52:
other respects the law relating to broadcasting and the provision of television and sound programme services and to make provision with respect to the supply and use of information about programmes; to make provision with respect to the transfer of the property, rights and liabilities of the
Independent Broadcasting Authority and the Cable Authority and the dissolution of those bodies; to make new provision relating to the Broadcasting Complaints Commission; to provide for the establishment and functions of a Broadcasting Standards Council; to amend the Wireless Telegraphy Acts 1949 to 1967 and the Marine, &c., Broadcasting (Offences) Act 1967; to revoke a class licence granted under the Telecommunications Act 1984 to run broadcast relay systems; and for connected purposes.
34:
349:, described the Act as heralding "a massive expansion in choice", and supporters of the multichannel age in British broadcasting have praised the Act, and later regulation influenced by it, for such reasons. Supporters of the previous, more regulated system have strongly criticised the Act, and some have blamed it for what they see as a "
353:" of British television and radio. Like many other reforms of the Thatcher years, it has a tendency to polarise opinion very strongly. One initially less-obvious effect of the Act was that technical standards ceased to be monitored and enforced by the regulatory body along with the programme content.
51:
An Act to make new provision with respect to the provision and regulation of independent television and sound programme services and of other services provided on television or radio frequencies; to make provision with respect to the provision and regulation of local delivery services; to amend in
2786:
219:
Additionally, in the letter of the law, the television or radio companies rather than the regulator became the broadcasters as had been the case with the IBA before 1964, when it had fewer regulatory powers than it would later assume.
129:
as "the last bastion of restrictive practices". The Act was initiated in part due to a 1989 European
Council Directive (89/552), also known as the Television Without Frontiers directive, and came about after the findings from the
270:). It also allowed companies holding ITV franchises to merge with each other starting in 1994, beginning the process which eventually led to all franchises in England and Wales coming under the control of
1079:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
330:
has since criticised the Act's after-effects, describing it as "one of the less successful reforms of those years". These
Conservatives would have described their position as
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1598:
1593:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
689:
684:
679:
541:
2996:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1073:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
2874:
2839:
1588:
2976:
302:
stations, generally using parts of the FM band not previously used for broadcasting, which have since come to fruition. Its plans for expanding
2911:
2867:
2814:
2991:
2925:
2850:
1280:
2855:
618:
537:"Hollywood's last hurrah? "Television without frontiers" Directive may close borders to the European Community's broadcast market"
322:, who saw it as representative of a decline in standards, and on occasions saw it as enabling what was, for them, an unwelcome
57:
2955:
153:), which were given the task of regulating the broadcasting industry with weaker powers compared to the previous authority.
2862:
338:'s tenure as leader, the Labour Party's broadcasting policy generally shifted much more towards that expounded in the Act.
2981:
593:– an account of the Act (among other things) from a perspective generally critical of the latter-day Conservative Party.
121:, which aimed to liberalise and deregulate the British broadcasting industry by promoting competition; an example being
2809:
1608:
346:
162:
138:
170:
142:
118:
38:
459:
2834:
194:
298:
using frequencies formerly used by the emergency services. It set out plans for many more local and regional
2938:
244:'s ambitions in Britain. It reformed the system of awarding ITV franchises, which proved controversial when
2892:
611:
2986:
694:
550:
283:
334:
as a term of praise, while supporters of the Act would use it against them as a term of abuse. During
2933:
627:
1296:
641:
240:
The Act has sometimes been described, both as praise and as criticism, as a key enabling force for
604:
372:
319:
299:
580:
96:
89:
2751:
1155:
262:, admired by Thatcher for its management's defiance of the trade unions, lost its franchise to
182:
114:
216:, was now obliged to source at least 25% of its output from independent production companies.
