1228:
811:
1767:
29:
1779:
2316:
1803:
1791:
787:'s D-MAC silicon chips needed for its MAC receivers. BSB was still hoping to launch in September 1989 but eventually had to admit that the launch would be delayed. By 22 July 1988 in a bid to gain more viewers, BSB and the BBC prepared a bid for a four-year deal for the rights to broadcast top league football, outbidding ITV's £44 million offer. BSB had also committed about £400 million to tie up the film libraries of
1815:
2328:
949:
831:
dropped all plans for use of its allocated channels. BSB revised its line-up to include separate channels for films, sports, pop music, general entertainment and current affairs. Unfortunately, this increased the size of the dishes which the public had to purchase from 25 to 35–40 centimetres; subsidies from BSB helped maintain retail prices at £250.
193:(IBA) to allow the private sector to compete against the BBC in satellite broadcasting. Within a few months, the BBC started talking with the IBA about a joint project to help cover the cost. Subsequently, the government allowed the IBA to bring in private companies to help cover the costs (dubbed as the "Club of 21"):
1191:, which used less bandwidth and was compatible with the extensive existing European cable systems. With the launch of BSB, the IBA became a member of the secret "MAC Club" of European organisations which owned patents on MAC variants and had a royalty-sharing agreement for all television and set-top boxes sold.
823:
film-rights battle proved to be the final straw for Virgin since it would necessitate a "supplementary first round" of financing of £131 million in
January earlier that year in addition to the initial £222.5 million. After unsuccessfully offering its stake in BSB to the remaining founders, Virgin sold it to the
688:). Both companies were American and had established reputations for reliability. Hughes was the main contractor and offered a commercial space industry as the first "in-orbit delivery" on 6 August 1987. BSB's risk was reduced because payments became due only after the satellites were launched and operational.
1019:
recorders, and chose to wait and see which company would win outright in order to avoid buying potentially obsolete equipment. Both BSB and Sky had begun to struggle with the burden of huge losses, rapidly increasing debts and ongoing startup costs. On 2 November 1990, a 50:50 merger was announced to
1006:
When BSB finally went on air in March 1990 (13 months after Sky), the company's technical problems were resolved and its programming was critically acclaimed. However, its D-MAC receivers were more expensive than Sky's PAL equivalents and incompatible with them. Many potential customers compared the
830:
Despite the delayed launch, BSB continued to invest heavily in marketing in 1989 to minimize the effects of Sky's timing advantage. BSB also received a needed boost in June 1989 when it won the franchises for the two remaining
British high-powered DBS channels, beating six other bidders when the BBC
245:
to revive the DBS project but under different conditions, broadly based on a report drawn up by John
Jackson, by inviting the private-sector companies to apply for a new television franchise via satellite to provide a commercial service on the IBA's three DBS channels (of the five in total allocated
1123:
made huge profits on their investments, the 50:50 merged venture having an effective quasi-monopoly on
British satellite pay-television. From a United Kingdom perspective, British Satellite Broadcasting's existence prevented 100% of these profits being made by News International, reducing Murdoch's
986:
over BSB proved that the PAL system would give adequate picture quality, and that many viewers would be happy to watch Sky's more populist output as opposed to waiting for the promised quality programming pledged by BSB. Sky had launched its multichannel service from studios at an industrial estate
717:
with analogue sound. BSB had been aware of the impending launch of Astra when it submitted its proposal to the IBA in 1986 but had discounted it, partly on advice from the IBA that it would not have been possible for Sky to securely scramble an analogue PAL signal and a prediction that satisfactory
228:
Within a year, the consortium made it clear that the original launch date of 1986 would be delayed to 1989, while also asking the government to allow it to tender out the building of the new satellite system to help reduce cost. On 15 June 1985, the project failed when consortium concluded that the
822:
denied that BSB had gone over budget and would require more than the planned £625 million it required to operate up to 1993. Virgin pulled out of the BSB consortium in
December 1988, ostensibly because it was going private again and had become increasingly concerned about BSB's mounting costs. The
725:
The stage was set for a dramatic confrontation: BSB, expecting to be the United
Kingdom's only satellite service, was faced with an aggressive drive by Murdoch's Sky to be the first service to launch. As Britain's official satellite television provider, BSB had high hopes as the company planned to
1206:
rules relating to non-economic matters, such as the technology used. Ironically the past-deadline encryption system in the D-MAC silicon chip technology was one primary reason for BSB having to merge with Sky, and hence the Far
Eastern television manufacturers had largely unfettered access to the
839:
There were five satellite channels for the general public with a sixth part-time service on subscription for business users, as BSB Datavision was a subsidiary of the company which offered encrypted television sets and data reception through domestic receivers. BSB's channel line-up launched over
1218:
in particular, could be modified by replacing a microprocessor. Upgrade kits from companies such as Trac
Satellite allowed re-tuning whilst other kits allowed fully working menu systems and decoding of 'soft' encrypted channels, although this required the receiver to have one of the later MAC
1175:
as the standard for all direct broadcast satellites. This had the effect that the low-cost non-European manufacturers would not only have to pay royalties to the manufacturers, but would also not have direct access to the technology, and hence would always be behind with new developments.
