932:
5926:
5925:
5907:
5871:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5860:
5841:
5835:
5834:
5832:
5830:
5808:
5802:
5801:
5799:
5797:
5781:
5775:
5774:
5772:
5770:
5761:. Amazon Watch.
5754:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5743:
5723:
5717:
5716:
5714:
5712:
5696:
5690:
5677:
5671:
5658:
5652:
5651:
5646:
5644:
5635:. Archived from
5622:
5616:
5615:
5610:
5608:
5589:
5583:
5582:
5577:
5575:
5551:
5545:
5544:
5534:
5498:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5487:
5468:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5457:
5448:. Archived from
5437:
5431:
5430:
5412:
5380:
5374:
5373:
5371:
5369:
5296:
5290:
5283:
5277:
5276:
5266:
5218:
5212:
5205:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5194:
5179:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5168:
5148:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5134:
5125:. Archived from
5114:
5108:
5107:
5091:
5089:
5087:
5068:
5062:
5056:
5044:
5035:
5029:
5023:
5016:
5010:
5004:
4998:
4995:
4989:
4983:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4972:
4966:
4959:
4951:
4945:
4938:
4932:
4925:
4919:
4913:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4902:
4893:. Archived from
4873:
4867:
4860:
4854:
4847:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4836:
4827:. Archived from
4816:
4810:
4803:
4797:
4794:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4783:
4777:
4770:
4762:
4756:
4749:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4723:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4697:
4691:
4688:
4682:
4676:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4665:
4650:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4639:
4633:
4626:
4618:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4592:
4586:
4580:
4571:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4538:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4527:
4522:on 11 April 2009
4511:
4505:
4498:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4482:on 12 April 2009
4472:
4463:
4462:
4436:
4430:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4392:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4381:
4365:
4359:
4352:
4346:
4339:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4316:. Archived from
4305:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4275:
4269:
4268:
4264:controlled burns
4253:
4251:
4242:. 15 June 2023.
4232:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4184:
4182:
4163:
4157:
4156:
4145:
4139:
4138:
4128:
4110:
4078:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4018:
4012:
4011:
3978:(6): 2041–2056.
3966:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3935:
3929:
3928:Karki, 7, 11–19.
3926:
3920:
3919:
3902:(1–4): 281–329.
3891:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3874:
3867:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3832:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3792:
3775:(8): 1827–1834.
3760:
3754:
3753:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3690:
3684:
3652:
3643:
3642:
3632:
3592:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3461:
3455:
3422:
3409:
3408:
3390:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3341:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3276:
3269:
3261:
3252:
3246:
3240:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3217:on 25 March 2009
3216:
3210:. Archived from
3177:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3151:
3140:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3112:. Archived from
3102:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3085:
3074:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3036:
3007:
2898:invasive species
2847:of northeastern
2628:
2617:
2607:, dating to the
2599:, discovered in
2382:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2362:
2338:
2337:
2330:
2258:oxidative stress
2105:Camp Fire (2018)
2051:Airborne hazards
2030:
1995:
1923:Fire adaptations
1916:Fire adaptations
1866:
1863:
1845:
1838:
1779:Invasive species
1672:pyrocumulonimbus
1561:Parliament House
1165:operator fatigue
1154:West Yellowstone
1081:defensible space
1052:Controlled burns
1043:controlled burns
1021:
886:
720:
708:
591:: the drying of
454:
330:Burning Mountain
318:false claims of
289:middle latitudes
143:British Columbia
21:
18116:
18115:
18111:
18110:
18109:
18107:
18106:
18105:
18076:Fire prevention
18056:
18055:
18054:
18049:
18041:
18039:
18029:
17986:
17972:
17940:
17889:
17838:
17805:
17744:Pharmaceuticals
17734:Oil exploration
17638:
17610:Nuclear fallout
17577:
17539:
17521:
17495:Packaging waste
17449:Deep sea mining
17375:Hazardous waste
17321:
17302:Open defecation
17256:
17222:Nuclear fallout
17217:Nuclear fission
17193:
17119:
17088:
17059:Electromagnetic
17053:
17037:
17002:
16922:Ozone depletion
16795:
16786:
16781:
16751:
16746:
16724:
16641:
16610:
16591:
16548:
16490:
16470:
16461:Gaia hypothesis
16451:Plate tectonics
16412:
16362:
16356:
16326:
16321:
16280:
16217:
16196:
16170:
16142:
16121:
16095:
16059:
16045:Fire protection
16003:
15975:
15970:
15940:
15935:
15902:
15888:
15874:
15862:
15860:
15848:
15846:
15834:
15832:
15811:
15688:
15665:spruce-pine-fir
15638:Christmas trees
15520:
15436:Illegal logging
15368:
15362:
15077:Controlled burn
15062:
15053:
15034:Social forestry
15014:Energy forestry
14994:Bamboo forestry
14989:Analog forestry
14963:
14906:
14901:
14871:
14866:
14843:
14831:
14798:
14773:
14752:
14709:
14668:
14569:Controlled burn
14556:
14550:
14520:
14461:Fire engine red
14439:
14430:Two-in, two-out
14385:Fireman's carry
14311:
14211:Flame retardant
14132:
14093:Fire motorcycle
14064:
14038:Fire department
14021:
13972:Station officer
13952:Battalion chief
13938:
13933:
13903:
13902:
13901:
13883:
13879:
13860:
13844:
13828:
13826:
13821:
13819:
13803:
13801:
13797:
13758:
13744:
13742:
13738:
13727:
13713:
13711:
13707:
13663:Natural Hazards
13658:
13644:
13642:
13640:
13629:
13601:
13587:
13585:
13581:
13574:
13565:
13551:
13549:
13548:on 12 June 2011
13545:
13490:
13471:
13469:
13468:on 13 July 2007
13465:
13450:
13436:
13434:
13430:
13416:
13414:
13410:
13403:
13399:
13360:
13346:
13344:
13340:
13334:10.1139/X07-210
13317:
13306:
13284:
13282:
13278:
13271:
13267:
13258:
13256:
13255:on 28 June 2010
13252:
13246:10.1071/WF07049
13229:
13215:
13213:
13212:on 30 July 2007
13209:
13202:
13188:
13186:
13184:
13168:Rackham, Oliver
13156:
13154:
13146:
13127:
13125:
13121:
13114:
13110:
13101:
13099:
13098:on 22 July 2008
13095:
13088:
13084:
13075:
13073:
13069:
13062:
13048:
13046:
13042:
13035:
13031:
13022:
13020:
13016:
13001:
12997:
12988:
12986:
12959:
12945:
12943:
12939:
12925:
12923:
12919:
12912:
12908:
12899:
12897:
12893:
12886:
12882:
12873:
12871:
12867:
12852:
12843:
12838:
12837:
12800:
12796:
12786:
12784:
12769:
12765:
12755:
12753:
12744:
12743:
12739:
12715:
12711:
12701:
12699:
12686:
12685:
12681:
12671:
12669:
12660:
12659:
12655:
12645:
12643:
12639:
12632:
12628:
12627:
12623:
12613:
12611:
12598:
12597:
12593:
12583:
12581:
12568:
12567:
12563:
12508:
12504:
12494:
12492:
12477:
12476:
12472:
12441:
12437:
12432:Wayback Machine
12420:10.1038/ngeo313
12406:(10): 697–702.
12395:
12391:
12382:
12378:
12347:
12343:
12338:
12334:
12326:
12322:
12312:
12310:
12306:
12291:
12287:
12286:
12282:
12272:
12270:
12255:
12248:
12243:
12236:
12226:
12224:
12205:Rackham, Oliver
12202:
12195:
12190:
12186:
12180:Wayback Machine
12173:"Redwood Trees"
12171:
12167:
12162:
12158:
12153:
12149:
12143:Wayback Machine
12113:
12109:
12104:
12097:
12034:
12030:
11983:
11979:
11948:
11944:
11934:
11932:
11923:
11922:
11918:
11908:
11906:
11902:
11895:
11891:
11890:
11886:
11875:
11871:
11861:
11859:
11844:
11843:
11839:
11829:
11827:
11804:
11803:
11799:
11791:
11760:10.1.1.541.5076
11742:
11736:
11732:
11679:
11675:
11665:
11663:
11648:
11622:
11618:
11597:Fire Technology
11589:
11585:
11556:
11552:
11542:
11540:
11531:
11530:
11526:
11516:
11514:
11510:
11503:
11499:
11498:
11494:
11486:
11482:
11481:
11477:
11450:Natural Hazards
11445:
11441:
11404:
11400:
11363:
11359:
11320:
11316:
11306:
11304:
11303:on 4 April 2022
11295:
11294:
11290:
11280:
11278:
11274:
11233:
11227:
11223:
11178:
11174:
11129:
11125:
11080:
11076:
11044:
11040:
11027:
11026:
11022:
10983:
10979:
10939:
10933:
10929:
10898:
10894:
10862:
10858:
10835:
10831:
10823:
10816:
10810:
10806:
10753:
10749:
10694:
10690:
10637:
10633:
10580:
10576:
10559:
10558:
10554:
10501:
10494:
10441:
10437:
10396:(7): e1002601.
10382:
10375:
10322:
10318:
10265:
10252:
10227:
10218:
10208:
10206:
10202:
10195:
10191:
10190:
10186:
10176:
10174:
10161:
10160:
10156:
10103:
10088:
10078:
10076:
10072:
10065:
10059:
10055:
10050:. 21 July 2021.
10042:
10041:
10037:
10021:
10020:
9976:
9972:
9964:
9957:
9951:
9947:
9937:
9935:
9931:
9924:
9918:
9907:
9897:
9895:
9886:
9885:
9881:
9860:
9856:
9846:
9844:
9835:
9834:
9830:
9820:
9818:
9814:
9807:
9803:
9802:
9798:
9749:
9745:
9735:
9733:
9724:
9723:
9719:
9674:
9670:
9660:
9658:
9654:
9621:
9615:
9611:
9601:
9599:
9594:. NOVA online.
9588:
9584:
9576:
9572:
9562:
9560:
9545:
9541:
9531:
9529:
9514:
9513:
9509:
9472:
9468:
9423:
9419:
9409:
9407:
9403:
9392:
9388:
9387:
9383:
9324:
9320:
9310:
9308:
9295:
9294:
9290:
9251:
9247:
9208:
9204:
9181:
9177:
9167:
9165:
9156:
9155:
9151:
9146:
9142:
9132:
9130:
9119:
9115:
9110:
9106:
9095:
9091:
9081:
9079:
9075:
9060:
9054:
9050:
9041:
9037:
9029:
9025:
8961:
8957:
8947:
8945:
8902:
8898:
8888:
8886:
8841:
8837:
8827:
8825:
8772:
8768:
8758:
8756:
8743:
8742:
8735:
8725:
8723:
8712:
8708:
8698:
8696:
8695:on 10 June 2010
8692:
8685:
8679:
8675:
8627:
8623:
8592:
8588:
8578:
8576:
8572:
8565:
8559:
8555:
8545:
8543:
8539:
8532:
8526:
8522:
8513:
8509:
8490:
8486:
8475:
8471:
8462:
8458:
8453:
8449:
8444:
8440:
8430:
8428:
8419:
8418:
8414:
8404:
8402:
8393:
8392:
8388:
8369:
8365:
8357:
8350:
8344:
8337:
8322:
8313:
8282:
8278:
8265:
8263:
8258:. 31 May 2018.
8246:
8245:
8241:
8231:
8229:
8225:
8218:
8214:
8213:
8209:
8199:
8197:
8182:
8169:
8159:
8157:
8144:
8143:
8139:
8131:
8116:
8110:
8103:
8093:
8091:
8078:
8077:
8073:
8063:
8061:
8050:
8046:
8036:
8034:
8025:
8024:
8020:
8010:
8008:
7999:
7998:
7994:
7985:
7981:
7971:
7969:
7968:on 24 July 2009
7965:
7958:
7952:
7948:
7938:
7936:
7927:
7926:
7922:
7917:
7913:
7903:
7901:
7892:
7891:
7887:
7877:
7875:
7866:
7865:
7861:
7851:
7849:
7841:
7840:
7836:
7826:
7824:
7811:
7810:
7806:
7796:
7794:
7781:
7780:
7776:
7766:
7764:
7749:
7745:
7735:
7733:
7718:
7714:
7683:
7679:
7669:
7667:
7663:
7656:
7650:
7646:
7641:on 25 May 2017.
7627:10.1002/dac.937
7609:(9 June 2008).
