734:
predictable relationship between social behavior and reproductive success; the males that sang frequently to females experienced the greatest reproductive success. The adult males that were exposed to a rotating roster of new individuals (i.e., dynamic flock) had an unpredictable relationship between social variables and reproductive success; these males were able to copulate using a much greater variety of social strategies. The males that lived in static flocks had high levels of consistency in their behaviors and reproductive success across multiple years, whereas the males in dynamic flocks experienced varying levels of dominance with other males, differing levels of singing to females, and differing levels of reproductive success.
578:
613:
628:
126:
175:
150:
297:
516:
112:
686:, a known cowbird host, have shown that this species rejects cowbird eggs more than 95% of the time. For this species, the cost of accepting cowbird eggs (i.e. the loss of their own eggs or nestlings through starvation or the actions of the nestling cowbird) was far higher than the cost of rejecting those eggs (i.e. where the host might conceivably eject its own egg accidentally). Brown-headed cowbird
725:
By manipulating demographics so juveniles only had access to females, juvenile males developed atypical social behavior; they did not engage in the typical social singing bouts with other males, did not pair bond with females, and were promiscuous. This demonstrates that great flexibility occurs in
709:
behavior". According to one study the cowbird returned to ransack the nests of a range of host species 56% of the time when their egg was removed. In addition, the cowbird also destroyed nests in a type of "farming behavior" to force the hosts to build new ones. The cowbirds then laid their eggs in
747:
highlighted a potential limitation of these control programs, demonstrating that removal of cowbirds from a site may create an unintended consequence of increasing cowbird productivity on that site, because with fewer cowbirds, fewer parasitized nests are deserted, resulting in greater nest success
713:
Young cowbirds are not exposed to species-typical visual and auditory information like other birds. Despite this, they are able to develop species-typical singing, social, and breeding behaviors. Cowbird brains are wired to respond to the vocalizations of other cowbirds, allowing young to find and
506:
black in color with a brown head. The adult female is slightly smaller and is dull grey with a pale throat and very fine streaking on the underparts. Their total length is 16–22 cm (6.3–8.7 in) and the average wingspan is 36 cm (14 in). Body mass can range from 30–60 g
733:
This finding was further studied by comparing the behaviors and reproductive success of males exposed to a dynamic flock, consisting of changing individuals, with males exposed to a static group of individuals. The individuals that stayed with the same group (i.e., static flock) had a stable,
714:
join flocks of their own species. These vocalizations are consistent across all cowbird populations, and serve as a sort of species-recognition password. If a young cowbird is not exposed to these "password" vocalizations by a certain age, it will mistakenly imprint on the host species.
742:
With the expansion of its range and its parasitic behavior, the brown-headed cowbird is often regarded as a pest. People sometimes engage in cowbird control programs, with the intention of protecting species negatively impacted by the cowbirds' brood parasitism. A study of nests of
1093:
Williams, G., B. Van Dyke, B. Haynes, T. Hallum, N. McConnell, J. Allred, R. Reneau, V. Strode, L.S. Mian and M.S. Dhillon. 2013. Mosquito and West Nile Virus
Surveillance at Northwest Mosquito and Vector Control District during 2012. Proc. Calif. Mosq. Vector Control Assoc.
488:
1699:
490:
1505:
701:
nestlings in parasitized nests alter their vocalizations in frequency and amplitude so that they resemble the cowbird nestling, and these nestlings tend to be fed equally often as nestlings in unparasitized nests.
647:, feed their young a vegetarian diet. This is unsuitable for young brown-headed cowbirds, meaning few survive to fledge. Accepting a cowbird egg and rearing a cowbird chick can be costly to a host species. In the
903:
Table des planches enluminéez d'histoire naturelle de M. D'Aubenton : avec les denominations de M.M. de Buffon, Brisson, Edwards, Linnaeus et Latham, precedé d'une notice des principaux ouvrages zoologiques
1546:
489:
730:
compared to adult males housed with other adult males. Being housed with juvenile males honed the reproductive skills of the adult males by providing them with a more complex social environment.
606:
of birds are known to have raised young cowbirds. The young cowbird is fed by the host parents at the expense of their own young. Brown-headed cowbird females can lay up to 40 eggs in a season.
