1190:
770:
77:
551:
resident's real role varied enormously, depending upon the underlying relationship between the two parties and even upon the personalities of the
Resident and the ruler. Some residents were little more than observers and diplomats, others were seen as unwanted interlopers and were treated with hostility, while some won enough trust from the ruler that they were able to exercise great influence. In French protectorates, such as those of Morocco and Tunisia, the resident or resident general was the effective ruler of the territory. In 1887, when both
791:
1108:
799:
539:
3015:
139:
36:
1848:, lying between those larger states, British Residents were appointed 1906–1959 (interrupted by Japanese commander Masao Baba 6 January 1942 – 14 June 1945), afterwards only High Commissioners for the matters not transferred under autonomy (and 1971 self-government) until full independence went in force 1 January 1984. The administrative head of Sarawak's geographical Divisions was, however, titled as Resident.
3027:
1473:) on 27 May 1885. The Reich was represented there by the German Residents: Gustav Denhardt (b. 1856 – d. 1917; in office 8 April 1885 – 1 July 1890) and his deputy Clemens Andreas Denhardt (b. 1852 – d. 1928) until 1 July 1890 imperial Germany renounces its protectorate, ceding the Wituland to Great Britain which had on 18 June 1890 declared it a British protectorate).
1832:(in 1801 Province Wellesley on the mainland was added) and many Governors after 1805 (since 1826 as part of the Strait Settlements), only Resident Councillors were in office 1849–1941 (name Penang assumed in 1867); after four Japanese and since 1945 two British military governors, four Resident Commissioners 1946–1957, since then Malaysian-appointed "heads of state".
1794:, then John Crawfurd), the Governors of the Straits Settlements filled the post 1826 – 15 February 1942; after four Japanese Military Administrators and two Japanese Mayors, a British Military Administrator 12 September 1945 – 1 April 1946, then four British Governors and the second incumbent stayed on as first of two gubernatorial 'Heads of state' styled
646:, which since 1843 was under a British protectorate, after it became the Zulu "Native" Reserve or Zululand Province on 1 September 1879: two British Residents (William Douglas Wheelwright, 8 September 1879 to January 1880, then Sir Melmoth Osborn until 22 December 1882). Thereafter there were Resident Commissioners until Zululand was incorporated into the
1155:(under a single High Commissioner, till its 1976 dissolution, in Suva or Honoria), until the abolition of the post at the 1965 self-government grant as a territory in free association with New Zealand, having its cabinet (still under the British Crown, which after 1976 appoints a special King's/Queen's Representative, as well as a High Commissioner).
1570:), five incumbents from 1885 (18 July 1885 Portuguese Congo district created after 14 February 1885 confirmation by the Berlin Conference of the 1883 Portuguese protectorate over "Portuguese Congo") to 1899 (end of autonomy under the Governors of Congo district which had its seat in Cabinda since 1887)
1423:(present Burkina Faso), which has had its own Lieutenant governor (before) or Governor (after) and intermediately has been part of one or (carved up) more neighbouring French colonies, there has been one Résident-Superieur of "Upper Ivory Coast", 1 January 1938 – 29 July 1940, while it was part of the
1641:
Then there were various
British chief secretaries 1911–1936 and two federal secretaries until 31 January 1942; after three Japanese military governors, the British Governor (1 April 1946 – 1 February 1948) stayed on as first of four High Commissioners as de facto governor-general of the Federation of
918:
made a colony in full
British possession. The last of three British Political Agents since 1939 stayed on as first Resident since 1859, the last again staying on in 1932 as first Chief Commissioner; he was the only diplomatic representative to the various Arabian rulers who over time accepted British
518:
prime minister to a native ruler. In other respects, they acted as an ambassador of the government of the country they were posted to, but at a lower level, since they were protectorates or tributaries of
Western nations. Instead of being a representative to a single ruler, a resident could be posted
943:
s acted on behalf of the
British government: Nawab Foujdar Khan (1856 – April 1859), Ghulam Husain Khan Allizai (April 1859 – 1865), Bukhiar Khan (February 1864 – January 1868, acting), Attah Muhammad Khan Khagwani (January 1868 – 1878); then there were two more British Residents Louis Napoleon
550:
In some cases, the intertwining of the
European power with the traditional native establishment went so far that members of the native princely houses became residents, either in other states or even within their state, provided that they were unlikely ever to succeed as rulers of the state. A
901:
were assigned for the maintenance of the royal family, and were administered by a
British Resident, until in 1832 the whole area was annexed to British Residents were also posted in major states considered to be connected with India, neighbouring or on the sea route to it, notably:
2181:, government residents were appointed by the Government of South Australia from the establishment of the territory in 1864 until its transfer to the Australian Government on 1 January 1911. The last incumbent stayed on as first of six administrators; then again 1 February 1927
2015:
On occasion, residents were maintained, notably by former colonial powers, in territories in a transitional process to a new constitutional status, such as full independence. Such function could also be performed under another title, such as
Commissioner or High Commissioner.
1767:, since the acceptance of British protectorate as an confederated state instead of the Thai sovereignty (since the secession from Kedah) and were appointed again after Japanese and Thai occupation, until 1 April 1946 it joins the Malay Union (from 16 September 1963, Malaysia)
919:
protectorate, but since the 1935 legal separation from
British India was followed in 1937 by a reorganisation into an Eastern and a Western Aden Protectorate (based at Mukallah and Lahej; together covering all Yemen), the British Representatives in each were styled British
1774:, i.e. even before the 9 July 1909 exchange of Thai sovereignty for a British protectorate as unfederated Malay state, then Advisers 1919–1941 (overlap merely both titles for the same incumbent); after Japanese and Thai occupation, British Commissioners were appointed.