7603:
7599:
7589:
7587:
7578:
7577:
7573:
7563:
7561:
7552:
7551:
7547:
7537:
7535:
7526:
7525:
7521:
7511:
7509:
7500:
7499:
7495:
7485:
7483:
7468:
7464:
7454:
7452:
7439:
7438:
7434:
7424:
7422:
7407:
7403:
7394:
7390:
7380:
7378:
7369:
7368:
7364:
7359:
7355:
7345:
7343:
7332:
7328:
7318:
7316:
7305:
7301:
7291:
7289:
7288:on 4 April 2009
7280:
7279:
7275:
7260:
7238:
7234:
7224:
7222:
7218:
7208:
7204:
7194:
7192:
7183:
7182:
7178:
7168:
7166:
7157:
7156:
7152:
7142:
7140:
7136:
7121:
7117:
7116:
7109:
7100:
7096:
7086:
7084:
7075:
7074:
7070:
7060:
7058:
7053:. onearth.org.
7047:
7043:
7038:
7034:
7024:
7022:
7018:
7011:
7007:
7006:
7002:
6992:
6990:
6986:
6979:
6975:
6974:
6970:
6960:
6958:
6923:
6919:
6909:
6907:
6868:
6861:
6852:
6848:
6840:
6836:
6828:
6824:
6816:
6812:
6802:
6800:
6791:
6790:
6786:
6776:
6774:
6765:
6764:
6760:
6750:
6748:
6739:
6738:
6734:
6724:
6722:
6721:on 16 July 2011
6705:
6704:
6700:
6690:
6688:
6687:on 10 July 2009
6679:
6678:
6674:
6665:
6661:
6656:
6652:
6647:
6640:
6635:
6631:
6621:
6619:
6604:
6600:
6555:
6551:
6534:
6533:
6529:
6519:
6517:
6472:
6468:
6457:Washington post
6449:
6445:
6434:
6430:
6420:
6418:
6405:
6404:
6400:
6390:
6388:
6375:
6374:
6370:
6309:
6305:
6295:
6293:
6282:
6278:
6268:
6266:
6262:
6243:
6237:
6233:
6196:(6911): 61–65.
6186:
6182:
6172:
6170:
6159:
6155:
6145:
6143:
6132:
6128:
6118:
6116:
6101:
6097:
6087:
6085:
6071:
6067:
6057:
6055:
6040:
6036:
6026:
6024:
6020:
6009:
6005:
6004:
6000:
5990:
5988:
5987:on 26 June 2021
5933:
5929:
5872:
5868:
5858:
5856:
5843:
5842:
5838:
5828:
5826:
5809:
5805:
5795:
5793:
5782:
5778:
5768:
5766:
5755:
5751:
5741:
5739:
5724:
5720:
5710:
5708:
5697:
5693:
5687:Wayback Machine
5678:
5674:
5668:Wayback Machine
5659:
5655:
5642:
5640:
5623:
5619:
5606:
5604:
5591:
5590:
5586:
5573:
5571:
5552:
5548:
5499:
5495:
5485:
5483:
5470:
5469:
5465:
5455:
5453:
5438:
5434:
5381:
5377:
5367:
5365:
5297:
5293:
5284:
5280:
5219:
5215:
5206:
5202:
5192:
5190:
5181:
5180:
5176:
5166:
5164:
5149:
5142:
5132:
5130:
5115:
5111:
5085:
5083:
5070:
5069:
5065:
5045:
5038:
5030:
5026:
5017:
5013:
5005:
5001:
4996:
4992:
4984:
4980:
4970:
4968:
4964:
4957:
4953:
4952:
4948:
4939:
4935:
4926:
4922:
4914:
4910:
4900:
4898:
4891:
4875:
4874:
4870:
4861:
4857:
4848:
4844:
4834:
4832:
4817:
4813:
4804:
4800:
4795:
4791:
4781:
4779:
4775:
4768:
4764:
4763:
4759:
4750:
4746:
4736:
4734:
4725:
4724:
4720:
4710:
4708:
4699:
4698:
4694:
4689:
4685:
4677:
4673:
4663:
4661:
4652:
4651:
4647:
4637:
4635:
4631:
4624:
4620:
4619:
4615:
4605:
4603:
4594:
4593:
4589:
4581:
4574:
4565:
4561:
4551:
4549:
4540:
4539:
4535:
4525:
4523:
4512:
4508:
4499:
4495:
4485:
4483:
4474:
4473:
4466:
4451:
4437:
4433:
4424:
4420:
4410:
4408:
4393:
4389:
4379:
4377:
4366:
4362:
4353:
4349:
4340:
4333:
4323:
4321:
4306:
4302:
4292:
4290:
4277:
4276:
4272:
4249:
4247:
4234:
4233:
4229:
4219:
4217:
4202:
4198:
4180:
4178:
4165:
4164:
4160:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4079:
4075:
4065:
4063:
4052:
4048:
4041:
4019:
4015:
3967:
3963:
3953:
3951:
3936:
3932:
3927:
3923:
3892:
3888:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3865:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3846:
3844:
3839:. NOVA online.
3833:
3826:
3816:
3814:
3761:
3757:
3750:
3732:
3728:
3691:
3687:
3674:Wayback Machine
3663:Wayback Machine
3653:
3646:
3593:
3584:
3574:
3572:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3544:
3542:
3527:
3523:
3513:
3511:
3496:
3492:
3482:
3480:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3444:Wayback Machine
3433:Wayback Machine
3423:
3412:
3359:
3355:
3294:
3290:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3255:
3247:
3243:
3234:
3230:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3175:
3169:
3165:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3138:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3119:
3117:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3052:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3028:
3005:
2966:
2918:
2890:deciduous trees
2782:sheep husbandry
2721:
2699:
2667:
2623:
2612:
2571:
2565:
2537:Smoke from the
2531:
2487:
2481:
2476:
2460:extreme weather
2423:
2421:Post-fire risks
2408:
2383:
2372:
2366:
2363:
2352:
2339:
2335:
2328:
2318:, anxiety, and
2303:
2297:
2289:
2285:
2238:
2230:
2226:
2217:
2205:nitrogen oxides
2193:carbon monoxide
2169:
2155:
2141:
2067:
2053:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2036:
2031:
2018:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2001:
1996:
1975:
1974:
1957:pioneer species
1919:
1888:
1867:
1861:
1858:
1851:needs expansion
1836:
1812:
1790:Bromus tectorum
1731:
1721:
1715:
1660:U.S. West Coast
1648:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1611:
1572:
1559:, visible from
1542:
1526:
1520:
1518:Fire retardants
1488:carbon monoxide
1417:
1400:
1380:Mann Gulch fire
1360:fire retardants
1343:
1337:
1331:
1228:
1185:
1137:instant cameras
1129:carrier pigeons
1118:, US circa 1930
1104:
1098:
1013:
1011:
1009:Fire protection
1005:
989:solar radiation
979:
971:
899:
877:
837:illegal logging
811:caused massive
737:
732:
731:
730:
729:
728:
721:
713:
712:
709:
698:
692:
668:
651:thermal columns
520:
502:
475:invasive plants
374:, United States
362:, United States
352:
346:
326:Coal seam fires
270:
246:
222:Terra satellite
210:
179:land-use change
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
18114:
18104:
18103:
18098:
18093:
18088:
18083:
18078:
18073:
18068:
18051:
18050:
17991:
17988:
17987:
17985:
17984:
17979:
17974:
17970:
17966:
17961:
17959:Law by country
17956:
17950:
17948:
17942:
17941:
17939:
17938:
17933:
17928:
17923:
17918:
17913:
17908:
17903:
17897:
17895:
17891:
17890:
17888:
17887:
17882:
17877:
17872:
17867:
17862:
17857:
17852:
17846:
17844:
17840:
17839:
17837:
17836:
17831:
17830:
17829:
17824:
17813:
17811:
17807:
17806:
17804:
17803:
17798:
17793:
17788:
17783:
17781:Surface runoff
17778:
17773:
17768:
17763:
17762:
17761:
17756:
17746:
17741:
17736:
17731:
17726:
17721:
17716:
17711:
17706:
17705:
17704:
17694:
17689:
17684:
17679:
17674:
17669:
17667:Eutrophication
17664:
17659:
17654:
17648:
17646:
17640:
17639:
17637:
17636:
17631:
17626:
17624:Scorched earth
17621:
17618:nuclear winter
17614:nuclear famine
17603:
17593:
17587:
17585:
17579:
17578:
17576:
17575:
17570:
17565:
17560:
17555:
17549:
17547:
17541:
17540:
17538:
17537:
17531:
17529:
17523:
17522:
17520:
17519:
17518:
17517:
17512:
17502:
17497:
17492:
17491:
17490:
17480:
17475:
17474:
17473:
17463:
17462:
17461:
17459:Uranium mining
17456:
17451:
17446:
17444:Surface mining
17441:
17436:
17426:
17421:
17420:
17419:
17409:
17408:
17407:
17402:
17397:
17395:Lead poisoning
17392:
17387:
17385:Chemical waste
17382:
17372:
17367:
17362:
17357:
17356:
17355:
17345:
17340:
17335:
17329:
17327:
17323:
17322:
17320:
17319:
17314:
17309:
17304:
17299:
17297:Bioremediation
17294:
17289:
17288:
17287:
17282:
17277:
17266:
17264:
17258:
17257:
17255:
17254:
17249:
17244:
17239:
17234:
17229:
17224:
17219:
17214:
17212:Bioremediation
17209:
17203:
17201:
17195:
17194:
17192:
17191:
17186:
17183:
17180:
17177:
17176:
17175:
17165:
17160:
17159:
17158:
17153:
17148:
17143:
17138:
17133:Transportation
17129:
17127:
17121:
17120:
17118:
17117:
17112:
17107:
17102:
17096:
17094:
17090:
17089:
17087:
17086:
17081:
17080:
17079:
17074:
17063:
17061:
17055:
17054:
17052:
17051:
17045:
17043:
17039:
17038:
17036:
17035:
17034:
17033:
17023:
17018:
17012:
17010:
17004:
17003:
17001:
17000:
16995:
16990:
16989:
16988:
16978:
16977:
16976:
16966:
16961:
16956:
16955:
16954:
16949:
16944:
16939:
16934:
16924:
16919:
16914:
16909:
16907:Global dimming
16904:
16899:
16894:
16893:
16892:
16882:
16881:
16880:
16878:Diesel exhaust
16870:
16865:
16864:
16863:
16853:
16852:
16851:
16846:
16841:
16836:
16826:
16821:
16816:
16811:
16805:
16803:
16797:
16796:
16791:
16788:
16787:
16780:
16779:
16772:
16765:
16757:
16748:
16747:
16745:
16744:
16733:
16730:
16729:
16726:
16725:
16723:
16722:
16715:
16714:
16713:
16708:
16698:
16697:
16696:
16691:
16686:
16685:
16684:
16674:
