487:
24:
39:
186:
633:
354:
of the host species. A low percentage of parasitized nests were shown to contain cuckoo eggs not corresponding to the specific host egg morph. In these mismatched nests a high percent of the cuckoo eggs were shown to correlate to the egg morph of another host species with similar nesting sites. This has been pointed to as evidence for selection by similarity. The hypothesis has been criticised for providing no mechanism for choosing nests, nor identifying cues by which they might be recognised.
54:
3815:
3656:
472:
844:
338:. It repeatedly visits nests it has parasitised, a precondition for the mafia hypothesis. In experiments, nests from which the parasite's egg has been removed are destroyed by the cuckoo, supporting the hypothesis. An alternative explanation is that the destruction encourages the magpie host to build a new nest, giving the cuckoo another opportunity for parasitism. Similarly, the brown-headed cowbird parasitises the
733:
400:
131:: many hosts have developed strong defenses against brood parasitism, such as recognizing and ejecting parasitic eggs, or abandoning parasitized nests and starting over. It is less obvious why most hosts do care for parasite nestlings, given that for example cuckoo chicks differ markedly from host chicks in size and appearance. One explanation, the
719:. Host males guard territories against intruders during the breeding season, creating a patch of reeds as a spawning site or "nest". Females (one or more per site) visit the site to lay eggs, which the male then defends. The parasite's eggs are smaller and stickier than the host's. 65.5% of host sites were parasitised in a study area.
537:(once in New World cowbirds: Icteridae, and once in African Finches: Viduidae); three origins in Old World and New World cuckoos (once in Cuculinae, Phaenicophaeinae, and in Neomorphinae-Crotophaginae); a single origin in Old World honeyguides (Indicatoridae); and in a single species of waterfowl, the black-headed duck (
56:
61:
59:
55:
250:
this longer internal incubation period was not an adaptation following brood parasitism, but predisposed birds to become brood parasites. This is likely facilitated by a heavier yolk in the egg providing more nutrients. Being larger than the hosts on hatching is a further adaptation to being a brood parasite.
60:
362:
Sometimes hosts are completely unaware that they are caring for a bird that is not their own. This most commonly occurs because the host cannot differentiate the parasitic eggs from their own. It may also occur when hosts temporarily leave the nest after laying the eggs. The parasites lay their own
353:
females have been proposed to select hosts with similar egg characteristics to her own. The hypothesis suggests that the female monitors a population of potential hosts and chooses nests from within this group. Study of museum nest collections shows a similarity between cuckoo eggs and typical eggs
216:
reported thickness ratios of 1.02 : 0.87 and 1.04 : 0.81. The function of this thick eggshell is debated. One hypothesis, the puncture resistance hypothesis, states that the thicker eggshells serve to prevent hosts from breaking the eggshell, thus killing the embryo inside. This
536:
in the
Americas. Seven independent origins of obligate interspecific brood parasitism in birds have been proposed. While there is still some controversy over when and how many origins of interspecific brood parasitism have occurred, recent phylogenetic analyses suggest two origins in Passeriformes
221:
damaged their own eggs more often when attempting to break cuckoo eggs, but incurred less damage when trying to puncture great reed warbler eggs put in the nest by researchers. Another hypothesis is the laying damage hypothesis, which postulates that the eggshells are adapted to damage the eggs of
249:
periods and rapid nestling growth. In many brood parasites, such as cuckoos and honeyguides, this short egg incubation period is due to internal incubation periods up to 24 hours longer in cuckoos than hosts. Some non-parasitic cuckoos also have longer internal incubation periods, suggesting that
289:
Once a parasitic egg has arrived in a host's nest, the next most optimal defense is to eject the parasitic egg. This requires the host to distinguish which eggs are not theirs, by identifying pattern differences or changes in the number of eggs. Eggs may be ejected by grasping, if the host has a
325:
of their hosts. The "mafia hypothesis" proposes that when a brood parasite discovers that its egg has been rejected, it destroys the host's nest and injures or kills the nestlings. The threat of such a response may encourage compliant behavior from the host. Mafia-like behavior occurs in the
58:
367:
prefer to lay eggs in the nests with one or two existing eggs of others because the first egg is the most vulnerable to predators. The presence of others' eggs reduces the probability that a predator will attack her egg when a female leaves the nest after laying the first egg.
2615:
Kawakita, Atsushi; Sota, Teiji; Ito, Masao; Ascher, John S.; Tanaka, Hiroyuki; Kato, Makoto; Roubik, David W. (2004). "Phylogeny, historical biogeography, and character evolution in bumble bees (Bombus: Apidae) based on simultaneous analysis of three nuclear gene sequences".
342:. In other experiments, 56% of egg-ejected nests were predated upon, against 6% of non-ejected nests. 85% of parasitized nests rebuilt by hosts were destroyed. Hosts that ejected parasite eggs produced 60% fewer young than those that accepted the cowbird eggs.
273:
significantly increases the reproductive fitness of the parasite, but only about half of the eggs laid parasitically in other coot nests survive. This implies that coots have somewhat effective anti-parasitism strategies. Similarly, the parasitic offspring of
674:
fish. The catfish eggs are incubated in the host's mouth, andâin the manner of cuckoosâhatch before the host's own eggs. The young catfish eat the host fry inside the host's mouth, effectively taking up virtually the whole of the host's parental investment.
320:
There is a question as to why the majority of the hosts of brood parasites care for the nestlings of their parasites. Not only do these brood parasites usually differ significantly in size and appearance, but it is also highly probable that they reduce the
281:
Given that the cost to the host of egg removal by the parasite is unrecoverable, the best strategy for hosts is to avoid parasitism in the first place. This can take several forms, including selecting nest sites which are difficult to parasitize, starting
610:
of host preference, host imprinting on young birds, returning to place of birth and subsequently choosing a host randomly ("natal philopatry"), choice based on preferred nest site (nest-site hypothesis), and choice based on preferred
840:) are among the few insects which, like cuckoos and cowbirds, are fed by adult hosts. Their queens kill and replace the existing queen of a colony of the host species, and then use the host workers to feed their brood.