558:. Their population expanded with the clearing of forested areas and the introduction of new grazing animals by settlers across North America. They are now commonly seen at suburban birdfeeders.
726:
the behavior of cowbirds, and that the social environment is extremely important in structuring their behavior. Adult males housed with juvenile males were shown to have greater
705:
Brown-headed cowbirds seem to periodically check on their eggs and young after they have deposited them. Removal of the parasitic egg may trigger a retaliatory reaction termed "
594:(perching birds), particularly those that build cup-like nests. The brown-headed cowbird eggs have been documented in nests of at least 220 host species, including
2627:
612:
627:
690:
are also sometimes expelled from the nest. Nestlings of host species can also alter their behavior in response to the presence of a cowbird nestling.
2492:
1446:
2765:
2570:
722:
Social behaviors of cowbird males include aggressive, competitive singing bouts with other males and pair bonding and monogamy with females.
2730:
1247:
Hannon, Susan J.; Wilson, Scott; McCallum, Cindy A. (2009). "Does cowbird parasitism increase predation risk to
American redstart nests?".
655:
by the cowbird nestling, but also partly explained by the fact that nests likely to be parasitized are also more likely to be preyed upon.
394:
to accompany Buffon's text. Neither the plate caption nor Buffon's description included a scientific name, but in 1783, Dutch naturalist
441:
is Latin for "dull black". The
English name "cowbird", first recorded in 1839, refers to this species often being seen near cattle.
2702:
2430:
1736:
2518:
1571:
Lynch, Kathleen S.; Gaglio, Annmarie; Tyler, Elizabeth; Coculo, Joseph; Louder, Matthew I. M.; Hauber, Mark E. (18 April 2017).
2775:
863:
841:
369:
1613:
1323:
Sealy, Spencer g. (April 1995). "Burial of cowbird eggs by parasitized yellow warblers: an empirical and experimental study".
2609:
987:
2523:
670:. Host species sometimes notice the cowbird egg, with different hosts reacting to the egg in different ways. Some, like the
507:(1.1–2.1 oz), with females averaging 38.8 g (1.37 oz) against the males' average of 49 g (1.7 oz).
2622:
977:
2750:
2466:
2368:
1056:
1694:
1299:
2735:
2443:
2399:
2575:
1206:
815:
2745:
2412:
2381:
1282:
Magrath, Robert D.; Haff, Tonya M.; Horn, Andrew G.; Leonard, Marty L. (2010). "Calling in the Face of Danger".
1130:
577:
2471:
651:, nests parasitized by cowbirds were found to have a higher rate of predation, likely due in part to the loud
2557:
1572:
2256:
1729:
922:
562:
2588:
867:
667:
383:
2505:
2293:
652:
2298:
946:
875:
789:
1681:
1036:
174:
2272:
2115:
1941:
1010:
590:
The brown-headed cowbird is an obligate brood parasite; it lays its eggs in the nests of other small
1069:
2755:
2740:
2583:
2422:
2247:
1686:
2549:
1722:
1104:
Friedman and Kiff, Herbert and Lloyd F. (16 May 1985). "The parasitic cowbirds and their hosts".