16673:
16672:
16657:
16652:
16646:
16643:
16642:
16640:
16639:
16629:
16624:
16619:
16614:
16605:
16599:
16593:
16592:
16590:
16589:
16584:
16579:
16574:
16569:
16564:
16558:
16556:
16550:
16549:
16547:
16546:
16545:
16544:
16539:
16529:
16524:
16519:
16514:
16509:
16504:
16499:
16494:
16486:
16480:
16478:
16472:
16471:
16469:
16468:
16463:
16458:
16453:
16448:
16443:
16438:
16428:
16422:
16420:
16414:
16413:
16411:
16410:
16405:
16404:
16403:
16398:
16388:
16383:
16378:
16372:
16370:
16364:
16363:
16355:
16354:
16347:
16340:
16332:
16323:
16322:
16320:
16319:
16308:
16297:
16285:
16282:
16281:
16279:
16278:
16273:
16271:Slash-and-burn
16268:
16263:
16258:
16253:
16248:
16243:
16238:
16237:
16236:
16225:
16223:
16219:
16218:
16216:
16215:
16210:
16204:
16202:
16198:
16197:
16195:
16194:
16189:
16184:
16178:
16176:
16172:
16171:
16169:
16168:
16163:
16162:
16161:
16150:
16148:
16144:
16143:
16141:
16140:
16135:
16129:
16127:
16123:
16122:
16120:
16119:
16114:
16109:
16103:
16101:
16097:
16096:
16094:
16093:
16088:
16083:
16078:
16073:
16067:
16065:
16061:
16060:
16058:
16057:
16052:
16047:
16042:
16037:
16032:
16027:
16025:Dust explosion
16022:
16017:
16015:Chain reaction
16011:
16009:
16005:
16004:
16002:
16001:
15996:
15994:Historic fires
15991:
15985:
15983:
15977:
15976:
15969:
15968:
15961:
15954:
15946:
15937:
15936:
15934:
15933:
15923:
15913:
15899:
15885:
15871:
15857:
15843:
15829:
15816:
15813:
15812:
15810:
15809:
15804:
15799:
15797:Timber cruiser
15794:
15792:Shingle weaver
15789:
15784:
15779:
15774:
15769:
15764:
15759:
15754:
15753:
15752:
15747:
15742:
15737:
15727:
15722:
15717:
15712:
15707:
15702:
15696:
15694:
15690:
15689:
15687:
15686:
15685:
15684:
15674:
15673:
15672:
15667:
15662:
15657:
15652:
15642:
15641:
15640:
15630:
15628:Rail transport
15625:
15624:
15623:
15618:
15613:
15608:
15603:
15598:
15593:
15588:
15578:
15577:
15576:
15571:
15569:pulp and paper
15566:
15561:
15551:
15546:
15541:
15539:Forest farming
15536:
15530:
15528:
15522:
15521:
15519:
15518:
15513:
15508:
15503:
15498:
15497:
15496:
15489:
15487:slash-and-char
15484:
15482:slash-and-burn
15479:
15467:
15462:
15457:
15456:
15455:
15445:
15444:
15443:
15433:
15428:
15423:
15418:
15413:
15408:
15406:Forest dieback
15403:
15398:
15393:
15388:
15383:
15378:
15372:
15370:
15364:
15363:
15361:
15360:
15359:
15358:
15353:
15348:
15343:
15333:
15332:
15331:
15326:
15316:
15311:
15306:
15305:
15304:
15294:
15293:
15292:
15282:
15277:
15272:
15271:
15270:
15265:
15255:
15254:
15253:
15248:
15243:
15238:
15233:
15228:
15223:
15213:
15212:
15211:
15206:
15201:
15196:
15191:
15186:
15181:
15176:
15171:
15166:
15161:
15156:
15151:
15146:
15141:
15131:
15126:
15121:
15116:
15111:
15110:
15109:
15104:
15099:
15094:
15089:
15079:
15074:
15068:
15066:
15055:
15054:
15052:
15051:
15049:Urban forestry
15046:
15041:
15036:
15031:
15026:
15021:
15016:
15011:
15006:
15001:
14996:
14991:
14986:
14985:
14984:
14971:
14969:
14965:
14964:
14962:
14961:
14954:
14947:
14940:
14933:
14926:
14919:
14911:
14908:
14907:
14900:
14899:
14892:
14885:
14877:
14868:
14867:
14865:
14864:
14852:
14840:
14828:
14816:
14803:
14800:
14799:
14797:
14796:
14791:
14785:
14783:
14779:
14778:
14775:
14774:
14772:
14771:
14766:
14760:
14758:
14754:
14753:
14751:
14750:
14749:
14748:
14743:
14738:
14728:
14723:
14717:
14715:
14711:
14710:
14708:
14707:
14702:
14697:
14692:
14687:
14682:
14676:
14674:
14670:
14669:
14667:
14666:
14661:
14656:
14651:
14646:
14641:
14636:
14631:
14626:
14621:
14616:
14611:
14606:
14601:
14599:Fire retardant
14596:
14591:
14586:
14581:
14576:
14571:
14566:
14560:
14558:
14552:
14551:
14549:
14548:
14543:
14537:
14535:
14528:
14522:
14521:
14519:
14518:
14513:
14508:
14503:
14498:
14493:
14488:
14483:
14478:
14473:
14468:
14463:
14458:
14453:
14447:
14445:
14441:
14440:
14438:
14437:
14432:
14427:
14425:Structure fire
14422:
14417:
14412:
14407:
14402:
14397:
14392:
14387:
14382:
14377:
14372:
14367:
14362:
14357:
14352:
14350:Door breaching
14347:
14342:
14337:
14332:
14327:
14321:
14319:
14313:
14312:
14310:
14309:
14304:
14302:Smoke detector
14299:
14294:
14289:
14284:
14279:
14274:
14269:
14264:
14259:
14254:
14249:
14243:
14238:
14233:
14228:
14223:
14218:
14213:
14208:
14203:
14201:Fireman's pole
14198:
14193:
14191:Fire retardant
14188:
14183:
14178:
14173:
14168:
14163:
14158:
14153:
14148:
14142:
14140:
14134:
14133:
14131:
14130:
14125:
14123:Rescue vehicle
14120:
14115:
14110:
14105:
14100:
14095:
14090:
14085:
14080:
14074:
14072:
14066:
14065:
14063:
14062:
14057:
14052:
14047:
14046:
14045:
14035:
14029:
14027:
14023:
14022:
14020:
14019:
14014:
14009:
14004:
13999:
13994:
13989:
13984:
13979:
13974:
13969:
13964:
13959:
13954:
13948:
13946:
13940:
13939:
13932:
13931:
13924:
13917:
13909:
13884:
13877:
13876:
13875:
13874:
13873:
13857:
13835:
13818:
13817:
13751:
13720:
13684:10.1.1.475.880
13669:(3): 361–376.
13651:
13638:
13622:
13594:
13558:
13501:(7): 593–601.
13483:
13443:
13423:
13397:
13371:(4): 890–902.
13353:
13310:
13304:
13291:
13281:on 14 May 2009
13265:
13240:(1): 116–126.
13222:
13195:
13182:
13163:
13139:
13108:
13082:
13055:
13029:
12995:
12970:(3): 227–238.
12952:
12932:
12922:on 15 May 2009
12906:
12880:
12844:
12842:
12839:
12836:
12835:
12794:
12763:
12737:
12726:(2): 169–182.
12709:
12679:
12653:
12642:on 6 June 2023
12621:
12604:www.unrisd.org
12591:
12561:
12502:
12470:
12451:(3): 205–216.
12435:
12389:
12376:
12341:
12332:
12320:
12280:
12246:
12234:
12193:
12184:
12165:
12156:
12147:
12107:
12095:
12028:
11993:(2): 113–128.
11977:
11958:(5): 381–383.
11942:
11916:
11898:. BC Housing.
11884:
11869:
11837:
11797:
11753:(5): 296–305.
11730:
11673:
11646:
11616:
11583:
11570:(2): 274–284.
11550:
11524:
11492:
11475:
11456:(1): 947–975.
11439:
11398:
11357:
11314:
11288:
11277:on 22 May 2016
11244:(5): 695–701.
11221:
11172:
11123:
11094:(3): 189–197.
11074:
11055:(2): 420–422.
11038:
11020:
10993:(2): 163–186.
10977:
10950:(3): 137–143.
10927:
10908:(4): 509–514.
10892:
10873:(3): 189–196.
10856:
10829:
10804:
10747:
10688:
10631:
10594:(3): 309–318.
10574:
10552:
10492:
10435:
10373:
10316:
10250:
10216:
10184:
10154:
10086:
10053:
10035:
9970:
9945:
9905:
9879:
9854:
9828:
9796:
9743:
9717:
9668:
9609:
9582:
9570:
9559:on 2 June 2010
9539:
9507:
9486:(2): 274–284.
9466:
9417:
9381:
9318:
9288:
9245:
9202:
9191:(226): 20–27.
9175:
9149:
9140:
9113:
9104:
9089:
9048:
9035:
9023:
8955:
8896:
8855:(1): 142–154.
8835:
8766:
8733:
8706:
8673:
8638:(3): 663–683.
8621:
8602:(2): 243–253.
8586:
8553:
8520:
8507:
8484:
8469:
8456:
8447:
8438:
8412:
8386:
8363:
8335:
8330:Coloradoan.com
8311:
8292:(6): 782–796.
8276:
8239:
8207:
8167:
8137:
8101:
8071:
8044:
8018:
7992:
7979:
7946:
7920:
7911:
7885:
7859:
7834:
7804:
7774:
7743:
7712:
7693:(3): 369–374.
7677:
7644:
7597:
7571:
7545:
7519:
7493:
7462:
7432:
7401:
7388:
7362:
7353:
7326:
7299:
7273:
7258:
7232:
7202:
7176:
7150:
7107:
7094:
7068:
7041:
7032:
7000:
6968:
6917:
6886:(9): 481–487.
6859:
6846:
6834:
6822:
6810:
6784:
6758:
6732:
6698:
6672:
6659:
6650:
6638:
6629:
6598:
6549:
6527:
6466:
6443:
6428:
6398:
6368:
6303:
6276:
6231:
6180:
6153:
6126:
6095:
6065:
6034:
5998:
5927:
5866:
5836:
5803:
5776:
5749:
5718:
5691:
5672:
5653:
5617:
5584:
5546:
5517:(8): 892–910.
5511:Earth's Future
5493:
5463:
5432:
5395:(1): 555–581.
5375:
5312:(1): 673–702.
5291:
5278:
5213:
5200:
5174:
5140:
5109:
5063:
5051:. Al Jazeera.
5036:
5024:
5011:
4999:
4990:
4978:
4946:
4933:
4920:
4908:
4889:
4868:
4855:
4842:
4811:
4798:
4789:
4757:
4744:
4718:
4692:
4683:
4671:
4645:
4613:
4587:
4572:
4559:
4533:
4506:
4493:
4464:
4449:
4431:
4418:
4387:
4360:
4347:
4331:
4300:
4270:
4227:
4196:
4189:The Australian
4158:
4140:
4073:
4046:
4039:
4013:
3961:
3930:
3921:
3886:
3854:
3824:
3755:
3748:
3726:
3685:
3644:
3582:
3552:
3521:
3490:
3456:
3410:
3353:
3288:
3253:
3241:
3228:
3186:(4): 847–859.
3163:
3127:
3097:
3061:
3050:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3014:
3008:
2999:
2993:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2965:
2962:
2925:Ancient Greece
2917:
2914:
2912:in Australia.
