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documented over a period of 11 years of investigations from 1960 to 1971. These are: Periods I and II of the
Neolithic (Period I is called aceramic and Period II is called ceramic) origin, particularly characterized by dwelling pits (the largest measuring 2.74 metres (9 ft 0 in) at the top to 4.75 metres (15.6 ft) at the base at a depth of 3.95 metres (13.0 ft)); Period III of the Megalithic sequence noted by the free standing large stone
415:
charcoal layers, which denoted human occupancy. Post holes on the sides of pits at the surface level denoted the presence of superstructures covered with thatch made of birch. Shallow pits of circular shape of 60–91 centimetres (24–36 in) diameter adjoining the housing pits were found to contain bones of animals and also tools made of bones (of antlers used for making tools) and stones (harpoons, needles with or without eyes, awls).
458:(inferred as items for sale), which was thought to belong to the later part of this period. A very impressive painted pottery ware recovered from this period was a globular red ware pot made on a turntable; the painting on the pot was of a wild goat of black colour with long horns and hanging ears. Another pottery item which is of interest is a polished black ware in globular shape jar with a long neck and flaring mouth.
329:, Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India had conducted the first stratified archaeological excavations on the lines of geological model at other sites. Based on a similar model the Burzahom site has been named as the Northern Neolithic Culture in view of its distinctive structural features with profusion of tools made of bones and stones and tools representing the ritualistic practices.
497:
These are rough in shape, huge and of considerable weight and height, and are "free-standing". Craftsmanship was superior during this period with finds of wheel made durable hard red ware, copper objects, and tools made of bone and stone. Structures made of rubble were also found. Finds of a few copper arrowheads indicated knowledge of
397:
Burzahom's ceramic industry was mostly of hunting based culture and is different from the
Chinese Neolithic pottery. The economy of the people was found to be based on hunting and gathering with a nascent stage of cultivation practices. Pottery made in Burzahom showed close affinity to those found in
441:
This period also brought out, for the first time, the burial customs of the
Neolithic people. Both human and animal skeletons were found in deep oval shaped pits, located either below the floors of the dwelling units or in its precincts. These pits were filled with ash, stones and potsherds. Some of
509:
Period IV (dated to the 3rd–4th century AD), the last phase of human occupation at
Burzahom, was related to the early Historical Period. The structures built were superior compared to the earlier period, and were made from mud-bricks. Pottery was also superior, of red ware type with slips and wheel
414:
The remarkable find during this period was of pits which were inferred as dwelling units; these were in circular or oval shape dug in compact natural Karewa soil formation. Some of the deep pits had steps and ladder access to the bottom level. In some of the pits the stratification revealed ash and
242:
The
Burzahom site revealed the transition from the subterranean and ground level housing features of the Neolithic people to the mudbrick structures of the Megalithic people. The large cache of tools and implements made of bone and stone found at the site shows that the inhabitants were hunting and
437:
In the Period II, the finds excavated revealed that people had moved out from pit dwelling to structures built at the ground level. However, the pits and its associated chambers formed the base floor of the superstructure, which was made up by filling the pits and covering it with mud plaster, and
388:
The excavation at
Burzahom was carried out in both vertical (depth wise) and horizontal directions; the depth provided the stratification features while the phasing of each stratification was provided by the horizontal excavations. Four periods of continuous occupational sequence at the site were
496:
Some
Megalithic Period Menhirs are next to Neolithic pits, suggesting a gradual transition between the two phases. The Menhirs, boulders formed due to the varying temperatures, were brought down from the hills with great effort by the people and installed to mark notable events of the community.
480:
The people who resided here were characterized as "long headed dolichocranic". Two female skulls, different from the male skulls, were also reported. The finds did not indicate of any external ethnic intrusions during the entire
Neolithic period but showed more affinity to the Harappan people.
421:
The pottery found at the site were in an early stage of hand crafting, of the coarse variety, in steel-grey, dull red, brown, and buff colours with mat prints at the bottom; they were in the shape of bowl, vase and stem. The antiquities did not reveal any signs of burials sites.
461:
An interesting find of this period is of two standalone finished flat stone slabs. The carving on one is not distinct. The other stone slab is 48–27 centimetres (19–11 in) which depicts, on one polished side, sketches of hunting scenes such as a hunter spearing (with a
361:
The management and the protection of the
Burzahom site, including the buffer zones, are under the jurisdiction of the Archaeological Survey of India and the State Department of Archaeology conforming to the Ancient Monuments and Sites Remains Act 1958 (Amended in 2010).