1015:
675:
523:
The species lives in open or semiopen country, and often travels in flocks, sometimes mixed with
498:
The brown-headed cowbird is typical for an icterid in general shape, but is distinguished by its
465:
2653:
2640:
2458:
2497:
2280:
2209:
1614:"Cowbird removals unexpectedly increase productivity of a brood parasite and the songbird host"
2536:
125:
2648:
2635:
1881:
1125:
Ortega, C.P. (1998) Cowbirds and Other Brood
Parasites. University of Arizona Press, Tucson,
1023:
918:
671:
419:
352:
North
America. It is a permanent resident in the southern parts of its range; northern birds
269:
1442:"Retaliatory mafia behavior by a parasitic cowbird favors host acceptance of parasitic eggs"
2342:
2285:
1876:
1628:
1455:
1393:"Sheep in wolf's clothing: host nestling vocalizations resemble their cowbird competitor's"
1256:
871:
727:
524:
391:
8:
766:
139:
1705:
1632:
1459:
1260:
2770:
2146:
2093:
1909:
1533:
1478:
1441:
1417:
1392:
1340:
1229:
1187:
539:. These birds forage on the ground, often following grazing animals such as horses and
374:
169:
1291:
2760:
2316:
2139:
2109:
1904:
1813:
1770:
1644:
1594:
1538:
1483:
1422:
1305:
1295:
1268:
1179:
1126:
1052:
983:
648:
536:
1344:
2693:
2321:
2187:
2153:
1958:
1652:
1636:
1584:
1528:
1520:
1473:
1463:
1412:
1404:
1371:
1332:
1287:
1264:
1221:
1171:
1004:
784:
663:
2448:
2386:
1573:"A neural basis for password-based species recognition in an avian brood parasite"
2596:
2308:
2173:
1871:
1851:
1823:
950:
928:
Fauna boreali-americana, or, The zoology of the northern parts of
British America
897:
823:
744:
566:
475:
455:
395:
286:
2666:
2562:
1037:
Brown-headed
Cowbird, Life History, All About Birds – Cornell Lab of Ornithology
926:
901:
879:
845:
2407:
2394:
1861:
1846:
1745:
679:
618:
551:
532:
353:
338:
1376:
1359:
2724:
2531:
2373:
2232:
1866:
1841:
1818:
1803:
1309:
1183:
1160:"Fecundity and Egg-Laying Patterns of Captive Yearling Brown-Headed Cowbirds"
933:
The title page bears the year 1831, but the volume did not appear until 1832.
775:
659:
599:
427:
399:
379:
159:
154:
62:
1468:
1070:"Brown-headed Cowbird Overview, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology"
2510:
2073:
2048:
2009:
1933:
1793:
1762:
1648:
1598:
1542:
1524:
1487:
1426:
1408:
1336:
698:
683:
423:
1275:
852:(in French). Vol. 5. Paris: De L'Imprimerie Royale. pp. 303–304.
2601:
2544:
2479:
2241:
2104:
2099:
644:
595:
503:
349:
37:
1207:"Unsuitability of the House Finch as a Host of the Brown-Headed Cowbird"
2707:
2661:
2435:
2180:
2164:
2053:
2028:
1982:
1899:
1891:
1856:
1589:
1233:
1191:
445:
82:
47:
1640:
1513:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
674:, abandon their nest, losing their own eggs as well. Others, like the
515:
478:, 1783) – southeast Canada, east and central USA, and northeast Mexico
2484:
2355:
2132:
2126:
2121:
2066:
2059:
2038:
2033:
1998:
1780:
1360:"Fitness costs and benefits of cowbird egg ejection by Gray Catbirds"
862:
687:
591:
414:
345:
226:
186:
87:
31:
2203:
1439:
1225:
1175:
382:. The bird was also illustrated in a hand-colored plate engraved by
360:
in winter, returning to their summer habitat around March or April.
296:
2687:
2360:
2334:
2226:
2022:
2004:
1798:
678:, bury the foreign egg under nest material, where it perishes. The
543:
to catch insects stirred up by the larger animals. They mainly eat
528:
206:
111:
77:
72:
57:
52:
42:
1714:
1506:"Social Networks and the Development of Social Skills in Cowbirds"
1159:
2614:
2347:
2267:
2043:
2015:
1788:
1205:
Kozlovic, Daniel R.; Knapton, Richard W.; Barlow, Jon C. (1996).
603:
555:
341:
246:
236:
92:
67:
1973:
1833:
886:. Vol. 7. Paris: De L'Imprimerie Royale. Plate 606 Fig. 1.
540:
357:
196:
1391:
Pagnucco, K.; Zanette, L.; Clinchy, M.; Leonard, M. L (2008).
931:. Vol. Part 2. The Birds. London: J. Murray. p. 277.
368:
The brown-headed cowbird was described by the French polymath
2329:
1991:
1390:
706:
499:
410:
550:
Before
European settlement, brown-headed cowbirds followed
2084:
1923:
1753:
1198:
1106:
Proceedings of the
Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology
758:
544:
468:, 1789) – coastal Alaska, Canada, USA, and northwest Mexico
216:
1503:
682:
physically ejects the egg from the nest. Experiments with
717:
633:
Common yellowthroat feeding juvenile brown-headed cowbird
502:-like head and beak and smaller size. The adult male is
1695:
Brown-headed cowbird Information at Animal Diversity Web
816:"A preliminary list of the birds of Seneca County, Ohio"
437:
meaning "to sire" or "to impregnate". The specific name
1504:
White, D.J.; Gersick, A.S.; Snyder-Mackler, N. (2012).