2157:. Government residents were appointed (at various times), at Augusta, Busselton, Carnarvon (Gascoyne District), Champion Bay (Geraldton), Derby (Kimberley District, later West Kimberley), Fremantle, Guildford, King George's Sound (Albany), Newcastle (Toodyay), the
1434:, where the local royal government was theoretically maintained, the resident at Phnom-Penh was the Resident-Superior, over the various Residents posted throughout Cambodia. The Resident-Superior of Cambodia answered to the Governor-General of Indochina, however.
2072:(under British mandate); 26 May 1923 Transjordan formally separated from Palestine; 28 Feb 1928 Britain recognizes Transjordan mandate as independent, but maintains military and some financial control; 25 May 1946 proclamation of the Hashemite Kingdom (style
1493:(present Burundi): 15 November 1907 – June 1916, starting with the same as above; formally accredited to the native Mwami (King; on 8 October 1905 the Germans recognized the already ruling Mwezi IV Gisabo as "Sultan" of Burundi and its only supreme authority)
937:, not then among Sovereign monarchs): the first British Residents were Sir Alexander Burnes (1837 – 2 November 1841); William Hay McNaghten (7 August 1839 – 23 December 1841); Eldred Pottinger (December 1841 – 6 January 1842). After that, four native
1381:(7 April 1887 – 26 June 1888, Maurice Antoine Chauvot), there was a long list of Residents from 7 April 1887; since 3 October 1961, when both islands were joined as the Wallis & Futuna overseas territory, their successors were styled
1070:
became a federal republic of seven islands (Corfu, Cephalonia, Zante, Santa Maura, Ithaca, Cerigo, and Paxos), as a protectorate (nominally of the allied Powers; de facto UK protectorate; the highest office was the always-British
1459:(sultan) of Witu (on the Kenyan coast), ceded 25 square miles (65 km) of territory on 8 April 1885 to the brothers Clemens and Gustav Denhardt's "Tana Company", and the remainder of the Wituland became the German
1805:(Melaka), a former Dutch colony, seven consecutive British Residents were in office 1795–1818, followed by three Dutch governors; after the final inclusion in the British Strait Settlements, 1826, most were titled
2003:
the former Prime
Minister of Japan), all Japanese peers (new western-type styles, rendered as: Marquess/Duke or Viscount); the last stayed on as the first Governor-General after full annexation to Japan. See:
2044:
was appointed (although in 1949 Southern Cameroons was divided into two provinces: Bamenda, capital Bamenda, and Southern, capital Buea) until 1 October 1954 when British Cameroons became an autonomous part of
2039:
and the 20 July 1920 British Cameroons, League of Nations mandate; they continued in the 13 December 1946 created British Cameroons United Nations trust territory, until 31 December 1949; next a single
1031:, 1800–1804, 1805–1810, and 1840 (so twice interrupted by vacancy), then located with the African branch of the dynasty on the island of Unguja, since 1862 his role was handed over to a Political Agent
1608:, after the post of High Commissioner had been filled (1 July 1896 – 1 April 1946) by the governors of the Straits Settlements (see Singapore), Britain appointed the following residents-general:
2125:, then still an independent monarchy (afterwards absorbed into India as an additional constitutive state) where Britain had obtained a protectorate over the Maharaja in 1861, see above.
703:(established in 1701), since it became 1896 a British protectorate; on 23 June 1900 the Confederation was dissolved by UK protectorate authority, and on 26 September 1901 turned into
1176:(formally from 5 December 1950; in the meantime, the Indian representative was again styled Political Agent, the first incumbent being the former British Political Agent—India was a
986:
in August 1795 and occupying the island (completed on 16 February 1796), their only Resident there was Robert Andrews, 12 February 1796 – 12 October 1798, who was subordinate to the
1730:, since they exchanged Thai sovereignty for a British protectorate; since 1 July 1896 part of the Federated Malay States; after the Japanese occupation a single British Commissioner
1172:
had been under a British protectorate (1861 – 15 August 1947; the crown representative was styled Political Agent), became immediately afterward a protectorate of newly independent
1001:
archipelago since he formally accepted British protection on 16 December 1887 (informally since 1796, after the British took over Ceylon from the Dutch), but this office was filled
639:
until the definite establishment of British rule in Natal and its 1845 organization as an administrative entity, when the incumbent Shepstone was made Agent for the native tribes.
2153:, and the two titles were often used interchangeably. However, they also often directed the day-to-day activities of police, explorers, surveyors, customs officers and other
621:(superior to the new two provinces) for Edward John Gibbons (b. 1906 – d. 1990), who stayed on in October 1954 as the first Commissioner when it became an autonomous part of
494:– to the head of all permanent missions in any country, except as a temporary expression of down-graded relations or where representation was merely an interim arrangement.
519:
to more than one native state, or to a grouping of states which the European power decided for its convenience. This could create an artificial geographical unit, as in
1699:
1585:
until 1975, civil residents served from 1911 (withdrawal of the Portuguese military garrison) until 31 July 1961 (invasion of the fort by the Dahomey military forces)
1075:), until its 1 June 1864 incorporation into independent Greece, there were British residents, each posted with a local Prefect, on seven individual islands, notably:
1741:, a year after accepting British protectorate (never under Thailand), 1 July 1896 part of Federated Malay States; after the Japanese occupation British Commissioners
1712:
979:) in 1945–1948 (each group had been under a Superintendent from 1887/88 till 1922, then both jointly under a Resident Commissioner till the 1942 Japanese occupation)
1047:
Even in overseas territories occupied ('preventively' or conquered) to keep the French out of strategic trade and waters, residencies could be established, e.g. at
948:(1880); next came two Military Commanders (8 October 1879 – 11 August 1880) and until 1919 ten native British Agents, one of whom served two non-consecutive terms.
