465:(student pranks). In March 1998, a large red banner appeared bearing the words "MASS. INST. OF TECH. — DEACTIVATED — PROPERTY OFFICE", mimicking the stickers the MIT Property Office affixes to obsolete equipment removed from inventory tracking in preparation for surplus disposal. In April 1999, a full-sized elevator shaft enclosure was "found" amidst the rubble of the just-demolished Building 20, with a floor indicator panel including levels "G" and "B1" through "B5", implying that the elevator traveled to previously-concealed secret lab space below the ground floor of Building 20. In the years since, there has been a persistent joke on campus that the old Building 20 is still standing, but concealed by an
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20 continued to be used for machine shops, research labs, and offices. Building 22 was later demolished, to make room for
Building 26 (the Karl Taylor Compton Laboratories). As of 2023, Building 24 still stands, as the sole surviving structure from the WWII period, still being used for labs, offices, and classrooms.
49:(or "Rad Lab"), where fundamental advances were made in physical electronics, electromagnetic properties of matter, microwave physics, and microwave communication principles. It has been called one of America's "two prominent shrines of the triumph of science during the war" (along with the desert installation at
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extended mirror-reversed "F", with multiple parallel "wings" connected to a longer spine which paralleled Vassar Street. The spine of the "F" (wing B) was slightly skewed compared to the projecting wings, because of the gradual divergence of Vassar Street compared to
Memorial Drive, which runs parallel to the
344:
gravitational-wave antenna project was also germinated in
Building 20, with prototypes of various detectors built, as well as the writing of the Blue Book which was the first thorough study to build a gravitational-wave antenna. Many of the leaders of the gravitational-wave field did their early work
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box was prepared, which is now displayed in the new Stata Center which was erected on the site. The time capsule along with several large informational panels about the history of
Building 20 are located on the first floor of the Stata Center, near the Dreyfoos Tower elevators, and may be viewed by
188:
Due to
Building 20's origins as a temporary structure, researchers and other occupants felt free to modify their environment at will. As described by MIT professor Paul Penfield, "Its 'temporary nature' permitted its occupants to abuse it in ways that would not be tolerated in a permanent building.
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Wings A, B, and C were built first, in a Î shape. The later wings were assigned the letters D, E, and F. Although there was no basement, the ground floor was inexplicably assigned room numbers beginning with "0", underscoring complaints of some occupants that the first floor corridors looked like a
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In 1945, as the Rad Lab prepared to close down, these temporary buildings were not taken down immediately, since post-war student enrollments were increasing dramatically and more space was still needed. Building 22 was remade into a temporary dormitory, which housed 600 students by 1947. Building
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There was little provision to admit daylight to the narrow interior corridors, which were dimly lit even as summer heat baked them. Heat and humidity released a distinctive "old familiar musty odor" recalled by an occupant years later. Opening a windowless corridor door would disclose a blaze of
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constructed on
Building 6, then expanded to Building 24 (erected in 1941), and to Building 22 (completed in May 1942). Building 20, completed in December 1943, was part of the continued rapid expansion of the Rad Lab on the MIT campus. McCreery noted that the building was designed and constructed
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Because of its various inconveniences, Building 20 was never considered to be prime space, in spite of its location in the central campus. As a result, Building 20 served as an "incubator" for all sorts of start-up or experimental research, teaching, or student groups on a crowded campus where
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The building was hurriedly constructed in 1943 as part of the emergency war research effort; however, it continued to be used until shortly before its demolition in 1998, making it one of the longest-surviving World War II temporary structures on campus. The building had the overall shape of an
89:, supporting massive floor planks which creaked and groaned underfoot. The structure was extremely sturdy, but it complained continually under its burden of heavy equipment and material. The ground level floor was concrete slab. Over time, the interior walls became a hodgepodge of
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which was to replace it, saying "People didn't love this building for its beauty or its comfort, but for its flexibility. What we learned from
Building 20's success was that we would need to provide modern services and technology without being rigid or constraining."
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found throughout the World War II vintage structure. Some of its previous occupants moved into the new Stata Center upon its completion, while other "Building 20 refugees" moved to
Building N51/N52 or permanently dispersed to other locations on campus.
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On March 27, 1998, "The Magic
Incubator", an all-day farewell celebration, was held in honor of Building 20, its former occupants, and the feats accomplished therein. Professor Jerry Lettvin published an "Elegy for Building 20" to mark the occasion.