1397:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1605:
1570:
1440:
Hoover, Jeffrey P.; . Robinson & Scott K. (2007).
1281:
1097:
764:
1204:
1246:
1142:
907:(in French). Utrecht. p. 37, Number 606 Fig. 1.
1384:
1051:by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992),
1611:
1003:
1002:
917:
790:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22724354A132175819.en
1103:
519:Brown-headed cowbird male (right) courting female
2722:
1612:Kosciuch, Karl L.; Sandercock, Brett K. (2008).
1240:
409:. The brown-headed cowbird is now placed in the
813:
809:
807:
662:, the brown-headed cowbird is not divided into
982:. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 58, 258.
390:, which was produced under the supervision of
1730:
1711:—USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
1351:
1039:. Allaboutbirds.org. Retrieved on 2013-03-09.
422:in 1832 with the brown-headed cowbird as the
1286:. Vol. 41. Elsevier. pp. 187–253.
1158:Jackson, Nadine H.; Roby, Daniel D. (1992).
979:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
804:
561:In 2012, brown-headed cowbirds in northwest
1157:
945:
510:
418:that was introduced by English naturalist
1737:
1723:
458:, 1909 – interior west Canada and west USA
295:
148:
124:
110:
1588:
1532:
1477:
1467:
1416:
1375:
1357:
1121:
1119:
788:
737:
1499:
1497:
1147:. London: Christopher Helm. p. 382.
896:
884:Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle
576:
514:
486:
388:Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle
1143:Jaramillo, Alvaro; Peter Burke (1999).
975:
572:
2723:
1433:
1116:
840:
718:Male behavior and reproductive success
621:nest with one brown-headed cowbird egg
370:Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
2208:
2207:
1718:
1494:
1322:
1316:
957:. International Ornithologists' Union
941:
939:
2766:Extant Pleistocene first appearances
2413:39422152-7885-4a12-bacf-8165dae0b5fb
1024:participating institution membership
693:
433:meaning "struggle" or "battle" with
2731:IUCN Red List least concern species
2472:brown-headed-cowbird-molothrus-ater
1744:
1145:New World Blackbirds: The Iceterids
776:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
585:
531:(particularly in fall), as well as
13:
1700:Brown-headed Cowbird photo gallery
1601:– via Company of Biologists.
996:
951:"Oropendolas, orioles, blackbirds"
936:
668:imitate those of a particular host
356:to the southern United States and
14:
2787:
1674:
1284:Advances in the Study of Behavior
1049:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses
1269:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2008.17383.x
864:Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de
842:Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de
638:
626:
611:
173:
35:
1577:Journal of Experimental Biology
1564:
1151:
1136:
1087:
1062:
1042:
1030:
955:IOC World Bird List Version 9.2
949:; Donsker, David, eds. (2019).
765:BirdLife International (2018).
710:the new nests 85% of the time.
643:Some host species, such as the
547:, insects and rarely, berries.
969:
911:
890:
856:
850:Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux
834:
482:
426:. The genus name combines the
375:Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux
1:
2776:Taxa named by Pieter Boddaert
1292:10.1016/s0065-3454(10)41006-2
751:
527:(particularly in spring) and
378:from a specimen collected in
1702:at VIREO (Drexel University)
1682:"Brown-headed cowbird media"
7:
880:"Troupiale, de la Caroline"
876:Daubenton, Louis-Jean-Marie
363:
10:
2792:
2751:Birds of the United States
976:Jobling, James A. (2010).
868:Martinet, François-Nicolas
602:. More than 140 different
2677:
2216:
2163:
2116:Dolichovespula adulterina
2083:
1981:
1972:
1950:
1931:
1922:
1890:
1832:
1779:
1761:
1752:
1358:Lorenzana, J. C. (2001).
1011:Oxford English Dictionary
846:"Le petit troupiale noir"
783:: e.T22724354A132175819.
565:, CA tested positive for
494:Brown-headed cowbird call
384:François-Nicolas Martinet
303:
294:
275:
268:
170:Scientific classification
168:
146:
137:
132:
123:
118:
109:
23:
1687:Internet Bird Collection
814:Henninger, W.F. (1906).