2049:; next two commissioners were appointed instead, until on 1 October 1961 Southern British Cameroons was incorporated into the Republic of Cameroon (the former
1688:
964:
631:
when the military party sent from Cape Colony to occupy Port Natal on behalf of Great Britain was recalled in 1839, a British Resident was appointed among the
1806:
1884:
959:(October 1796 – July 1797), and there were more discontinuous postings to that court, in the 19th century, never satisfactory to either party; after the
1205:, Dutch residents and lower ranks such as assistant residents were posted alongside a number of the many native princes in present Indonesia, compared
1670:
1516:
2142:, colonial administration and local government were sometimes controlled at the regional level, by government residents, under the direction of the
2106:, a former Italian colony, put under UN administration since 1946 prior to their unification as a Libyan kingdom, Britain maintained a Resident in
704:
1486:: 1906 – 15 November 1907 Werner von Grawert (d. 1918), formerly the last military district commander of Usumbura (the other district being Ujiji)
1684:, which accepted a British protectorate in 1888 and acceded in 1896 to the Federation; again British Commissioners after the Japanese occupation
1189:
1048:
2369:
2121:
In a later phase a former colony could itself appoint such Residents, as India did 5 December 1950 – 16 May 1975 in its Himalayan protectorate
738:
2027:(since 26 September 1914), Britain started appointing a long line of residents (some were district officer or senior district officer, others
798:
2068:), but in August 1920 the British create autonomous local administrations in Ajlun, Salt, and Karak—with limited success; 11 April 1921 the
2005:
1881:
559:
2273:
2234:
1385:'Administrator-superior', but the native dynasties remain; they represented the French government by the protectorate treaties with the
1574:
1251:
However the 'Jacobin' tradition of strict state authority didn't agree well with indirect rule, so often direct rule was preferred.
2506:
455:
Residents could also be posted to nations that had significant foreign influence. For instance, the British sent residents to the
2143:
1290:(posts at Assinié 1843–1870, and Grand Bassam, Fort Dabou 1853–1872, part of the Colony of Gorée and Dependencies in Senegal]):
203:
175:
1634:
2189:, until from 12 June 1931. Administrators were (and still are) appointed, even after 1978 when self-government was granted.
1873:, accredited with the Sultan: Residents-general 28 April 1912 – 2 March 1956 (first incumbent previously military governor)
2321:
1180:, still under the British crown, till 26 January 1950) until 16 May 1975, it was annexed as a constituent state of India.
1152:
1067:
506:. Some such residents were former military officers, rather than career diplomats, who resided in smaller self-governing
373:
182:
502:
Some official representatives of European colonial powers, while in theory diplomats, in practice exercised a degree of
920:
774:
156:
49:
769:
2162:
437:, usually reflecting the relatively low status of the states of origin and/or residency or else difficult relations.
240:
222:
120:
98:
63:
562:
asked for a British resident, seeing this as a desirable and effective form of protection. His request was refused.
91:
2971:
2402:
189:
17:
2080:); the 17 June 1946 formal independence from Britain finally ends the term of the last of four British Residents:
398:
required to take up permanent residence in another country. A representative of his government, he officially has
3000:
784:
591:, the second 'homeland' of the Omani dynasty, since 1913. From 1913 to 1961 the Residents were also the Sultan's
410:
1415:
This French title, meaning "Superior" (i.e. Senior) Resident, indicates that he had junior Residents under him.
1151:; the third and last incumbent stayed on as first Resident Commissioner since 1901, at the incorporation in the
2197:
1 March 1927 – 12 June 1931, while the Northern Territory was split, there were two consecutive incumbents for
878:
160:
733:(first to the British-installed ruling council of chiefs, later to the restored Oba), with the Emir of and in
171:
3063:
3053:
2198:
2087:
722:
718:
440:
On occasion, the resident minister's role could become extremely important, as when in 1806 the Bourbon king
806:
1978:(b. 1909 – d. 1995), staying on after being its Belgian last Governor (and Deputy Governor-General of the
2559:
2186:
1920:
1909:
1328:
1254:
Many were part of a white colonial hierarchy, rather than truly posted with a native ruler or chieftain.
490:
As international relations developed, it became customary to give the highest title of diplomatic rank –
472:
3030:
2988:
3058:
1719:
from the start of the British protectorate; again British Commissioners after the Japanese occupation
1043:(present Jordan) from April 1921 – 17 June 1946 four incumbents accredited to the Hashemite Emir/King
2978:
2623:
2364:
2256:
1536:
866:
662:
276:
85:
1887:
23 June 1885 – 31 August 1955; first incumbent was the last of the two previous Resident ministers
2731:
2442:
2426:
2381:
2314:
1821:
1760:, an confederated state; after Japanese and Thai occupation, British Commissioners were appointed
960:
700:
684:
665:
in 1848. In 1854 the British abandoned the Sovereignty, and the independent Boer republic of the
366:
321:
296:
149:
2495:
2415:
1963:(Belgium mainly used French in the colonies; the word in its other official language, Dutch, is
1753:, an unfederated state; after Japanese and Thai occupation, British Commissioners were appointed
1314:
12 November 1892 – 10 March 1893 Paul Alphonse Frédéric Heckman; thereafter it had its Governors
341:
316:
3068:
2826:
2069:
1930:(at Hanoi; subordinated to Annam until 1888) 1886–1950s (at least 1953)—but none in Cochinchina
1795:
1727:
1324:
1072:
1040:
826:
677:
480:
456:
441:
196:
102:
55:
1813:
took their place until the 1957 independence installed Malaysian Governors and Chief Ministers
1809:, except the period 1910–1920 reverting to the style Resident; after the Japanese occupation,
2463:
2182:
1810:
1677:
1627:
1620:
1124:
532:
449:
1346:
island, divided into eleven sultanates, some of which on occasion had the superior title of
982:
after five military governors since the East India Company started chasing the Dutch out of
2912:
2796:
2786:
2681:
2595:
2158:
1999:
Monarch (rendered as King or Emperor) 21 Dec 1905 – 1 Oct 1910 three incumbents (including
1647:
987:
968:
301:
2500:
1836:
On Northern Borneo, contrary to the Malay peninsula, no such officials were appointed, in
1665:
1885–1911 British Residents were appointed to the Sultans (until 1886 styled Maharaja) of
1278:
and the Gulf of Guinea Settlements; from 1886 subordinated to the Lieutenant Governors of
8:
2887:
2847:
2791:
2761:
2736:
2726:
2701:
2671:
2552:
2376:
2150:
2061:
1829:
1779:
945:
2517:
2512:
2228:
336:
331:
3018:
2945:
2907:
2902:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2857:
2821:
2716:
2691:
2686:
2630:
2547:
2527:
2307:
2178:
1563:
1477:
1420:
991:
890:
708:
528:
514:
and acted as political advisors to the ruler. A trusted resident could even become the
476:
359:
2522:
2102:
Also after World War II, and not only in former mandate territories; e.g. in parts of
2035:) in its zone from 1916, even before the 28 June 1919 formal division into French and
1020:), since 15 March 1816 exercising a de facto protectorate—the last staying on 1920 as
346:
2950:
2918:
2852:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2756:
2746:
2741:
2706:
2696:
2650:
2635:
2260:
2139:
2093:
August 1924 – March 1939 Henry Cox (from 1937, Charles Henry Cox) (b. 1880 – d. 1953)
2065:
2036:
1374:
1202:
1120:
1056:
911:
854:
790:
666:
445:
271:
1669:, an confederated state until 1946; thereafter the British crown was represented by
1642:
Malaya until independence on 31 August 1957 saw the creation of an elective federal
2983:
2867:
2801:
2721:
2711:
2666:
2645:
2618:
2610:
1975:
1791:
1613:
1107:
963:
there were two separate British Residents in a border zone of that country: in the
874:
614:
452:, the British Resident, authored (1812) a new and relatively liberal constitution.
