British Raj - Knowledge

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the Indian Empire. From 1937 onwards, British India was divided into 17 administrations: the three Presidencies of Madras, Bombay and Bengal, and the 14 provinces of the United Provinces, Punjab, Bihar, the Central Provinces and Berar, Assam, the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP), Orissa, Sind, British Baluchistan, Delhi, Ajmer-Merwara, Coorg, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Panth Piploda. The Presidencies and the first eight provinces were each under a governor, while the latter six provinces were each under a chief commissioner. The viceroy directly governed the chief commissioner provinces through each respective chief commissioner, while the Presidencies and the provinces under governors were allowed greater autonomy under the Government of India Act. Each Presidency or province headed by a governor had either a provincial bicameral legislature (in the Presidencies, the United Provinces, Bihar and Assam) or a unicameral legislature (in the Punjab, Central Provinces and Berar, NWFP, Orissa and Sind). The governor of each presidency or province represented the Crown in his capacity, and was assisted by a ministers appointed from the members of each provincial legislature. Each provincial legislature had a life of five years, barring any special circumstances such as wartime conditions. All bills passed by the provincial legislature were either signed or rejected by the governor, who could also issue proclamations or promulgate ordinances while the legislature was in recess, as the need arose.

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productivity-led growth by using high-yielding variety seeds, chemical fertilizers and more intensive application of water. All these three inputs were subsidised by the state. The result was, on average, no long-term change in per capita income levels, though cost of living had grown higher. Agriculture was still dominant, with most peasants at the subsistence level. Extensive irrigation systems were built, providing an impetus for switching to cash crops for export and for raw materials for Indian industry, especially jute, cotton, sugarcane, coffee and tea. India's global share of GDP fell drastically from above 20% to less than 5% in the colonial period. Historians have been bitterly divided on issues of economic history, with the Nationalist school (following Nehru) arguing that India was poorer at the end of British rule than at the beginning and that impoverishment occurred because of the British.

2509:. Although the bills were authorised for legislative consideration by Edwin Montagu, they were done so unwillingly, with the accompanying declaration, "I loathe the suggestion at first sight of preserving the Defence of India Act in peacetime to such an extent as Rowlatt and his friends think necessary." In the ensuing discussion and vote in the Imperial Legislative Council, all Indian members voiced opposition to the bills. The Government of India was, nevertheless, able to use of its "official majority" to ensure passage of the bills early in 1919. However, what it passed, in deference to the Indian opposition, was a lesser version of the first bill, which now allowed extrajudicial powers, but for a period of exactly three years and for the prosecution solely of "anarchical and revolutionary movements", dropping entirely the second bill involving modification the 5919:, from India's hinterland could be transported more efficiently to ports, such as Bombay, for subsequent export to England. Likewise, finished goods from England, were transported back, just as efficiently, for sale in the burgeoning Indian markets. Massive railway projects were begun in earnest and government railway jobs and pensions attracted a large number of upper caste Hindus into the civil services for the first time. The Indian Civil Service was prestigious and paid well. It remained politically neutral. Imports of British cotton cloth captured more than half the Indian market in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Industrial production as it developed in European factories was unknown until the 1850s when the first cotton mills were opened in Bombay, posing a challenge to the cottage-based home production system based on family labour. 5303:, whose members were required, as one prerequisite of membership, to have spent at least ten years in India and to have done so no more than ten years before. Although the secretary of state formulated the policy instructions to be communicated to India, he was required in most instances to consult the Council, but especially so in matters relating to spending of Indian revenues. The Act envisaged a system of "double government" in which the Council ideally served both as a check on excesses in imperial policy-making and as a body of up-to-date expertise on India. However, the secretary of state also had special emergency powers that allowed him to make unilateral decisions, and, in reality, the Council's expertise was sometimes outdated. From 1858 until 1947, twenty-seven individuals served as Secretary of State for India and directed the 85: 2889: 2805: 11014:

gradually expanded its influence in South Asia, in the first instance through coastal trading posts at Surat, Madras and Calcutta. (The British) expanded their influence, winning political control of Bengal and Bihar after the Battle of Plassey in 1757. From here, the Company expanded its influence dramatically across the subcontinent. By 1857, it had direct control over much of the region. The great rebellion of that year, however, demonstrated the limitations of this commercial company's ability to administer these vast territories, and in 1858 the Company was effectively nationalized, with the British Crown assuming administrative control. Hence began the period known as the British Raj, which ended in 1947 with the partition of the subcontinent into the independent nation-states of India and Pakistan.

2738:(ICS), but it faced growing difficulties. Fewer and fewer young men in Britain were interested in joining, and the continuing distrust of Indians resulted in a declining base in terms of quality and quantity. By 1945 Indians were numerically dominant in the ICS and at issue was divided loyalty between the Empire and independence. The finances of the Raj depended on land taxes, and these became problematic in the 1930s. Epstein argues that after 1919 it became harder and harder to collect the land revenue. The Raj's suppression of civil disobedience after 1934 temporarily increased the power of the revenue agents but after 1937 they were forced by the new Congress-controlled provincial governments to hand back confiscated land. Again the outbreak of war strengthened them, in the face of the 8078: 25326: 1566:; small changes in the civil services; speeding up the operations of the secretariat; setting up a gold standard to ensure a stable currency; creation of a Railway Board; irrigation reform; reduction of peasant debts; lowering the cost of telegrams; archaeological research and the preservation of antiquities; improvements in the universities; police reforms; upgrading the roles of the Native States; a new Commerce and Industry Department; promotion of industry; revised land revenue policies; lowering taxes; setting up agricultural banks; creating an Agricultural Department; sponsoring agricultural research; establishing an Imperial Library; creating an Imperial Cadet Corps; new famine codes; and, indeed, reducing the smoke nuisance in Calcutta. 5211:(i.e. the presidencies and provinces), as they were not directly under British rule. The larger ones had treaties with Britain that specified which rights the princes had; in the smaller ones the princes had few rights. Within the princely states external affairs, defence and most communications were under British control. The British also exercised a general influence over the states' internal politics, in part through the granting or withholding of recognition of individual rulers. Although there were nearly 600 princely states, the great majority were very small and contracted out the business of government to the British. Some two hundred of the states had an area of less than 25 square kilometres (10 square miles). The last vestige of the 2777: 2824: 1346: 5374: 2584: 10919:

system on the amalgam of Muslim, Hindu and English law which had been haphazardly administered in British courts. The fruits of the Bentinck era were significant. But they were only of general importance in so far as they went with the grain of social changes which were already gathering pace in India. The Bombay and Calcutta intelligentsia were taking to English education well before the Education Minute of 1836. Flowery Persian was already giving way in north India to the fluid and demotic Urdu. As for changes in the legal system, they were only implemented after the Rebellion of 1857 when communications improved and more substantial sums of money were made available for education.

1988:, a European woman, and ordinarily more problematic to imprison, was arrested in 1917. Now, as constitutional reform began to be discussed in earnest, the British began to consider how new moderate Indians could be brought into the fold of constitutional politics and, simultaneously, how the hand of established constitutionalists could be strengthened. However, since the Government of India wanted to ensure against any sabotage of the reform process by extremists, and since its reform plan was devised during a time when extremist violence had ebbed as a result of increased governmental control, it also began to consider how some of its wartime powers could be extended into peacetime. 2556: 3391: 2619: 7584: 117: 977: 1097: 1030: 10887:(modern day Uttar Pradesh) a highly technical form of Urdu was used in the Nastaliq script, by both Muslims and Hindus. The same was the case in the government offices. In the various other regions of India, local vernaculars were used as official language in the lower courts and in government offices. ... In certain parts South Asia, Urdu was written in several scripts. Kaithi was a popular script used for both Urdu and Hindi. By 1880, Kaithi was used as court language in Bihar. However, in 1881, Hindi in Devanagari script replaced Urdu in the Nastaliq script in Bihar. In Panjab, Urdu was written in Nastaliq, Devanagari, Kaithi, and Gurumukhi. 7812:

sports was a way for soldiers to "defend themselves from the magic of the land". Though the British had generally excluded Indians from their play during the time of Company rule, over time they began to see the inculcation of British sports among the native populace as a way of spreading British values. At the same time, some of the Indian elite began to move towards British sports as a way of adapting to British culture and thus helping themselves to rise up the ranks; later on, more Indians began to play British sports in an effort to beat the British at their own sports, as a way of proving that the Indians were equal to their colonisers.

3355: 13916:, into three periods. From the beginning of the seventeenth century to the middle of the eighteenth century the East India Company is a trading corporation, existing on the sufferance of the native powers and in rivalry with the merchant companies of Holland and France. During the next century, the Company acquires and consolidates its dominion, shares its sovereignty in increasing proportions with the Crown, and gradually loses its mercantile privileges and functions. After the mutiny of 1857 the remaining powers of the Company are transferred to the Crown, and then follows an era of peace in which India awakens to new life and progress." 1153:. It was now felt that traditions and customs in India were too strong and too rigid to be changed easily; consequently, no more British social interventions were made, especially in matters dealing with religion, even when the British felt very strongly about the issue (as in the instance of the remarriage of Hindu child widows). This was exemplified further in Queen Victoria's Proclamation released immediately after the rebellion. The proclamation stated that 'We disclaim alike our Right and Desire to impose Our Convictions on any of Our Subjects'; demonstrating official British commitment to abstaining from social intervention in India. 2354:, cautioned that the Government of India needed to be more responsive to Indian opinion. Towards the end of the year, after discussions with the government in London, he suggested that the British demonstrate their good faith—in light of the Indian war role—through a number of public actions, including awards of titles and honours to princes, granting of commissions in the army to Indians, and removal of the much-reviled cotton excise duty, but, most importantly, an announcement of Britain's future plans for India and an indication of some concrete steps. After more discussion, in August 1917, the new Liberal secretary of state for India, 3367: 2596: 1225: 3379: 2264:. Soon, under pressure from the Viceroy in Delhi who was anxious to maintain domestic peace during wartime, the provincial government rescinded Gandhi's expulsion order, and later agreed to an official enquiry into the case. Although the British planters eventually gave in, they were not won over to the farmers' cause, and thereby did not produce the optimal outcome of a Satyagraha that Gandhi had hoped for; similarly, the farmers themselves, although pleased at the resolution, responded less than enthusiastically to the concurrent projects of rural empowerment and education that Gandhi had inaugurated in keeping with his ideal of 1690: 1085: 5470:(£18,810 p.a.). He headed the Viceroy's Executive Council, each member of which had responsibility for a department of the central administration. From 1 April 1937, the position of Governor-General in Council, which the viceroy and governor-general concurrently held in the capacity of representing the Crown in relations with the Indian princely states, was replaced by the designation of "HM Representative for the Exercise of the Functions of the Crown in its Relations with the Indian States", or the "Crown Representative". The Executive Council was greatly expanded during the Second World War, and in 1947 comprised 14 1128:, had been hurriedly building an India which they envisaged to be on par with Britain itself in the quality and strength of its economic and social institutions. After the rebellion, they became more circumspect. Much thought was devoted to the causes of the rebellion and three main lessons were drawn. First, at a practical level, it was felt that there needed to be more communication and camaraderie between the British and Indians—not just between British army officers and their Indian staff but in civilian life as well. The Indian army was completely reorganised: units composed of the Muslims and Brahmins of the 7754: 1361: 4622:; the remaining approximately 500 states were dependents of the provincial governments of British India under a governor, lieutenant-governor, or chief commissioner (as the case might have been). A clear distinction between "dominion" and "suzerainty" was supplied by the jurisdiction of the courts of law: the law of British India rested upon the laws passed by the British Parliament and the legislative powers those laws vested in the various governments of British India, both central and local; in contrast, the courts of the Princely States existed under the authority of the respective rulers of those states. 1202: 1132:, who had formed the core of the rebellion, were disbanded. New regiments, like the Sikhs and Baluchis, composed of Indians who, in British estimation, had demonstrated steadfastness, were formed. From then on, the Indian army was to remain unchanged in its organisation until 1947. The 1861 Census had revealed that the English population in India was 125,945. Of these only about 41,862 were civilians as compared with about 84,083 European officers and men of the Army. In 1880, the standing Indian Army consisted of 66,000 British soldiers, 130,000 Natives, and 350,000 soldiers in the princely armies. 5998: 1918: 1853: 1876: 10770:

language of the ultimate ruling authority, English. For such purposes, Hindustani was equated with Urdu, as opposed to any geographically defined dialect of Hindi and was given official status through large parts of north India. Written in the Persian script with a largely Persian and, via Persian, an Arabic vocabulary, Urdu stood at the shortest distance from the previous situation and was easily attainable by the same personnel. In the wake of this official transformation, the British government began to make its first significant efforts on behalf of vernacular education.

2405:, and domiciled Europeans, in both provincial and Imperial legislative councils. The Montagu–Chelmsford reforms offered Indians the most significant opportunity yet for exercising legislative power, especially at the provincial level; however, that opportunity was also restricted by the still limited number of eligible voters, by the small budgets available to provincial legislatures, and by the presence of rural and special interest seats that were seen as instruments of British control. Its scope was unsatisfactory to the Indian political leadership, famously expressed by 1069: 3134: 1543: 7832: 2280:, where workers in an Indian-owned textile mill were distressed about their low wages. The satyagraha in Ahmedabad took the form of Gandhi fasting and supporting the workers in a strike, which eventually led to a settlement. In Kaira, in contrast, although the farmers' cause received publicity from Gandhi's presence, the satyagraha itself, which consisted of the farmers' collective decision to withhold payment, was not immediately successful, as the British authorities refused to back down. The agitation in Kaira gained for Gandhi another lifelong lieutenant in 3329: 1008: 1899: 1166: 1671: 2424: 3146: 1705: 1265:. Although famines were not new to the subcontinent, these were particularly severe, with tens of millions dying, and with many critics, both British and Indian, laying the blame at the doorsteps of the lumbering colonial administrations. There were also salutary effects: commercial cropping, especially in the newly canalled Punjab, led to increased food production for internal consumption. The railway network provided critical famine relief, notably reduced the cost of moving goods, and helped nascent Indian-owned industry. After, the 1318: 1109: 1759:, for example, had not only supported Cow Protection Societies in their agitation, but also—distraught at the 1871 Census's Muslim numbers—organized "reconversion" events for the purpose of welcoming Muslims back to the Hindu fold. In 1905, when Tilak and Lajpat Rai attempted to rise to leadership positions in the Congress, and the Congress itself rallied around the symbolism of Kali, Muslim fears increased. It was not lost on many Muslims, for example, that the rallying cry, "Bande Mataram", had first appeared in the novel 1182: 2358:, announced the British aim of "increasing association of Indians in every branch of the administration, and the gradual development of self-governing institutions, with a view to the progressive realisation of responsible government in India as an integral part of the British Empire". Although the plan envisioned limited self-government at first only in the provinces—with India emphatically within the British Empire—it represented the first British proposal for any form of representative government in a non-white colony. 1296: 1527: 3085: 1504: 1046: 13531:, General Auckinleck were advising that there was a real threat in 1946 of large-scale anti-British disorder amounting to even a well-organised rising aiming to expel the British by paralysing the administration. Quote:...it was clear to Attlee that everything depended on the spirit and reliability of the Indian Army:"Provided that they do their duty, armed insurrection in India would not be an insoluble problem. If, however, the Indian Army was to go the other way, the picture would be very different... 5459:, for more consultation with Indians, the Indians so appointed were from the landed aristocracy, often chosen for their loyalty, and far from representative. Even so, the "... tiny advances in the practice of representative government were intended to provide safety valves for the expression of public opinion, which had been so badly misjudged before the rebellion". Indian affairs now also came to be more closely examined in the British Parliament and more widely discussed in the British press. 3180: 2901: 5842:. With shipments of equipment and parts from Britain curtailed, maintenance became much more difficult; critical workers entered the army; workshops were converted to making munitions; the locomotives, rolling stock, and track of some entire lines were shipped to the Middle East. The railways could barely keep up with the increased demand. By the end of the war, the railways had deteriorated for lack of maintenance and were not profitable. In 1923, both GIPR and EIR were nationalised. 20128: 5722:(1839–1904) began his industrial career in 1877 with the Central India Spinning, Weaving, and Manufacturing Company in Bombay. While other Indian mills produced cheap coarse yarn (and later cloth) using local short-staple cotton and cheap machinery imported from Britain, Tata did much better by importing expensive longer-stapled cotton from Egypt and buying more complex ring-spindle machinery from the United States to spin finer yarn that could compete with imports from Britain. 7237: 2138: 20137: 2304: 2477:. To combat subversive acts in these regions, the committee unanimously recommended that the government use emergency powers akin to its wartime authority, which included the ability to try cases of sedition by a panel of three judges and without juries, exaction of securities from suspects, governmental overseeing of residences of suspects, and the power for provincial governments to arrest and detain suspects in short-term detention facilities and without trial. 2323: 5351: 10153: 6309: 23533: 6664: 5846:

welfare of European workers, and any Indian deaths were "either ignored or merely mentioned as a cold statistical figure." The government's Stores Policy required that bids on railway contracts be made to the India Office in London, shutting out most Indian firms. The railway companies purchased most of their hardware and parts in Britain. There were railway maintenance workshops in India, but they were rarely allowed to manufacture or repair locomotives.

2979:]. They neither intermarry nor interdine together and indeed they belong to two different civilizations which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions. Their aspects on life and of life are different ... To yoke together two such nations under a single state, one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority must lead to growing discontent and final destruction of any fabric that may be so built up for the government of such a state. 5652: 1593:, had been contemplated by various colonial administrations since the time of Lord William Bentinck, but was never acted upon. Though some considered it administratively felicitous, it was communally charged. It sowed the seeds of division among Indians in Bengal, transforming nationalist politics as nothing else before it. The Hindu elite of Bengal, among them many who owned land in East Bengal that was leased out to Muslim peasants, protested fervidly. 5769: 10111: 5761: 5753: 3212: 10139: 23543: 3204: 6249: 5247: 12273:, p. 260 A distinct group within the Calcutta Anushilan Samiti ... soon started action ... robbery to raise funds ... Attempts to assassinate oppressive officials ... became the main features of the revolutionary activities ... arrest of the entire Maniktala group ... dealt a great blow to such terrorist activities. In terms of direct gains, the terrorists achieved precious little; most of their attempts were either aborted or failed. 13546:, p. 330 Quote: "India had always been a minority interest in British public life; no great body of public opinion now emerged to argue that war-weary and impoverished Britain should send troops and money to hold it against its will in an empire of doubtful value. By late 1946 both Prime Minister and Secretary of State for India recognized that neither international opinion no their own voters would stand for any reassertion of the 2119:, traders, farmers, students, and lower-level government workers. Although they did not achieve the magnitude or character of a nationwide mass movement, the Home Rule leagues both deepened and widened organised political agitation for self-rule in India. The British authorities reacted by imposing restrictions on the Leagues, including shutting out students from meetings and banning the two leaders from travelling to certain provinces. 7494: 2481: 2007:, in 1915, whereupon an agreement was reached for Tilak's ousted group to re-enter the Congress. In the 1916 Lucknow session of the Congress, Tilak's supporters were able to push through a more radical resolution which asked for the British to declare that it was their "aim and intention ... to confer self-government on India at an early date". Soon, other such rumblings began to appear in public pronouncements: in 1917, in the 3078:. Bose's Indian National Army largely disintegrated during the subsequent fighting in Burma, with its remaining elements surrendering with the recapture of Singapore in September 1945. Bose died in August from third degree burns received after attempting to escape in an overloaded Japanese plane which crashed in Taiwan, which many Indians believe did not happen. Although Bose was unsuccessful, he roused patriotic feelings in India. 20118: 7540: 7369:'s troops consisting of the 9th Gurkha Rifles and 54th Sikhs massacred 379 to more than 1,500 unarmed peaceful civilians, and wounded over 1,200 other Indian civilians. Dyer was relieved of his command and told to resign, and widely condemned in both India and Britain. The level of casual brutality stunned the entire nation, resulting in a wrenching loss of faith of the general Indian public in the intentions of the United Kingdom. 2858: 6429: 5895: 6549: 1136:

territories guaranteed. At the same time, it was felt that the peasants, for whose benefit the large land reforms of the United Provinces had been undertaken, had shown disloyalty, by, in many cases, fighting for their former landlords against the British. Consequently, no more land reforms were implemented for the next 90 years: Bengal and Bihar were to remain the realms of large land holdings (unlike the Punjab and

7690:, were a part of the curricula. During the British Raj, Christian missionaries developed writing systems for Indian languages that previously did not have one. Christian missionaries in India also worked to increase literacy and also engaged in social activism, such as fighting against prostitution, championing the right of widowed women to remarry, and trying to stop early marriages for women. Among British women, 10125: 20108: 5587: 5861:

colonial purpose, local needs, capital, service, and private-versus-public interests, concluded that making the railways a creature of the state hindered success because railway expenses had to go through the same time-consuming and political budgeting process as did all other state expenses. Railway costs could therefore not be tailored to the current needs of the railways or of their passengers.