511:Distribution and habitat
405:in his catalogue of the
2736:Birds described in 1783
1706:Brown-headed cowbird -
1621:Ecological Applications
1469:10.1073/pnas.0609710104
1377:10.1093/beheco/12.3.325
1016:Oxford University Press
676:American yellow warbler
337:) is a small, obligate
2746:Birds of North America
1525:10.1098/rstb.2011.0223
1409:10.1098/rspb.2007.1706
1337:10.1006/anbe.1995.0120
919:Swainson, William John
738:Relationship to humans
582:
581:Juvenile in California
520:
495:
314: Year-round range
2649:Paleobiology Database
2636:Paleobiology Database
1882:Channel-billed cuckoo
1074:www.allaboutbirds.org
872:Daubenton, Edme-Louis
672:blue-grey gnatcatcher
580:
525:red-winged blackbirds
518:
493:
420:William John Swainson
320: Wintering range
2628:brown-headed-cowbird
2459:brown-headed-cowbird
2408:Fauna Europaea (new)
2165:Lycaenid butterflies
1877:Great spotted cuckoo
1809:Brown-headed cowbird
728:reproductive success
573:Behavior and ecology
392:Edme-Louis Daubenton
329:brown-headed cowbird
308: Breeding range
24:Brown-headed cowbird
1633:2008EcoAp..18..537K
1552:on 22 November 2014
1460:2007PNAS..104.4479H
1403:(1638): 1061–1065.
1261:2009Oikos.118.1035H
1014:(Online ed.).
407:Planches Enluminées
140:Conservation status
2147:Vespula infernalis
2110:Cuckoo paper wasps
2094:Ammophila sabulosa
2060:Bombus (Psithyrus)
1910:Greater honeyguide
1590:10.1242/jeb.158600
1519:(1597): 1892–900.
1364:Behavioral Ecology
583:
537:European starlings
521:
496:
2718:
2717:
2210:Taxon identifiers
2201:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2140:Vespula austriaca
1968:
1967:
1918:
1917:
1905:Lesser honeyguide
1814:Screaming cowbird
1771:Black-headed duck
1641:10.1890/07-0984.1
1583:(13): 2345–2353.
1454:(11): 4479–4483.
1022:(Subscription or
989:978-1-4081-2501-4
694:Parasite response
649:American redstart
554:herds across the
491:
325:
324:
163:
2783:
2711:
2710:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2670:
2669:
2657:
2656:
2644:
2643:
2631:
2630:
2618:
2617:
2605:
2604:
2592:
2591:
2579:
2578:
2566:
2565:
2563:NHMSYS0000530488
2553:
2552:
2540:
2539:
2527:
2526:
2514:
2513:
2501:
2500:
2488:
2487:
2475:
2474:
2462:
2461:
2452:
2451:
2439:
2438:
2426:
2425:
2416:
2415:
2403:
2402:
2390:
2389:
2377:
2376:
2364:
2363:
2351:
2350:
2338:
2337:
2325:
2324:
2312:
2311:
2302:
2301:
2289:
2288:
2276:
2275:
2273:1E1AB415D083AAD4
2263:
2262:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2205:
2204:
2188:Phengaris rebeli
2154:Vespula squamosa
1979:
1978:
1959:Pungtungia herzi
1929:
1928:
1759:
1758:
1739:
1732:
1725:
1716:
1715:
1691:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1657:
1651:. Archived from
1618:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1592:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1551:
1545:. Archived from
1536:
1510:
1501:
1492:
1491:
1481:
1471:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1420:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1325:Animal Behaviour
1320:
1314:
1313:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1255:(7): 1035–1043.