2771:
1580:
46:
2777:
2762:
646:
181:, which was previously the remit and responsibility of the Cable Authority, in addition to
8:
2846:
1182:
392:
367:
590:
429:
2757:
584:
513:
249:
198:
100:
536:
204:
It allowed for the creation of a fifth analogue terrestrial television channel in the
2800:
1066:
661:
562:
554:
505:
467:
315:
254:
245:
131:
126:
2948:
2903:
2884:
266:(the now-former Prime Minister personally apologised to the senior TV-am executive
186:
178:
122:
2943:
323:
303:
174:
166:
146:
212:, which had previously produced the vast majority of its television programming
2773:
362:
342:
241:
234:
205:
2970:
583:
as in force today (including any amendments) within the United
Kingdom, from
566:
558:
509:
471:
267:
99:
as in force today (including any amendments) within the United
Kingdom, from
350:
327:
72:
651:
331:
287:
517:
493:
2825:
335:
314:
The Act passed through
Parliament despite opposition from much of the
190:
295:
213:
596:
271:
233:
In television, the Act paved the way for the establishment of
259:
150:
237:, enabling the growth of multichannel satellite television.
263:
291:
209:
393:"How Margaret Thatcher helped change media landscape"
125:, in particular, which had earlier been described by
2901:
494:"The 1990 Broadcasting Act: a benefit or disaster?"
403:
252:, for what some felt were political reasons (see
2968:
197:. Meanwhile, the Radio Authority siphoned off
1615:Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
612:
282:In radio, it allowed for the launch of three
2815:Church of England Assembly (Powers) Act 1919
2997:History of mass media in the United Kingdom
2851:Measures of the National Assembly for Wales
2875:Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland
619:
605:
306:were only really developed in the 2000s.
1613:Great Britain and Ireland and the United
137:It led directly to the abolition of the
457:
290:using frequencies formerly used by the
2977:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1990
2969:
534:
409:
2863:Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly
600:
90:Text of statute as originally enacted
2934:United Kingdom statutory instruments
491:
453:
451:
424:
422:
420:
418:
318:and from some members of the ruling
13:
2992:Broadcasting in the United Kingdom
626:
458:Dugdale, John (20 November 2000).
185:from the IBA which only regulated
163:Independent Broadcasting Authority
139:Independent Broadcasting Authority
14:
3008:
581:Text of the Broadcasting Act 1990
574:
448:
415:
171:Independent Television Commission
149:(both themselves now replaced by
143:Independent Television Commission
97:Text of the Broadcasting Act 1990
228:
119:Parliament of the United Kingdom
39:Parliament of the United Kingdom
32:
2835:Acts of the Scottish Parliament
528:
2939:Scottish statutory instruments
485:
385:
309:
195:British Satellite Broadcasting
1:
2956:Church of England instruments
635:Pre-parliamentary legislation
378:
169:, which were replaced by the
141:and its replacement with the
666:the Kingdom of Great Britain
542:Journal of International Law
7:
356:
277:
177:. The ITC began regulating
83:Status: Current legislation
10:
3013:
2982:1990 in British television
551:University of Pennsylvania
284:Independent National Radio
223:
208:, and stipulated that the
156:
18:United Kingdom legislation
2924:
2883:
2823:
2799:
1607:
1578:
1294:Acts of Parliament of the
1293:
1273:
672:
660:
634:
535:Conley, Janet L. (1993).
286:stations, two of them on
95:
88:
81:
71:
66:
56:
45:
31:
26:
1611:of the United Kingdom of
1297:Kingdom of Great Britain
642:List of English statutes
460:"Broadcasting Act, 1990"
1080:Interregnum (1642–1660)
430:"Broadcasting Act 1990"
373:Communications Act 2003
1274:Parliament of Scotland
492:Dunn, Richard (1995).