297:
as the new nest will most likely also be parasitized. Some host species modify their nests to exclude the parasitic egg, either by weaving over the egg or by rebuilding a new nest over the existing one. For instance,
290:
large enough beak, or by puncturing. When the parasitic eggs are mimetic, hosts may mistake one of their own eggs for a parasite's. A host might also damage their own eggs while trying to eject a parasite's egg.
877:, to raise its brood. The adult host feeds the parasite larvae directly, unlike typical kleptoparasitic insects. Such insect social parasites are often closely related to their hosts, an observation known as
763:(Greek: klepto-, to steal), rather than as brood parasites, because the immature stages are almost never fed directly by the adult hosts. Instead, they simply take food gathered by their hosts. Examples of
1136:
57:
266:. Some host species have strong rejection defenses, forcing the parasitic species to evolve excellent mimicry. In other species, hosts do not defend against parasites, and the parasitic mimicry is poor.
209:
a number of their hosts. Size may also be important for the incubation and survival of parasitic species; it may be beneficial for parasitic eggs to be similar in size to the eggs of the host species.
135:, proposes that parasitic adults retaliate by destroying host nests where rejection has occurred; there is experimental evidence to support this. Intraspecific brood parasitism also occurs, as in many
2651:
Dapporto, L.; Cervo, R; Sledge, M. F.; Turillazzi, S. (2004). "Rank integration in dominance hierarchies of host colonies by the paper wasp social parasite
Polistes sulcifer (Hymenoptera, Vespidae)".
1210:
Antonov, Anton; Stokke, Bürd G.; Moksnes, Arne; Kleven, Oddmund; Honza, Marcel; Røskaft, Eivin (2006). "Eggshell strength of an obligate brood parasite: a test of the puncture resistance hypothesis".
1841:
Moksnes, Arne; Ăskaft, Eivin R. (1995). "Egg-morphs and host preference in the common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus): An analysis of cuckoo and host eggs from
European museum collections".
591:
line, allowing females to lay mimetic eggs in the nest of the species they specialize in. Females generally parasitize nests of the species which raised them. Male common cuckoos
2322:
Vogl, Wolfgang; Taborsky, Michael; Taborsky, Barbara; Teuschl, Yvonne; Honza, Marcel (2002). "Cuckoo females preferentially use specific habitats when searching for host nests".
1868:
Vogl, Wolfgang; Taborsky, Michael; Taborsky, Barbara; Teuschl, Yvonne; Honza, Marcel (2002). "Cuckoo females preferentially use specific habitats when searching for host nests".
606:
The mechanisms of host selection by female cuckoos are somewhat unclear, though several hypotheses have been suggested in attempt to explain the choice. These include genetic
439:
is taken a step further, as females often lay their eggs in the nests of other individuals. Intraspecific brood parasitism has been recorded in 234 bird species, including 74
1541:
Hoi, Herbert; KriĹĄtofĂk, Jan; DarolovĂĄ, Alzbeta (2010). "Conspecific brood parasitism and anti-parasite strategies in relation to breeding density in female bearded tits".
2566:
258:
Bird parasites mitigate the risk of egg loss by distributing eggs amongst a number of different hosts. As such behaviours damage the host, they often result in an
222:
the host when the former is being laid, and prevent the parasite's eggs from being damaged when the host lays its eggs. In support of this hypothesis, eggs of the
3369:
293:
Among hosts that do not eject parasitic eggs, some abandon parasitized nests and start over again. However, at high enough parasitism frequencies, this becomes
1576:
Tucker, A. M.; Bulluck, L. P. (2018). "No evidence for a negative effect of conspecific brood parasitism on annual survival of female
Prothonotary Warblers".
548:
which parasitize only a single host species or a small group of closely related host species, but four out of the five parasitic cowbirds (all except the
908:
larvae to their nests and feed them, much like the chicks of cuckoos and other brood-parasitic birds. This is also the case for the parasitic butterfly,
1728:
Soler, M.; Soler, J. J.; Martinez, J. G.; Moller, A. P. (1995). "Magpie Host
Manipulation by Great Spotted Cuckoos: Evidence for an Avian Mafia?".
143:
ducks, the first and second eggs in a nest are especially subject to predation, perhaps explaining why they are often laid in another eider nest.
2849:
173:
to raise their young for them. This enables the parasitic parents to spend more time on other activities such as foraging and producing further
139:
species. Here there is no visible difference between host and parasite eggs, which may be why the parasite eggs are so readily accepted. In
286:
early so they are already sitting on the nests when parasites visit them early in the morning, and aggressively defending their territory.
924:
that mimic those of the host male ant. The ant then brings the third instar larvae back into its own nest and raises them until pupation.
306:, a small host, small dummy parasitic eggs were always ejected, whilst with large dummy parasitic eggs, nest desertion was more frequent.
3362:
3747:
884:
Host insects are sometimes tricked into bringing offspring of another species into their own nests, as with the parasitic butterfly,
1171:
Hargitai, Rita; MoskĂĄt, Csaba; BĂĄn, MiklĂłs; et al. (2010). "Eggshell characteristics and yolk composition in the common cuckoo
363:
eggs into these nests so their nestlings share the food provided by the host. It may occur in other situations. For example, female
2880:
2357:
Teuschl, Yvonne; Taborsky, Barbara; Taborsky, Michael (1998). "How do cuckoos find their hosts? The role of habitat imprinting".
302:
may kick the parasites' eggs out, or build a new nest beside the brood nests where the parasites' chicks starve to death. In the
3355:
2453:"Success of cuckoo catfish brood parasitism reflects coevolutionary history and individual experience of their cichlid hosts"
1400:
1367:
2796:"Chemical disguise as particular caste of host ants in the ant inquiline parasite Niphanda fusca (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)"
2508:
Baba, Reiko; Nagata, Yoshikazu; Yamagishi, Satoshi (1990). "Brood parasitism and egg robbing among three freshwater fish".
212:
The eggshells of brood parasites are often thicker than those of the hosts. For example, two studies of cuckoos parasiting
2169:
2000:
Yom-Tov, Yoram (2001). "An updated list and some comments on the occurrence of intraspecific nest parasitism in birds".
619:). Of these hypotheses the nest-site selection and habitat selection have been most supported by experimental analysis.