2729:Khun Tan Range
2698:
2695:
2671:mesic habitats
2665:
2611:period (about
2564:
2561:
2530:
2527:
2523:rhabdomyolysis
2483:Main article:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2474:At-risk groups
2472:
2422:
2419:
2406:
2385:
2384:
2349:of the subject
2347:worldwide view
2342:
2340:
2333:
2327:
2324:
2299:Main article:
2296:
2293:
2287:
2283:
2237:
2234:
2228:
2224:
2215:
2189:carbon dioxide
2163:Lead poisoning
2140:
2139:Health effects
2137:
2052:
2049:
2033:
2032:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2017:
2014:
1998:
1997:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1920:
1912:
1887:
1884:
1869:
1868:
1848:
1846:
1835:
1832:
1810:
1806:slash-and-burn
1735:Southeast Asia
1717:Main article:
1714:
1711:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1573:
1565:
1541:
1538:
1534:eutrophication
1524:Fire retardant
1522:Main article:
1519:
1516:
1492:sulfur dioxide
1465:rhabdomyolysis
1416:
1413:
1399:
1396:
1333:Main article:
1330:
1327:
1312:near real-time
1297:Forest Service
1227:
1224:
1189:sensor network
1184:
1181:
1102:Remote sensing
1097:
1094:
1087:also maintain
1041:prescribed or
1004:
1001:
977:
969:
955:European Union
946:cardiovascular
932:Wildfire near
903:Climate models
898:
895:
848:climate change
825:Canary Islands
736:
733:
722:
715:
714:
710:
703:
702:
701:
700:
699:
691:
688:
667:
664:
622:columns carry
501:
498:
497:
496:
478:
456:
434:
411:organic matter
372:North Cascades
345:
342:
278:slash-and-burn
269:
268:Human activity
266:
245:
244:Natural causes
242:
209:
206:
167:climate change
145:(Canada), and
124:climate change
87:in an area of
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
18113:
18102:
18099:
18097:
18094:
18092:
18089:
18087:
18084:
18082:
18081:Types of fire
18079:
18077:
18074:
18072:
18069:
18067:
18064:
18063:
18061:
18048:
18038:
18033:
18028:
18020:
18012:
18003:
17999:
17989:
17983:
17980:
17978:
17975:
17973:
17967:
17965:
17962:
17960:
17957:
17955:
17952:
17951:
17949:
17947:
17943:
17937:
17934:
17932:
17929:
17927:
17924:
17922:
17919:
17917:
17914:
17912:
17909:
17907:
17904:
17902:
17899:
17898:
17896:
17892:
17886:
17883:
17881:
17878:
17876:
17873:
17871:
17868:
17866:
17863:
17861:
17858:
17856:
17853:
17851:
17848:
17847:
17845:
17841:
17835:
17832:
17828:
17825:
17823:
17820:
17819:
17818:
17815:
17814:
17812:
17808:
17802:
17801:Water quality
17799:
17797:
17794:
17792:
17789:
17787:
17784:
17782:
17779:
17777:
17774:
17772:
17769:
17767:
17764:
17760:
17757:
17755:
17752:
17751:
17750:
17747:
17745:
17742:
17740:
17737:
17735:
17732:
17730:
17727:
17725:
17722:
17720:
17717:
17715:
17712:
17710:
17707:
17703:
17700:
17699:
17698:
17695:
17693:
17690:
17688:
17685:
17683:
17680:
17678:
17675:
17673:
17670:
17668:
17665:
17663:
17660:
17658:
17655:
17653:
17650:
17649:
17647:
17645:
17641:
17635:
17632:
17630:
17627:
17625:
17622:
17619:
17615:
17611:
17607:
17604:
17601:
17597:
17594:
17592:
17589:
17588:
17586:
17584:
17580:
17574:
17571:
17569:
17566:
17564:
17563:Traffic signs
17561:
17559:
17556:
17554:
17551:
17550:
17548:
17546:
17542:
17536:
17533:
17532:
17530:
17528:
17524:
17516:
17513:
17511:
17508:
17507:
17506:
17503:
17501:
17498:
17496:
17493:
17489:
17488:Microplastics
17486:
17485:
17484:
17481:
17479:
17478:Nanomaterials
17476:
17472:
17469:
17468:
17467:
17464:
17460:
17457:
17455:
17452:
17450:
17447:
17445:
17442:
17440:
17437:
17435:
17432:
17431:
17430:
17427:
17425:
17422:
17418:
17417:Lead smelting
17415:
17414:
17413:
17410:
17406:
17403:
17401:
17398:
17396:
17393:
17391:
17388:
17386:
17383:
17381:
17378:
17377:
17376:
17373:
17371:
17368:
17366:
17363:
17361:
17358:
17354:
17351:
17350:
17349:
17346:
17344:
17341:
17339:
17336:
17334:
17331:
17330:
17328:
17324:
17318:
17315:
17313:
17310:
17308:
17305:
17303:
17300:
17298:
17295:
17293:
17290:
17286:
17283:
17281:
17278:
17276:
17273:
17272:
17271:
17268:
17267:
17265:
17263:
17259:
17253:
17250:
17248:
17245:
17243:
17240:
17238:
17237:Radioactivity
17235:
17233:
17230:
17228:
17225:
17223:
17220:
17218:
17215:
17213:
17210:
17208:
17205:
17204:
17202:
17200:
17196:
17190:
17189:Noise control
17187:
17184:
17181:
17178:
17174:
17171:
17170:
17169:
17166:
17164:
17161:
17157:
17154:
17152:
17149:
17147:
17144:
17142:
17139:
17136:
17135:
17134:
17131:
17130:
17128:
17126:
17122:
17116:
17113:
17111:
17108:
17106:
17103:
17101:
17098:
17097:
17095:
17091:
17085:
17082:
17078:
17075:
17073:
17070:
17069:
17068:
17065:
17064:
17062:
17060:
17056:
17050:
17047:
17046:
17044:
17040:
17032:
17029:
17028:
17027:
17024:
17022:
17019:
17017:
17014:
17013:
17011:
17009:
17005:
16999:
16996:
16994:
16991:
16987:
16984:
16983:
16982:
16979:
16975:
16972:
16971:
16970:
16967:
16965:
16962:
16960:
16957:
16953:
16950:
16948:
16945:
16943:
16940:
16938:
16937:Metal working
16935:
16933:
16930:
16929:
16928:
16925:
16923:
16920:
16918:
16915:
16913:
16910:
16908:
16905:
16903:
16900:
16898:
16895:
16891:
16888:
16887:
16886:
16883:
16879:
16876:
16875:
16874:
16871:
16869:
16866:
16862:
16859:
16858:
16857:
16854:
16850:
16847:
16845:
16842:
16840:
16837:
16835:
16832:
16831:
16830:
16827:
16825:
16822:
16820:
16817:
16815:
16812:
16810:
16807:
16806:
16804:
16802:
16798:
16794:
16789:
16785:
16778:
16773:
16771:
16766:
16764:
16759:
16758:
16755:
16743:
16735:
16734:
16731:
16721:
16720:
16716:
16712:
16709:
16707:
16704:
16703:
16702:
16699:
16695:
16692:
16690:
16687:
16683:
16680:
16679:
16678:
16675:
16671:
16668:
16667:
16666:
16663:
16662:
16661:
16658:
16656:
16653:
16651:
16648:
16647:
16644:
16637:
16633:
16630:
16628:
16625:
16623:
16620:
16618:
16615:
16613:
16611:(abiogenesis)
16607:
16606:
16603:
16600:
16598:
16594:
16588:
16585:
16583:
16580:
16578:
16575:
16573:
16570:
16568:
16565:
16563:
16560:
16559:
16557:
16555:
16551:
16543:
16540:
16538:
16535:
16534:
16533:
16530:
16528:
16525:
16523:
16520:
16518:
16515:
16513:
16510:
16508:
16505:
16503:
16500:
16498:
16495:
16493:
16487:
16485:
16482:
16481:
16479:
16477:
16473:
16467:
16464:
16462:
16459:
16457:
16454:
16452:
16449:
16447:
16444:
16442:
16439:
16436:
16432:
16429:
16427:
16426:Earth science
16424:
16423:
16421:
16419:
16415:
16409:
16406:
16402:
16399:
16397:
16394:
16393:
16392:
16389:
16387:
16384:
16382:
16379:
16377:
16374:
16373:
16371:
16369:
16365:
16361:
16353:
16348:
16346:
16341:
16339:
16334:
16333:
16330:
16318:
16314:
16309:
16307:
16298:
16296:
16287:
16286:
16283:
16277:
16274:
16272:
16269:
16267:
16264:
16262:
16259:
16257:
16254:
16252:
16249:
16247:
16244:
16242:
16239:
16235:
16232:
16231:
16230:
16227:
16226:
16224:
16220:
16214:
16211:
16209:
16206:
16205:
16203:
16201:Organizations
16199:
16193:
16190:
16188:
16185:
16183:
16180:
16179:
16177:
16173:
16167:
16164:
16160:
16157:
16156:
16155:
16152:
16151:
16149:
16145:
16139:
16136:
16134:
16131:
16130:
16128:
16124:
16118:
16115:
16113:
16110:
16108:
16105:
16104:
16102:
16098:
16092:
16089:
16087:
16084:
16082:
16079:
16077:
16074:
16072:
16069:
16068:
16066:
16062:
16056:
16053:
16051:
16048:
16046:
16043:
16041:
16038:
16036:
16033:
16031:
16028:
16026:
16023:
16021:
16018:
16016:
16013:
16012:
16010:
16006:
16000:
15997:
15995:
15992:
15990:
15987:
15986:
15984:
15982:
15978:
15974:
15967:
15962:
15960:
15955:
15953:
15948:
15947:
15944:
15932:
15924:
15922:
15914:
15912:
15911:
15906:
15900:
15898:
15897:
15892:
15886:
15884:
15883:
15878:
15872:
15870:
15869:
15858:
15856:
15855:
15844:
15842:
15841:
15830:
15828:
15827:
15818:
15817:
15814:
15808:
15805:
15803:
15800:
15798:
15795:
15793:
15790:
15788:
15787:Rubber tapper
15785:
15783:
15780:
15778:
15775:
15773:
15770:
15768:
15765:
15763:
15760:
15758:
15755:
15751:
15748:
15746:
15743:
15741:
15738:
15736:
15733:
15732:
15731:
15728:
15726:
15723:
15721:
15718:
15716:
15715:Choker setter
15713:
15711:
15708:
15706:
15703:
15701:
15698:
15697:
15695:
15691:
15683:
15680:
15679:
15678:
15675:
15671:
15668:
15666:
15663:
15661:
15658:
15656:
15653:
15651:
15648:
15647:
15646:
15643:
15639:
15636:
15635:
15634:
15631:
15629:
15626:
15622:
15619:
15617:
15614:
15612:
15609:
15607:
15604:
15602:
15599:
15597:
15594:
15592:
15589:
15587:
15584:
15583:
15582:
15579:
15575:
15572:
15570:
15567:
15565:
15562:
15560:
15557:
15556:
15555:
15554:Manufacturing
15552:
15550:
15547:
15545:
15542:
15540:
15537:
15535:
15532:
15531:
15529:
15527:
15523:
15517:
15514:
15512:
15509:
15507:
15504:
15502:
15499:
15495:
15494:
15490:
15488:
15485:
15483:
15480:
15478:
15477:
15473:
15472:
15471:
15468:
15466:
15463:
15461:
15458:
15454:
15451:
15450:
15449:
15446:
15442:
15439:
15438:
15437:
15434:
15432:
15429:
15427:
15424:
15422:
15419:
15417:
15414:
15412:
15409:
15407:
15404:
15402:
15399:
15397:
15394:
15392:
15391:Deforestation
15389:
15387:
15384:
15382:
15379:
15377:
15374:
15373:
15371:
15367:Environmental
15365:
15357:
15354:
15352:
15349:
15347:
15344:
15342:
15339:
15338:
15337:
15334:
15330:
15327:
15325:
15322:
15321:
15320:
15317:
15315:
15312:
15310:
15307:
15303:
15300:
15299:
15298:
15295:
15291:
15288:
15287:
15286:
15283:
15281:
15278:
15276:
15273:
15269:
15268:reforestation
15266:
15264:
15263:afforestation
15261:
15260:
15259:
15256:
15252:
15249:
15247:
15244:
15242:
15239:
15237:
15234:
15232:
15229:
15227:
15224:
15222:
15219:
15218:
15217:
15214:
15210:
15207:
15205:
15202:
15200:
15197:
15195:
15192:
15190:
15187:
15185:
15182:
15180:
15177:
15175:
15172:
15170:
15167:
15165:
15162:
15160:
15157:
15155:
15152:
15150:
15147:
15145:
15142:
15140:
15137:
15136:
15135:
15132:
15130:
15127:
15125:
15122:
15120:
15117:
15115:
15112:
15108:
15105:
15103:
15100:
15098:
15095:
15093:
15090:
15088:
15085:
15084:
15083:
15080:
15078:
15075:
15073:
15072:Arboriculture
15070:
15069:
15067:
15065:
15060:
15056:
15050:
15047:
15045:
15042:
15040:
15037:
15035:
15032:
15030:
15027:
15025:
15024:Permaforestry
15022:
15020:
15017:
15015:
15012:
15010:
15007:
15005:
15002:
15000:
14997:
14995:
14992:
14990:
14987:
14983:
14982:
14978:
14977:
14976:
14973:
14972:
14970:
14966:
14960:
14959:
14955:
14953:
14952:
14948:
14946:
14945:
14941:
14939:
14938:
14934:
14932:
14931:
14927:
14925:
14924:
14920:
14918:
14917:
14913:
14912:
14909:
14905:
14898:
14893:
14891:
14886:
14884:
14879:
14878:
14875:
14863:
14862:
14853:
14851:
14850:
14841:
14839:
14838:
14829:
14827:
14826:
14817:
14815:
14814:
14805:
14804:
14801:
14795:
14792:
14790:
14789:Template:Fire
14787:
14786:
14784:
14780:
14770:
14767:
14765:
14762:
14761:
14759:
14755:
14747:
14744:
14742:
14739:
14737:
14734:
14733:
14732:
14731:United States
14729:
14727:
14724:
14722:
14719:
14718:
14716:
14712:
14706:
14703:
14701:
14698:
14696:
14693:
14691:
14688:
14686:
14683:
14681:
14678:
14677:
14675:
14671:
14665:
14662:
14660:
14657:
14655:
14652:
14650:
14647:
14645:
14642:
14640:
14637:
14635:
14632:
14630:
14627:
14625:
14622:
14620:
14617:
14615:
14612:
14610:
14607:
14605:
14602:
14600:
14597:
14595:
14592:
14590:
14587:
14585:
14582:
14580:
14577:
14575:
14572:
14570:
14567:
14565:
14562:
14561:
14559:
14553:
14547:
14544:
14542:
14539:
14538:
14536:
14532:
14529:
14527:
14523:
14517:
14514:
14512:
14509:
14507:
14506:Saint Florian
14504:
14502:
14499:
14497:
14494:
14492:
14489:
14487:
14484:
14482:
14479:
14477:
14474:
14472:
14469:
14467:
14464:
14462:
14459:
14457:
14454:
14452:
14449:
14448:
14446:
14444:Miscellaneous
14442:
14436:
14433:
14431:
14428:
14426:
14423:
14421:
14418:
14416:
14413:
14411:
14408:
14406:
14403:
14401:
14398:
14396:
14393:
14391:
14388:
14386:
14383:
14381:
14380:Fire triangle
14378:
14376:
14373:
14371:
14368:
14366:
14363:
14361:
14358:
14356:
14353:
14351:
14348:
14346:
14343:
14341:
14340:Dead man zone
14338:
14336:
14333:
14331:
14328:
14326:
14323:
14322:
14320:
14318:
14314:
14308:
14305:
14303:
14300:
14298:
14295:
14293:
14290:
14288:
14285:
14283:
14280:
14278:
14275:
14273:
14270:
14268:
14265:
14263:
14260:
14258:
14255:
14253:
14250:
14247:
14244:
14242:
14239:
14237:
14236:Heat detector
14234:
14232:
14229:
14227:
14224:
14222:
14219:
14217:
14214:
14212:
14209:
14207:
14204:
14202:
14199:
14197:
14194:
14192:
14189:
14187:
14184:
14182:
14179:
14177:
14174:
14172:
14169:
14167:
14164:
14162:
14159:
14157:
14154:
14152:
14149:
14147:
14144:
14143:
14141:
14139:
14135:
14129:
14126:
14124:
14121:
14119:
14116:
14114:
14111:
14109:
14106:
14104:
14101:
14099:
14096:
14094:
14091:
14089:
14086:
14084:
14081:
14079:
14076:
14075:
14073:
14071:
14067:
14061:
14058:
14056:
14053:
14051:
14048:
14044:
14041:
14040:
14039:
14036:
14034:
14031:
14030:
14028:
14024:
14018:
14015:
14013:
14010:
14008:
14005:
14003:
14000:
13998:
13995:
13993:
13990:
13988:
13985:
13983:
13980:
13978:
13975:
13973:
13970:
13968:
13965:
13963:
13960:
13958:
13955:
13953:
13950:
13949:
13947:
13945:
13941:
13937:
13930:
13925:
13923:
13918:
13916:
13911:
13910:
13907:
13899:
13898:
13897:
13891:
13887:
13871:
13867:
13858:
13855:
13851:
13842:
13841:
13840:
13839:
13824:
13820:
13815:
13814:
13796:
13792:
13788:
13784:
13780:
13776:
13772:
13768:
13764:
13757:
13752:
13737:
13733:
13726:
13721:
13706:
13702:
13698:
13694:
13690:
13685:
13680:
13676:
13672:
13668:
13664:
13657:
13652:
13641:
13635:
13628:
13623:
13619:
13615:
13611:
13607:
13600:
13595:
13580:
13573:
13572:
13564:
13559:
13544:
13540:
13536:
13532:
13528:
13524:
13520:
13516:
13512:
13508:
13504:
13500:
13496:
13489:
13484:
13481:
13464:
13460:
13456:
13449:
13444:
13429:
13424:
13409:
13402:
13398:
13394:
13390:
13386:
13382:
13378:
13374:
13370:
13366:
13359:
13354:
13339:
13335:
13331:
13327:
13323:
13316:
13311:
13307:
13301:
13297:
13292:
13277:
13270:
13266:
13251:
13247:
13243:
13239:
13235:
13228:
13223:
13208:
13201:
13196:
13185:
13179:
13175:
13174:
13169:
13166:Grove, A.T.;
13164:
13152:
13147:(2.79 MB PDF)
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13015:
13011:
13007:
13000:
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12985:
12981:
12977:
12973:
12969:
12965:
12958:
12953:
12938:
12933:
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12911:
12907:
12892:
12885:
12881:
12866:
12862:
12858:
12851:
12846:
12845:
12831:
12827:
12822:
12817:
12813:
12809:
12805:
12798:
12782:
12778:
12774:
12767:
12751:
12747:
12741:
12733:
12729:
12725:
12721:
12713:
12697:
12693:
12689:
12683:
12667:
12663:
12657:
12638:
12631:
12625:
12609:
12605:
12601:
12595:
12579:
12575:
12571:
12565:
12557:
12553:
12548:
12543:
12539:
12535:
12531:
12527:
12523:
12519:
12518:
12513:
12506:
12490:
12486:
12485:
12480:
12474:
12466:
12462:
12458:
12454:
12450:
12446:
12439:
12433:
12429:
12426:
12421:
12417:
12413:
12409:
12405:
12401:
12393:
12386:
12380:
12372:
12368:
12364:
12360:
12356:
12352:
12345:
12336:
12329:
12324:
12305:
12301:
12297:
12290:
12284:
12268:
12264:
12260:
12253:
12251:
12241:
12239:
12222:
12218:
12214:
12210:
12206:
12200:
12198:
12188:
12181:
12177:
12174:
12169:
12160:
12151:
12144:
12140:
12137:
12134:periods. The
12133:
12129:
12125:
12121:
12117:
12111:
12102:
12100:
12091:
12087:
12082:
12077:
12073:
12069:
12064:
12059:
12055:
12051:
12047:
12043:
12039:
12032:
12024:
12020:
12016:
12012:
12008:
12004:
12000:
11996:
11992:
11988:
11981:
11973:
11969:
11965:
11961:
11957:
11953:
11946:
11930:
11926:
11920:
11901:
11894:
11888:
11880:
11873:
11857:
11853:
11852:
11847:
11841:
11825:
11820:
11815:
11811:
11807:
11801:
11790:
11786:
11782:
11778:
11774:
11770:
11766:
11761:
11756:
11752:
11748:
11741:
11734:
11726:
11722:
11718:
11714:
11709:
11704:
11700:
11696:
11692:
11688:
11684:
11677:
11661:
11657:
11653:
11649:
11643:
11639:
11635:
11631:
11627:
11620:
11611:
11606:
11602:
11598:
11594:
11587:
11578:
11573:
11569:
11565:
11561:
11554:
11538:
11534:
11528:
11509:
11502:
11496:
11485:
11479:
11471:
11467:
11463:
11459:
11455:
11451:
11443:
11434:
11429:
11425:
11421:
11417:
11413:
11409:
11402:
11393:
11388:
11384:
11380:
11376:
11372:
11368:
11361:
11353:
11349:
11345:
11341:
11337:
11333:
11329:
11325:
11318:
11302:
11298:
11292:
11273:
11269:
11265:
11260:
11255:
11251:
11247:
11243:
11239:
11232:
11225:
11217:
11213:
11208:
11203:
11199:
11195:
11191:
11187:
11183:
11176:
11168:
11164:
11159:
11154:
11150:
11146:
11142:
11138:
11134:
11127:
11119:
11115:
11110:
11105:
11101:
11097:
11093:
11089:
11085:
11078:
11070:
11066:
11062:
11058:
11054:
11050:
11042:
11034:
11030:
11024:
11016:
11012:
11008:
11004:
11000:
10996:
10992:
10988:
10981:
10973:
10969:
10965:
10961:
10957:
10953:
10949:
10945:
10938:
10931:
10923:
10919:
10915:
10911:
10907:
10903:
10896:
10888:
10884:
10880:
10876:
10872:
10868:
10860:
10852:
10848:
10844:
10840:
10833:
10822:
10815:
10808:
10800:
10796:
10791:
10786:
10782:
10778:
10774:
10770:
10766:
10762:
10758:
10751:
10743:
10739:
10735:
10731:
10727:
10723:
10719:
10715:
10711:
10707:
10703:
10699:
10692:
10684:
10680:
10675:
10670:
10666:
10662:
10658:
10654:
10650:
10646:
10642:
10635:
10627:
10623:
10618:
10613:
10609:
10605:
10601:
10597:
10593:
10589:
10585:
10578:
10570:
10566:
10562:
10556:
10548:
10544:
10539:
10534:
10530:
10526:
10522:
10518:
10514:
10510:
10506:
10499:
10497:
10488:
10484:
10479:
10474:
10470:
10466:
10462:
10458:
10455:(2): 95–102.
10454:
10450:
10446:
10439:
10431:
10427:
10422:
10417:
10413:
10409:
10404:
10399:
10395:
10391:
10390:PLOS Medicine
10387:
10380:
10378:
10369:
10365:
10360:
10355:
10351:
10347:
10343:
10339:
10335:
10331:
10327:
10320:
10312:
10308:
10303:
10298:
10294:
10290:
10286:
10282:
10279:(2): 95–102.
10278:
10274:
10270:
10263:
10261:
10259:
10257:
10255:
10246:
10242:
10239:(2): 98–106.
10238:
10234:
10233:
10225:
10223:
10221:
10201:
10194:
10188:
10172:
10168:
10164:
10158:
10150:
10146:
10141:
10136:
10132:
10128:
10124:
10120:
10116:
10112:
10108:
10101:
10099:
10097:
10095:
10093:
10091:
10071:
10064:
10057:
10049:
10045:
10039:
10031:
10025:
10017:
10013:
10008:
10003:
9998:
9993:
9989:
9985:
9984:PLOS Currents
9981:
9974:
9963:
9956:
9949:
9930:
9923:
9916:
9914:
9912:
9910:
9893:
9889:
9883:
9875:
9871:
9867:
9866:
9858:
9842:
9838:
9832:
9813:
9806:
9800:
9792:
9788:
9783:
9778:
9773:
9768:
9764:
9760:
9759:
9754:
9747:
9731:
9727:
9721:
9713:
9709:
9705:
9701:
9696:
9691:
9688:(5686): 977.
9687:
9683:
9679:
9672:
9657:on 6 May 2009
9653:
9649:
9645:
9640:
9639:10.1.1.3.2708
9635:
9631:
9627:
9620:
9613:
9597:
9593:
9586:
9579:
9574:
9558:
9554:
9550:
9543:
9527:
9523:
9522:
9517:
9511:
9503:
9499:
9494:
9489:
9485:
9481:
9477:
9470:
9462:
9458:
9453:
9448:
9444:
9440:
9436:
9432:
9428:
9421:
9402:
9398:
9391:
9385:
9377:
9373:
9369:
9365:
9361:
9357:
9353:
9349:
9345:
9341:
9337:
9333:
9329:
9322:
9306:
9302:
9298:
9292:
9284:
9280:
9276:
9272:
9268:
9264:
9260:
9256:
9249:
9241:
9237:
9233:
9229:
9225:
9221:
9217:
9213:
9206:
9198:
9194:
9190:
9186:
9179:
9163:
9159:
9153:
9144:
9128:
9124:
9117:
9108:
9100:
9093:
9074:
9070:
9066:
9059:
9052:
9045:
9039:
9032:
9027:
9019:
9015:
9010:
9005:
9001:
8997:
8992:
8987:
8983:
8979:
8975:
8971:
8967:
8959:
8943:
8939:
8935:
8931:
8927:
8923:
8919:
8915:
8911:
8907:
8900:
8884:
8880:
8876:
8871:
8866:
8862:
8858:
8854:
8850:
8846:
8839:
8823:
8819:
8815:
8811:
8807:
8802:
8797:
8793:
8789:
8785:
8781:
8777:
8770:
8754:
8750:
8746:
8740:
8738:
8721:
8717:
8710:
8691:
8684:
8677:
8669:
8665:
8661:
8657:
8653:
8649:
8645:
8641:
8637:
8633:
8625:
8617:
8613:
8609:
8605:
8601:
8597:
8590:
8571:
8564:
8557:
8538:
8531:
8524:
8517:
8511:
8503:
8499:
8495:
8488:
8480:
8473:
8466:
8460:
8451:
8442:
8426:
8422:
8416:
8400:
8396:
8390:
8382:
8378:
8374:
8367:
8356:
8349:
8342:
8340:
8331:
8327:
8320:
8318:
8316:
8307:
8303:
8299:
8295:
8291:
8287:
8280:
8273:
8261:
8257:
8253:
8249:
8243:
8224:
8217:
8211:
8195:
8191:
8187:
8180:
8178:
8176:
8174:
8172:
8155:
8151:
8147:
8141:
8130:
8126:
8122:
8115:
8108:
8106:
8089:
8085:
8081:
8075:
8059:
8055:
8048:
8032:
8028:
8022:
8006:
8002:
7996:
7989:
7983:
7964:
7957:
7950:
7934:
7930:
7924:
7915:
7899:
7895:
7889:
7873:
7869:
7863:
7848:
7844:
7838:
7822:
7818:
7814:
7808:
7792:
7788:
7784:
7778:
7762:
7758:
7754:
7747:
7731:
7727:
7723:
7716:
7708:
7704:
7700:
7696:
7692:
7688:
7681:
7662:
7655:
7648:
7640:
7636:
7632:
7628:
7624:
7620:
7616:
7612:
7608:
7601:
7585:
7581:
7575:
7559:
7555:
7549:
7533:
7529:
7523:
7507:
7503:
7497:
7481:
7477:
7473:
7466:
7450:
7446:
7442:
7436:
7420:
7416:
7412:
7405:
7398:
7392:
7376:
7372:
7366:
7357:
7341:
7337:
7330:
7314:
7310:
7303:
7287:
7283:
7277:
7269:
7265:
7261:
7255:
7251:
7247:
7243:
7236:
7217:
7213:
7206:
7190:
7186:
7180:
7164:
7160:
7154:
7135:
7131:
7127:
7120:
7114:
7112:
7104:
7098:
7082:
7078:
7072:
7056:
7052:
7045:
7036:
7017:
7010:
7004:
6985:
6978:
6972:
6956:
6952:
6948:
6944:
6940:
6936:
6932:
6928:
6921:
6905:
6901:
6897:
6893:
6889:
6885:
6881:
6877:
6873:
6866:
6864:
6856:
6850:
6843:
6838:
6832:, entire text
6831:
6826:
6820:, entire text
6819:
6814:
6798:
6794:
6788:
6772:
6768:
6762:
6746:
6742:
6736:
6720:
6716:
6712:
6708:
6702:
6686:
6682:
6676:
6669:
6663:
6654:
6645:
6643:
6633:
6617:
6613:
6609:
6602:
6594:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6576:
6572:
6568:
6564:
6560:
6553:
6545:
6541:
6537:
6531:
6515:
6511:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6493:
6489:
6485:
6481:
6477:
6470:
6462:
6458:
6454:
6447:
6439:
6432:
6416:
6412:
6408:
6402:
6386:
6382:
6378:
6372:
6364:
6360:
6356:
6352:
6348:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6318:
6314:
6307:
6291:
6287:
6280:
6261:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6242:
6235:
6227:
6223:
6219:
6215:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6199:
6195:
6191:
6184:
6168:
6164:
6157:
6141:
6137:
6130:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6099:
6083:
6079:
6076:
6069:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6038:
6019:
6015:
6008:
6002:
5986:
5982:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5938:
5931:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5889:
5885:
5881:
5877:
5870:
5854:
5850:
5846:
5840:
5824:
5820:
5819:
5814:
5807:
5791:
5787:
5780:
5764:
5760:
5753:
5737:
5733:
5729:
5722:
5706:
5702:
5695:
5688:
5684:
5681:
5676:
5669:
5665:
5662:
5657:
5650:
5638:
5634:
5633:
5628:
5621:
5614:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5588:
5581:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5550:
5542:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5497:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5467:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5436:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5379:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5295:
5288:
5282:
5274:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5217:
5210:
5204:
5188:
5184:
5178:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5147:
5145:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5113:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5067:
5060:
5057:Data source:
5054:
5050:
5043:
5041:
5033:
5028:
5021:
5015:
5008:
5003:
4994:
4987:
4982:
4963:
4956:
4950:
4943:
4937:
4930:
4924:
4917:
4912:
4896:
4892:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4872:
4865:
4859:
4852:
4846:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4815:
4808:
4802:
4793:
4774:
4767:
4761:
4754:
4748:
4732:
4728:
4722:
4706:
4702:
4696:
4687:
4680:
4675:
4659:
4655:
4649:
4630:
4623:
4617:
4601:
4597:
4591:
4584:
4579:
4577:
4569:
4563:
4547:
4543:
4537:
4521:
4517:
4510:
4503:
4497:
4481:
4477:
4471:
4469:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4446:
4442:
4435:
4429:., iv, 10, 14
4428:
4422:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4391:
4375:
4371:
4364:
4357:
4351:
4344:
4338:
4336:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4304:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4274:
4267:
4265:
4260:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4231:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4200:
4193:
4190:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4162:
4154:
4150:
4144:
4136:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4077:
4061:
4057:
4050:
4042:
4036:
4032:
4031:10.2760/13180
4028:
4024:
4017:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3965:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3934:
3925:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3890:
3871:
3864:
3858:
3842:
3838:
3831:
3829:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3759:
3751:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3730:
3721:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3689:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3657:
3651:
3649:
3640:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3556:
3540:
3536:
3535:www.ga.gov.au
3532:
3525:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3494:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3460:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3427:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3357:
3349:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3292:
3273:
3266:
3260:
3258:
3250:
3245:
3238:
3232:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3174:
3167:
3148:
3144:
3137:
3131:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3101:
3082:
3078:
3071:
3065:
3057:
3053:
3047:
3043:
3042:
3035:
3031:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2975:Pyrogeography
2973:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2961:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2921:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2871:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2845:alluvial fans
2842:
2838:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2812:
2811:Baltic region
2808:
2803:
2802:David Douglas
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2651:Lepidodendron
2647:
2646:progymnosperm
2642:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2631:Carboniferous
2626:
2621:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2595:preserved as
2594:
2593:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2544:
2543:San Francisco
2541:settles over
2540:
2535:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2497:
2492:
2486:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2444:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2414:
2410:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2381:
2378:
2370:
2360:
2356:
2350:
2348:
2341:
2332:
2331:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2302:
2292:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2242:air pollution
2233:
2222:
2212:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2182:
2173:
2168:
2167:Chronic cough
2164:
2160:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2029:
2022:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1994:
1984:
1979:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1917:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1883:
1881:
1875:
1865:
1856:
1852:
1849:This section
1847:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1713:On ecosystems
1710:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1682:), and other
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1626:Air pollution
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1570:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1546:
1537:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1515:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1498:, as well as
1497:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1426:
1421:
1412:
1410:
1405:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1356:Silver iodide
1347:
1342:
1336:
1326:
1324:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1280:(MODIS), and
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1205:sensor arrays
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1161:fire lookouts
1157:
1155:
1151:
1148:. During the
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1067:
1066:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1010:
1000:
996:
993:
990:
985:
983:
973:
967:
963:
958:
956:
950:
947:
939:
935:
930:
926:
924:
919:
915:
910:
908:
904:
891:
875:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
852:deforestation
849:
845:
840:
838:
834:
831:, and in the
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
782:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
754:
750:
745:
743:
726:
719:
707:
697:
687:
685:
677:
672:
663:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
596:
594:
593:tree canopies
590:
586:
581:
580:heat transfer
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
555:
553:
549:
545:
540:
538:
533:
524:
519:
515:
511:
507:
494:
490:
486:
482:
481:Crown, canopy
479:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
457:
453:
447:
442:
438:
435:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
401:
400:
399:
397:
389:
385:
380:
373:
368:
361:
356:
351:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
300:
298:
294:
290:
285:
283:
279:
275:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
238:
233:
229:
223:
219:
214:
205:
203:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
163:
161:
156:
152:
149:. Areas with
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
127:
125:
121:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
66:
62:
58:
54:
49:
43:
39:
35:
30:
19:
18101:Weather lore
17880:Point source
17822:Heavy metals
17796:Urban runoff
17776:Sulfur water
17754:Septic tanks
17600:Agent Orange
17454:Mining waste
17280:Manure waste
17114:
17110:Volcanic ash
16986:Black carbon
16942:Oil refining
16927:Particulates
16856:Construction
16717:
16650:Biodiversity
16636:astrobiology
16586:
16358:Elements of
16246:Firefighting
16228:
16187:Fire worship
16030:Fire ecology
15901:
15887:
15873:
15859:
15845:
15831:
15824:
15802:Tree planter
15782:Resin tapper
15762:Truck driver
15757:River driver
15515:
15506:Tree hugging
15491:
15474:
15441:timber mafia
15431:High grading
15416:Ghost forest
15386:Clearcutting
15309:Silviculture
15285:Horticulture
15129:Fire ecology
15044:Urban forest
15019:Mycoforestry
14979:
14975:Agroforestry
14956:
14949:
14942:
14935:
14928:
14923:Forest areas
14921:
14914:
14860:
14848:
14836:
14824:
14812:
14721:Ancient Rome
14695:Hotshot crew
14680:Fire lookout
14579:Fire flapper
14525:
14370:Fire control
14335:Chimney fire
14221:Halligan bar
14196:Fire shelter
14181:Fire hydrant
14156:Fire blanket
14151:Escape chair
14128:Water tender
14055:Fire station
13982:Fire marshal
13962:Fire captain
13936:Firefighting
13894:
13893:
13892:profile for
13889:
13837:
13836:
13827:. Retrieved
13812:
13802:. Retrieved
13795:the original
13766:
13763:Fire Ecology
13762:
13743:. Retrieved
13736:the original
13731:
13712:. Retrieved
13705:the original
13666:
13662:
13643:. Retrieved
13609:
13605:
13588:27 September
13586:. Retrieved
13579:the original
13570:
13550:. Retrieved
13543:the original
13498:
13494:
13480:HTML version
13470:. Retrieved
13463:the original
13458:
13454:
13435:. Retrieved
13415:. Retrieved
13408:the original
13368:
13364:
13345:. Retrieved
13338:the original
13325:
13321:
13295:
13283:. Retrieved
13276:the original
13257:. Retrieved
13250:the original
13237:
13233:
13214:. Retrieved
13207:the original
13187:. Retrieved
13172:
13155:. Retrieved
13150:
13136:HTML version
13126:. Retrieved
13119:the original
13100:. Retrieved
13093:the original
13074:. Retrieved
13067:the original
13047:. Retrieved
13040:the original
13021:. Retrieved
13014:the original
13009:
13005:
12987:. Retrieved
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12740:
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12702:21 September
12700:. Retrieved
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12670:. Retrieved
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12624:
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12351:GSA Bulletin
12350:
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12311:. Retrieved
12299:
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12271:. Retrieved
12267:the original
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10187:
10175:. Retrieved
10166:
10157:
10117:(1): 77–85.
10114:
10111:Epidemiology
10110:
10077:. Retrieved
10056:
10048:the Guardian
10047:
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10024:cite journal
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9557:the original
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9521:Ars Technica
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9301:www.usgs.gov
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8454:Finney, 1–3.
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8395:"Prometheus"
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7786:
7783:"NASA-FIRMS"
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7725:
7720:Vizzuality.
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6165:. Mongabay.
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6098:
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5985:the original
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5818:The Guardian
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5127:the original
5123:ScienceBrief
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5075:
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4895:the original
4880:
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4833:. Retrieved
4829:the original
4824:
4821:"Under Fire"
4814:
4806:
4801:
4796:Billing, 5–6
4792:
4780:. Retrieved
4760:
4752:
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4721:
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4401:Science News
4400:
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3870:the original
3857:
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3815:. Retrieved
3772:
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3758:
3735:
3729:
3702:
3698:
3688:
3654:IPCC, 2021:
3604:
3600:
3573:. Retrieved
3564:
3555:
3545:22 September
3543:. Retrieved
3534:
3524:
3514:22 September
3512:. Retrieved
3503:
3493:
3483:22 September
3481:. Retrieved
3468:
3459:
3370:
3366:
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3291:
3279:. Retrieved
3248:
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3142:
3130:
3118:. Retrieved
3114:the original
3109:
3100:
3088:. Retrieved
3076:
3064:
3040:
3034:
2996:Haines Index
2958:
2943:
2933:
2922:
2919:
2894:monocultures
2883:
2868:
2866:
2834:
2816:
2790:transhumance
2774:Black Forest
2738:
2684:
2680:
2674:
2649:
2643:
2635:Late Permian
2592:Prototaxites
2590:
2588:
2577:
2557:
2554:
2547:
2500:
2488:
2485:Firefighting
2479:Firefighters
2457:
2453:
2447:
2440:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2373:
2364:
2344:
2326:Epidemiology
2308:
2304:
2280:
2277:
2262:
2250:
2239:
2213:
2209:
2186:
2181:particulates
2178:
2145:Particulates
2126:
2122:
2087:, including
2085:heavy metals
2078:
2071:
2068:
2019:
2008:Swifts Creek
1960:
1941:
1921:
1876:
1872:
1862:January 2021
1859:
1855:adding to it
1850:
1834:On waterways
1799:
1788:
1782:
1767:
1755:
1747:South Africa
1732:
1719:Fire ecology
1704:
1688:stratosphere
1680:black carbon
1665:
1630:Carbon cycle
1574:
1531:
1527:
1512:
1500:particulates
1496:formaldehyde
1485:
1469:
1461:animal bites
1430:
1401:
1388:smokejumpers
1376:
1352:
1341:Firefighting
1320:
1309:
1305:
1290:
1248:
1220:Sensaio Tech
1209:
1201:night vision
1196:
1186:
1158:
1146:fire manager
1121:
1078:
1071:
1063:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1036:
1034:
1026:
997:
994:
986:
974:
959:
951:
943:
911:
900:
862:occurred in
841:
806:
802:square miles
796:; 1,170,000
783:
757:
746:
738:
683:
680:
639:stack effect
636:
623:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
597:
588:
558:
556:
541:
529:
510:Fire control
488:
484:
480:
473:, and other
458:
445:
440:
436:
421:and Eastern
407:forest floor
402:
393:
324:
301:
286:
271:
247:
227:
199:
164:
128:
116:
96:in Australia
80:
76:
72:
70:
29:
17850:Area source
17759:Pit latrine
17682:Groundwater
17439:Gold mining
17434:Coal mining
17405:Toxic waste
17370:Green waste
17343:Brown waste
17326:Solid waste
16873:Exhaust gas
16701:Prokaryotes
16489:Atmosphere
16484:Meteorology
16276:Fire making
16192:Terra preta
16166:Firefighter
16040:Flash point
16035:Fire piston
15826:WikiProject
15750:smokejumper
15730:Firefighter
15693:Occupations
15677:Woodworking
15258:Forestation
15189:restoration
15144:informatics
15009:Ecoforestry
14714:By location
14700:Smokejumper
14557:and tactics
14435:Ventilation
14375:Fire safety
14360:False alarm
14317:Terminology
14267:PASS device
14241:Hose bridge
14231:Hazmat suit
14166:Fire bucket
14146:Bunker gear
14088:Fire engine
14033:Drill tower
13987:Fire police
13838:Attribution
13769:(2): 3–17.
13523:10261/57324
13417:11 December
13285:21 December
13216:13 February
13128:18 December
12814:(7): 1130.
12614:16 November
11862:15 December
11830:22 November
11810:www.cdc.gov
11543:17 December
11517:17 December
10704:: 519–530.
10336:(1): 1–20.
9898:11 February
9071:: 175–179.