555:
and gold prospectors of all nationalities were overrunning his country, the Swazi
538:
2966:
2897:
2771:
2575:
2421:
2050:
1681:
1643:
1084:
1017:
846:
651:
556:
511:
430:
286:
1949:
later downgraded (under Hué) to Residents-superior 16 May 1889 – 15 October 1945
1293:
1871–1885 Arthur Verdier (to 1878 Warden of the French Flag) (b. 1835 – d. 1898)
1159:
2892:
2862:
2751:
2600:
2248:
2154:
1996:
1844:
as there were white rulers or governors; but to the still sovereign Sultans of
1749:
1909–41 British Advisers replaced the Thai king's Advisers in the sultanate of
1605:
1522:
1510:
1225:
1088:
934:
898:
882:
862:
818:
779:
754:
734:
632:
571:
468:
460:
810:
27:
Government official required to take up permanent residence in another country
3047:
2776:
2766:
2475:
2470:
2223:
1979:
1971:
1825:
1745:
A similar position, under another title, was held in the other Malay states:
1711:
1888–1938 British Residents were appointed to the Sultans (until 1882 styled
1547:
1501:
1394:
1343:
1323:, in the Indian Ocean, several Residents were posted with the various native
1112:
1021:
886:
802:
746:
607:
503:
434:
403:
291:
1393:(Wallis island, 5 April 1887; 27 November 1887 administratively attached to
2279:. Government of South Australia. 12 November 1863. pp. 275 and 278–279
2107:
2000:
1841:
1703:
1658:
1461:
1347:
1283:
1194:
1148:
1116:
930:
838:
758:
658:
647:
507:
414:
311:
2299:
2019:
Thus after World War I, there were residents in some mandate territories:
1798:, his Malay successor also becoming the first President after independence
1368:
island) from 1886; then 1889–1912 filled by the above residents of Anjouan
1102:
1005:
by the colonial Governors until 4 February 1948, abolished on 26 July 1965
2995:
2842:
2676:
1443:
In the German colonies, the title was also Resident; the post was called
1424:
1271:
1206:
1137:
1133:
1092:
926:
858:
822:
524:
2238:. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 183.
1790:, after two separate British Residents (7 February 1819 – December 1822
1282:), where in 1842 France had declared protectorates over the Kingdoms of
2924:
2397:
2252:
1974:(cfr. German above; there were Belgian Residents ): 1960 – 1 July 1962
1891:
1771:
1076:
1013:
870:
834:
730:
657:
in 1845 the resident 'north of the Orange River chose his residency at
491:
266:
2486:
1589:
955:(died 1799) was the first British Resident to the King of independent
326:
2940:
2605:
2330:
2166:
2111:
1787:
1738:
1673:
until the Japanese occupation, and finally by Commissioners 1945–1948
1528:
1217:
1144:
952:
726:
636:
418:
399:
2053:), the northern part was already united with Nigeria on 1 June 1961.
2023:
after the French and British occupation of the former German colony
1828:
had yet been ceded to the British by the Sultan of Kedah), then two
1365:
1302:
9 March 1890 – 14 June 1890 Jean Joseph Étienne Octave Péan (acting)
138:
2640:
2334:
1943:
1757:
1734:
1543:
1466:
1452:
1431:
1390:
1177:
1169:
998:
850:
688:
603:
588:
575:
484:
395:
2169:), Port Leschenault (Bunbury), Wyndham (East Kimberley) and York.
2096:
March 1939 – 17 June 1946 Alec Seath Kirkbride (b. 1897 – d. 1978)
1698:
1875–1889 additional British Residents were also appointed to the
1147:
since the 1888 establishment of the British protectorate over the
617:(part of the former German Kamerun), since 1916, in 1949 restyled
2149:
The main responsibility of a government resident was the role of
2083:
April 1921 – 21 November 1921 Albert Abramson (b. 1876 – d. 19..)