389:
278:, compared to offspring in non-parasitic nests, tend to develop much more slowly and often do not reach full maturity.
2720:
371:
Sometimes, the parasitic offspring kills the host nest-mates during competition for resources. For example, parasitic
3553:
2794:
Hojo, Masaru K.; Wada-Katsumata, Ayako; Akino, Toshiharu; Yamaguchi, Susumu; Ozaki, Mamiko; Yamaoka, Ryohei (2009).
2747:"Chemical mimicry and host specificity in the butterfly Maculinea rebeli, a social parasite of Myrmica ant colonies"
1506:
Lyon, Bruce E. (1993). "Conspecific brood parasitism as a flexible female reproductive tactic in
American coots".
1288:
Birkhead, T. R.; Hemmings, N.; Spottiswoode, C. N.; Mikulica, O.; Moskat, C.; Ban, M.; Schulze-Hagen, K. (2010).
2188:
1051:
1034:
375:
chicks kill the host nest-mates if food intake for each of them is low, but not if the food intake is adequate.
158:
116:
3779:
3456:
263:
128:
2170:"A Single Ancient Origin of Brood Parasitism in African Finches: Implications for Host-Parasite Coevolution"
486:
3436:
2873:
979:
until 2017. This note has been included for continuity relative to pre-2017 citations used in this article.
616:
303:
3431:
3396:
1603:
Lyon, Bruce E. (2003). "Egg recognition and counting reduce costs of avian conspecific brood parasitism".
3655:
802:, are kleptoparasites. The cuckoo wasps lay their eggs in the nests of other wasps, such as those of the
416:
2590:"Bionomics and Taxonomy of Meloe (Coleoptera, Meloidae), With a Classification of the New World Species"
3446:
1451:
1355:
242:
damaged the host's eggs when dropped, and sustained little damage when host eggs were dropped on them.
2846:
2271:"Temporal patterns of host availability, brown-headed cowbird brood parasitism, and parasite egg mass"
1689:"Size and material of model parasitic eggs affect the rejection response of Western Bonelli's Warbler
556:
has 221 known hosts. They usually lay only one egg per nest, although in some cases, particularly the
3259:
3085:
1688:
663:
638:
23:
2400:
Sato, Tetsu (1986). "A brood parasitic catfish of mouthbrooding cichlid fishes in Lake
Tanganyika".
100:, either of the same or of another species, to raise its young as if it were its own, usually using
3844:
3708:
3347:
1247:"Thick eggshells of brood parasitic cowbirds protect their eggs and damage host eggs during laying"
231:
2270:
759:, all of which lay their eggs in the nest cells of other bees, but they are normally described as
2866:
2451:
BlaĹžek, Radim; PolaÄik, Matej; Smith, Carl; Honza, Marcel; Meyer, Axel; Reichard, Martin (2018).
491:
32:
1392:
1384:
3849:
3789:
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3640:
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921:
607:
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resulting in males outside the pair bond siring offspring and used by males to escape from the
259:
124:
38:
3672:
3799:
3546:
3406:
3025:
2597:
938:
476:
123:
parents from the investment of rearing young. This benefit comes at the cost of provoking an
1903:
Robertson, Gregory J. (1998). "Egg adoption can explain joint egg-laying in common eiders".
1773:"Retaliatory mafia behavior by a parasitic cowbird favors host acceptance of parasitic eggs"
3774:
3759:
3753:
3713:
3496:
3471:
3411:
3020:
2952:
2464:
2409:
2044:
1946:
Gloag, Ros; Tuero, Diego T.; Fiorini, Vanina D.; Reboreda, Juan C.; Kacelnik, Alex (2012).
1784:
1612:
1467:
1359:
1002:"Parental-care parasitism: How do unrelated offspring attain acceptance by foster parents?"
916:
896:. The butterfly larvae release chemicals that confuse the host ant into believing that the
816:
larvae are known to enter bee nests and feed on the provisions reserved for the bee larva.
769:
699:
553:
545:
339:
331:
327:
322:
239:
235:
46:
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185:
8:
3839:
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3588:
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424:
66:
2468:
2413:
2048:
1788:
1616:
1471:
1416:
Rothstein, Stephen I. (1990). "A Model System for
Coevolution: Avian Brood Parasitism".
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2013:
1979:
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1433:
1345:
1322:
1309:
1289:
1227:
1192:
1150:
1100:
1075:
1056:
871:.. This paper wasp has lost the ability to build its own nest, and relies on its host,
213:
105:
2521:
3794:
3737:
3664:
3625:
3603:
3283:
3253:
3048:
2957:
2914:
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2704:
2687:
2668:
2633:
2490:
2425:
2374:
2293:
2251:
2214:
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2145:
2128:
2029:"Extra-Pair Mating, Male Plumage Coloration and Sexual Selection in yellow warblers (
1820:
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1485:
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1349:
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858:
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632:
584:
549:
529:
420:
2529:
2386:
2343:
2154:
2113:
1948:"The economics of nestmate killing in avian brood parasites: A provisions trade-off"
1889:
1527:
1231:
1196:
1060:
3818:
3687:
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3615:
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3539:
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3331:
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2480:
2472:
2437:
2417:
2366:
2331:
2305:
2285:
2241:
2192:
2184:
2140:
2129:"Molecular phylogeny of cuckoos supports a polyphyletic origin of brood parasitism"
2093:
2060:
2052:
2009:
1983:
1969:
1959:
1932:
1912:
1877:
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1810:
1792:
1737:
1707:
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775:
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689:
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404:
315:
275:
246:
132:
533:
3317:
3015:
2995:
2967:
2853:
878:
825:
658:
452:
335:
3570:
2629:
2601:
3635:
3005:
2990:
2889:
943:
910:
760:
694:
283:
170:
97:
42:
2080:
Andersson, Malte; Eriksson, Mats O. G. (1982). "Nest
Parasitism in Goldeneyes
1672:
1655:
1480:
1455:
1223:
334:
of Europe. The great spotted cuckoo lays most of its eggs in the nests of the
152:
3833:
3461:
3010:
2985:
2962:
2947:
2589:
1554:
1245:
LĂłpez, AnalĂa V.; Fiorini, Vanina D.; Ellison, Kevin; Peer, Brian D. (2018).