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the Mutiny. Since Dalhousie had embraced the technological change then rampant in Great Britain, India too saw the rapid development of all those technologies. Railways, roads, canals, and bridges were rapidly built in India, and telegraph links were equally rapidly established so that raw materials, such as cotton, from India's hinterland, could be transported more efficiently to ports, such as

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administration of sub-divisions, universities and stock exchanges. One major change was the rejection of its former separate princely states. Metcalf shows that over the course of two centuries, British intellectuals and Indian specialists made the highest priority bringing peace, unity and good government to India. They offered many competing methods to reach the goal. For example,

3340:. In Punjab, where the new border lines divided the Sikh regions in half, there was much bloodshed; in Bengal and Bihar, where Gandhi's presence assuaged communal tempers, the violence was more limited. In all, somewhere between 250,000 and 500,000 people on both sides of the new borders, among both the refugee and resident populations of the three faiths, died in the violence. 6369: 5563:

resident in India, and for all British Indian subjects residing outside India. With the assent of the King-Emperor and after copies of a proposed enactment had been submitted to both houses of the British Parliament, the Viceroy could overrule the legislature and directly enact any measures in the perceived interests of British India or its residents if the need arose.

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special interests they considered cooperative or useful. In particular, rural candidates, generally sympathetic to British rule and less confrontational, were assigned more seats than their urban counterparts. Seats were also reserved for non-Brahmins, landowners, businessmen, and college graduates. The principal of "communal representation", an integral part of the

2776: 6189: 2679:, prompting many Indians to return British awards and honours, to resign from the civil services, and to again boycott British goods. In addition, Gandhi reorganised the Congress, transforming it into a mass movement and opening its membership to even the poorest Indians. Although Gandhi halted the non-cooperation movement in 1922 after the violent 3251:

convictions, and the eventual remission of the sentences, created positive propaganda for the Congress, which only helped in the party's subsequent electoral victories in eight of the eleven provinces. The negotiations between the Congress and the Muslim League, however, stumbled over the issue of the partition. Jinnah proclaimed 16 August 1946,

5968:(supported by many scholars in India and the West) that the British were not in full control but instead were players in what was primarily an Indian play and in which their rise to power depended upon excellent co-operation with Indian elites. Marshall admits that much of his interpretation is still highly controversial among many historians. 3111: 2928:", demanding that, "the areas in which the Muslims are numerically in majority as in the North-Western and Eastern zones of India should be grouped to constitute independent states in which the constituent units shall be autonomous and sovereign." Although there were other important national Muslim politicians such as Congress leader 2048:, the League joined the Congress in the proposal for greater self-government that was campaigned for by Tilak and his supporters; in return, the Congress accepted separate electorates for Muslims in the provincial legislatures as well as the Imperial Legislative Council. In 1916, the Muslim League had anywhere between 500 and 800 2690:, charged with instituting constitutional reform in India, resulted in widespread protests throughout the country. Earlier, in 1925, non-violent protests of the Congress had resumed too, this time in Gujarat, and led by Patel, who organised farmers to refuse payment of increased land taxes; the success of this protest, the 13316:, pp. 305, 325": Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Bose were among those who, impatient with Gandhi's programmes and methods, looked upon socialism as an alternative for nationalistic policies capable of meeting the country's economic and social needs, as well as a link to potential international support. (p. 325) (p. 345)" 7707:

generations of officials produced a chaotic administration with minimal coherence. Instead of a confident state capable of acting as it chose, these historians find a psychologically embattled one incapable of acting except in the abstract, small scale, or short term. Meanwhile, Durba Ghosh offers an alternative approach.

3259:. The following day Hindu-Muslim riots broke out in Calcutta and quickly spread throughout British India. Although the Government of India and the Congress were both shaken by the course of events, in September, a Congress-led interim government was installed, with Jawaharlal Nehru as united India's prime minister. 2235:, while the last, by making Indians more self-reliant, would break the cycle of dependence that was perpetuating not only the direction and tenor of the British rule in India, but also the British commitment to it. At least until 1920, the British presence itself was not a stumbling block in Gandhi's conception of 1984:, which allowed it to intern politically dangerous dissidents without due process, and added to the power it already had—under the 1910 Press Act—both to imprison journalists without trial and to censor the press. It was under the Defence of India act that the Ali brothers were imprisoned in 1916, and 1396:, who in their works had been presenting ancient India as a great civilisation. Irritation, on the other hand, came not just from incidents of racial discrimination at the hands of the British in India, but also from governmental actions like the use of Indian troops in imperial campaigns (e.g. in the 13533:

Quote:...Thus, Wavell concluded, if the army and the police "failed" Britain would be forced to go. In theory, it might be possible to revive and reinvigorate the services, and rule for another fifteen to twenty years, but:It is a fallacy to suppose that the solution lies in trying to maintain status

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In April 1900, the colonial government of the North-West Provinces and Oudh granted equal official status to both, Devanagari and Nastaliq scripts. However, Nastaliq remained the dominant script. During the 1920s, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi deplored the controversy and the evolving divergence between

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largely having been diminished in the process. During the Raj, soldiers would play British sports as a way of maintaining fitness, since the mortality rate for foreigners in India was high at the time, as well as to maintain a sense of Britishness; in the words of an anonymous writer, playing British

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promoted the English language. Zinkin argues that in the long-run, what matters most about the legacy of the Raj is the British political ideologies which the Indians took over after 1947, especially the belief in unity, democracy, the rule of law and a certain equality beyond caste and creed. Zinkin

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At independence and after the independence of India, the country has maintained such central British institutions as parliamentary government, one-person, one-vote and the rule of law through nonpartisan courts. It retained as well the institutional arrangements of the Raj such as the civil services,