1244:
1238:
1237:
1211:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1140:
1134:
1123:
1114:
1113:
1101:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1066:
1060:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1019:
1007:
1000:
994:
993:
973:
967:
966:
964:
962:
943:
934:
932:
915:
909:
908:
898:Boddaert, Pieter
894:
888:
887:
860:
854:
853:
838:
832:
831:
820:
811:
802:
801:
799:
797:
792:
762:
630:
615:
586:Brood parasitism
563:Riverside County
492:
453:M. a. artemisiae
448:are recognised:
319:
313:
307:
299:
281:
178:
177:
157:
152:
151:
128:
114:
104:
34:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2756:Brood parasites
2741:Birds of Mexico
2721:
2720:
2719:
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2597:Observation.org
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2255:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2212:
2202:
2193:
2181:Phengaris arion
2174:Phengaris alcon
2159:
2079:
1964:
1946:
1914:
1886:
1872:Diederik cuckoo
1852:Pheasant cuckoo
1828:
1824:Bronzed cowbird
1775:
1748:
1746:Brood parasites
1743:
1680:
1677:
1672:
1671:
1661:
1659:
1658:on 6 March 2015
1655:
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1226:10.2307/1369143
1209:
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1199:
1176:10.2307/1369243
1156:
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763:
759:
754:
740:
720:
696:
641:
634:
631:
622:
616:
588:
575:
567:West Nile Virus
533:common grackles
513:
487:
485:
396:Pieter Boddaert
372:in 1775 in his
366:
339:brood parasitic
321:
317:
315:
311:
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55:
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29:
28:
25:
17:
16:Species of bird
12:
11:
5:
2789:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2699:
2683:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2667:Molothrus-ater
2658:
2645:
2632:
2619:
2606:
2593:
2580:
2567:
2554:
2541:
2528:
2515:
2502:
2489:
2476:
2463:
2453:
2440:
2427:
2417:
2404:
2395:Fauna Europaea
2391:
2378:
2365:
2352:
2339:
2326:
2313:
2303:
2290:
2277:
2264:
2253:
2248:Molothrus ater
2238:
2222:
2220:
2218:Molothrus ater
2214:
2213:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2184:
2177:
2169:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2089:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2078:
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2070:
2063:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1995:
1987:
1985:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1942:Cuckoo catfish
1938:
1936:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1896:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1862:Jacobin cuckoo
1859:
1854:
1849:
1847:Striped cuckoo
1844:
1838:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1821:
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1796:
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1765:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1742:
1741:
1734:
1727:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1708:Molothrus ater
1703:
1697:
1692:
1676:
1675:External links
1673:
1670:
1669:
1627:(2): 537–548.
1604:
1563:
1493:
1432:
1383:
1370:(3): 325–329.
1350:
1331:(4): 877–889.
1315:
1300:
1274:
1239:
1220:(2): 253–258.
1197:
1170:(3): 585–589.
1150:
1135:
1115:
1096:
1086:
1061:
1057:978-0849342585
1041:
1029:
995:
988:
968:
935:
923:Richardson, J.
910:
889:
855:
833:
803:
769:Molothrus ater
756:
755:
753:
750:
748:for cowbirds.
739:
736:
719:
716:
695:
692:
680:brown thrasher
640:
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619:Eastern phoebe
617:
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462:M. a. obscurus
459:
365:
362:
334:Molothrus ater
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1961:
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1951:Of Nestmakers
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1934:Mouthbrooders
1930:
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1867:Indian cuckoo
1865:
1863:
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1855:
1853:
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1845:
1843:
1842:Common cuckoo
1840:
1839:
1837:
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1831:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1819:Giant cowbird
1817:
1815:
1812:
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1805:
1804:Shiny cowbird
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
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1787:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1781:Passeriformes
1778:
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1769:
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1301:9780123808929
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1112:(4): 225–304.
1111:
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914:
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905:
899:
893:
885:
881:
878:(1765–1783).
877:
873:
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829:
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749:
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735:
731:
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723:
715:
711:
708:
703:
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691:
689:
685:
684:grey catbirds
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
660:common cuckoo
656:
654:
653:begging calls
650:
646:
639:Host response
629:
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460:
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442:
440:
436:
432:
429:
428:Ancient Greek
425:
421:
417:
416:
412:
408:
404:
401:
400:binomial name
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
380:the Carolinas
377:
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270:Binomial name
267:
263:
262:
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254:
253:
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232:
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227:Passeriformes
225:
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198:
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167:
161:
156:
155:Least Concern
145:
141:
136:
133:Adult female
131:
127:
122:
117:
113:
108:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
33:
22:
19:
2679:Oriolus ater
2678:
2217:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2131:
2114:
2105:Cuckoo wasps
2092:
2072:
2065:
2058:
2049:Protepeolini
2021:
2014:
2010:Ericrocidini
1997:
1990:
1957:
1834:Cuculiformes
1808:
1794:Cuckoo-finch
1763:Anseriformes
1707:
1685:
1660:. Retrieved
1653:the original
1624:
1620:
1607:
1580:
1576:
1566:
1554:. Retrieved
1547:the original
1516:
1512:
1451:
1445:
1435:
1400:
1396:
1386:
1367:
1363:
1353:
1328:
1324:
1318:
1283:
1277:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1217:
1213:
1200:
1167:
1163:
1153:
1144:
1138:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1089:
1077:. Retrieved
1073:
1064:
1048:
1044:
1032:
1009:
998:
978:
971:
959:. Retrieved
954:
927:
913:
902:
892:
883:
858:
849:
836:
827:
824:Wilson Bull.