183:terrestrial television
161:The Act abolished the
2926:Secondary legislation
1581:Parliament of Ireland
673:Parliament of England
111:Broadcasting Act 1990
22:Broadcasting Act 1990
2847:Acts of Senedd Cymru
2778:European Communities
647:Charter of Liberties
2752:Halsbury's Statutes
664:of states preceding
662:Acts of parliaments
368:Television Act 1954
294:, and the other on
23:
2758:Legislation.gov.uk
1609:Acts of Parliament
585:legislation.gov.uk
434:Legislation.gov.uk
320:Conservative Party
250:Carlton Television
199:radio broadcasting
101:legislation.gov.uk
21:
2987:Media legislation
2964:
2963:
2949:Acts of Adjournal
2920:
2919:
2912:1972–2009/2015–16
2885:Orders in Council
2801:Church of England
2795:
2794:
1289:
1288:
1156:Habeas Corpus Act
1067:Petition of Right
255:Death on the Rock
246:Thames Television
132:Peacock Committee
127:Margaret Thatcher
107:
106:
27:Act of Parliament
3004:
2944:Acts of Sederunt
2904:Northern Ireland
2899:
2898:
2772:relating to the
2769:
2768:
670:
669:
621:
614:
607:
598:
597:
570:
522:
521:
489:
483:
482:
480:
478:
455:
446:
445:
443:
441:
426:
413:
407:
401:
400:
399:. 14 April 2013.
389:
347:David Waddington
300:commercial radio
248:was replaced by
179:cable television
36:
35:
24:
20:
3012:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2916:
2897:
2879:
2824:Legislation of
2819:
2791:
2767:
2747:
2619:
2116:
1614:
1612:
1603:
1574:
1295:
1285:
1269:
665:
656:
630:
625:
577:
572:
531:
526:
525:
504:(5457): 49–60.
490:
486:
476:
474:
456:
449:
439:
437:
428:
427:
416:
408:
404:
391:
390:
386:
381:
359:
324:Americanisation
312:
304:community radio
280:
231:
226:
175:Radio Authority
167:Cable Authority
159:
147:Radio Authority
84:
77:1 November 1990
41:
33:
19:
12:
11:
5:
3010:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2936:
2930:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2908:
2906:
2896:
2895:
2889:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2831:
2829:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2806:
2804:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2783:
2781:
2774:European Union
2766:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1618:
1616:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1585:
1583:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1301:
1299:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1183:Bill of Rights
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1076:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
692:
687:
682:
676:
674:
667:
658:
657:
655:
654:
649:
644:
638:
636:
632:
631:
628:UK legislation
624:
623:
616:
609:
601:
595:
594:
588:
576:
575:External links
573:
532:
530:
527:
524:
523:
484:
447:
414:
402:
383:
382:
380:
377:
376:
375:
370:
365:
363:History of ITV
358:
355:
343:Home Secretary
311:
308:
279:
276:
242:Rupert Murdoch
230:
227:
225:
222:
206:United Kingdom
201:from the IBA.
158:
155:
105:
104:
93:
92:
86:
85:
82:
79:
78:
75:
69:
68:
64:
63:
60:
54:
53:
49:
43:
42:
37:
29:
28:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3009:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2957:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2900:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2822:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2798:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1577:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1292:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
697:
696:Temp. incert.