200:
commented that the abundance of space in
Building 20 meant that "many quite risky projects got off the ground. Linguistics, my field, was one such risky project. But for the existence of Building 20, it would not have been developed at MIT."
42:. Since it was always regarded as "temporary", it never received a formal name throughout its 55-year existence. (Many major buildings at MIT are known by their numbers regardless of how neoclassical or otherwise permanent they may be.)
189:
If you wanted to run a wire from one lab to another, you didn't ask anybody's permission — you just got out a screwdriver and poked a hole through the wall." Many building occupants were unaware of the presence of
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After the Rad Lab shut down after the end of World War II, Building 20 served as a "magical incubator" for many small MIT programs, research, and student activities for a half-century before it was demolished in 1998.
1011:; January 30, 2012 — An article comparing the allegedly counterproductive technique of "brainstorming" with the historical productivity of informal "idea incubator" environments, using MIT's Building 20 as an example
366:(UROP), the MIT Council for the Arts, and the predecessor to the Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) Office were among the assorted administrative offices that sheltered in Building 20. Here also was the home of
243:, the DSRE was an innovative interdisciplinary center for “learning about learning” at the individual, institutional and societal levels, and made significant contributions to the development of the field of
417:(Building 32). Demolition may have been slowed by the need to relocate the many small research, administrative, and student groups located there, plus the special precautions needed to safely dispose of
116:. The windows were leaky, rattling wooden sash, and bristled with numerous large window-mounted air conditioners, since the interior spaces would otherwise become unbearably hot during warm weather.
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years, was started here. The closing of the ERC was followed by the establishment of the Division for Study and Research in Education (DSRE). Coordinated by Benson R. Snyder, Donald A. Schon, and
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359:. Building 20 also was the home of the MIT Linguistics section, which became the Department of Linguistics and Philosophy in 1976, and the Anthropology section of the Humanities Department.
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Built in 1943 as a temporary facility, Building 20 (the three-storey building in the foreground of this image) remained in use until 1998, housing a wide variety of research projects.
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light, or a dark gloomy space, depending on the occupancy of the room. In warm weather, the constant drone of large fans and air conditioners dominated all other sounds.
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In 1998, shortly before the building's demolition, students added a giant "deactivated" sign, an oversized copy of the sticker attached to decommissioned MIT equipment.
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The outdoors spaces between the wings accommodated an assortment of rusty equipment and storage tanks, picnic tables, unidentified junk, and drill spaces used by
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basement. The idiosyncratic floor numbering required the second floor to use "1", and the third floor to use "2", a confusing exception to the usual logical
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53:, where the atomic bomb was born). A former Rad Lab member said, "At one time, more than 20 percent of the physicists in the United States (including nine
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program in 1969, its students who wished to join such a program shared facilities with MIT's ongoing ROTC program in Building 20. Students from
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Building 20 was originally referred to by one of the architects, George McCreery of McCreery & Theriault, as the "Building 22 Annex". The
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teaching group, the Integrated Studies Program (ISP), and the High School Studies Program (HSSP) all found initial homes here.
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332:’ group was housed in Building 20 from the 1970s until the building was torn down. Balloon-lifted packages to measure the
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was located here for many years, although the facility was relocated to Building 4 before the final years of Building 20.
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once quipped, "You might regard it as the womb of the Institute. It is kind of messy, but by God it is procreative!"
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In the last half of the 1980s, Building 20 became home to the Biological Process Engineering Center, a prestigious
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176:"as a war measure, the life of said building to be for the duration of the war and six months thereafter".
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was installed or removed, especially during times of student unrest in the late 1960s and early 1970s.
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in a "shabby" nondescript-looking "miserable hole" of an office in Building 20 for several decades.
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Temporary wooden structure on the central campus of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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128:). Thus, a typical room number might be "20B-119", located in Wing B, on the second floor.
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Peterson, Institute Historian T. F. (2011). "Beyond Recognition: Commemoration Hacks".