834:
True brood parasitism is rare among insects. Cuckoo bumblebees (the subgenus
668:
643:
592:
564:
480:
444:
350:
299:
294:
223:
218:
28:
2026:
1964:
1947:
1797:
1263:
1246:
1018:
1001:
201:
Among specialist avian brood parasites, mimetic eggs are a nearly universal
3784:
3769:
3401:
3217:
3192:
3153:
3077:
2937:
2906:
2829:
2811:
2762:
2672:
2637:
2544:
2494:
2476:
2370:
2335:
2297:
2255:
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2229:
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2056:
1881:
1824:
1757:
1632:
1519:
1489:
1331:
1305:
1109:
1091:
829:
794:
Kleptoparasitism in insects is not restricted to bees; several lineages of
572:
440:
408:
190:
2429:
2378:
2289:
1916:
3732:
3718:
3593:
3583:
3416:
3248:
3243:
2197:
854:
803:
799:
716:
448:
205:. The generalist brown-headed cowbird may have evolved an egg coloration
1806:
1624:
1562:
1313:
407:
often lays its eggs in the nests of other females, one of 74 species of
3723:
3517:
3476:
3441:
3324:
3308:
3197:
3172:
3126:
3043:
3035:
3000:
2105:
1974:
1924:
1749:
1437:
1273:
1145:
1124:
933:
807:
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227:
202:
120:
77:
1711:
1589:
1080:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1076:"Cuckoos, cowbirds and hosts: Adaptations, trade-offs and constraints"
471:
104:, with eggs that resemble the host's. The strategy involves a form of
3504:
3489:
3483:
3276:
3270:
3265:
3210:
3203:
3182:
3177:
3142:
2924:
2770:
2421:
1656:"Fitness costs and benefits of cowbird egg ejection by gray catbirds"
836:
596:
522:
174:
84:
that rely on others to raise their young. The strategy appears among
3377:
1741:
1687:
Roncalli, Gianluca; IbĂĄĂąez-Ălamo, Juan Diego; Soler, Manuel (2017).
1287:
843:
3166:
3148:
2942:
2097:
684:
654:
588:
506:
162:
2858:
3727:
3562:
3421:
3385:
3378:
3187:
3159:
2932:
1290:"Internal incubation and early hatching in brood parasitic birds"
712:
671:
646:
612:
576:
568:
557:
518:
436:
372:
2793:
2688:"Coevolution of daily activity timing in a host-parasite system"
552:) are generalists which parasitize a wide variety of hosts; the
3117:
2977:
2581:
781:
742:
708:
704:
525:
514:
194:
89:
81:
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as a whole parasitizes a wide variety of hosts, including the
3135:
2745:
Akino, T.; Knapp, J. J.; Thomas, J. A.; Elmes, G. W. (1999).
2650:
732:
364:
206:
140:
2847:
Field Museum: host lists for all known brood-parasitic birds
1723:
1721:
1389:
Host-parasite evolution: General principles and avian models
399:
3228:
3067:
2897:
2321:
2189:
10.1554/0014-3820(2001)055[2550:asaoob]2.0.co;2
1867:
1125:"How strong are eggs of the common cuckoo Cuculus canorus?"
1052:
10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[0892:ERBCHI]2.0.CO;2
795:
580:
428:
270:
166:
136:
93:
85:
3531:
2230:"Molecular Genetic Perspectives on Avian Brood Parasitism"
1209:
1945:
1718:
1686:
579:, but individual females specialize in a single species.
165:
parents from the investment of rearing young or building
1727:
2450:
2356:
2027:
Yezerinac, Stephen M.; Weatherhead, Patrick J. (1997).
1294:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1244:
810:. Some species of beetle are kleptoparasites, as well.
18:
Animal reliance on other individuals to raise its young
2787:
2126:
2744:
2614:
1033:
Peer, Brian; Robinson, Scott; Herkert, James (2000).
966:
964:
703:, which live in the south of the Japanese islands of
1540:
1170:
1166:
1164:
1123:
Picman, Jaroslav; Honza, Marcel (21 December 2020).
2507:
1032:
961:
2740:
2738:
2079:
1161:
595:females of all lines, which maintains sufficient
3831:
1654:Lorenzana, Janice C.; Sealy, Spencer G. (2001).
1203:
463:, and small numbers of species in other orders.
2228:Sorenson, Michael D.; Payne, Robert B. (2002).
2168:Sorenson, Michael D.; Payne, Robert B. (2001).
1995:
1993:
1777:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1771:Hoover, Jeffrey P.; Robinson, Scott K. (2007).
1238:
865:One of only four true brood-parasitic wasps is
587:appear to be passed down exclusively along the
245:Most avian brood parasites have very short egg
2735:
1770:
1653:
1035:"Egg Rejection by Cowbird Hosts in Grasslands"
599:among the different maternal lines to prevent
560:, several females may use the same host nest.
3547:
3363:
2874:
2685:
2227:
2167:
1840:
1647:
1575:
1387:. In Clayton, Dale H.; Moore, Janice (eds.).
180:
2268:
1990:
1344:
1122:
999:
80:and phenomenon and behavioural pattern of
3554:
3540:
3370:
3356:
2881:
2867:
2542:
1836:
1834:
1175:: are they adapted to brood parasitism?".
900:larvae are actually ant larvae. Thus, the
627:
567:presents an interesting case in which the
501:Interspecific brood-parasites include the
3748:Coloration evidence for natural selection
2819:
2778:
2703:
2692:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
2484:
2245:
2196:
2144:
2064:
1973:
1963:
1902:
1814:
1796:
1671:
1479:
1415:
1321:
1272:
1262:
1144:
1099:
1067:
1050:
1017:
253:
193:eggs, each containing one visibly larger
2718:
2679:
2644:
1418:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
1281:
842:
731:
631:
485:
470:
398:
357:
345:
184:
146:
52:
37:
22:
2350:
2317:
2315:
1999:
1831:
1501:
1499:
1450:
819:
798:including most of the Chrysididae, the
3832:
1764:
1073:
3535:
3351:
2862:
2686:Ortolani, Irene; Cervo, Rita (2009).