822:
794:. Retrieved
780:
774:
768:
760:
745:Bell's vireo
741:
732:
724:
721:
712:
704:
699:Song sparrow
697:
657:
642:
596:hummingbirds
589:
560:
549:
522:
497:
471:
461:
452:
443:
438:
434:
430:
424:type species
413:
406:
403:Oriolus ater
402:
387:
373:
367:
333:
332:
328:
326:
278:
276:
261:M. ater
260:
259:
247:
18:
2584:Neotropical
2545:NatureServe
2480:iNaturalist
2242:Wikispecies
2100:Ceropalinae
1983:Cuckoo bees
1094:81:147-153.
961:3 September
947:Gill, Frank
830:(2): 47–60.
796:11 November
666:whose eggs
658:Unlike the
645:house finch
483:Description
398:coined the
350:subtropical
119:Adult male
30:0.5–0
2725:Categories
2694:Q109563375
2662:Xeno-canto
2054:Rhathymini
2029:Isepeolini
1900:Honeyguide
1892:Piciformes
1857:Asian koel
1214:The Condor
1164:The Condor
1131:0816515271
1026:required.)
752:References
592:passerines
504:iridescent
472:M. a. ater
466:Gmelin, JF
446:subspecies
344:native to
2771:Molothrus
2133:Stizoides
2127:Sapygidae
2122:Nyssonini
2067:Sphecodes
2039:Nomadinae
2034:Melectini
1999:Coelioxys
1310:0065-3454
1184:0010-5422
1005:"Cowbird"
904:enluminés
688:nestlings
529:bobolinks
415:Molothrus
346:temperate
255:Species:
248:Molothrus
237:Icteridae
193:Kingdom:
187:Eukaryota
2761:Cowbirds
2688:Wikidata
2550:2.102638
2537:22724354
2498:10198988
2348:45511159
2286:22724354
2281:BirdLife
2227:Wikidata
2023:Exaerete
2005:Dioxyini
1799:Viduidae
1649:18488614
1599:28420657
1556:12 April
1543:22641827
1488:17360549
1427:18252675
1345:53193861
1079:12 April
925:(1831).
900:(1783).
844:(1775).
556:prairies
476:Boddaert
456:Grinnell
364:Taxonomy
287:Boddaert
233:Family:
207:Chordata
203:Phylum:
197:Animalia
183:Domain:
160:IUCN 3.1
2708:4408934
2615:1484488
2436:2484391
2268:Avibase
2233:Q901568
2044:Osirini
2016:Euaspis
1974:Insects
1789:Cowbird
1662:9 March
1629:Bibcode
1534:3367704
1479:1838626
1456:Bibcode
1418:2600908
1257:Bibcode
1234:1369143
1192:1369243
604:species
600:raptors
435:thrĹŤskĹŤ
386:in the
354:migrate
342:icterid
289:, 1783)
243:Genus:
223:Order:
213:Class:
158: (
99:↓
2654:129847
2641:368091
2589:bnhcow
2524:179112
2456:GNAB:
2420:FEIS:
2382:EURING
2374:101377
2361:MOLOAT
2335:bnhcow
2309:bnhcow
2261:brheco
2074:Stelis
1647:
1597:
1541:
1531:
1486:
1476:
1425:
1415:
1343:
1308:
1298:
1232:
1190:
1182:
1129:
1055:
986:
664:gentes
541:cattle
444:Three
358:Mexico
318:
312:
306:
2602:79175
2576:84834
2511:75200
2493:IRMNG
2485:10373
2400:97585
2387:18990
2369:EUNIS
2330:eBird
2322:43YJG
2306:BOW:
2085:Wasps
1992:Aglae
1754:Birds
1656:(PDF)
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