8324:Magill, B.
8266:27 November
8252:www.cdc.gov
7986:Plucinski,
7847:Mirage News
7025:18 December
6993:18 December
6937:: 326–334.
6751:21 November
6296:16 November
6146:8 September
6078:www.npr.org
6058:28 November
6027:21 February
5937:Logan, J.A.
5643:14 February
5486:28 February
5456:14 February
5233:(1): 3821.
5167:17 February
5133:16 February
4638:19 November
4552:21 November
4259:smouldering
3954:25 November
3630:11603/27223
3565:Global News
3281:11 December
3120:13 February
2954:Smokey Bear
2910:gamba grass
2879:agriculture
2841:debris flow
2805:before the
2762:Middle Ages
2760:. From the
2741:Paleolithic
2601:South Wales
2197:water vapor
1967:germination
1948:sclerophyll
1936:competition
1932:fire regime
1815:flash flood
1668:troposphere
1593:air quality
1473:heat stroke
1463:, and even
1433:heat stress
1372:helicopters
1329:Suppression
1133:heliographs
1085:Philippines
1065:Pinus nigra
659:fire whirls
557:A wildfire
89:combustible
77:forest fire
61:Mangum Fire
18060:Categories
18002:by country
17998:Categories
17936:Zero waste
17817:Pollutants
17771:Stagnation
17709:Monitoring
17677:Freshwater
17553:Air travel
17365:Food waste
17285:Pesticides
17275:Herbicides
17179:Industrial
17008:Biological
16868:Demolition
16861:Renovation
16844:Joss paper
16829:Combustion
16582:Wilderness
16435:geological
16317:Wiktionary
16256:Fire whirl
16154:Pyromanias
16112:By country
16064:Components
16020:Combustion
15772:Lumberjack
15767:Log scaler
15650:engineered
15601:non-timber
15574:sawmilling
15526:Industries
15493:svedjebruk
15204:transition
15184:protection
15174:old-growth
15159:governance
15114:Dendrology
15064:management
14930:Ministries
14746:Washington
14741:California
14609:Fire trail
14555:Equipment
14395:Flash fire
14365:Fire class
14345:Deluge gun
14282:Rotary saw
14252:Kelly tool
14216:Fog nozzle
14060:Hose tower
14026:Facilities
13967:Fire chief
13829:19 October
13745:5 February
13495:BioScience
13157:6 February
13102:4 February
13076:5 February
13023:13 January
12989:6 February
12874:6 February
12756:26 January
12646:10 January
12383:Pitkänen,
12339:Karki, 27.
12273:9 December
12120:Quaternary
11281:9 December
10209:19 January
9821:19 January
9532:10 January
9338:: 120713.
9311:26 October
9147:Nepstad, 4
8889:3 December
8726:4 February
8579:6 February
8546:4 February
8463:Alvarado,
8094:26 January
7670:15 January
7590:15 January
7564:12 January
7538:12 January
7512:12 January
7486:12 January
7381:12 January
7346:15 January
7292:19 January
7225:15 January
7195:12 January
7169:6 February
7039:Karki, 14.
6910:3 December
6681:"Backburn"
6622:7 November
6421:31 October
6391:31 October
6269:6 February
5607:13 January
5574:14 January
5207:McKenzie,
5193:4 February
5086:25 October
4971:16 January
4901:26 October
4835:8 December
4737:12 January
4711:1 February
4664:1 December
4606:4 December
4486:3 December
4380:9 December
3879:3 December
3705:(8): 981.
3699:Atmosphere
3531:"Bushfire"
3469:lao.ca.gov
3026:References
2906:Eucalyptus
2794:using fire
2745:Mesolithic
2701:See also:
2691:pyriscence
2676:Eucalyptus
2656:gymnosperm
2503:fatalities
2468:mud slides
2316:depression
2143:See also:
2055:See also:
2041:above the
1971:butenolide
1943:Eucalyptus
1928:ecosystems
1781:, such as
1723:See also:
1656:atmosphere
1624:See also:
1589:watersheds
1585:ecosystems
1339:See also:
1238:imaged by
1100:See also:
1089:fire lines
1039:(WFU) and
1007:See also:
1003:Prevention
966:short tons
800:; 450,000
763:heat waves
761:including
694:See also:
645:that will
628:firebreaks
624:firebrands
620:convection
567:convection
563:smoldering
537:fire point
532:vegetation
506:Combustion
504:See also:
419:Kalimantan
415:peat fires
396:topography
348:See also:
282:dry season
202:ecosystems
171:heat waves
153:or in the
139:California
137:(Russia),
92:vegetation
18:Bush fires
18091:Pollution
18066:Wildfires
17894:Responses
17865:Garbology
17791:Turbidity
17739:Oil spill
17672:Firewater
17573:Vandalism
17535:Satellite
17232:Poisoning
17227:Plutonium
17207:Actinides
17199:Radiation
16947:Wood dust
16809:Acid rain
16784:Pollution
16660:Eukaryota
16627:Hierarchy
16622:Biosphere
16587:Wildfires
16577:Radiation
16567:Ecosystem
16507:Moonlight
16441:Structure
16396:particles
16261:Blue lava
16251:Firestorm
16241:Backdraft
16229:Wildfires
16182:Cremation
16050:Pyrolysis
15720:Ecologist
15633:Tree farm
15534:Coppicing
15476:chitemene
15376:Acid rain
15324:allometry
15246:SmartWood
15194:secondary
15179:pathology
15154:inventory
15092:driftwood
14958:Arbor Day
14726:Australia
14673:Personnel
14634:Hose pack
14614:Firebreak
14594:Fire rake
14584:Fire hose
14574:Driptorch
14526:Wildfires
14456:Fire camp
14400:Flashover
14330:Barn fire
14325:Backdraft
14176:Fire hose
14138:Equipment
14070:Apparatus
13804:24 August
13679:CiteSeerX
13618:0003-3847
13612:: 15–33.
13531:0006-3568
13006:Advantage
12900:9 January
12830:1999-4907
12132:Paleogene
12072:0027-8424
12023:129438858
12015:0883-1351
11755:CiteSeerX
11725:245907336
11656:213023120
11352:225641536
10781:0091-6765
10726:0013-9351
10665:1535-4970
10608:1073-449X
10529:0091-6765
10469:2095-882X
10412:1549-1676
10293:2095-882X
10131:1044-3983
9634:CiteSeerX
9502:230567682
9376:253859681
9360:0269-7491
9283:225641536
9240:206513681
9197:0011-3212
9168:8 January
9000:0027-8424
8938:1022-0119
8879:1365-2745
8828:27 August
8810:1939-5582
8759:22 August
8660:1939-5582
8421:"FARSITE"
8405:1 January
8160:22 August
8037:7 January
7918:Karki, 16
7904:15 August
7878:15 August
7852:14 August
7757:Earthdata
7455:14 August
7425:14 August
7087:7 January
7061:7 January
6900:1540-9309
6636:Karki, 6.
6593:252148515
6510:134898973
6363:221747201
6347:1089-5639
6256:0854-9818
6173:1 January
6119:1 January
6109:Bloomberg
5973:2156-2202
5914:1944-8007
5859:6 October
5829:1 January
5796:1 January
5769:1 January
5742:1 January
5711:23 August
5541:2328-4277
5476:Fs.fed.us
5446:TechiWiki
5427:189975585
5419:0084-6597
5358:247188778
5334:1543-5008
5255:2041-1723
5092:Cited by
5076:CIFFC.net
4931:., 16–17.
4866:., 9, 16.
4755:., 10–11.
4459:854761793
4411:15 August
4293:30 August
4117:1091-6490
4000:1354-1013
3817:27 August
3799:1939-5582
3639:2169-897X
3575:18 August
3397:0036-8075
3330:2045-2322
3308:(1): 81.
3200:1381-2386
3110:BBC Earth
3090:16 August
2940:Uncle Sam
2820:observed
2815:HMS
2798:signaling
2786:Philip II
2648:forests.
2529:Residents
2367:July 2023
2359:talk page
2117:manganese
1770:chaparral
1692:volcanoes
1425:Hopkinton
1318:(FIRMS).
1250:Satellite
1096:Detection
829:Australia
813:wildfires
786:Australia
585:flashover
575:pyrolysis
518:Firestorm
514:Heat wave
427:Indonesia
390:, Albania
334:Centralia
250:lightning
147:Australia
17982:Treaties
17954:Diseases
17766:Shipping
17662:Diseases
17510:Landfill
17185:Abstract
17182:Military
17115:Wildfire
16964:Smelting
16932:Asbestos
16742:Category
16711:bacteria
16694:protista
16655:Organism
16522:Sunlight
16368:Universe
16295:Category
15921:Category
15735:handcrew
15705:Arborist
15700:Forester
15660:mahogany
15606:palm oil
15596:charcoal
15581:Products
15516:Wildfire
15329:breeding
15290:GM trees
15139:dynamics
14951:Journals
14944:Colleges
14904:Forestry
14837:Glossary
14813:Category
14782:See also
14690:Helitack
14685:Handcrew
14415:Rollover
14390:Firewall
14098:Fireboat
13997:Handcrew
13896:Wildfire
13791:85841606
13701:89606739
13539:43217453
13393:54617780
13170:(2001).
12781:Archived
12750:Archived
12732:24707531
12696:Archived
12672:9 August
12608:Archived
12584:9 August
12578:Archived
12574:phys.org
12556:28663495
12489:Archived
12428:Archived
12304:Archived
12221:Archived
12176:Archived
12139:Archived
12124:Tertiary
12116:Cenozoic
12090:16832054
11929:Archived
11900:Archived
11856:Archived
11824:Archived
11812:. 2013.
11789:Archived
11785:24889908
11777:15238338
11717:35022598
11660:Archived
11603:: 1–18.
11537:Archived
11508:Archived
11268:22456494
11216:22645279
11167:16946126
11118:19017694
11069:15696107
11033:Archived
11007:11961911
10972:38364512
10964:15830823
10922:17412853
10887:19452533
10851:21957753
10821:Archived
10799:16882517
10742:22300866
10734:28888196
10683:26176842
10626:23750510
10569:Archived
10547:27082891
10487:29988900
10430:29990362
10368:32952154
10311:29988900
10200:Archived
10171:Archived
10149:27648592
10070:Archived
10016:23145351
9962:Archived
9929:Archived
9874:Archived
9847:1 August
9841:Archived
9812:Archived
9791:27216515
9712:42979006
9704:15247439
9596:Archived
9526:Archived
9461:32801447
9401:Archived
9368:36435284
9305:Archived
9232:18669853
9127:Archived
9073:Archived
9042:Graham,
9033:, 3, 37.
9018:35733267
8948:10 April
8942:Archived
8883:Archived
8822:Archived
8818:19263880
8753:Archived
8668:20437955
8616:11924549
8570:Archived
8514:Graham,
8467:., 66–68
8399:Archived
8355:Archived
8260:Archived
8232:21 March
8223:Archived
8200:6 August
8194:Archived
8154:Archived
8031:Archived
8005:Archived
7898:Archived
7872:Archived
7821:Archived
7791:Archived
7761:Archived
7730:Archived
7707:76650011
7661:Archived
7659:. NASA.
7635:30988736
7584:Archived
7558:Archived
7532:Archived
7506:Archived
7480:Archived
7449:Archived
7445:BBC News
7419:Archived
7340:Archived
7268:14472324
7163:Archived
7055:Archived
7016:Archived
6984:Archived
6955:Archived
6904:Archived
6853:Graham,
6771:Archived
6616:Archived
6514:Archived
6415:Archived
6411:phys.org
6385:Archived
6355:32931271
6218:12422213
6167:Archived
6140:Archived
6113:Archived
6088:27 April
6082:Archived
6052:Archived
6018:Archived
5981:53612820
5939:(1992).
5853:Archived
5849:BBC News
5823:Archived
5790:Archived
5763:Archived
5736:Archived
5705:Archived
5683:Archived
5664:Archived
5632:Newsweek
5601:Archived
5568:Archived
5505:(2019).