2618:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2127:Aragon; Moller; Soler; Soler (1999).
1382:
1000:RoldĂĄn, MarĂa; Soler, Manuel (2011).
269:Intraspecific brood parasitism among
2399:
2312:
1602:
1505:
1496:
1391:. Oxford University Press. pp.
238:parasitizing the house wren and the
2888:
2547:. University of California Berkeley
2234:Integrative and Comparative Biology
1905:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1212:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
309:
96:. The brood parasite manipulates a
13:
3688:Pouyannian (with pseudocopulation)
2800:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
2751:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
2269:Strausberger, Bill (August 1988).
2037:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
2014:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2001.tb04177.x
1855:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1995.tb02736.x
755:There are many different types of
727:
390:List of brood parasitic passerines
378:
264:parasite and host as they coevolve
129:parasite and host as they coevolve
14:
3861:
2840:
2587:
2543:Pawelek, Jaime; Coville, Rollin.
678:
667:, is a brood parasite of several
217:is supported by a study in which
3814:
3813:
3654:
3589:Aristotelian/Distraction display
2705:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.01139.x
2146:10.1046/j.1420-9101.1999.00052.x
1430:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.21.1.481
1189:10.1111/j.1600-048X.2009.04818.x
466:
394:
2712:
2608:
2559:
2536:
2501:
2444:
2393:
2262:
2221:
2161:
2133:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
2120:
2073:
2020:
1939:
1896:
1861:
1680:
1596:
1569:
1534:
1444:
1409:
1376:
642:is a brood parasite of several
544:Most avian brood parasites are
427:in raising their offspring. In
2665:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2003.11.012
2084:: Some Evolutionary Aspects".
1338:
1116:
1026:
993:
1:
3780:Frequency-dependent selection
2522:10.1016/s0003-3472(05)80707-9
1129:Journal of Vertebrate Biology
986:
169:for the young by getting the
2723:. Nature Education Knowledge
2653:Journal of Insect Physiology
617:habitat-selection hypothesis
31:chick (left) being fed by a
7:
3561:
2721:"Social Parasitism in Ants"
2630:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.12.003
2569:. Western Australian Museum
927:
693:is a brood parasite of the
153:Mimicry § Reproductive
10:
3866:
3447:Behavior-altering parasite
2719:Deslippe, Richard (2010).
1356:Princeton University Press
823:
748:
722:
387:
330:of North America, and the
313:
181:Adaptations for parasitism
150:
3808:
3701:
3663:
3652:
3569:
3457:Hostâparasite coevolution
3392:
3307:
3260:Dolichovespula adulterina
3227:
3125:
3116:
3094:
3075:
3066:
3034:
2976:
2923:
2905:
2896:
1481:10.1016/j.cub.2013.08.025
1383:Payne, Robert B. (1997).
1224:10.1007/s00265-005-0132-6
920:. The butterfly releases
664:Synodontis multipunctatus
639:Synodontis multipunctatus
304:western Bonelli's warbler
65:Shiny cowbird parasiting
3709:Anti-predator adaptation
1555:10.1163/000579510X511060
1385:"Avian brood parasitism"
1177:Journal of Avian Biology
954:
419:bird species, there are
383:
232:chalk-browed mockingbird
3382:biological interactions
2086:The American Naturalist
1798:10.1073/pnas.0609710104
1673:10.1093/beheco/12.3.325
1456:"Bird brood parasitism"
1074:KrĂźger, Oliver (2007).
628:Mouthbrooding parasites
622:
539:Heteronetta atricapilla
492:black-collared starling
157:Brood parasitism is an
33:rufous-collared sparrow
2812:10.1098/rspb.2008.1064
2763:10.1098/rspb.1999.0796
2477:10.1126/sciadv.aar4380
2371:10.1006/anbe.1998.0931
2336:10.1006/anbe.2003.1967
2057:10.1098/rspb.1997.0075
1882:10.1006/anbe.2003.1967
1520:10.1006/anbe.1993.1273
1306:10.1098/rspb.2010.1504
1092:10.1098/rstb.2006.1849
922:cuticular hydrocarbons
862:
746:
650:
498:
483:
412:
260:evolutionary arms race
254:Evolutionary arms race
198:
125:evolutionary arms race
70:
50:
35:
3800:Underwater camouflage
3579:Aggressive/Wicklerian
3026:Channel-billed cuckoo
2290:10.1007/s004420050588
1965:10.1093/beheco/arr166
1917:10.1007/s002650050493
1264:10.1093/beheco/ary045
1019:10.1093/beheco/arr041
973:was mistakenly named
939:Host-parasite mimicry
846:
824:Further information:
735:
635:
489:
477:Eurasian reed warbler
474:
402:
388:Further information:
358:Hosts raise offspring
346:Similarity hypothesis
188:
159:evolutionary strategy
151:Further information:
147:Evolutionary strategy
117:evolutionary strategy
64:
41:
26:
3775:Evolutionary ecology
3760:Deception in animals
3754:Dazzled and Deceived
3714:Animal communication
3472:Parasitic castration
3412:Deception in animals
3309:Lycaenid butterflies
3021:Great spotted cuckoo
2953:Brown-headed cowbird
2247:10.1093/icb/42.2.388
1691:Phylloscopus bonelli
917:Camponotus japonicus
904:ants bring back the
820:True brood parasites
770:Coelioxys rufitarsis
700:Siniperca kawamebari
554:brown-headed cowbird
431:species such as the
340:prothonotary warbler
332:great spotted cuckoo
328:brown-headed cowbird
323:reproductive success
240:red-winged blackbird
236:brown-headed cowbird
49:egg (at bottom left)
47:brown-headed cowbird
3621:Emsleyan/Mertensian
2757:(1427): 1419â1426.
2469:2018SciA....4.4380B
2414:1986Natur.323...58S
2049:1997RSPSB.264..527Y
1789:2007PNAS..104.4479H
1625:10.1038/nature01505
1617:2003Natur.422..495L
1472:2013CBio...23.R909S
1346:Attenborough, David
1300:(1708): 1019â1024.
1086:(1486): 1873â1886.