2046:
2024:
1905:
1877:
1870:
1837:
1802:
1582:
1456:
1386:
1354:
1332:
1327:
on major islands; they were all three subordinated to the French
1320:
1229:
1213:
1052:
842:
830:
750:
643:
622:
543:
1763:
1909–1941 British Advisers replaced Thai ones with the Rajas of
1756:
1903–41 British Advisers replaced Thai ones in the sultanate of
1061:
2781:
2407:
2227:
2122:
2115:
2077:
2057:
1927:
1913:
1845:
1817:
1764:
1716:
1692:
1666:
1616:(b. 1850 – d. 1946; from 1897, Sir Frank Athelstane Swettenham)
1567:
1497:
1490:
1483:
1402:
1279:
1165:
1080:
983:
976:
972:
742:
712:
592:
463:
as an autonomous state (1704–1831) in the north of present-day
281:
2103:
2073:
1992:
1750:
1723:
1687:
1883–1895 additional British Residents were appointed to the
1657:
There were specific residents accredited in most constituent
1578:
1398:
1358:
1336:
1299:
1886 – 9 March 1890 Marcel Treich Leplène (b. 1860 – d. 1890)
1287:
1275:
1221:
1173:
1160:
Residents in protectorates of decolonised Commonwealth states
1096:
1009:
956:
939:
915:
894:
696:
599:
861:; to the Maharaja Sena Sahib Subah of the Mahratta state of
527:. Similar positions could carry alternative titles, such as
1934:
1233:
1132:
in the period before British sovereignty was declared over
1028:
907:
825:. Often they were appointed to a single state, as with the
673:
552:
464:
1680:(state's elective ruler) of the nine member-confederation
1397:) and on 16 February 1888 with the two kingdoms on Futuna—
725:
and after their joining Nigeria protectorate, notably in
409:
A resident usually heads an administrative area called a
2114:
17 September 1949 – 24 December 1951, and France one in
1770:
1904–25 British Agents were appointed to the Sultans of
1244:
France also maintained residents, the French word being
606:, after the British took over the protectorate from the
1599:
1103:
Residents on (British and dominion) ocean island states
1274:(from 1881 subordinated to the Superior Commandant of
821:– in major states or groups of states—in the days of
2128:
1824:
for the British East India Company (1786–1799; only
1335:
island protectorate (itself constituting the native
994:
appointed Governors as it was made a separate colony
595:. There were Consuls and Consuls-general until 1963.
1590:
Residents-general (and their subordinate residents)
163:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
471:sultans reasserted control over it (1831) and its
565:
3045:
1946:Residents-general 12 August 1885 – 16 May 1889;
1556:
1305:14 June 1890 – 1892 Jean Auguste Henri Desailles
971:(each several tribal states, usually ruled by a
1228:; another was posted with the Sultan of and on
2255:commemorates his name; Cox also figures among
1733:1875–1941 British Residents to the Sultans of
1722:1874–1941 British Residents to the Sultans of
1594:
1377:, after a single French Representative styled
1311:1892 – 12 November 1892 Julien Voisin (acting)
1266:A single post of resident was also created in
2315:
2110:April 1949 – 24 December 1951 and another in
1296:1885–1886 Charles Bour -Commandant-particular
1062:Residents in (British) European protectorates
944:Cavagnari (24 July 1879 – 3 September 1879),
433:for the head of a mission ranking just below
367:
1986:
1438:
1361:(sole Sultan): only two incumbents 188x–189x
1239:
497:
2329:
2006:List of Japanese Residents-General of Korea
1650:(since 16 September 1961 with the addition
1184:
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2322:
2308:
483:in 1815, the British posted a resident to
374:
360:
2295:
2010:
1136:and a lieutenant-governor was appointed,
817:British residents were posted in various
813:as the first European envoys ever in 1868
707:, so since 1902 his place was taken by a
241:Learn how and when to remove this message
223:Learn how and when to remove this message
121:Learn how and when to remove this message
2274:"The Northern Territory Act 1863 No. 23"
2222:
2218:
2216:
2214:
1923:(also at Hué) 1886–1950s (at least 1953)
1188:
1106:
797:
789:
768:
570:The residents of the governments of the
537:
654:as British Zululand on 1 December 1897.
578:to a variety of protectorates include:
429:This full style occurred commonly as a
14:
3046:
1140:from 10 May 1833 till 28 January 1840.
889:was taken under the protection of the
581:
2507:Conseiller chargé des investissements
2303:
2211:
2172:
1504:overseeing an area of 32,200 km;
1408:
610:, which had itself posted a Resident.
424:
3026:
2192:
2133:
1600:British Malay states and possessions
764:
161:adding citations to reliable sources
132:
70:
29:
1916:(at Hué) 11 June 1884 – 9 May 1889
1706:, another major member principality
1455:: Ahmed ibn Fumo Bakari, the first
1153:British Western Pacific Territories
1068:United States of the Ionian Islands
990:(see British India), afterward the
933:of 21 guns (the highest rank among
24:
2146:(i.e. the "Governor in Council").
2060:was part since 12 May 1920 of the
1908:& Laos: Residents-general for
1575:Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá
794:The British Residency at Hyderabad
661:, which became the capital of the
402:which are often seen as a form of
90:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
3080:
2129:Government residents in Australia
1257:
1193:The house of a Dutch resident in
805:receives Dutch Minister-Resident
723:and Southern Nigeria Protectorate
84:This includes a list of general
45:This article has multiple issues.
3025:
3014:
3013:
1216:, there were Dutch residents at
914:), the only part of present-day
137:
75:
34:
3001:Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy
542:The French resident general of
487:to handle their affairs there.
413:. "Resident" may also refer to
148:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
2266:
2242:
2086:21 November 1921 – April 1924
1894:: 28 April 1886 – 31 July 1897
1127:looking on, on 7 October 1900.