5480:Archived
5362:Archived
5350:35231182
5285:Graham,
5273:30279564
5161:Archived
5104:Archived
5080:Archived
5053:Archived
4962:Archived
4927:Graham,
4862:Graham,
4849:Graham,
4805:Graham,
4773:Archived
4751:Graham,
4731:Archived
4705:Archived
4629:Archived
4600:Archived
4566:Graham,
4500:Graham,
4425:Graham,
4405:Archived
4374:Archived
4358:., 9, 13
4354:Graham,
4341:Graham,
4287:Archived
4244:Archived
4240:CBC News
4214:Archived
4210:BBC News
4175:Archived
4135:28242690
4060:Archived
4008:26410408
3948:Archived
3841:Archived
3811:Archived
3807:19263880
3740:Elsevier
3670:Archived
3659:Archived
3569:Archived
3539:Archived
3508:Archived
3477:Archived
3440:Archived
3429:Archived
3405:16825536
3348:28250442
3272:Archived
3239:, 12, 36
3235:Graham,
3156:15 March
3147:Archived
3081:Archived
3056:Archived
2964:See also
2886:conifers
2875:nomadism
2778:Sardinia
2770:Odenwald
2733:Thailand
2660:Tertiary
2639:Triassic
2620:Devonian
2609:Silurian
2597:charcoal
2579:Elk Bath
2464:flooding
2443:ash pits
2353:You may
2314:(PTSD),
2074:acrolein
1962:serotiny
1729:Forestry
1658:off the
1540:Modeling
1502:such as
1314:via the
1276:(GOES),
938:Rim Fire
907:feedback
790:hectares
767:droughts
753:cropland
684:fire day
643:updrafts
616:spotting
604:flanking
589:torching
552:droughts
544:humidity
489:crowning
446:spotting
437:Crawling
208:Ignition
175:droughts
131:disaster
81:bushfire
73:wildfire
18011:Commons
17786:Thermal
17687:Hypoxia
17471:Garbage
17242:Uranium
17093:Natural
17042:Digital
16974:Aerosol
16952:Welding
16839:Biomass
16834:Biofuel
16793:History
16719:Viruses
16706:archaea
16682:animals
16634: (
16632:Biology
16609:Origin
16562:Ecology
16537:tornado
16497:Climate
16491:(Earth)
16476:Weather
16446:Geology
16433: (
16431:History
16306:Commons
16175:Culture
16117:By year
16107:By type
16008:Science
15981:History
15931:Outline
15745:lookout
15740:hotshot
15621:tanbark
15591:biomass
15586:biochar
15564:plywood
15549:Logging
15453:wilding
15102:log jam
15059:Ecology
14861:Outline
14825:Commons
14736:History
14649:Pulaski
14534:General
14272:The pig
13886:Scholia
13771:Bibcode
13714:5 March
13671:Bibcode
13645:4 March
13503:Bibcode
13472:15 July
13373:Bibcode
13347:26 June
13189:17 July
13049:26 June
12972:Bibcode
12946:26 June
12926:10 July
12841:Sources
12808:Forests
12547:6047075
12526:Bibcode
12517:Science
12453:Bibcode
12408:Bibcode
12359:Bibcode
12313:31 July
12227:17 July
12128:Neogene
12081:1544139
12050:Bibcode
11995:Bibcode
11987:PALAIOS
11960:Bibcode
11952:Geology
11935:30 July
11909:16 July
11695:Bibcode
11666:4 March
11458:Bibcode
11420:Bibcode
11379:Bibcode
11332:Bibcode
11307:7 April
11259:3346787
11207:3440113
11158:2648104
11109:4176821
10790:1551987
10706:Bibcode
10674:4642201
10617:3778732
10538:5010409
10478:6034084
10421:6038982
10359:7502220
10338:Bibcode
10302:6034084
10177:3 April
10140:5130603
10007:3492003
9870:YouTube
9782:4874420
9682:Science
9661:26 June
9626:Science
9602:30 June
9563:26 June
9452:7424390
9410:14 July
9340:Bibcode
9263:Bibcode
9212:Science
9082:26 June
9065:Madroño
9009:9245651
8978:Bibcode
8918:Bibcode
8857:Bibcode
8788:Bibcode
8699:1 April
8640:Bibcode
8498:Bibcode
8294:Bibcode
8064:26 June
8011:26 June
7972:21 July
7939:10 July
7827:25 July
7797:25 July
7736:25 July
7143:26 June
6961:16 July
6939:Bibcode
6571:Bibcode
6520:26 July
6488:Bibcode
6325:Bibcode
6226:4379529
6198:Bibcode
5991:26 June
5953:Bibcode
5922:5642896
5892:Bibcode
5703:. Vox.
5519:Bibcode
5397:Bibcode
5342:1876701
5314:Bibcode
5264:6168540
5235:Bibcode
4940:Olson,
4782:3 March
4324:30 July
4250:17 June
4220:18 June
4181:21 June
4126:5358354
4095:Bibcode
4066:13 July
3980:Bibcode
3904:Bibcode
3847:30 June
3777:Bibcode
3707:Bibcode
3609:Bibcode
3375:Bibcode
3367:Science
3339:5427854
3310:Bibcode
3221:26 June
3208:2757472
2896:. Some
2870:Science
2861:Finland
2837:drought
2686:Sequoia
2622:period
2584:Montana
2563:History
2320:phobias
2225:2.5–0.1
2097:cadmium
2093:arsenic
1907:Estonia
1880:benzene
1823:heather
1800:In the
1696:CALPUFF
1662:in 2020
1477:fitness
1457:scrapes
1437:fatigue
1384:Montana
1295:(USDA)
1258:Envisat
968:) of CO
817:Siberia
771:El Niño
749:savanna
676:drought
647:draw in
612:jumping
608:backing
441:surface
423:Sumatra
274:tropics
135:Siberia
120:drought
79:, or a
57:Arizona
17875:Midden
17855:Debris
17810:Topics
17749:Sewage
17702:debris
17697:Marine
17545:Visual
17429:Mining
17424:Litter
16917:Mining
16670:plants
16502:Clouds
16466:Future
16456:Oceans
16408:Change
16391:Matter
16386:Energy
16360:nature
16310:
16299:
16288:
16147:People
16076:Oxygen
15777:Ranger
15725:Feller
15710:Bucker
15616:rubber
15559:lumber
15369:topics
15356:volume
15351:height
15297:i-Tree
15134:Forest
15087:coarse
15082:Debris
14981:dehesa
14639:McLeod
14501:Muster
13888:has a
13789:
13699:
13681:
13636:
13616:
13552:28 May
13537:
13529:
13437:9 July
13391:
13302:
13259:28 May
13180:
12828:
12787:6 July
12730:
12554:
12544:
12495:4 July
12385:et al.
12088:
12078:
12070:
12021:
12013:
11783:
11775:
11757:
11723:
11715:
11687:Nature
11654:
11644:
11350:
11266:
11256:
11214:
11204:
11165:
11155:
11116:
11106:
11067:
11015:629959
11013:
11005:
10970:
10962:
10920:
10885:
10849:
10797:
10787:
10779:
10740:
10732:
10724:
10681:
10671:
10663:
10624:
10614:
10606:
10545:
10535:
10527:
10485:
10475:
10467:
10428:
10418:
10410:
10366:
10356:
10309:
10299:
10291:
10147:
10137:
10129:
10079:9 July
10014:
10004:
9938:9 July
9789:
9779:
9736:9 July
9710:
9702:
9636:
9500:
9459:
9449:
9374:
9366:
9358:
9281:
9238:
9230:
9195:
9133:9 July
9016:
9006:
8998:
8936:
8877:
8816:
8808:
8666:
8658:
8614:
8431:1 July
7988:et al.
7767:5 July
7705:
7633:
7397:et al.
7319:5 July
7266:
7256:
7105:, 362.
7103:et al.
6898:
6857:., 15.
6844:, 5–6.
6803:9 July
6725:9 July
6691:9 July
6670:, 361.
6668:et al.
6591:
6569:(17).
6508:
6361:
6353:
6345:
6254:
6224:
6216:
6190:Nature
6048:US EPA
5979:
5971:
5920:
5912:
5890:(16).
5539:
5425:
5417:
5356:
5348:
5340:
5332:
5271:
5261:
5253:
5209:et al.
5022:, 364.
5020:et al.
4942:et al.
4887:
4853:., 16.
4570:., 12.
4526:9 July
4457:
4447:
4345:., iv.
4133:
4123:
4115:
4037:
4006:
3998:
3805:
3797:
3746:
3665:. In:
3637:
3607:(10).
3435:. In:
3403:
3395:
3346:
3336:
3328:
3251:, 4–6.
3237:et al.
3206:
3198:
3048:
2817:Beagle
2717:, and
2605:Poland
2521:; and
2519:stress
2431:Sydney
2273:asthma
2265:asthma
2253:asthma
2246:asthma
2165:, and
2151:, and
2063:, and
1953:shoots
1743:fynbos
1737:, the
1644:, and
1610:fires.
1597:Using
1591:, and
1508:silica
1370:, and
1368:planes
1216:PanoAI
1131:, and
1116:Oregon
1030:Europe
962:tonnes
872:Russia
868:Greece
864:Turkey
821:Alaska
769:, and
516:, and
485:aerial
459:Ladder
403:Ground
388:Tirana
344:Spread
312:trolls
295:, and
258:sparks
237:Nevada
181:, and
65:forest
40:, and
17946:Lists
17885:Waste
17827:Paint
17644:Water
17527:Space
17168:Sonar
17163:Urban
17141:Water
17125:Noise
17100:Ozone
17067:Light
16998:Waste
16890:Smoke
16689:fungi
16677:fauna
16665:flora
16572:Field
16527:Tides
16418:Earth
16376:Space
16222:Other
16159:Child
16133:Arson
16126:Crime
16091:Smoke
16086:Flame
15611:rayon
15346:girth
15341:crown
15302:urban
15199:stand
15107:slash
15097:large
14968:Types
14916:Index
14849:Index
14757:Lists
14355:Draft
14297:Siren
14257:Nomex
14118:Quint
13890:topic
13798:(PDF)
13787:S2CID
13759:(PDF)
13739:(PDF)
13728:(PDF)
13708:(PDF)
13697:S2CID
13659:(PDF)
13630:(PDF)
13602:(PDF)
13582:(PDF)
13575:(PDF)
13566:(PDF)
13546:(PDF)
13535:S2CID
13491:(PDF)
13466:(PDF)
13451:(PDF)
13431:(PDF)
13411:(PDF)
13404:(PDF)
13389:S2CID
13361:(PDF)
13341:(PDF)
13318:(PDF)
13279:(PDF)
13272:(PDF)
13253:(PDF)
13230:(PDF)
13210:(PDF)
13203:(PDF)
13122:(PDF)
13115:(PDF)
13096:(PDF)
13089:(PDF)
13070:(PDF)
13063:(PDF)
13043:(PDF)
13036:(PDF)
13017:(PDF)
13002:(PDF)
12960:(PDF)
12940:(PDF)
12920:(PDF)
12913:(PDF)
12894:(PDF)
12887:(PDF)
12868:(PDF)
12853:(PDF)
12728:JSTOR
12640:(PDF)
12633:(PDF)
12307:(PDF)
12292:(PDF)
12019:S2CID
11903:(PDF)
11896:(PDF)
11792:(PDF)
11781:S2CID
11743:(PDF)
11721:S2CID
11652:S2CID
11511:(PDF)
11504:(PDF)
11487:(PDF)
11418:(1).
11377:(1).
11348:S2CID
11330:(4).
11275:(PDF)
11234:(PDF)
11011:S2CID
10968:S2CID
10940:(PDF)
10824:(PDF)
10817:(PDF)
10738:S2CID
10203:(PDF)
10196:(PDF)
10073:(PDF)
10066:(PDF)
9965:(PDF)
9958:(PDF)
9932:(PDF)
9925:(PDF)
9815:(PDF)
9808:(PDF)
9708:S2CID
9655:(PDF)
9622:(PDF)
9498:S2CID
9437:(7).
9404:(PDF)
9393:(PDF)
9372:S2CID
9279:S2CID
9261:(4).
9236:S2CID
9076:(PDF)
9061:(PDF)
9046:., 3.
9044:et al
8693:(PDF)
8686:(PDF)
8573:(PDF)
8566:(PDF)
8540:(PDF)
8533:(PDF)
8518:., 17
8516:et al
8465:et al
8358:(PDF)
8351:(PDF)
8226:(PDF)
8219:(PDF)
8132:(PDF)
8117:(PDF)
7966:(PDF)
7959:(PDF)
7703:S2CID
7664:(PDF)
7657:(PDF)
7631:S2CID
7264:S2CID
7219:(PDF)
7137:(PDF)
7122:(PDF)
7019:(PDF)
7012:(PDF)
6987:(PDF)
6980:(PDF)
6855:et al
6589:S2CID
6506:S2CID
6381:UKNow
6359:S2CID
6263:(PDF)
6244:(PDF)
6222:S2CID
6021:(PDF)
6010:(PDF)
5977:S2CID
5918:S2CID
5423:S2CID
5354:S2CID
5287:et al
5211:, 893
5034:, 73.
4988:, 69.
4965:(PDF)
4958:(PDF)
4929:et al
4864:et al
4851:et al
4809:., 12
4807:et al
4776:(PDF)
4769:(PDF)
4753:et al
4681:, 74.
4632:(PDF)
4625:(PDF)
4568:et al
4502:et al
4427:et al
4356:et al
4343:et al
4004:S2CID
3873:(PDF)
3866:(PDF)
3275:(PDF)
3268:(PDF)
3215:(PDF)
3204:S2CID
3176:(PDF)
3150:(PDF)
3139:(PDF)
3084:(PDF)
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