914:, and its host ant
890:, and the host ant
425:parental investment
417:socially monogamous
214:great reed warblers
67:masked water tyrant
3765:Deimatic behaviour
3511:Cleaning symbiosis
3291:Vespula infernalis
3254:Cuckoo paper wasps
3238:Ammophila sabulosa
3204:Bombus (Psithyrus)
3054:Greater honeyguide
2852:2015-12-24 at the
2082:Bucephala clangula
2031:Dendroica petechia
1952:Behavioral Ecology
1843:Journal of Zoology
1660:Behavioral Ecology
1251:Behavioral Ecology
1146:10.25225/jvb.20109
1006:Behavioral Ecology
863:
747:
651:
530:black-headed ducks
499:
484:
421:extra-pair matings
413:
199:
161:that relieves the
106:aggressive mimicry
71:
51:
36:
3827:
3826:
3795:Signalling theory
3770:Mimicry#Evolution
3743:Community ecology
3738:Animal coloration
3584:Ant/Myrmecomorphy
3529:
3528:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3284:Vespula austriaca
3112:
3111:
3062:
3061:
3049:Lesser honeyguide
2958:Screaming cowbird
2915:Black-headed duck
2806:(1656): 551â558.
2183:(12): 2550â2567.
2043:(1381): 527â532.
1783:(11): 4479â4483.
1712:10.1111/ibi.12431
1611:(6931): 495â499.
1590:10.1111/ibi.12538
1549:(12): 1533â1549.
1466:(20): R909âR913.
1402:978-0-19-854892-8
1369:978-0-691-01633-7
1351:The Life of Birds
976:Polistes sulcifer
971:Polistes semenowi
868:Polistes semenowi
850:Polistes dominula
697:freshwater perch
550:screaming cowbird
534:New World cuckoos
276:bearded reedlings
226:parasitizing the
189:Four clutches of
76:is a subclass of
62:
3857:
3819:Category mimicry
3817:
3816:
3658:
3556:
3549:
3542:
3533:
3532:
3520:
3513:
3499:
3492:
3467:Kleptoparasitism
3452:Brood parasitism
3372:
3365:
3358:
3349:
3348:
3332:Phengaris rebeli
3298:Vespula squamosa
3123:
3122:
3103:Pungtungia herzi
3073:
3072:
2903:
2902:
2883:
2876:
2869:
2860:
2859:
2834:
2833:
2823:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2742:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2659:(2â3): 217â223.
2648:
2642:
2641:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2510:Animal Behaviour
2505:
2499:
2498:
2488:
2457:Science Advances
2448:
2442:
2441:
2422:10.1038/323058a0
2397:
2391:
2390:
2365:(6): 1425â1433.
2359:Animal Behaviour
2354:
2348:
2347:
2324:Animal Behaviour
2319:
2310:
2309:
2284:(1â2): 267â274.
2275:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2249:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2200:
2174:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2148:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2024:
2018:
2017:
1997:
1988:
1987:
1977:
1967:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1911:(4â5): 289â296.
1900:
1894:
1893:
1870:Animal Behaviour
1865:
1859:
1858:
1838:
1829:
1828:
1818:
1800:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1725:
1716:
1715:
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1651:
1645:
1644:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1508:Animal Behaviour
1503:
1494:
1493:
1483:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1380:
1374:
1373:
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1207:
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1168:
1159:
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1148:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1103:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1054:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1021:
997:
980:
968:
949:Slave-making ant
902:M. schencki
893:Myrmica schencki
887:Phengaris rebeli
859:P. semenowi
813:Meloe americanus
776:Melecta separata
751:Kleptoparasitism
690:Pungtungia herzi
461:Podicipediformes
316:Mafia hypothesis
310:Mafia hypothesis
133:mafia hypothesis
74:Brood parasitism
63:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3854:
3845:Brood parasites
3830:
3829:
3828:
3823:
3804:
3697:
3659:
3650:
3565:
3560:
3530:
3525:
3516:
3509:
3495:
3488:
3388:
3376:
3346:
3337:
3325:Phengaris arion
3318:Phengaris alcon
3303:
3223:
3108:
3090:
3058:
3030:
3016:Diederik cuckoo
2996:Pheasant cuckoo
2972:
2968:Bronzed cowbird
2919:
2892:
2890:Brood parasites
2887:
2854:Wayback Machine
2843:
2838:
2837:
2792:
2788:
2743:
2736:
2726:
2724:
2717:
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2684:
2680:
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2570:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2550:
2548:
2541:
2537:
2506:
2502:
2463:(5): eaar4380.
2449:
2445:
2408:(6083): 58â59.
2398:
2394:
2355:
2351:
2320:
2313:
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2267:
2263:
2226:
2222:
2172:
2166:
2162:
2125:
2121:
2078:
2074:
2025:
2021:
1998:
1991:
1944:
1940:
1901:
1897:
1866:
1862:
1839:
1832:
1769:
1765:
1742:10.2307/2410329
1726:
1719:
1695:
1685:
1681:
1652:
1648:
1601:
1597:
1574:
1570:
1539:
1535:
1504:
1497:
1460:Current Biology
1452:Stevens, Martin
1449:
1445:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1343:
1339:
1286:
1282:
1243:
1239:
1208:
1204:
1173:Cuculus canorus
1169:
1162:
1121:
1117:
1072:
1068:
1031:
1027:
998:
994:
989:
984:
983:
969:
962:
957:
930:
832:
826:Nest usurpation
822:
761:kleptoparasites
753:
740:from the genus
730:
728:Kleptoparasites
725:
681:
659:Lake Tanganyika
630:
625:
583:regulating egg
469:
453:Charadriiformes
435:, this form of
397:
392:
386:
381:
379:Taxonomic range
360:
348:
336:European magpie
318:
312:
256:
183:
155:
149:
110:Kirbyan mimicry
53:
19:
12:
11:
5:
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3757:
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3716:
3711:
3705:
3703:
3702:Related topics
3699:
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3680:
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3660:
3653:
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3649:
3648:
3643:
3641:In vertebrates
3638:
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3086:Cuckoo catfish
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3040:
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3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3006:Jacobin cuckoo
3003:
2998:
2993:
2991:Striped cuckoo
2988:
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2857:
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2842:
2841:External links
2839:
2836:
2835:
2786:
2734:
2711:
2698:(2): 399â405.