449:
Pottery finds showed better finish compared to the earlier Period I. The pots were of polished black ware, mostly handmade, in the form of a dish with stand, a high-necked jar, and so forth. Also found was a wheel turned red ware pot which contained 950 beads made from
278:. It is 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) to the northwest of Srinagar on the Naseem-Shalimar road. The elevation of the site is 1,800 metres (5,900 ft) above sea-level. It is the northernmost excavated Neolithic site of India. The site is on an ancient
393:
installed at the site by shifting boulders manually from the hills; and Period IV of the early Modern Period. The skeletal remains of the
Neolithic humans found at Burzahom are similar to those found in Harappa of the Indus Valley Civilization.
406:, particularly in respect of its shapes and decorations of the black ware pottery. The burial practices and type of tools recovered from the site were inferred as having close resemblance to those found in the North Chinese Neolithic culture.
594:
343:, 5 km from the sub district headquarter. The village falls between two nalla (streams) on an extensive deposit of Karewa (elevated table-land) where people used to live in ancient times. Also, Haripriya, and
446:(bored hole) marks. In many pits, bones of dogs and antlered deer were found along with human skeletons. The skeletons of humans were found in the burial pits in a sitting position along with bones of animals.
234:
and wheel turned red pottery); and Period IV relates to the early Historical Period (Post-megalithic period). The findings, recorded in stratified cultural deposits representing prehistoric human activity in
518:
The site is maintained in the form that has been excavated, representing the natural setting of the Neolithic people. The exposed pits and the layout are well protected and well preserved.
266:. The interaction of local and foreign influences is demonstrated by the art, architecture, customs, rituals and language demonstrated by some engravings on pottery and other artifacts..
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Agricultural practices were noted during the Periods I and II and crops grown were inferred as wheat, barley and lentil; finding lentils established a link of the Neolithic people with
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45:
306:), which is found in the excavated housing area in the form of roofing material, and thus confirming the existence of the tree even in the pre-historic Neolithic times.
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occasionally painted in red ochre. Post-holes around the pits revealed that the superstructures were made of wood built over compacted Karewa soil floors.
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226:, India. Archaeological excavations have revealed four phases of cultural significance between 3000 BCE and 1000 BCE. Periods I and II represent the
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239:, are based on detailed investigations that cover all aspects of the physical evidence of the site, including the ancient flora and fauna.
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The extensive excavations done at this site, unearthing stratified cultural deposits, were the first of their type in Kashmir. In 1944,
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The first excavation at the Burzahom site was a limited exercise in 1936, carried out by the Yale–Cambridge Expedition headed by
73:
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made detailes investigations of the site between 1960 and 1971; these were carried out by T.N. Khazanchi and his associates.
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250:(of art, architecture, customs and rituals) indicate that the prehistoric people of the Burzahom established contact with
302:", a tree species (that generally grows in the elevation range of 3,000 to 4,200 metres (9,800 to 13,800 ft) in the
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466:) an antlered deer and another hunter in the process of releasing an arrow, and a sketch of the sun and
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Carbon dating established that the earliest occupation at the site was dated to before 2,357 BC.
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990:
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Pot, excavated from Burzahom with painting of a wild goat with long horns and hanging ears.
8:
369:
996:
975:
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A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century
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350:
Skeletal remains of Neolithic people found at Burzahom are similar to those found in
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The Burzahom site is a prehistoric settlement in the village of the same name in the
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and has Karewa soil means clay formation. The site has a commanding view of the
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of Yale-Cambridge Expedition in 1939 and T.N. Khazanchi and his team of
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Kashmir and Its People: Studies in the Evolution of Kashmiri Society
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lake bed. The location is in a high terrace which is part of the
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710:"Neolithic Hunting Scene on a Stone Slab from Burzahom, Kashmir"
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Burzahom represents the southernmost extent of what is known as
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This site was nominated on 15 April 2014 for inscription as a
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represents another related site in the area, near the town of
587:"ASI report says even Neolithic Kashmir had textile industry"
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299:
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662:"Burzahom Archaeological site, India:Neolithic Period finds"
339:. Gufkral is located at Bandar village in Hardware area of
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observation. The carved figures are distinctly visible.