783:" (i.e., "square aerial"). The illustrative model shown to the press was a dummy and BSB commissioned a working version under 45 cm (18") wide. A conventional dish of the same diameter was also available. The company had serious technical problems with the development of
581:
British
Satellite Broadcasting won the 15-year franchise on 11 December 1986 to operate the DBS system, with a licence to operate three channels. BSB forecast 400,000 homes would be equipped during its first year, but some doubts were cast as to whether this was possible. The
973:
BSB claimed to have around 750,000 subscriptions while Sky had extended its reach into more than 1.5 million homes. It was believed both companies could break even if subscriptions reached three million households, with most analysts expecting this to be reached in 1992.
676:, amongst others. BSB earmarked the bulk of the first round of financing for buying and launching two satellites (for redundancy and provision of further channels later) and planned a second round close to the commencement of broadcasting operations. It commissioned the
726:
provide a mixture of highbrow programming and popular entertainment, from arts and opera to blockbuster movies and music videos. The service would also be technically superior, broadcasting in the D-MAC (Multiplexed
Analogue Components type D) system dictated by the
970:'s launch. BSB was due to start broadcasting in September 1989 but was delayed by problems with the supply of receiving equipment and because BSB wanted to avoid Sky's experience of launching when most shops had no equipment to sell.
180:
A supplementary charter was agreed in May 1983 which allowed the BBC to borrow up to £225 million to cover the cost of the project, as it was not allowed to call on public funds, nor use existing sources of revenue to fund the
1187:, which had marginal audio channel improvements, and insisted on its use by the satellite service to be licensed by itself. In the rest of Europe, satellite television manufacturers standardised on another variant,
229:
cost of set-up was not justifiable. The BBC stated the costs were prohibitive because the government insisted that the "Club of 21" should pay for the costs of constructing and launching a dedicated satellite.
766:, and formerly at that time, the Astra TV satellite operator), had no regulatory permission to broadcast, had plans (initially) for only one satellite with no backup, and the European satellite launch vehicle
262:
and other European companies. The technology was still at the laboratory stage and was incompatible with previous standards: HD-MAC transmissions could not be received by existing television sets which used
734:
programming; rather than the existing PAL system. BSB claimed that Sky's PAL pictures would be too degraded by satellite transmission, and that in any case, BSB would broadcast superior programming.
1143:
As the company focused on the Astra system which was not subject to IBA regulation, the Marcopolo satellites were eventually withdrawn and later sold (Marcopolo 1 on 21 December 1993 to
3585:
722:, the Pearson subsidiary responsible for BSB's first fundraising memorandum, reportedly regarded Astra as technology-led rather than programming-led and, therefore, an unlikely threat.
1171:, was originally developed for high-definition television but European manufacturers developed patented variants and successfully lobbied regulators such that it was adopted by the
718:
reception from a medium-powered satellite such as Astra would not be possible with a dish of under 1.2 metres, which would require individual planning permission for each customer.
3755:
605:
Subscription-based movie channel with a price of £2.50 per week, which include recent cinema releases and BSB's encouragement at least 12 new productions every year.
3500:
2366:
1265:
also moved into part of the building as part of the settlement that saw Sky forced out of the original company before went into administration on 27 March 2002.
3775:
3765:
2937:
776:
used the resulting delay time to re-engineer the satellite to reduce the dish size needed, which would otherwise have been larger than 60 cm (24").
586:
welcomed the service, believing it would encourage more users, especially with its dedicated movie network. The original four satellite channels were:
3770:
3735:
3683:
271:
standards. The condition to use a high-power (230 watt) satellite was dropped, and no winner was precluded from buying a foreign satellite system.
656:
withdrew its backing, as they believed it was not possible to sell a satellite dish and D-MAC standard receiver for £250. Australian businessman
3730:
2886:
1954:
2275:
1566:
3760:
3493:
2359:
1124:
ability to influence government policy. At one stage of the saga, News International was facing dismemberment at the hands of its bankers.
1418:
The Times, Thursday, 25 February 1982; pg. 1; Satellite television BBC may get both 'space' channels By Julian Haviland, Political Editor.
1202:
transmissions with pre-existing set-top box technology. The IBA was rendered helpless and Murdoch voluntarily agreed to adhere to those
2820:
1450:
The Times, Monday, 25 June 1984; pg. 3;Completion date for TV satellite put back two years By Bill Johnstone, Technology Correspondent.
246:
to the United Kingdom). One of the conditions imposed on applicants by the IBA was that they use a new untried transmission standard,
2331:
2301:
1592:
1291:
995:
transponders for an estimated £50 million without backup. BSB on the other hand, would operate from more expensive headquarters at
1194:
The IBA was not directed to be an "economic regulator", so the free market in lower power satellite bandwidth satellites (such as
3486:
2932:
2738:
2352:
2296:
1521:
814:
A photo of all three BSB dishes available, the squarial, a Sky dish for comparison, the round BSB dish, and the square BSB dish.
695:– having failed to gain regulatory approval for his satellite service to become part of the BSB consortium – announced that his
3750:
3301:
2753:
2415:
1918:
1099:
891:
Sports channel, known for its international, Scottish and Italian football, golf, boxing, and tennis coverage. Timeshared with
857:
600:
345:
1468:
The Times, Saturday, 15 June 1985; pg. 3; British satellite TV project collapses By Bill Johnstone, Technology Correspondent.
150:
1003:, with construction and launch of its own satellites costing an estimated £200 million as the second of which was a backup.
3740:
2881:
1371:
1322:
1238:(originally stylised as "Marcopolo") was a large marble-effect, glass-clad office building at 346 Queenstown Road, facing
3745:
2901:
2555:
2229:
1500:
2319:
1180:
238:
190:
779:
To distance itself from Sky and its dish antennas, BSB announced a new type of flat-plate satellite antenna called a "
627:
General entertainment channel with programmes such as dramas, serials, plays, soap operas and quiz shows from 6.00pm.