2678:
2643:
2624:(2): 799â804.
2607:
2580:
2567:"Cuckoo Wasps"
2558:
2535:
2516:(4): 776â778.
2500:
2443:
2392:
2349:
2330:(6): 843â850.
2311:
2261:
2240:(2): 388â400.
2220:
2160:
2139:(3): 495â506.
2119:
2098:10.1086/283965
2072:
2019:
2008:(1): 133â143.
1989:
1958:(1): 132â140.
1938:
1895:
1876:(6): 843â850.
1860:
1849:(4): 625â648.
1830:
1763:
1736:(4): 770â775.
1717:
1706:(1): 113â123.
1679:
1666:(3): 325â329.
1646:
1595:
1584:(2): 447â452.
1568:
1533:
1514:(5): 911â928.
1495:
1454:(2013-10-21).
1443:
1408:
1401:
1375:
1368:
1337:
1280:
1257:(4): 965â973.
1237:
1202:
1183:(2): 177â185.
1160:
1115:
1066:
1045:(4): 892â901.
1025:
1012:(4): 679â691.
991:
990:
988:
985:
982:
981:
959:
958:
956:
953:
952:
951:
946:
944:Kleptoparasite
941:
936:
929:
926:
911:Niphanda fusca
906:P. rebeli
898:P. rebeli
853:, host to the
821:
818:
749:Main article:
729:
726:
724:
721:
680:
679:Nest parasites
677:
629:
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624:
621:
468:
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396:
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380:
377:
359:
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347:
344:
314:Main article:
311:
308:
300:American coots
255:
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219:marsh warblers
182:
179:
148:
145:
45:nest with one
43:Eastern phoebe
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3862:
3851:
3850:Bird breeding
3848:
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3761:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3657:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3557:
3552:
3550:
3545:
3543:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3519:
3515:
3512:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3462:Hyperparasite
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3379:Inter-species
3373:
3368:
3366:
3361:
3359:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3095:Of Nestmakers
3093:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3078:Mouthbrooders
3074:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3011:Indian cuckoo
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2986:Common cuckoo
2984:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2963:Giant cowbird
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2948:Shiny cowbird
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2925:Passeriformes
2922:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2884:
2879:
2877:
2872:
2870:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2831:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2790:
2781:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2741:
2739:
2722:
2715:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2682:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2647:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2611:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2588:Pinto, John.
2584:
2568:
2562:
2546:
2545:"Cuckoo Bees"
2539:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2504:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2447:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2396:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2353:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2316:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2265:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2198:2027.42/72018
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2032:
2023:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1994:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1899:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1835:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1722:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1692:
1683:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1650:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1572:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1502:
1500:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1412:
1404:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1379:
1371:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1341:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1284:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1206:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1165:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1070:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1029:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
996:
992:
978:
977:
972:
967:
965:
960:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
931:
925:
923:
919:
918:
913:
912:
907:
903:
899:
895:
894:
889:
888:
882:
880:
876:
875:
870:
869:
861:
860:
856:
852:
851:
845:
841:
839:
838:
831:
827:
817:
815:
814:
809:
805:
801:
797:
792:
790:
789:
784:
783:
778:
777:
772:
771:
766:
762:
758:
752:
745:
744:
739:
734:
720:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
701:
696:
692:
691:
686:
676:
673:
670:
669:mouthbrooding
666:
665:
660:
656:
648:
645:
644:mouthbrooding
641:
640:
634:
620:
618:
614:
609:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
565:common cuckoo
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
542:
540:
535:
531:
527:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
497:
493:
488:
482:
481:common cuckoo
478:
473:
467:Interspecific
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
445:Passeriformes
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
410:
406:
401:
395:Intraspecific
391:
376:
374:
369:
366:
355:
352:
351:Common cuckoo
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
324:
317:
307:
305:
301:
296:
291:
287:
285:
279:
277:
272:
267:
265:
261:
251:
248:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
224:shiny cowbird
220:
215:
210:
208:
204:
196:
192:
187:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
154:
144:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
119:relieves the
118:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
68:
48:
44:
40:
34:
30:
29:shiny cowbird
25:
21:
16:
3790:Polymorphism
3785:Phagomimicry
3752:
3733:Co-evolution
3610:
3451:
3402:Commensalism
3330:
3323:
3316:
3296:
3289:
3282:
3275:
3258:
3249:Cuckoo wasps
3236:
3216:
3209:
3202:
3193:Protepeolini
3165:
3158:
3154:Ericrocidini
3141:
3134:
3101:
2978:Cuculiformes
2938:Cuckoo-finch
2907:Anseriformes
2803:
2799:
2789:
2754:
2750:
2725:. Retrieved
2714:
2695:
2691:
2681:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2593:
2583:
2571:. Retrieved
2561:
2549:. Retrieved
2538:
2513:
2509:
2503:
2460:
2456:
2446:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2327:
2323:
2281:
2277:
2264:
2237:
2233:
2223:
2180:
2176:
2163:
2136:
2132:
2122:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2075:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2022:
2005:
2001:
1955:
1951:
1941:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1846:
1842:
1780:
1776:
1766:
1733:
1729:
1703:
1699:
1690:
1682:
1663:
1659:
1649:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1511:
1507:
1463:
1459:
1446:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1388:
1378:
1350:
1340:
1297:
1293:
1283:
1254:
1250:
1240:
1218:(1): 11â18.
1215:
1211:
1205:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1137:p. 3 Table 1
1132:
1128:
1118:
1083:
1079:
1069:
1042:
1038:
1028:
1009:
1005:
995:
974:
970:
915:
909:
905:
901:
897:
891:
885:
883:
879:Emery's rule
872:
866:
864:
857:
848:
835:
833:
830:Myrmecophily
811:
800:cuckoo wasps
793:
786:
780:
774:
768:
754:
741:
698:
695:percichthyid
688:
682:
662:
652:
637:
636:The catfish
605:
573:reed warbler
562:
543:
538:
500:
441:Anseriformes
414:
409:Anseriformes
370:
361:
349:
319:
292:
288:
280:
268:
257:
244:
211:
200:
191:reed warbler
156:
114:
109:
101:
73:
72:
20:
15:
3719:Aposematism
3594:Automimicry
3437:Synnecrosis
3417:Inquilinism
3407:Competition
3244:Ceropalinae
3127:Cuckoo bees
2573:24 February
2551:24 February
2092:(1): 1â16.