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which is about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) away. In the
636:"Excavations – Important – Jammu & Kashmir Patna"
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and Dr. Thomson Paterson. The Frontier Circle of the
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era; Period III the Megalithic era (of massive stone
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638:. Archaeological Survey of India. Archived from
910:Joglekar, Hrishikesh; Vahia, MN; Sule, Aniket,
510:turned. Some iron antiquaries were also found.
16:3000–1000 BCE site in Jammu and Kashmir, India
909:
429:type pots were found belonging to Period Ib.
739:"Extending Kashmiriyat to Embrace Burzahom"
27:
1047:Archaeological sites in Jammu and Kashmir
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1062:World Heritage Tentative List for India
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561:"Kashmir Valley monuments cry for care"
172:, Megalithic and early Historic period.
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913:Oldest sky-chart with Supernova record
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780:"The Neolithic Settlement of Burzahom"
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1020:"Excavations at Burzahom (1960-1971)"
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88:Burzahom archaeological site (India)
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708:Pande, B. M. (13 October 1969).
442:the human skulls found here had
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989:Sopory, S.K. (1 January 2004).
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477:, crossing over the Himalayas.
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559:Jameel, Yusuf (9 April 2017).
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320:Archaeological Survey of India
60:Shown within Jammu and Kashmir
1:
947:Kaw, M. K. (1 January 2004).
585:Dutta, Sweta (25 June 2017).
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372:, and is yet to be approved.
63:Show map of Jammu and Kashmir
33:A pot excavated from Burzahom
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212:Burzahom archaeological site
22:Burzahom archaeological site
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974:. Pearson Education India.
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258:and also had links to the
185:1939 and from 1960 to 1971
356:Indus Valley civilization
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968:Singh, Upinder (2008).
715:. University of Hawaii.
666:Encyclopædia Britannica
156:Pre-historic Settlement
137:34.169883°N 74.866841°E
782:. UNESCO Organization.
385:
383:
182:Excavation dates
1032:on 29 December 2021.
142:34.169883; 74.866841
992:Glimpses Of Kashmir
532:Sothi (archaeology)
370:World Heritage Site
133: /
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995:. APH Publishing.
953:. APH Publishing.
937:Tawseef 2005 p 63
486:Northern Neolithic
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214:is located in the
204:from 1960 and 1971
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1002:978-81-7648-547-0
981:978-81-317-1120-0
960:978-81-7648-537-1
885:, pp. 40–41.
873:, pp. 43–44.
488:culture of Asia.
296:Kashmiri language
276:Srinagar District
224:Jammu and Kashmir
216:Srinagar district
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109:Jammu and Kashmir
91:Show map of India
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642:on 2 April 2015
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640:the original
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568:. Retrieved
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514:Preservation
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475:Central Asia
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288:Jhelum river
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252:Central Asia
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929:Sopory 2004
832:Sopory 2004
805:Sopory 2004
601:14 February
591:India Today
570:14 February
400:Swat valley
280:Pleistocene
248:Antiquities
140: /
116:Coordinates
1041:Categories
898:Singh 2008
691:Singh 2008
547:References
499:metallurgy
492:Period III
444:trepanning
254:and South
177:Site notes
128:74°52′01″E
125:34°10′12″N
505:Period IV
452:carnelian
433:Period II
376:Discovery
345:Anantapur
304:Himalayas
256:West Asia
243:farming.
228:Neolithic
170:Neolithic
883:Kaw 2004
871:Kaw 2004
856:Kaw 2004
844:Kaw 2004
820:Kaw 2004
793:Kaw 2004
726:Kaw 2004
679:Kaw 2004
646:30 March
595:Archived
522:See also
427:Kot-Diji
410:Period I
404:Pakistan
292:Dal lake
270:Location
198:Paterson
194:de Terra
105:Srinagar
101:Location
541:Gufkral
528:Chirand
391:Menhirs
354:of the
352:Harappa
333:Gufkral
310:History
286:of the
237:Kashmir
232:menhirs
218:of the
166:Periods
161:History
111:, India
999:
978:
957:
536:Siswal
367:UNESCO
1030:(PDF)
1023:(PDF)
917:(PDF)
713:(pdf)
456:agate
425:Late
300:birch
284:flood
997:ISBN
976:ISBN
955:ISBN
648:2015
603:2021
572:2021
454:and
398:the
341:Tral
337:Tral
262:and
210:The
196:and
153:Type
464:Ker
222:of
202:ASI
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