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and the technological change ushered in by the industrial revolution had the effect of closely intertwining the economies of India and Great Britain. In fact many of the major changes in transport and communications (that are typically associated with Crown rule of India) had already begun before the

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After the Sepoy Rebellion in 1857, and subsequent Crown rule over India, the railways were seen as a strategic defense of the European population, allowing the military to move quickly to subdue native unrest and protect Britons. The railway thus served as a tool of the colonial government to control

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elected). The Council of State existed in five-year periods and the Legislative Assembly for three-year periods, though either could be dissolved earlier or later by the Viceroy. The Indian Legislature was empowered to make laws for all persons resident in British India including all British subjects

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With the promulgation of the Government of India Act 1935, the Council of India was abolished with effect from 1 April 1937 and a modified system of government enacted. The secretary of state for India represented the Government of India in the UK. He was assisted by a body of advisers numbering from

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remained head of the Government of India and now was more commonly called the viceroy on account of his secondary role as the Crown's representative to the nominally sovereign princely states; he was, however, now responsible to the secretary of state in London and through him to Parliament. A system

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members in Bengal in 1944, 200,000 in Punjab, and hundreds of thousands elsewhere. Jinnah now was well positioned to negotiate with the British from a position of power. Jinnah repeatedly warned that Muslims would be unfairly treated in an independent India dominated by the Congress. On 24 March 1940

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Montagu and Chelmsford presented their report in July 1918 after a long fact-finding trip through India the previous winter. After more discussion by the government and parliament in Britain, and another tour by the Franchise and Functions Committee for the purpose of identifying who among the Indian

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The first steps were taken toward self-government in British India in the late 19th century with the appointment of Indian counsellors to advise the British viceroy and the establishment of provincial councils with Indian members; the British subsequently widened participation in legislative councils

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served as Viceroy of India 1872–1876. Baring's major accomplishments came as an energetic reformer who was dedicated to upgrading the quality of government in the British Raj. He began large scale famine relief, reduced taxes, and overcame bureaucratic obstacles in an effort to reduce both starvation

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The earlier grammars and dictionaries made it possible for the British government to replace Persian with vernacular languages at the lower levels of the judicial and revenue administration in 1837, that is, to standardize and index terminology for official use and provide for its translation to the

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Effective from 1 April 1936, the Government of India Act created the new provinces of Sind (separated from the Bombay Presidency) and Orissa (separated from the Province of Bihar and Orissa). Burma and Aden became separate Crown Colonies under the Act from 1 April 1937, thereby ceasing to be part of

5418:

in which the business of each government department (the "portfolio") was assigned to and became the responsibility of a single council member. Routine departmental decisions were made exclusively by the member, but important decisions required the consent of the governor-general and, in the absence

2912:, declared war on India's behalf without consulting Indian leaders, leading the Congress provincial ministries to resign in protest. The Muslim League, in contrast, supported Britain in the war effort and maintained its control of the government in three major provinces, Bengal, Sind and the Punjab. 2757:

The 1935 Act provided for more autonomy for Indian provinces, with the goal of cooling off nationalist sentiment. The act provided for a national parliament and an executive branch under the purview of the British government, but the rulers of the princely states managed to block its implementation.

2171:

and chose not to make any public pronouncements during the first year of his return, but instead spent the year travelling, observing the country at first hand, and writing. Earlier, during his South Africa sojourn, Gandhi, a lawyer by profession, had represented an Indian community, which, although

1604:

and the Boycott movement. The movement consisted of the boycott of foreign goods and also the social boycott of any Indian who used foreign goods. The Swadeshi movement consisted of the usage of natively produced goods. Once foreign goods were boycotted, there was a gap which had to be filled by the

1379:

By 1880, a new middle class had arisen in India and spread thinly across the country. Moreover, there was a growing solidarity among its members, created by the "joint stimuli of encouragement and irritation". The encouragement felt by this class came from its success in education and its ability to

16905:

The growth of the army in India also led to many army chaplains. After the change in the Charter in 1813, Anglican missionaries began to work across North India. The missionaries translated the Book of Common Prayer into various Indian languages. The first Anglican diocese was Calcutta in 1813, and

10918:

The use of Persian was abolished in official correspondence (1835); the government's weight was thrown behind English-medium education and Thomas Babington Macaulay's Codes of Criminal and Civil Procedure (drafted 1841–2, but not completed until the 1860s) sought to impose a rational, Western legal

10886:

The British used the Urdu language to effect a shift from the prior emphasis on the Persian language. In 1837, the British East India Company adopted Urdu in place of Persian as the co-official language in India, along with English. In the law courts in Bengal and the North-West Provinces and Oudh

6051:

In the urban and industrial areas ... cramped sites, the high values of land and the necessity for the worker to live in the vicinity of his work ... all tend to intensify congestion and overcrowding. In the busiest centres houses are built close together, eave touching eave, and frequently back to

5671:

Mike Davis writes that much of the economic activity in British India was for the benefit of the British economy and was carried out relentlessly through repressive British imperial policies and with negative repercussions for the Indian population. This is reified in India's large exports of wheat

5533:

The viceroy and governor-general was also the head of the bicameral Indian Legislature, consisting of an upper house (the Council of State) and a lower house (the Legislative Assembly). The viceroy was the head of the Council of State, while the Legislative Assembly, which was first opened in 1921,

2963:

The Congress was secular and strongly opposed to having any religious state. It insisted there was a natural unity to India, and repeatedly blamed the British for "divide and rule" tactics based on prompting Muslims to think of themselves as alien from Hindus. Jinnah rejected the notion of a united

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million in revenue for the war. The increased taxes coupled with disruptions in both domestic and international trade had the effect of approximately doubling the index of overall prices in India between 1914 and 1920. Returning war veterans, especially in the Punjab, created a growing unemployment

5922:

Taxes in India decreased during the colonial period for most of India's population; with the land tax revenue claiming 15% of India's national income during Mughal times compared with 1% at the end of the colonial period. The percentage of national income for the village economy increased from 44%

5875:

The British Raj invested heavily in infrastructure, including canals and irrigation systems. The Ganges Canal reached 560 kilometres (350 miles) from Haridwar to Cawnpore (now Kanpur), and supplied thousands of kilometres of distribution canals. By 1900 the Raj had the largest irrigation system in

5860:

pouring its money and expertise into a very well-built system designed for military purposes (after the Rebellion of 1857), in the hope that it would stimulate industry. The system was overbuilt and too expensive for the small amount of freight traffic it carried. Christensen (1996), who looked at

5788:

The East India Company (and later the colonial government) encouraged new railway companies backed by private investors under a scheme that would provide land and guarantee an annual return of up to 5% during the initial years of operation. The companies were to build and operate the lines under a

5615:

rules prohibited women from saying their husband's name or having their photograph taken. An all-India census was conducted between 1868 and 1871, often using total numbers of females in a household rather than individual names. Select groups which the Raj reformers wanted to monitor statistically

2769:

Congress won victories in seven of the eleven provinces of British India. Congress governments, with wide powers, were formed in these provinces. The widespread voter support for the Indian National Congress surprised Raj officials, who previously had seen the Congress as a small elitist body. The

2388:

A greater number of Indians were now enfranchised, although, for voting at the national level, they constituted only 10% of the total adult male population, many of whom were still illiterate. In the provincial legislatures, the British continued to exercise some control by setting aside seats for

2114:

thousand each in a little over a year—and began to publish inexpensive newspapers. Their propaganda also turned to posters, pamphlets, and political-religious songs, and later to mass meetings, which not only attracted greater numbers than in earlier Congress sessions, but also entirely new social

1260:

The rush of technology was also changing the agricultural economy in India: by the last decade of the 19th century, a large fraction of some raw materials—not only cotton, but also some food-grains—were being exported to faraway markets. Many small farmers, dependent on the whims of those markets,

1247:

and the technological change ushered in by the industrial revolution, had the effect of closely intertwining the economies of India and Great Britain. In fact many of the major changes in transport and communications (that are typically associated with Crown Rule of India) had already begun before

3011:

million. In addition, heavy British spending on munitions produced in India (such as uniforms, rifles, machine-guns, field artillery, and ammunition) led to a rapid expansion of industrial output, such as textiles (up 16%), steel (up 18%), and chemicals (up 30%). Small warships were built, and an

2384:

system, whereby some areas like education, agriculture, infrastructure development, and local self-government became the preserve of Indian ministers and legislatures, and ultimately the Indian electorates, while others like irrigation, land-revenue, police, prisons, and control of media remained

1804:

was viceroy)—gave Indians limited roles in the central and provincial legislatures. Upper-class Indians, rich landowners and businessmen were favoured. The Muslim community was made a separate electorate and granted double representation. The goals were quite conservative but they did advance the

1135:

Second, it was also felt that both the princes and the large land-holders, by not joining the rebellion, had proved to be, in Lord Canning's words, "breakwaters in a storm". They too were rewarded in the new British Raj by being integrated into the British-Indian political system and having their

11349:

In part, the Mutiny was a reaction against this upheaval of traditional Indian society. The suppression of the Mutiny after a year of fighting was followed by the break-up of the East India Company, the exile of the deposed emperor and the establishment of the British Raj, and direct rule of the

10798:

In the government of northern India Persian ruled. Under the British Raj, Persian eventually declined, but, the administration remaining largely Muslim, the role of Persian was taken not by Hindi but by Urdu, known to the British as Hindustani. It was only as the Hindu majority in India began to

7559:

or law. About a third entered public administration, and another third became lawyers. The result was a very well educated professional state bureaucracy. By 1887 of 21,000 mid-level civil services appointments, 45% were held by Hindus, 7% by Muslims, 19% by Eurasians (European father and Indian

5828:

Most of the railway construction was done by Indian companies supervised by British engineers. The system was heavily built, using a broad gauge, sturdy tracks and strong bridges. By 1900 India had a full range of rail services with diverse ownership and management, operating on broad, metre and

5808:

formulated a plan to construct a network of trunk lines connecting the principal regions of India. Encouraged by the government guarantees, investment flowed in and a series of new rail companies was established, leading to rapid expansion of the rail system in India. Soon several large princely

5725:

In the 1890s, he launched plans to move into heavy industry using Indian funding. The Raj did not provide capital, but, aware of Britain's declining position against the US and Germany in the steel industry, it wanted steel mills in India. It promised to purchase any surplus steel Tata could not

5610:

courts and introduced a new penal code as well as new codes of civil and criminal procedure, based largely on English law. In the 1860s–1880s the Raj set up compulsory registration of births, deaths, and marriages, as well as adoptions, property deeds, and wills. The goal was to create a stable,

2015:

spoke of the expectations the war had generated in India, "I venture to say that the war has put the clock ... fifty years forward ... (The) reforms after the war will have to be such, ... as will satisfy the aspirations of her (India's) people to take their legitimate part in the