1066:Since on 5 November 1815, the
1012:since 1802, accredited to the
853:; to the restored Maharaja of
566:British and dominion residents
13:
1:
2204:
2088:Harry St. John Bridger Philby
1937:September 1895 – 5 April 1945
1782:, under direct British rule:
1695:, a major member principality
1557:Portuguese colonial residents
841:; to the Maharaja Sindhia of
837:; to the Maharaja Gaekwad of
809:and French Minister-Resident
719:Northern Nigeria Protectorate
2996:Twin towns and sister cities
2185:was Government Resident for
2062:British mandate of Palestine
1898:
1581:), a country that was named
1123:, with the British Resident
1055:, an island returned to the
807:Dirk de Graeff van Polsbroek
777:with his son in the Nawab's
7:
1614:Frank Athelstane Swettenham
1604:At the "national" level of
1595:British resident (-general)
1119:annexation proclamation to
910:(while subordinated to the
783:with British Resident, Sir
10:
3085:
2989:Plenipotentiary Conference
2259:: see the now-discredited
2076:) of Transjordan (present
1958:
1952:several regional RĂ©sidents
1308:1892 Éloi Bricard (acting)
1024:till the 1923 emancipation
845:; to the Nizam al-Mulk of
753:, with the Emir of and in
3009:
2959:
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2588:
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2435:
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2118:1950 – 24 December 1951.
1987:Japanese (original title)
1863:
1851:
1439:German colonial residents
1240:French colonial residents
699:, with the rulers of the
498:Pseudo-colonial residents
2979:Parliamentary delegation
2858:Diplomatic accreditation
2624:African Diplomatic Corps
2365:Permanent representative
1700:Undang Luak Sungai Ujong
1537:German South-West Africa
1383:Administrateur supérieur
1185:Dutch colonial residents
1027:with the Imam/Sultan of
931:entitled to a gun salute
737:, to the jointly ruling
717:in various parts of the
663:Orange River Sovereignty
277:Permanent representative
2427:Deputy chief of mission
2382:Resident representative
2235:Encyclopædia Britannica
1933:Residents-superior for
1926:Residents-Superior for
1919:Residents-Superior for
1713:Bendahara Seri Maharaja
1350:): November 1886 – 1912
961:Third Anglo-Burmese War
885:power in 1803, and the
869:; to the (Maha)Raja of
865:; to the (Maha)Raja of
701:Asanteman Confederation
297:Deputy chief of mission
105:more precise citations.
2873:Diplomatic credentials
2296:Sources and references
2070:Emirate of Transjordan
2011:Postcolonial residents
1880:, accredited with the
1826:Prince of Wales Island
1820:(Pinang), after three
1811:Resident Commissioners
1796:yang di-pertuan negara
1728:Pangkor Treaty of 1874
1635:Arthur Henderson Young
1427:colony: Edmond Louveau
1401:(also called Alo) and
1339:or Mawuti sultanate):
1198:
1128:
1095:(Leucada/Lefkada) and
1073:Lord High Commissioner
877:in Udaipur. Even when
814:
795:
787:
602:, in the Sultanate of
547:
481:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
475:(governor). After the
2464:Resident commissioner
2436:Bilateral-subnational
2183:Robert Hunter Weddell
1678:Yang Di Pertuan Besar
1628:William Thomas Taylor
1621:William Hood Treacher
1192:
1110:
997:to the Sultan of the
873:; to the Maharana of
849:; to the Maharaja of
801:
793:
772:
541:
533:resident commissioner
523:in some parts of the
450:Lord William Bentinck
3064:Gubernatorial titles
3054:Obsolete occupations
2596:Apostolic nunciature
2496:Agricultural attaché
1995:, accredited to the
1991:In the protectorate
1830:Lieutenant-governors
1689:Yang Di-Pertuan Muda
1648:Yang Dipertuan Agong
988:presidency of Madras
969:Southern Shan States
965:Northern Shan States
857:, after the fall of
749:), with the Emir of
635:and other tribes in
628:in Southern Africa:
587:In the Sultanate of
400:diplomatic functions
342:Agricultural attaché
157:improve this article
2888:Diplomatic immunity
2848:Consular assistance
2377:Ambassador-at-large
2257:historians of chess
2151:Resident Magistrate
2090:(b. 1885 – d. 1960)
1856:The French word is
1807:Resident Councillor
1780:Straits Settlements
1637:(b. 1854 – d. 1938)
1630:(b. 1848 – d. 1931)
1623:(b. 1849 – d. 1919)
1612:1 July 1896 – 1901
946:Henry Lepel-Griffin
893:, the districts of
757:, with the Emir of
745:(a vassal state in
582:Residents in Africa
396:government official
172:"Resident minister"
2946:Letter of credence
2908:Diplomatic uniform
2903:Diplomatic service
2883:Diplomatic illness
2878:Diplomatic history
2631:Diplomatic mission
2548:Diplomatic courier
2528:Trade commissioner
2391:Bilateral-national
2179:Northern Territory
2173:Northern Territory
2144:Colonial Secretary
1726:as written in the
1539:(present Namibia)
1478:German East Africa
1465:(Protectorate) of
1410:Résident supérieur
1199:
1129:
921:Political officers
891:East India Company
815:
796:
788:
709:Chief Commissioner
548:
477:Congress of Vienna
425:Resident ministers
417:, the chief of an
3041:
3040:
2951:Letter of protest
2919:Persona non grata
2853:Consular immunity
2651:Exclusive mandate
2584:
2583:
2536:
2535:
2501:Chargé de mission
2452:Bilateral-insular
2416:Chargé d'affaires
2403:High commissioner
2261:Cox-Forbes theory
2199:Central Australia
2193:Central Australia
2140:Western Australia
2138:In the Colony of
2134:Western Australia
2066:high commissioner
2064:(under a British
2037:British Cameroons
1965:Resident-generaal
1885:Residents-general
1676:1888–1941 to the
1379:chargé de mission
1375:Wallis and Futuna
1357:island) with the
1203:Dutch East Indies
1111:Governor-General
1057:Dutch East Indies
912:Bombay Presidency
833:, the capital of
765:Residents in Asia
667:Orange Free State
446:Kingdom of Naples
421:operations base.
