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They found that the proportion of mafia vs non mafia brood parasites and unconditionally vs conditionally accepting hosts cycled over time: if all hosts unconditionally accepted parasite eggs, then it would not be worth the effort of revisiting the nest- being 'mafia'. If sufficiently few parasites
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were mafia, then only accepting parasite eggs after nest destruction once would be best for the hosts. As such, the mafia proportion of parasites would increase, thereby leading to unconditional acceptance by hosts, and so on.
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Nest destruction also occurs as a result of 'farming'- attempts to synchronize the hosts' schedule with the parasites'. It bears similarities to the mafia strategy in that both engage in depredation of nests.
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The farmer strategy complicates the mafia/non, un/conditional acceptance model, as in the case of farmers, rejection enters as a viable third host strategy.
242:"Mafia or Farmer? Coevolutionary consequences of retaliation and farming as pr farming as predator strategies upon host nests by avian brood parasites"
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257:"Coevolutionary interactions between farmers and mafia induce host acceptance of avian brood parasites"
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Maria Abou Chakra, of the Max Planck
Institute for Evolutionary Biology, with others, successfully
355:"Cuckoo mafia: Host birds only tolerate parasitic eggs in their nests when they fear retaliation"
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378:"Retaliatory mafia behavior by a parasitic cowbird favors host acceptance of parasitic eggs"
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out of fear of retaliation (nest destruction) from the brood parasite, in an example of
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https://books.google.com/books?id=U3ZZDwAAQBAJ&dq=mafia+hypothesis&pg=PA280
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Soler, M.; PĂ©rez-Contreras, T.; Soler, J. J. (2017), Soler, Manuel (ed.),
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the mafia hypothesis as a viable strategy, conditional on two factors:
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Avian Brood
Parasitism: Behaviour, Ecology, Evolution and Coevolution
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Abou Chakra, Maria; Hilbe, Christian; Traulsen, Arne (2014-03-04).
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proposed it in 1979, and it was tested by Manuel Soler in 1995.
314:"Brood Parasites as Predators: Farming and Mafia Strategies"
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https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/epdf/10.1086/283374
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Hoover, Jeffrey P.; Robinson, Scott K. (2007-03-13).
255:Abou Chakra, M.; Hilbe, C.; Traulsen, A. (2016).
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421:"Cuckoos Use Mafia Tactics, And They Work"
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120:"Fear of the cuckoo mafia"
24:eggs are accepted by the
240:Hauber, Mark E. (2014).
427:. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
394:10.1073/pnas.0609710104
144:"Meet the Cuckoo Mafia"
60:parasites revisit nests
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461:Biological hypotheses
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281:10.1098/rsos.160036
273:2016RSOS....360036C
185:2014NatSR...4E4251C
173:Scientific Reports
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364:2023-01-20
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124:www.mpg.de
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