3240:
1959:
1860:
1210:
After the merger, BSB D-MAC receivers were sold off cheaply and some enthusiasts modified them to allow reception of
1203:
430:
938:
Technology channel, airing IT programmes, as well as training programmes for the computer industry. Timeshared with
3125:
3311:
3245:
1168:
1064:
on 1 December 1990, although as some arts programming was still to be shown, a short term opt-out service called
759:
1409:
The Times, Friday, 5 March 1982; pg. 15; Joint UK satellite set up By Bill Johnstone, Electronics Correspondent.
1353:
1131:
in October 2018, Murdoch was no longer involved in British television but retained his newspaper assets through
878:
Entertainment channel, airing general entertainment such as comedy and drama, as well as children's programmes.
3702:
3600:
3528:
3383:
3185:
3130:
2728:
2522:
2449:
1697:
1438:
1073:
967:
913:
706:
134:
84:
3140:
2871:
2183:
1155:
in 2003 as it reached the normal end of its operational life when fuel ran out. Marcopolo 2 was operated (as
3177:
2280:
2004:
1257:. The building was retained by the new company and from 1 October 1993 became the home of shopping channel
1243:
641:, providing extensive coverage of world events expected to contribute a substantial amount of programming.
1249:
The headquarters were vacated, leading to redundancy for most BSB staff with only a few moving to work at
3342:
3120:
2723:
2400:
2056:
1041:
908:
Lifestyle channel, airing lifestyle and current affairs on weekdays, and arts programmes at the weekend.
870:
730:
regulations with potentially superior picture sharpness, digital stereo sound, and the potential to show
622:
356:
1268:
The building was demolished in March 2014; it has been replaced by several blocks of luxury apartments.
1246:. It was built in 1987–1988 and completed in 1989 by Peter Argyrou Associates at a cost of £26 million.
3590:
3172:
2803:
2479:
1757:
926:
255:
1078:
Music channel remained on air until 8 April 1991, and it was replaced on its Marcopolo transponder by
962:
BSB launched its service on cable 25 March 1990 and on satellite at the end of April, with the slogan
617:
classics, animated cartoons, nature documentaries and other content were suitable for young children.
3642:
3544:
2208:
1908:
1893:
382:
279:
3564:
3296:
2718:
2430:
2224:
1913:
1869:
1795:
1258:
1055:
983:
900:
818:
On 1 February 1989, BSB's costs had started to climb, reaching £354 million, while chief executive
632:
361:
174:
496:
3396:
3034:
2842:
2548:
1964:
1898:
1562:
1496:
819:
677:
614:
397:
3406:
3554:
2605:
2163:
2143:
1969:
763:
685:
377:
2203:
1227:
3663:
3605:
3559:
3549:
3449:
3368:
2640:
2239:
1853:
1771:
1027:
Following the merger, BSkyB moved quickly to rationalise the combined channels it now owned:
921:
Music channel, airing programmes aimed towards the teenage market, as well as live concerts.
696:
133:
to the United Kingdom. It started broadcasting on 25 March 1990. The company was merged with
1151:
of Norway). NSAB operated Marcopolo 1 (as Sirius 1) until successfully sending it to a safe
3401:
3373:
2906:
2876:
2018:
1883:
1215:
892:
747:
387:
275:
251:
154:
130:
2748:
1741:
1459:
The Times, Monday, 17 December 1984; pg. 3; Cost threat to TV satellite By Staff Reporters
1219:
chipsets. Some kits even included smart card readers and full D2-MAC decoding capability.
185:
During Autumn 1983, the cost of Unisat was found to be greatly underestimated and the new
8:
3610:
3145:
3079:
2963:
2259:
2072:
1994:
1295:
1172:
800:
170:
1486:
Guardian Friday, 12 December 1986 Page: 2 "pioneer Contract is awarded for satellite tv"
3780:
3595:
3291:
2847:
2541:
1526:
1060:
The factual, lifestyle and arts channel was closed with its transponder handed over to
792:
788:
510:
28:
3306:
3267:
3089:
3002:
2863:
2635:
1978:
1783:
1693:
1679:
1434:
796:
710:
681:
166:
161:
proposed its own satellite service, but the government imposed two conditions on it:
865:
Dedicated movie channel, airing recently made films to subscribers for £10 a month.
3455:
2992:
2830:
2778:
2768:
2511:
2505:
2244:
1923:
1846:
1235:
1156:
996:
203:
105:
3478:
3467:
3388:
3104:
2997:
2913:
2743:
2695:
2440:
2344:
2118:
2014:
1989:
1984:
1888:
751:
583:
489:
157:
channels for domestic use. In 1982, after being awarded two of the channels, the
1477:
Rapid decision on Satellite TV, by Jonathan Miller: The Times, 1 September 1986
1379:
1326:
1104:
Remained on air with its Marcopolo transponder shortly before the launch of the
3250:
3054:
2798:
2685:
1974:
1903:
1239:
1152:
804:
727:
692:
673:
446:
242:
186:
1622:
1571:
1506:
3724:
3262:
3039:
2987:
2690:
2254:
2173:
1944:
992:
773:
735:
705:, would be relaunched as a four-channel, United Kingdom-based service called
392:
3462:
3411:
1825:
3626:
3257:
2956:
2758:
2675:
2615:
2158:
2082:
1838:
1819:
1807:
743:
537:
319:
209:
1648:
Guardian Monday, 22 May 1989 Page: 2 "Satellite TV hitch may delay launch"
3444:
2702:
2589:
2168:
2102:
1262:
1046:
The entertainment channel was closed with its transponder handed over to
551:
314:
309:
217:
1400:
The European Union and National Industrial Policy By Hussein Kassim P208
3647:
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2133:
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1008:
939:
883:
755:
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414:
324:
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3201:
3135:
3074:
3059:
2630:
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2517:
2087:
1254:
1195:
1132:
1068:
was launched for broadcast on the Marcopolo transponder at weekends.