388:resident minister
384:
383:
317:Chargé d'affaires
307:Resident minister
272:High commissioner
251:
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225:
207:
131:
130:
123:
68:
16:(Redirected from
3076:
3059:Diplomatic ranks
3029:
3028:
3017:
3016:
2868:Diplomatic cable
2646:Protecting power
2619:Diplomatic corps
2560:Foreign minister
2553:King's Messenger
2518:Military attaché
2513:Cultural attaché
2355:
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2240:
2239:
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2229:"Resident"
2220:
2042:special resident
1976:Jean-Paul Harroy
1858:Résident-général
1792:William Farquhar
1671:General Advisers
1212:For example, in
775:Mubarak Ali Khan
619:Special Resident
615:British Cameroon
512:tributary states
504:indirect control
461:Baghdad province
394:for short, is a
376:
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362:
337:Cultural attaché
332:Military attaché
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2898:Diplomatic rank
2831:
2655:
2636:High commission
2580:
2576:Diplomatic rank
2564:
2532:
2523:Science attaché
2480:
2447:
2431:
2422:Head of mission
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2187:North Australia
2175:
2155:public servants
2136:
2131:
2051:French Cameroun
2033:senior resident
2029:deputy resident
2013:
1989:
1961:
1901:
1866:
1854:
1822:Superintendents
1682:Negeri Sembilan
1644:paramount ruler
1602:
1597:
1592:
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1544:Schuckmannsburg
1441:
1413:
1263:
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1187:
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1064:
1035:And elsewhere:
1018:Maharajadhiraja
935:princely states
881:had broken the
819:princely states
767:
741:and Balogun of
669:was established
598:In present-day
584:
568:
557:paramount chief
529:political agent
500:
459:Beys who ruled
431:diplomatic rank
427:
380:
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347:Science attaché
287:Head of mission
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2890:
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2863:Diplomatic bag
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2601:Consular corps
2598:
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2569:Classification
2566:
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2556:
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2503:
2498:
2492:
2490:
2485:By portfolio (
2482:
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2370:United Nations
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2241:
2226:, ed. (1911).
2224:Chisholm, Hugh
2209:
2208:
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2174:
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2163:Camden Harbour
2159:North District
2135:
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2100:
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1606:British Malaya
1601:
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1542:A resident of
1533:
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1531:
1527:A resident of
1525:
1521:A resident of
1519:
1515:A resident of
1511:German Kamerun
1507:
1506:
1505:
1496:A resident of
1494:
1489:A resident of
1487:
1482:A resident of
1474:
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1407:
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1405:
1371:
1370:
1369:
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1351:
1329:administrators
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1309:
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1256:
1241:
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1226:Deli sultanate
1207:to Regentschap
1186:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1141:
1125:Walter Gudgeon
1104:
1101:
1079:(Kephalonia),
1063:
1060:
1045:
1044:
1033:
1032:
1025:
1006:
995:
980:
949:
923:
887:Mughal emperor
766:
763:
762:
761:
755:Muri (Nigeria)
715:
705:Ashanti Colony
693:
692:
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681:
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583:
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9:
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3:
2:
3081:
3070:
3069:Spies by role
3067:
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2777:Paradiplomacy
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2732:Full-spectrum
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2020:
2017:
2008:
2007:
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1998:
1994:
1981:
1980:Belgian Congo
1977:
1973:
1972:Ruanda-Urundi
1970:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1917:
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1911:
1907:
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1893:
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1652:bagi Malaysia
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1548:Caprivi Strip
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1395:New Caledonia
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1353:On Ndzuwani (
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1348:Sultani tribe
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1344:Grande Comore
1342:On Ngazidja (
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1268:CĂ´te d'Ivoire
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1113:Lord Ranfurly
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823:British India
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803:Emperor Meiji
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546:in the 1930s.
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525:Indian Empire
522:
517:
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508:protectorates
505:
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479:restored the
478:
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404:indirect rule