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A view down a stairwell showing the timber stair construction (MIT Building 20, wing A)
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Exterior of MIT Building 20 wing A, viewed from wing E, with Building 26 in background
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Building 20 was gradually emptied in 1996-1998, and demolished to make way for the
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721:. MIT Libraries, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1998-03-02. Archived from
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547:, MIT Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Dec 19, 1997
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340:(COBE) satellite’s FIRAS instrument and its analysis all had homes there. The
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into the top floor whenever the sun shone. The outer sheathing consisted of
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In its final years, Building 20 and its demise were marked by some farewell
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later acknowledged the influence of Building 20 on the design of the new
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Some of the early work of the Educational Research Center (ERC) and the
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799:"Cambridge Historical Commission to allow demolition of Building 20"
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235:(PSSC), which reformed teaching of high school physics in the post-
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Demolished school buildings and structures in the United States
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University and college academic buildings in the United States
509:"Last Rites for a 'Plywood Palace' That Was a Rock of Science"
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had an electronics lab here for a decade, before moving on to
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445:, to be opened in 2053. Until then, it is on display in the
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shingles painted a dirty white in a vain attempt to reduce
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Garfinkel, Simson. "Building 20: The Procreative Eyesore".
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34:) was a temporary timber structure hastily erected during
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879:"Building 20's last engineering project: a time capsule"
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Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
994:"A Last, Loving Look at an MIT Landmark -- Building 20"
968:"Elevator to hidden sub-basement in Building 20 rubble"
224:
space was (and remains) at a premium. The experimental
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Massachusetts Green High Performance Computing Center
1016:
How buildings learn: what happens after they're built
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How buildings learn: what happens after they're built
324:
Plaque on the main entry door to Weiss' Lab in Wing F
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Demolished buildings and structures in Massachusetts
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History of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
904:"Deactivated Property sticker placed on Building 20"
538:"MIT's Building 20: The Magical Incubator 1943–1998"
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Campus of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
40:
campus of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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675:"Building 20 denizens say farewell to former home"
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382:(BU) also came to Building 20 for ROTC training.
135:Windowless hallway inside MIT Building 20, wing A
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45:The three-floor structure originally housed the
1681:Massachusetts Institute of Technology buildings
1046:MIT's Building 20: The Magical Incubator (1998)
934:Nightwork: a history of hacks and pranks at MIT
773:"Mitchell showcases redesigned learning spaces"
632:"Former occupants recall Building 20 goings-on"
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254:, where many aspects of what later became the
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824:"Building 20 occupants relocated around MIT"
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364:Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program
286:here, eventually leading to the founding of
266:. Building 20 also housed one of the first
1691:Buildings and structures demolished in 1998
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262:was founded there, as an early student-run
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171:had started in MIT Building 4, then had a
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260:MIT Electronic Research Society (MITERS)
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87:framed with large wooden posts and beams
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1661:1998 disestablishments in Massachusetts
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797:Wright, Sarah H. (September 12, 1998).
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387:MIT School of Architecture and Planning
57:winners) had worked in that building".
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1281:Electromagnetic and Electronic Systems
1086:Celebrating the History of Building 20
938:(updated ed.). Cambridge, Mass.:
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748:Celebrating the History of Building 20
719:"Quotes and Stories about Building 20"
565:
370:(ROTC) offices and facilities. After
1228:Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab
1160:Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences
1128:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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458:visitors during normal office hours.
449:, which replaced the older structure.
122:MIT scheme for assigning room numbers
1656:1943 establishments in Massachusetts
1455:Student Information Processing Board
1005:"Groupthink: the brainstorming myth"
848:Lettvin, Jerome Y. (April 1, 1998).
585:
568:"Groupthink: the brainstorming myth"
495:
877:Wright, Sarah H. (March 18, 1998).
507:Hilts, Philip J. (March 31, 1998).
13:
1666:School buildings completed in 1943
1332:Research Laboratory of Electronics
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659:"Celebrating Building 20: History"
649:
566:Lehrer, Jonah (January 30, 2012).
270:, where research was performed by
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1018:; 1995; Penguin Books; New York;
779:. MIT News Office. March 12, 2003
250:Building 20 was the home of the
1328:Plasma Science and Fusion Center
1286:Information and Decision Systems
830:. MIT News Office. July 15, 1998
707:(November/December 1991): MIT11.
681:. MIT News Office. April 1, 1998
638:. MIT News Office. April 1, 1998
368:Reserve Officers' Training Corps
233:Physical Science Study Committee
1177:Schwarzman College of Computing
345:in the F Wing of the building.