1000:
988:
824:
665:
657:
532:
453:
213:
1802:
1711:
3337:
3286:
3235:
3084:
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3012:
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2188:
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2148:
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2051:
1999:
1540:
Guardian Friday, 22 July 1988 Page: 19 "BSB in the mood to counter"
1105:
1065:
1061:
954:
784:
780:
768:
669:
1504:
680:
to provide two high-powered satellites using launch vehicles from
3569:
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3007:
2982:
2893:
2808:
2788:
2783:
2650:
2645:
2575:
2406:
2193:
2178:
2097:
2077:
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2036:
1627:
1148:
1128:
1120:
1047:
1016:
739:
701:
653:
637:
Live 24-hour news, sport and current affairs service operated by
470:
441:
329:
274:
The IBA received five major contenders with serious bids for the
259:
221:
3049:
2837:
2585:
2384:
BSB channels (top) and their replacement by the merger (bottom)
2249:
2198:
2092:
2041:
2026:
1949:
1939:
1814:
1726:
1250:
1211:
1188:
1021:
719:
613:
Family daytime service (shared with Screen) devoted to feature
286:
to make sure their programmes were used on any successful bid:
138:
109:
95:
165:
Use of a satellite built by United Satellite, a consortium of
3029:
3017:
2234:
2031:
1184:
268:
247:
189:
announced the three remaining channels would be given to the
2533:
948:
810:
661:
827:, already BSB's largest shareholder for a nominal profit.
1261:
when its British version launched. Broadcasting platform
1199:
1012:
1007:
competition between the rival satellite companies to the
714:
638:
334:
283:
264:
197:
158:
129:
was a television company, based in London, that provided
1684:
Dished!: Rise and Fall of British Satellite Broadcasting
1214:
services available on other satellites. BSB receivers,
16:
Former British satellite television company (1986–1990)
1755:
1690:
Broadcasting and New Media Policies in Western Europe
1431:
Broadcasting and New Media Policies in Western Europe
807:, with total up-front payments of about £85 million.
1198:) leveraged the benefits of the existing lower cost
966:. The launch, six months late, came 13 months after
1354:"Maggie Brown on the early years of Sky Television"
1159:) until January 2002 and disposed of successfully.
3756:Defunct mass media companies of the United Kingdom
3508:
2374:
1505:Transdiffusion Broadcasting System (2 June 2012).
1317:
1315:
1313:
1292:"News Corporation and BSkyB: What price remedies?"
1207:market when MAC was wound down in favour of PAL.
1090:Initially retained its name but was rebranded to
834:
3722:
1522:"Talking Deals; Satellite Risks Shifted by Pact"
742:data satellites and others with names including
177:), with costs estimated at £24 million per year.
1310:
278:franchises. It also received submissions from
131:direct broadcast satellite television services
3494:
2549:
2360:
2276:Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems
1854:
1830:
1551:BSB: £354m down and still eight months to go.
1433:, Kenneth H. F. Dyson, Peter Humphreys p.232
224:and Consolidated Satellite Broadcasting – 20%
1868:
1742:"National Media Museum – Mirrors in the Sky"
1147:of Sweden and Marcopolo 2 on 1 July 1992 to
840:five consecutive days in one at a time was:
3776:Mass media companies disestablished in 1990
3766:History of television in the United Kingdom
1686:, (London: Simon & Schuster Ltd, 1991).
3501:
3487:
2556:
2542:
2367:
2353:
1861:
1847:
1555:
647:
232:
27:
2302:List of communication satellite companies
1519:
1372:"Life Before Kallisto – The Birth of BSB"
977:
3771:Mass media companies established in 1986
3736:British companies disestablished in 1990
1727:"TVARK – British Satellite Broadcasting"
1226:
947:
809:
153:assigned each country five high-powered
127:British Satellite Broadcasting plc (BSB)
3393:Former joint ventures & properties
2297:List of communications satellite firsts
1520:Stevenson, Richard W. (6 August 1987).