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174: –
173:
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168:Find sources:
162:
158:
152:
151:
146:This article
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32:
31:
19:
3031:
3019:
2960:Other topics
2917:
2827:Wolf warrior
2611:
2505:
2458:
2414:
2358:Multilateral
2281:. Retrieved
2268:
2244:
2233:
2196:
2176:
2148:
2137:
2120:
2108:Tripolitania
2101:
2041:
2032:
2028:
2018:
2014:
2001:Hirobumi Ito
1990:
1964:
1962:
1857:
1855:
1835:
1777:
1744:
1704:Sungai Ujong
1659:Malay states
1656:
1651:
1640:
1603:
1577:(in present
1566:(in present
1471:Deutsch-Witu
1470:
1462:Schutzgebiet
1460:
1444:
1442:
1414:
1409:
1382:
1378:
1267:
1259:
1253:
1250:
1245:
1243:
1211:
1200:
1195:Central Java
1168:, where the
1149:Cook Islands
1117:Cook Islands
1099:(Zakynthos)
1065:
1046:
1034:
1002:
938:
929:, a kingdom
816:
778:
676:Republic of
659:Bloemfontein
648:crown colony
618:
569:
549:
520:
515:
501:
489:
467:, until the
454:
442:Ferdinand IV
439:
428:
415:resident spy
408:
391:
387:
385:
312:Papal legate
306:
252:
237:
219:
213:October 2014
210:
200:
193:
186:
179:
167:
155:Please help
150:verification
147:
117:
111:October 2014
108:
89:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
2843:Appeasement
2541:Other roles
2249:Cox's Bazar
1904:In present
1737:during the
1702:(ruler) of
1691:(ruler) of
1425:Ivory Coast
1421:Upper Volta
1389:(ruler) of
1333:the Mayotte
1272:Ivory Coast
1138:James Busby
1134:New Zealand
1121:Queen Makea
1093:Santa Maura
1083:(Kythira),
1041:Transjordan
1014:Hindu kings
927:Afghanistan
859:Tipu Sultan
811:LĂ©on Roches
785:John Hadley
680:at Pretoria
521:Residency X
103:introducing
3048:Categories
2925:Soft power
2797:Preventive
2787:Pilgrimage
2682:Commercial
2398:Ambassador
2349:Diplomatic
2253:Bangladesh
2205:References
1892:Madagascar
1772:Terengganu
1633:1910–1911
1619:1901–1904
1445:Residentur
1364:On Mwali (
1325:sultanates
1115:reads the
1077:Cephalonia
1003:ex officio
871:Travancore
747:Yorubaland
731:Benin City
492:ambassador
267:Ambassador
183:newspapers
86:references
50:improve it
2941:Exequatur
2934:Documents
2792:Ping-pong
2762:Migration
2737:Guerrilla
2727:Freelance
2702:Debt-trap
2672:Checkbook
2606:Consulate
2335:diplomats
2331:Diplomacy
2167:Roebourne
2112:Cyrenaica
1899:Indochina
1882:Basha Bey
1788:Singapore
1739:Klang War
1529:Ngaundere
1218:Palembang
1145:Rarotonga
953:Hiram Cox
879:Lord Lake
847:Hyderabad
727:Edo state
687:chief at
683:with the
678:Transvaal
637:Kaffraria
576:dominions
560:Umbandine
444:fled his
419:espionage
411:residency
258:Diplomats
101:this by
56:talk page
3020:Category
2972:Agencies
2913:Protocol
2822:Track II
2717:Economic
2692:Culinary
2687:Cultural
2677:Coercive
2641:Legation
2612:De facto
2459:Resident
2056:Present
1944:Cambodia
1758:Kelantan
1735:Selangor
1546:for the
1500:west of
1467:Wituland
1453:Wituland
1432:Cambodia
1260:résident
1246:résident
1178:dominion
1170:Maharaja
999:Maldives
967:and the
851:Jhalawar
827:Resident
689:Bulawayo
685:Matabele
589:Zanzibar
574:and the
516:de facto
485:Florence
392:resident
302:Minister
3032:Commons
2817:Stadium
2812:Shuttle
2807:Science
2757:Medical
2747:Hostage
2742:Gunboat
2707:Digital
2697:Defence
2614:embassy
2589:Offices
2487:Attaché
2177:In the
2047:Nigeria
2025:Kamerun
1959:Belgian
1906:Vietnam
1878:Tunisia
1871:Morocco
1838:Sarawak
1803:Malacca
1778:In the
1646:styled
1583:Dahomey
1573:In the
1564:Cabinda
1457:mfalume
1355:Anjouan
1321:Comoros
1319:On the
1270:, i.e.
1230:Ternate
1214:Sumatra
1201:In the
1197:c. 1905
1053:Sumatra
1016:(title
883:Maratha
867:Manipur
843:Gwalior
831:Lucknow
751:Illorin
672:in the
644:KwaZulu
623:Nigeria
544:Morocco
469:Ottoman
457:Mameluk
327:Attaché
197:scholar
99:improve
2984:Summit
2836:Topics
2802:Public
2782:Parley
2722:Energy
2712:Dollar
2667:Caviar
2443:Consul
2408:Nuncio
2283:18 May
2123:Sikkim
2116:Fezzan
2078:Jordan
2058:Jordan
1997:Choson
1928:Tonkin
1914:Tonkin
1864:Africa
1852:French
1846:Brunei
1818:Penang
1765:Perlis
1717:Pahang
1693:Jelebu
1667:Johore
1568:Angola
1498:Bukoba
1491:Urundi
1484:Ruanda
1403:Sigave
1366:Mohéli
1280:Guinea
1258:Style
1166:Sikkim
1085:Ithaca
1081:Cerigo
984:Ceylon
977:Sawbwa
973:Saopha
951:Capt.
863:Nagpur
855:Mysore
839:Baroda
780:Durbar
773:Nawab
743:Ibadan
735:Bauchi
713:Kumasi
593:vizier
448:, and
322:Consul
282:Nuncio
199:
192:
185:
178:
170:
88:, but
2772:Panda
2660:Types
2471:Envoy
2342:Roles
2277:(PDF)
2104:Libya
2074:Malik
1993:Korea
1921:Annam
1910:Annam
1842:Sabah
1751:Kedah
1724:Perak
1715:) of
1579:Benin
1517:Garua
1391:'Uvea
1359:Phany
1337:Maore
1288:Sanwi
1284:Nzima
1276:Gabon
1222:Medan
1220:, at
1174:India
1097:Zante
1089:Paxos
1022:Envoy
1010:Nepal
957:Burma
940:Vakil
916:Yemen
899:Hisar
895:Delhi
875:Mewar
697:Ghana
652:Natal
633:Fingo
600:Kenya
553:Boers
435:envoy
390:, or
292:Envoy
204:JSTOR
190:books
2752:Iron
2333:and
2285:2019
1935:Laos
1840:and
1523:Mora
1399:Tu`a
1286:and
1234:Bali
1049:Laye
1029:Oman
992:HEIC
908:Aden
897:and
835:Oudh
759:Nupe
739:bale
674:Boer
604:Witu
531:and
510:and
473:Wali
465:Iraq
176:news
2767:New
2251:in
2031:or
1942:In
1890:On
1876:In
1869:In
1816:In
1801:In
1786:in
1654:).
1562:In
1535:in
1509:in
1476:in
1451:in
1430:In
1419:In
1387:Tui
1373:On
1331:of
1224:in
1143:at
1051:on
1039:in
1008:in
925:in
906:in
829:in
729:at
711:at
695:in
650:of
642:In
613:In
159:by
3050::
2232:.
2213:^
2201:.
1967:)
1860:.
1661::
1447:.
1248:.
1236:.
1209:.
1091:,
1087:,
721:,
535:.
406:.
386:A
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2489:)
2323:e
2316:t
2309:v
2287:.
2263:.
2165:/
2161:(
1982:)
1912:-
1550:.
1469:(
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625:.
375:e
368:t
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238:(
226:)
220:(
215:)
211:(
201:·
194:·
187:·
180:·
153:.
124:)
118:(
113:)
109:(
95:.
66:)
62:(
20:)
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