1975:11336/68228
1424:: 481â508.
1274:11336/96586
874:P. dominula
855:cuckoo wasp
808:mud daubers
765:cuckoo bees
757:cuckoo bees
717:South Korea
657:catfish of
608:inheritance
546:specialists
532:, and some
511:honeyguides
503:indigobirds
494:feeding an
449:Galliformes
295:maladaptive
102:egg mimicry
3840:Parasitism
3834:Categories
3724:Camouflage
3693:Vavilovian
3683:Gilbertian
3646:Wasmannian
3571:In animals
3518:Mycorrhiza
3497:Intraguild
3477:Parasitoid
3442:Parasitism
3432:Neutralism
3397:Amensalism
3198:Rhathymini
3173:Isepeolini
3044:Honeyguide
3036:Piciformes
3001:Asian koel
1358:. p.
987:References
934:Broodiness
788:Epeoloides
738:cuckoo bee
601:speciation
585:coloration
496:Asian koel
479:raising a
457:Gruiformes
284:incubation
247:incubation
228:house wren
203:adaptation
78:parasitism
3678:Dodsonian
3665:In plants
3631:MĂźllerian
3604:Locomotor
3505:Symbiosis
3490:Carnivore
3484:Predation
3427:Mutualism
3277:Stizoides
3271:Sapygidae
3266:Nyssonini
3211:Sphecodes
3183:Nomadinae
3178:Melectini
3143:Coelioxys
2602:302291519
2278:Oecologia
2215:198154320
2177:Evolution
1730:Evolution
1543:Behaviour
1155:232264070
837:Psithyrus
715:, and in
597:gene flow
593:fertilize
523:Old World
437:cuckoldry
433:goldeneye
411:to do so.
405:goldeneye
207:mimicking
175:offspring
163:parasitic
121:parasitic
69:in Brazil
3673:Bakerian
3616:Chemical
3599:Batesian
3167:Exaerete
3149:Dioxyini
2943:Viduidae
2850:Archived
2830:18842547
2673:15019524
2638:15062814
2598:ProQuest
2594:ProQuest
2530:54373427
2495:29732407
2387:25931055
2344:17818119
2298:28308536
2256:21708732
2207:11831669
2155:16923328
2114:86699716
1890:17818119
1825:17360549
1807:25426858
1758:28565143
1633:12673243
1563:20799565
1528:53188986
1490:24156805
1348:(1998).
1332:20880882
1314:41148724
1232:20285834
1197:55241987
1110:17827098
1061:86528269
928:See also
847:Nest of
687:minnow,
685:cyprinid
655:mochokid
589:maternal
558:cowbirds
519:cowbirds
415:In many
262:between
234:and the
230:and the
127:between
3728:Crypsis
3626:Eyespot
3563:Mimicry
3422:Mimicry
3386:ecology
3188:Osirini
3160:Euaspis
3118:Insects
2933:Cowbird
2821:2664337
2780:1690087
2727:23 June
2486:5931752
2465:Bibcode
2438:4330270
2430:3748180
2410:Bibcode
2379:9933539
2306:8732061
2106:2461081
2066:1688387
2045:Bibcode
1984:3945653
1933:6187623
1925:4601519
1816:1838626
1785:Bibcode
1750:2410329
1641:4214442
1613:Bibcode
1468:Bibcode
1438:2097034
1393:338â369
1323:3049026
1101:2442387
1039:The Auk
804:potters
723:Insects
713:Shikoku
672:cichlid
647:cichlid
613:habitat
577:dunnock
569:species
526:cuckoos
507:whydahs
373:cowbird
108:called
90:insects
82:animals
3812:
3636:Sexual
3218:Stelis
2828:
2818:
2777:
2769:
2671:
2636:
2600:
2528:
2493:
2483:
2436:
2428:
2402:Nature
2385:
2377:
2342:
2304:
2296:
2254:
2213:
2205:
2153:
2112:
2104:
2063:
1982:
1931:
1923:
1888:
1823:
1813:
1805:
1756:
1748:
1639:
1631:
1605:Nature
1561:
1526:
1488:
1436:
1399:
1366:
1330:
1320:
1312:
1230:
1195:
1153:
1108:
1098:
1059:
782:Nomada
743:Nomada
709:Kyushu
705:Honshu
515:Africa
509:, and
365:eiders
195:cuckoo
3611:Brood
3229:Wasps
3136:Aglae
2898:Birds
2771:51672
2767:JSTOR
2526:S2CID
2434:S2CID
2383:S2CID
2340:S2CID
2302:S2CID
2274:(PDF)
2211:S2CID
2173:(PDF)
2151:S2CID
2110:S2CID
2102:JSTOR
1980:S2CID
1929:S2CID
1921:JSTOR
1886:S2CID
1803:JSTOR
1746:JSTOR
1696:(PDF)
1637:S2CID
1559:JSTOR
1524:S2CID
1434:JSTOR
1310:JSTOR
1228:S2CID
1193:S2CID
1151:S2CID
1135:(1):
1057:S2CID
955:Notes
649:fish.
581:Genes
451:, 19
447:, 32
443:, 66
384:Birds
271:coots
167:nests
141:eider
86:birds
3068:Fish
2826:PMID
2729:2022
2669:PMID
2634:PMID
2575:2015
2553:2015
2491:PMID
2426:PMID
2375:PMID
2294:PMID
2252:PMID
2203:PMID
2002:Ibis
1821:PMID
1754:PMID
1700:Ibis
1629:PMID
1578:Ibis
1486:PMID
1397:ISBN
1364:ISBN
1328:PMID
1106:PMID
828:and
806:and
796:wasp
785:and
767:are
711:and
623:Fish
575:and
563:The
459:, 6
455:, 8
429:duck
403:The
171:host
137:duck
115:The
98:host
94:fish
92:and
3384:in
3076:Of
2816:PMC
2808:doi
2804:276
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