1426:
1424:
1348:
1346:
1344:
3723:
2179:Shanghai Spacecom Satellite Technology
1285:
1283:
1281:
1173:Commission of the European Communities
1167:A new television transmission system,
652:Around the time of the licence award,
258:standard which was being developed by
3731:British companies established in 1986
3482:
2537:
2348:
1842:
1829:
1692:Kenneth H. F. Dyson, Peter Humphreys
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1162:
772:suffered repeated failures. However,
151:World Administrative Radio Conference
2327:
1682:, Suzanne Franks and Roma Felstein,
1549:Wednesday, 1 February 1989 Page: 12
1507:"BSB contract award – December 1986"
1421:
1341:
3761:Direct broadcast satellite services
1278:
13:
1673:New York Times, 20 December 1990;
1667:
1657:New York Times, 20 December 1990;
1606:
1181:Independent Broadcasting Authority
497:Robert Holmes à Court's Bell Group
191:Independent Broadcasting Authority
22:British Satellite Broadcasting plc
14:
3792:
1960:Automatic Tracking Satellite Dish
1704:
1204:Broadcasting Standards Commission
1127:Following the takeover of Sky by
1119:BSB's shareholders and Murdoch's
660:joined the consortium along with
431:British and Commonwealth Shipping
2326:
2315:
2314:
1813:
1801:
1789:
1777:
1765:
1323:"British Satellite Broadcasting"
1289:
408:News, sport and business channel
1651:
1642:
1585:
1543:
1534:
1513:
1489:
1480:
1471:
1462:
1453:
1169:Multiplexed Analogue Components
435:Cambridge Electronic Industries
303:British Satellite Broadcasting
120:Pay TV services and programming
3698:British Satellite Broadcasting
3509:Original UK satellite channels
3379:British Satellite Broadcasting
2376:British Satellite Broadcasting
1572:"Datavision promotional video"
1444:
1412:
1403:
1394:
1364:
835:Launch of five-channel service
576:
480:National Broadcasting Service
144:
1:
3751:1990 mergers and acquisitions
2563:
1271:
1138:
1020:form a single company called
691:On 8 June 1988, rival tycoon
155:direct broadcast by satellite
3550:The Entertainment Network UK
2281:ETSI Satellite Digital Radio
2005:Very-small-aperture terminal
1623:"This is BSB (Launch Promo)"
1244:London Borough of Wandsworth
1231:Marco Polo House (1989–2014)
424:Direct Broadcasting Limited
398:Robert Fleming Merchant Bank
7:
3741:1980s in British television
2057:Digital audio radio service
1965:Motor-driven Satellite dish
1675:Murdoch's Time of Reckoning
1659:Murdoch's Time of Reckoning
1222:
1179:In the United Kingdom, the
1114:
335:Independent Television News
137:on 2 November 1990 to form
10:
3797:
3746:1990 in British television
3703:Sky Television (1984–1990)
3384:Sky Television (1984–1990)
991:, with a 10-year lease on
934:(Closed: 29 November 1990)
674:London Merchant Securities
276:direct broadcast satellite
256:high-definition television
3692:
3676:
3656:
3635:
3619:
3578:
3537:
3521:
3514:
3432:
3361:
3325:
3223:
3214:
3194:
3165:
3113:
3102:
2975:
2948:
2922:
2898:Paramount UK Partnership
2887:Crime & Investigation
2856:
2711:
2598:
2583:
2571:
2498:
2389:
2382:
2310:
2289:
2268:
2217:
2112:Relay satellite companies
2111:
2065:
2013:
1932:
1909:High-throughput satellite
1894:Satellite Internet access
1876:
1836:
1831:Links to related articles
1108:system on 15 April 1991.
958:installed on a house wall
383:London Weekend Television
254:' support for the HD-MAC
116:
101:
91:
79:
61:
43:
35:
26:
3684:Former Analogue channels
3529:Satellite Television Ltd
3402:Granada Sky Broadcasting
3035:Sky Betting & Gaming
1870:Satellite communications
1022:British Sky Broadcasting
738:(later operators of the
713:system and broadcast in
507:Children and sports fans
438:Electronics Rental Group
175:Airbus Defense and Space
139:British Sky Broadcasting
96:British Sky Broadcasting
3627:Indra Dhnush/AsiaVision
3397:Australian News Channel
2218:Satellite manufacturers
1593:"New Scientist article"
964:It's Smart to be Square
820:Anthony Simonds-Gooding
678:Hughes Aircraft Company
648:Preparations for launch
250:. This was part of the
233:IBA satellite franchise
3545:The Children's Channel
3407:Japan Sky Broadcasting
1232:
978:Competition and merger
959:
815:
686:United Launch Alliance
548:Entertainment channel
378:Carlton Communications
280:The Children's Channel
67:; 33 years ago
49:; 37 years ago
3664:The Landscape Channel
3450:Jupiter Entertainment
1230:
1183:developed a variant,
1024:(marketed as "Sky").
951:
813:
464:Children and families
411:Entertainment channel
388:Saatchi & Saatchi
237:On 2 April 1986, the
149:In January 1977, the
47:11 December 1986
3153:Sky Sport Bundesliga
2929:A&E Networks UK
2868:A&E Networks UK
2480:The Computer Channel
1884:Satellite television
1581:– via YouTube.
1509:– via YouTube.
1050:on 2 December 1990.
927:The Computer Channel
893:The Computer Channel
511:24-hour news channel
252:European Communities
3611:Performance Channel
3105:Germany and Austria
2269:Trade organizations
2260:Thales Alenia Space
2073:Astra Digital Radio
2066:Broadcast companies
1995:Satellite data unit
1712:"BSB and Squarials"
1382:on 21 February 2014
1298:on 22 February 2014
1087:The Sports Channel
699:television station
520:SatUK Broadcasting
171:Matra Marconi Space
23:
3596:Home Video Channel
2739:The Comedy Channel
2734:The Sports Channel
2465:The Sports Channel
2395:
2088:Sirius XM Holdings
1979:Parabolic antennas
1527:The New York Times
1233:
1163:Regulatory context
1121:News International
1094:on 20 April 1991.