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
677:
675:
671:
668:
663:
659:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
639:
637:
633:
629:
622:
617:
615:
610:
608:
603:
602:
599:
592:
589:
586:
582:
579:
578:
571:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
543:
538:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
488:
473:
469:
465:
461:
454:
452:
436:. 31 May 2023
435:
431:
425:
423:
421:
419:
411:
406:
398:
394:
388:
384:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
360:
354:
352:
348:
344:
339:
337:
333:
332:paternalistic
329:
325:
321:
317:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
275:
273:
269:
268:Bruce Gyngell
265:
261:
257:
256:
251:
247:
243:
238:
236:
229:In television
221:
217:
215:
211:
207:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
154:
152:
148:
144:
140:
135:
133:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
102:
98:
94:
91:
87:
80:
76:
74:
70:
65:
61:
59:
55:
50:
48:
44:
40:
30:
25:
16:
2893:1994 to date
2828:institutions
2787:1972 to date
2763:Short titles
2750:
1579:Acts of the
1078:
695:
546:
540:
533:
529:Bibliography
501:
497:
487:
475:. Retrieved
464:The Guardian
463:
438:. Retrieved
433:
405:
396:
387:
351:dumbing down
340:
328:Douglas Hurd
316:Labour Party
313:
281:
258:), and when
253:
239:
232:
218:
203:
160:
136:
110:
108:
73:Royal assent
15:
652:Magna Carta
591:Torycasting
498:RSA Journal
410:Conley 1993
326:. Notably,
310:Controversy
288:medium wave
2971:Categories
2776:(formerly
379:References
336:Tony Blair
173:(ITC) and
165:(IBA) and
62:1990 c. 42
47:Long title
1599:1751–1800
1594:1701–1750
1390:1760–1764
1385:1755–1759
1380:1750–1754
1375:1745–1749
1370:1740–1744
1365:1735–1739
1360:1730–1734
1355:1725–1729
1350:1720–1724
1345:1715–1719
722:1422–1460
717:1413–1421
712:1399–1411
707:1377–1397
702:1327–1376
690:1308–1325
685:1275–1307
680:1225–1267
567:769893140
559:0891-9895
510:0958-0433
472:0261-3077
341:The then
274:in 2004.
235:Channel 5
191:Channel 4
2826:devolved
2803:measures
518:41376670
397:BBC News
357:See also
278:In radio
214:in-house
58:Citation
1589:to 1700
1281:to 1707
272:ITV plc
224:Effects
157:The Act
117:of the
565:
557:
516:
508:
477:30 May
470:
440:31 May
113:is an
549:(1).
514:JSTOR
260:TV-am
151:Ofcom
67:Dates
2902:for
2868:List
2856:List
2849:and
2840:List
2810:List
2743:2024
2738:2023
2733:2022
2728:2021
2723:2020
2718:2019
2713:2018
2708:2017
2703:2016
2698:2015
2693:2014
2688:2013
2683:2012
2678:2011
2673:2010
2668:2009
2663:2008
2658:2007
2653:2006
2648:2005
2643:2004
2638:2003
2633:2002
2628:2001
2623:2000
2615:1999
2610:1998
2605:1997
2600:1996
2595:1995
2590:1994
2585:1993
2580:1992
2575:1991
2570:1990
2565:1989
2560:1988
2555:1987
2550:1986
2545:1985
2540:1984
2535:1983
2530:1982
2525:1981
2520:1980
2515:1979
2510:1978
2505:1977
2500:1976
2495:1975
2490:1974
2485:1973
2480:1972
2475:1971
2470:1970
2465:1969
2460:1968
2455:1967
2450:1966
2445:1965
2440:1964
2435:1963
2430:1962
2425:1961
2420:1960
2415:1959
2410:1958
2405:1957
2400:1956
2395:1955
2390:1954
2385:1953
2380:1952
2375:1951
2370:1950
2365:1949
2360:1948
2355:1947
2350:1946
2345:1945
2340:1944
2335:1943
2330:1942
2325:1941
2320:1940