1212:Health Sciences and Technology
750:. MIT Archives. Archived from
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100:The roof was flat, covered in
85:The three-floor structure was
1:
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258:developed. Around 1973, the
196:Institute Professor Emeritus
155:students. At various times,
1246:Information Systems Research
1190:Brain and Cognitive Sciences
183:
64:
7:
1512:Fraternities and sororities
1435:MIT Science Fiction Society
1000:, v.9, n.2, Fall 1997, MIT.
601:. New York: Penguin Books.
472:
467:invisibility cloaking field
355:run by Institute Professor
353:Engineering Research Center
350:National Science Foundation
334:cosmic microwave background
10:
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1172:Sloan School of Management
744:"Occupants of Building 20"
661:, MIT Libraries, archives.
415:Ray and Maria Stata Center
338:Cosmic Background Explorer
282:did his early research on
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126:floor numbering in Britain
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1477:Traditions and activities
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1150:Architecture and Planning
1135:
1460:Tech Model Railroad Club
1318:Nuclear Research Reactor
252:Tech Model Railroad Club
104:and gravel, and emitted
32:Cambridge, Massachusetts
1413:List Visual Arts Center
850:"Elegy for Building 20"
595:Brand, Stewart (1995).
972:MIT IHTFP Hack Gallery
908:MIT IHTFP Hack Gallery
543:July 23, 2008, at the
450:
410:
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311:high-speed photography
303:National Semiconductor
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124:(although the same as
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1557:Sean Collier Memorial
1429:MIT Technology Review
1377:William Barton Rogers
1251:International Studies
440:
408:
323:
315:Harold "Doc" Edgerton
146:
134:
72:
22:
1367:Institute Professors
536:Penfield, Paul Jr.,
309:. The Strobe Lab of
47:Radiation Laboratory
1341:Whitehead Institute
1256:Theoretical Physics
1070:42.3619°N 71.0905°W
1066: /
390:William J. Mitchell
362:The innovative MIT
30:(18 Vassar Street,
1625:MIT OpenCourseWare
1408:Lemelson–MIT Prize
1336:Senseable City Lab
1303:McGovern Institute
1293:Lincoln Laboratory
451:
411:
372:Harvard University
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211:generative grammar
149:
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25:
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1532:Kresge Auditorium
1522:Infinite Corridor
1323:Picower Institute
1075:42.3619; -71.0905
1024:978-0-14-013996-9
1014:Brand, Stewart —
998:RLE Undercurrents
953:978-0-262-51584-9
885:. MIT News Office
856:. MIT News Office
805:. MIT News Office
701:Technology Review
608:978-0-14-013996-9
380:Boston University
307:Linear Technology
268:anechoic chambers
245:cognitive science
218:Jerome Y. Lettvin
205:pioneered modern
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1620:MIT App Inventor
1613:Notable projects
1562:Wiesner Building
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574:. pp. 22–27
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357:Daniel I.C. Wang
296:technical writer
288:Bose Corporation
157:chain link fence
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292:analog circuit
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443:time capsule
441:Building 20
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385:Dean of the
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1237:Center for
1200:Mathematics
1155:Engineering
1073: /
1036:Building 20
946:–150, 232.
942:. pp.
290:. Prolific
276:Leo Beranek
264:hackerspace
207:linguistics
55:Nobel Prize
28:Building 20
1650:Categories
1583:Round Hill
1542:MIT Museum
1418:MIT $ 100K
1372:Presidents
1146:School of
1061:71°05′26″W
1058:42°21′43″N
1040:MIT Museum
977:2011-05-28
913:2011-05-28
889:2011-05-29
860:2011-05-30
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729:2007-09-23
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578:2012-02-24
518:2012-02-29
490:References
423:lead paint
401:Demolition
374:shut down
336:, and the
328:Professor
51:Los Alamos
1599:Engineers
1592:Athletics
1537:Libraries
1423:MIT Press
1393:Brass Rat
1308:Media Lab
1195:Economics
1138:Academics
940:MIT Press
305:and then
280:Amar Bose
272:acoustics
226:Concourse
184:Occupants
102:tar paper
65:Structure
1471:The Tech
1221:Research
541:Archived
473:See also
419:asbestos
274:pioneer
191:asbestos
95:Masonite
91:Transite
82:Basin.
1635:Scratch
1571:History
1386:Culture
1362:Faculty
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1185:Biology
1165:Science
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163:Origins
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1357:Alumni
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173:radome
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1403:Hacks
463:hacks
1630:MITx
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