960:
940:The Sports Channel
884:The Sports Channel
816:
442:News International
310:Granada Television
298:Proposed channels
295:Consortium led by
135:Sky Television plc
21:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3711:
3672:
3671:
3476:
3475:
3357:
3356:
3307:Sky Investigation
3302:Sky Documentaries
3210:
3209:
3098:
3097:
3090:Sky Multichannels
3003:Sky Sports Active
2949:Defunct magazines
2864:Sky Sports Racing
2816:Challenge Jackpot
2754:The Movie Channel
2729:The Power Station
2636:Sky Documentaries
2531:
2530:
2493:
2492:
2450:The Power Station
2416:The Movie Channel
2342:
2341:
1899:Amateur satellite
1796:Telecommunication
1680:Peter Chippindale
1112:
1111:
1100:The Movie Channel
1074:The Power Station
946:
945:
914:The Power Station
858:The Movie Channel
682:McDonnell Douglas
645:
644:
574:
573:
325:Anglia Television
218:Granada TV Rental
167:British Aerospace
124:
123:
3788:
3586:The Arts Channel
3519:
3518:
3503:
3496:
3489:
3480:
3479:
3456:Love Productions
3275:Sky Sport MotoGP
3221:
3220:
3111:
3110:
3107:
2993:Freesat from Sky
2779:Sky News Ireland
2712:Defunct channels
2596:
2595:
2592:
2578:
2574:A subsidiary of
2558:
2551:
2544:
2535:
2534:
2506:Marco Polo House
2392:
2391:
2369:
2362:
2355:
2346:
2345:
2330:
2329:
2318:
2317:
2245:Northrop Grumman
1924:Carriage dispute
1863:
1856:
1849:
1840:
1839:
1827:
1826:
1818:
1817:
1806:
1805:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1782:
1781:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1761:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1619:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1493:
1487:
1484:
1478:
1475:
1469:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1442:
1428:
1419:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1378:. Archived from
1368:
1362:
1361:
1350:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1325:. Archived from
1319:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1294:. Archived from
1287:
1236:Marco Polo House
1030:
1029:
997:Marco Polo House
935:
843:
842:
825:Bond Corporation
589:
588:
567:
561:
555:
493:
488:(former head of
450:
350:
349:(£2.50 per week)
289:
288:
206:franchises – 30%
106:Marco Polo House
75:
73:
68:
57:
55:
50:
31:
24:
20:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3707:
3688:
3668:
3652:
3631:
3615:
3574:
3533:
3510:
3507:
3477:
3472:
3468:Sky Switzerland
3428:
3389:Living TV Group
3353:
3321:
3206:
3190:
3161:
3103:
3094:
2971:
2944:
2918:
2914:Sky News Arabia
2852:
2707:
2584:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2562:
2532:
2527:
2510:Marcopolo (now
2494:
2489:
2484:
2482:
2474:
2469:
2467:
2459:
2454:
2452:
2444:
2435:
2433:
2425:
2420:
2418:
2410:
2405:
2403:
2385:
2378:
2373:
2343:
2338:
2306:
2285:
2264:
2240:Lockheed Martin
2213:
2119:AST SpaceMobile
2107:
2061:
2015:Satellite radio
2009:
1990:Satellite modem
1985:Satellite phone
1970:Multi-satellite
1928:
1914:Relay satellite
1889:Satellite radio
1872:
1867:
1832:
1824:
1812:
1800:
1790:
1788:
1776:
1766:
1764:
1756:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1700:, 9780415005098
1670:
1668:Further reading
1665:
1664:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1633:
1631:
1621:
1620:
1607:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1567:Wayback Machine
1560:
1556:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1518:
1514:
1501:Wayback Machine
1494:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1441:, 9780415005098
1429:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1385:
1383:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1352:
1351:
1342:
1332:
1330:
1329:on 14 June 2012
1321:
1320:
1311:
1301:
1299:
1288:
1279:
1274:
1225:
1165:
1141:
1117:
980:
933:
932:
837:
720:Lazard Brothers
650:
584:Cable Authority
579:
570:
565:
564:Family channel
559:
549:
542:
526:Muir Sutherland
515:
501:
490:Goldcrest Films
487:
475:
458:
444:
419:
402:
371:DBS UK Limited
366:
348:
339:
292:Franchise name
235:
222:Pearson Longman
147:
72:2 November 1990
71:
69:
66:
65:2 November 1990
53:
51:
48:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3794:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3660:
3658:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3645:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3525:
3523:
3516:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3505:
3498:
3491:
3483:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3453:
3442:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3227:
3225:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3180:
3175:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3150:Sky Sport News
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3117:
3115:
3108:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3055:Sky News Radio
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2902:Comedy Central
2896:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2866:
2860:
2858:
2857:Joint ventures
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2801:
2799:Sky Real Lives
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2602:
2600:
2593:
2581:
2580:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2561:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2538:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2523:Sky Television
2520:
2515:
2508:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2477:
2475:
2462:
2460:
2447:
2445:
2428:
2426:
2413:
2411:
2398:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2372:
2371:
2364:
2357:
2349:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2324:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2023:
2021:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1975:Satellite dish
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1904:Ground station
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1843:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1823:
1822:
1810:
1798:
1786:
1774:
1772:United Kingdom
1754:
1753:
1738:
1723:
1706:
1705:External links
1703:
1702:
1701:
1687:
1677:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1650:
1641:
1605:
1584:
1554:
1542:
1533:
1512:
1488:
1479:
1470:
1461:
1452:
1443:
1420:
1411:
1402:
1393:
1376:thevervoid.com
1363:
1340:
1309:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1253:'s studios in
1251:Sky Television
1240:Battersea Park
1224:
1221:
1164:
1161:
1153:disposal orbit
1140:
1137:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1034:
979:
976:
944:
943:
936:
929:
923:
922:
919:
918:29 March 1990
916:
910:
909:
906:
905:28 March 1990
903:
897:
896:
889:
888:27 March 1990
886:
880:
879:
876:
875:26 March 1990
873:
867:
866:
863:
862:25 March 1990
860:
854:
853:
850:
847:
836:
833:
805:United Artists
728:European Union
707:Sky Television
693:Rupert Murdoch
649:
646:
643:
642:
635:
629:
628:
625:
619:
618:
611:
607:
606:
603:
597:
596:
593:
578:
575:
572:
571:
569:
568:
566:(£2 per month)
562:
560:(£5 per month)
558:Movie channel
556:
545:
543:
541:
540:
535:
530:
527:
523:
521:
517:
516:
514:
513:
508:
504:
502:
500:
499:
494:
483:
481:
477:
476:
474:
473:
468:
465:
461:
459:
457:
456:
451:
447:Rupert Murdoch
439:
436:
433:
427:
425:
421:
420:
418:
417:
412:
409:
405:
403:
401:
400:
395:
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385:
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351:
342:
340:
338:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
306:
304:
300:
299:
296:
293:
243:Home Secretary
241:convinced the
234:
231:
226:
225:
207:
201:
187:Home Secretary
183:
182:
178:
146:
143:
122:
121:
118:
114:
113:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
85:Sky Television
81:
77:
76:
63:
59:
58:
45:
41:
40:
37:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3793:
3782:
3779:
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3704:
3701:
3699:
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3695:
3691:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3649:
3648:Super Channel
3646:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3618:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
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3594:
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3584:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3571:
3568:
3566:
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3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
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3546:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3530:
3527:
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3517:
3513:
3504:
3499:
3497:
3492:
3490:
3485:
3484:
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3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
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3435:
3431:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
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3336:
3334:
3331:
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3328:
3324:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3263:Sky Primafila
3261:
3259:
3256:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
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3203:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3187:
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3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
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1877:Main articles
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529:Jimmy Hartley
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90:
87:to form BSkyB
86:
82:
78:
64:
60:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
25:
19:
3697:
3606:Mirrorvision
3378:
3278:Sky Sport 24
3272:Sky Sport F1
3258:Sky Meteo 24
3241:Sky Atlantic
3156:Sky Sport F1
3126:Sky Atlantic
2962:
2957:Sky Magazine
2955:
2759:Sky Scottish
2676:Sky Showcase
2616:Sky Atlantic
2502:
2485:
2478:
2463:
2448:
2429:
2421:
2414:
2399:
2375:
2332:
2320:
2159:Intersputnik
2083:Dish Network
1745:. Retrieved
1730:. Retrieved
1715:. Retrieved
1689:
1683:
1674:
1658:
1653:
1644:
1632:. Retrieved
1626:
1596:. Retrieved
1587:
1575:. Retrieved
1563:Ghostarchive
1561:Archived at
1557:
1550:
1545:
1536:
1525:
1515:
1497:Ghostarchive
1495:Archived at
1491:
1482:
1473:
1464:
1455:
1446:
1430:
1414:
1405:
1396:
1384:. Retrieved
1380:the original
1375:
1366:
1358:The Guardian
1357:
1331:. Retrieved
1327:the original
1300:. Retrieved
1296:the original
1267:
1248:
1234:
1209:
1193:
1178:
1166:
1142:
1126:
1118:
1036:Description
1026:
1005:
981:
972:
963:
961:
953:
931:28 June 1990
852:Description
849:Launch date
838:
829:
817:
778:
767:
724:
709:, using the
700:
697:pan-European
690:
651:
595:Description
580:
538:Celtic Films
320:Virgin Group
273:
236:
227:
184:
148:
126:
125:
102:Headquarters
83:Merged with
18:
3570:Sky Channel
3565:Screensport
3445:Sky Studios
2923:Defunct JVs
2821:Channel One
2703:Sky Witness
2169:SED Systems
2103:1worldspace
1919:Transponder
1747:27 February
1634:11 November
1598:27 February
1577:27 February
1263:ITV Digital
702:Sky Channel
577:Winning bid
552:free-to-air
471:Sky Channel
445:(backed by
145:Development
3725:Categories
3643:MTV Europe
3463:Sky España
3440:Sky Campus
3417:Sky Brasil
3412:Sky México
3374:Criticisms
3312:Sky Nature
3281:Sky Calcio
3246:Sky Cinema
3186:Sky Comedy
3182:Sky Select
3131:Sky Cinema
3070:Sky Vision
3045:Sky Active
2843:Real Lives
2826:Sky Living
2794:Sky Travel
2686:Box Office
2681:Sky Sports
2671:Sky Sci-Fi
2666:Sky Replay
2656:Sky Nature
2626:Sky Comedy
2621:Sky Cinema
2471:Sky Sports
2456:Sky Movies
2134:Globalstar
1784:Television
1732:30 January
1698:0415005094
1439:0415005094
1272:References
1139:Satellites
1092:Sky Sports
1080:Sky Movies
1009:format war
984:head start
732:widescreen
486:James Lee
54:1986-12-11
3781:Sky Group
3601:Lifestyle
3555:Music Box
3422:Stream TV
3350:Sky Radio
3347:Sky Music
3317:Sky Serie
3268:Sky Sport
3202:Sky Store
3146:Sky Sport
3141:Sky Crime
3136:Sky Krimi
3080:The Cloud
3060:Sky Store
2998:On Demand
2631:Sky Crime
2606:Challenge
2565:Sky Group
1940:SAT>IP
1386:17 August
1360:. London.