2315:1939
2310:1938
2305:1937
2300:1936
2295:1935
2290:1934
2285:1933
2280:1932
2275:1931
2270:1930
2265:1929
2260:1928
2255:1927
2250:1926
2245:1925
2240:1924
2235:1923
2230:1922
2225:1921
2220:1920
2215:1919
2210:1918
2205:1917
2200:1916
2195:1915
2190:1914
2185:1913
2180:1912
2175:1911
2170:1910
2165:1909
2160:1908
2155:1907
2150:1906
2145:1905
2140:1904
2135:1903
2130:1902
2125:1901
2120:1900
2112:1899
2107:1898
2102:1897
2097:1896
2092:1895
2087:1894
2082:1893
2077:1892
2072:1891
2067:1890
2062:1889
2057:1888
2052:1887
2047:1886
2042:1885
2037:1884
2032:1883
2027:1882
2022:1881
2017:1880
2012:1879
2007:1878
2002:1877
1997:1876
1992:1875
1987:1874
1982:1873
1977:1872
1972:1871
1967:1870
1962:1869
1957:1868
1952:1867
1947:1866
1942:1865
1937:1864
1932:1863
1927:1862
1922:1861
1917:1860
1912:1859
1907:1858
1902:1857
1897:1856
1892:1855
1887:1854
1882:1853
1877:1852
1872:1851
1867:1850
1862:1849
1857:1848
1852:1847
1847:1846
1842:1845
1837:1844
1832:1843
1827:1842
1822:1841
1817:1840
1812:1839
1807:1838
1802:1837
1797:1836
1792:1835
1787:1834
1782:1833
1777:1832
1772:1831
1767:1830
1762:1829
1757:1828
1752:1827
1747:1826
1742:1825
1737:1824
1732:1823
1727:1822
1722:1821
1717:1820
1712:1819
1707:1818
1702:1817
1697:1816
1692:1815
1687:1814
1682:1813
1677:1812
1672:1811
1667:1810
1662:1809
1657:1808
1652:1807
1647:1806
1642:1805
1637:1804
1632:1803
1627:1802
1622:1801
1570:1800
1565:1799
1560:1798
1555:1797
1550:1796
1545:1795
1540:1794
1535:1793
1530:1792
1525:1791
1520:1790
1515:1789
1510:1788
1505:1787
1500:1786
1495:1785
1490:1784
1485:1783
1480:1782
1475:1781
1470:1780
1465:1779
1460:1778
1455:1777
1450:1776
1445:1775
1440:1774
1435:1773
1430:1772
1425:1771
1420:1770
1415:1769
1410:1768
1405:1767
1400:1766
1395:1765
1340:1714
1335:1713
1330:1712
1325:1711
1320:1710
1315:1709
1310:1708
1305:1707
1265:1706
1260:1705
1255:1704
1250:1703
1245:1702
1240:1701
1235:1700
1230:1698
1225:1697
1220:1696
1215:1695
1210:1694
1205:1693
1200:1692
1195:1691
1190:1690
1178:1689
1173:1688
1168:1685
1163:1680
1151:1679
1146:1678
1141:1677
1136:1675
1131:1672
1126:1670
1121:1667
1116:1666
1111:1665
1106:1664
1101:1663
1096:1662
1091:1661
1086:1660
1074:1640
1062:1627
1057:1625
1052:1623
1047:1620
1042:1609
1037:1606
1032:1605
1027:1603
1022:1601
1017:1597
1012:1592
1007:1588
1002:1586
997:1584
992:1580
987:1575
982:1572
977:1571
972:1566
967:1562
962:1558
957:1557
952:1555
947:1554
942:1553
937:1551
932:1549
927:1548
922:1547
917:1546
912:1545
907:1543
902:1542
897:1541
892:1540
887:1539
882:1536
877:1535
872:1534
867:1533
862:1532
857:1531
852:1530
847:1529
842:1523
837:1515
832:1514
827:1513
822:1512
817:1511
812:1509
807:1503
802:1496
797:1495
792:1491
787:1488
782:1487
777:1485
772:1483
767:1482
762:1477
757:1474
752:1472
747:1468
742:1467
737:1464
732:1463
727:1461
563:OCLC
555:ISSN
506:ISSN
479:2023
468:ISSN
442:2023
264:GMTV
193:and
145:and
109:The
502:143
292:BBC
210:BBC
187:ITV
123:ITV
115:Act
2973::
561:.
553:.
547:14
545:.
539:.
512:.
500:.
496:.
466:.
462:.
450:^
432:.
417:^
395:.
345:,
296:FM
189:,
134:.
2780:)
620:e
613:t
606:v
587:.
569:.
520:.
481:.
444:.
412:.
103:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.