1333:17 August
1302:17 August
1255:Isleworth
1196:SES Astra
1133:News Corp
1001:Battersea
989:Isleworth
793:Universal
789:Paramount
666:Chargeurs
658:Alan Bond
533:Alan Bond
454:Sears plc
214:Thorn EMI
112:, England
92:Successor
3560:Premiere
3433:See also
3369:Timeline
3338:Sky Show
3333:Sky Vivo
3287:Sky TG24
3236:Sky Arte
3224:Channels
3178:Sky Arts
3114:Channels
3085:Open....
3065:Sky Text
3013:Minidish
2964:Sky Kids
2933:Lifetime
2774:PremPlus
2764:Sky Soap
2744:Sky Arts
2661:Sky News
2641:Sky Kids
2611:Sky Arts
2599:Channels
2441:Sky Arts
2437:Sky News
2422:Retained
2321:Category
2189:Starlink
2184:Star One
2154:Intelsat
2149:Inmarsat
2139:Hispasat
2129:Eutelsat
2124:EchoStar
2000:Spacebus
1933:Hardware
1717:30 April
1565:and the
1499:and the
1223:Location
1216:Ferguson
1115:Outcomes
1106:Astra 1B
1066:Sky Arts
1062:Sky News
1011:between
955:squarial
797:Columbia
781:squarial
756:QuetzSat
181:project.
117:Products
36:Industry
3362:History
3326:Defunct
3231:Sky Uno
3166:Defunct
3121:Sky One
3008:Digibox
2983:Amstrad
2894:Ginx TV
2872:History
2789:Sky One
2784:The Amp
2651:Sky Mix
2646:Sky Max
2590:Ireland
2576:Comcast
2486:Extinct
2407:Sky One
2333:Commons
2204:Turksat
2194:Telesat
2164:Iridium
2098:Allente
2078:DirecTV
2052:ISDB-S3
2047:DVB-S2X
2037:DVB-RCS
1758:Portals
1628:YouTube
1242:in the
1149:Telenor
1129:Comcast
1048:Sky One
1017:Betamax
684:(later
654:Amstrad
610:ZigZag
330:Amstrad
315:Pearson
260:Philips
70: (
62:Defunct
52: (
44:Founded
3343:Sky 3D
3173:Sky 3D
3050:Sky Go
2838:Sky 3D
2724:Galaxy
2503:Other:
2439:&
2401:Galaxy
2250:SpaceX
2230:Boeing
2225:Airbus
2209:Viasat
2199:Tooway
2144:Hughes
2093:Sky UK
2042:DVB-S2
2027:DVB-SH
1950:DiSEqC
1696:
1437:
1290:CPBF.
1212:D2-MAC
1189:D2-MAC
1157:Thor 1
1042:Galaxy
982:Sky's
871:Galaxy
769:Ariane
760:YahSat
623:Galaxy
615:Disney
601:Screen
357:Galaxy
353:ZigZag
346:Screen
210:Virgin
110:London
3677:Other
3591:Bravo
3515:Years
3452:(60%)
3292:Cielo
3216:Italy
3195:Other
3030:Sky Q
2976:Other
2907:Extra
2882:Blaze
2848:Merit
2831:Loves
2804:Bravo
2749:Sky 2
2290:Lists
2235:INVAP
2032:S-DMB
1955:USALS
1820:1990s
1808:1980s
1185:D-MAC
711:Astra
467:Films
269:SECAM
248:D-MAC
200:– 50%
173:(now
39:Media
3657:1988
3636:1987
3620:1986
3579:1985
3538:1984
3522:1982
3018:Sky+
2696:News
2588:and
2512:Thor
1749:2021
1734:2020
1719:2007
1694:ISBN
1636:2023
1600:2016
1579:2016
1435:ISBN
1388:2012
1335:2012
1304:2012
1145:NSAB
1015:and
799:and
762:and
748:Ciel
672:and
670:Next
282:and
169:and
80:Fate
3297:TV8
3251:Due
3075:Now
2938:Bio
2769:.tv
2719:Now
2518:Sky
2431:Now
2255:SSL
2174:SES
1259:QVC
1200:PAL
1056:Now
1013:VHS
999:in
993:SES
987:in
968:Sky
901:Now
801:MGM
785:ITT
774:SES
764:SES
752:NSS
744:AMC
740:O3b
736:SES
715:PAL
639:ITN
633:Now
362:Now
284:ITN
267:or
265:PAL
239:IBA
204:ITV
198:BBC
159:BBC
3727::
3023:HD
2877:H2
2691:F1
2586:UK
2019:TV
2017:/
1625:.
1608:^
1569::
1524:.
1503::
1423:^
1374:.
1356:.
1343:^
1312:^
1280:^
1135:.
1082:.
952:A
942:.
895:.
795:,
791:,
758:,
754:,
750:,
746:,
668:,
664:,
141:.
108:,
3502:e
3495:t
3488:v
2809:2
2557:e
2550:t
2543:v
2514:)
2483:▼
2468:▼
2453:▼
2434:▼
2419:▼
2404:▼
2368:e
2361:t
2354:v
1981:)
1977:(
1862:e
1855:t
1848:v
1760::
1751:.
1736:.
1721:.
1638:.
1602:.
1530:.
1390:.
1337:.
1306:.
803:/
554:)
550:(
492:)
449:)
220:/
216:/
212:/
74:)
56:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