1438:

During its first 20 years, the Congress primarily debated British policy toward India. Its debates created a new Indian outlook that held Great Britain responsible for draining India of its wealth. Britain did this, the nationalists claimed, by unfair trade, by the restraint on indigenous Indian

7535:

English historian Peter Cain, has challenged Mantena, arguing that the imperialists truly believed that British rule would bring to the subjects the benefits of 'ordered liberty', thereby Britain could fulfil its moral duty and achieve its own greatness. Much of the debate took place in Britain

7530:

The central tenets of liberal imperialism were challenged as various forms of rebellion, resistance and instability in the colonies precipitated a broad-ranging reassessment....the equation of 'good government' with the reform of native society, which was at the core of the discourse of liberal

7463:

tehsil in North-West Frontier Province: When local villagers attempted to stop soldiers from arresting freedom fighter activists of the Khudai Khidmatgar movement, in the ensuing shooting an English police officer called Murphy was killed, three days later, a large force of troops attacked the

5845:

Headrick shows that until the 1930s, both the Raj lines and the private companies hired only European supervisors, civil engineers, and even operating personnel, such as locomotive engineers. The hard physical labor was left to the Indians. The colonial government was chiefly concerned with the

11050:

Between 1858, when the British East India Company transferred power to British Crown rule (the "British Raj"), and 1947, when India gained independence, English gradually developed into the language of government and education. It allowed the Raj to maintain control by creating an elite gentry

7706:

The old consensus among historians held that British imperial authority was quite secure from 1858 to World War II. Recently, however, this interpretation has been challenged. For example, Mark Condos and Jon Wilson argue that imperial authority was chronically insecure. Indeed, the anxiety of

1422:

on equal footing with British ones, that transformed the discontent into political action. On 28 December 1885, professionals and intellectuals from this middle-class — many educated at the new British-founded universities in Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras, and familiar with the ideas of British

1256:

development were borne by private investors, in India, it was the taxpayers—primarily farmers and farm-labourers—who endured the risks, which, in the end, amounted to £50 million. Despite these costs, very little skilled employment was created for Indians. By 1920, with the fourth largest

7512:

as an upward progression always leading to more liberty and more progress. Macaulay simultaneously was a leading reformer involved in transforming the educational system of India. He would base it on the English language so that India could join the mother country in a steady upward progress.

5967:

The East India Company inherited an onerous taxation system that took one-third of the produce of Indian cultivators. Instead of the Indian nationalist account of the British as alien aggressors, seizing power by brute force and impoverishing all of India, Marshall presents the interpretation

5963:

shows that recent scholarship has reinterpreted the view that the prosperity of the formerly benign Mughal rule gave way to poverty and anarchy. He argues the British takeover did not make any sharp break with the past, which largely delegated control to regional Mughal rulers and sustained a

3250:

of three senior officers of Bose's defeated Indian National Army who stood accused of treason. Now as the trials began, the Congress leadership, although ambivalent towards the INA, chose to defend the accused officers. The subsequent convictions of the officers, the public outcry against the

3046:

in the late 1920s and 1930s, had risen to become Congress President from 1938 to 1939. However, he was ousted from the Congress in 1939 following differences with the high command, and subsequently placed under house arrest by the British before escaping from India in early 1941. He turned to

3030:

in July 1942 demanding the immediate withdrawal of the British from India or face nationwide civil disobedience. On 8 August the Raj arrested all national, provincial and local Congress leaders, holding tens of thousands of them until 1945. The country erupted in violent demonstrations led by

11013:

As the (Mughal) empire began to decline in the mid-eighteenth century, some of these regional administrations assumed a greater degree of power. Amongst these ... was the East India Company, a British trading company established by Royal Charter of Elizabeth I of England in 1600. The Company

5409:

the Governor-General with the advice of the Council). The Company's system of "double government" had its critics, since, from the time of the system's inception, there had been intermittent feuding between the governor-general and his Council; still, the Act of 1858 made no major changes in

2972:

are not religions in the strict sense of the word, but are, in fact, different and distinct social orders and it is a dream that the Hindus and Muslims can ever evolve a common nationality ... The Hindu and Muslim belong to two different religions, philosophies, social customs and literature

2753:

was based on this act. However, it divided the electorate into 19 religious and social categories, e.g., Muslims, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Depressed Classes, Landholders, Commerce and Industry, Europeans, Anglo-Indians, etc., each of which was given separate representation in the Provincial

16962:

The three dioceses thus formed have been repeatedly subdivided, until in 1930 there were fourteen dioceses, the dates of their creation being as follows : Calcutta 1814; Madras 1835; Bombay 1837; Colombo 1845; Lahore 1877; Rangoon 1877; Travancore 1879; Chota Nagpur 1890; Lucknow 1893;

7568:

universities and colleges of higher education by 1911; they enrolled 36,000 students (over 90% men). By 1939 the number of institutions had doubled and enrolment reached 145,000. The curriculum followed classical British standards of the sort set by Oxford and Cambridge and stressed English

5426:

If the Government of India needed to enact new laws, the Councils Act allowed for a Legislative Council—an expansion of the Executive Council by up to twelve additional members, each appointed to a two-year term—with half the members consisting of British officials of the government (termed

2727:, in which thousands of Indians defied the tax on salt, by marching to the sea and making their own salt by evaporating seawater. Although, many, including Gandhi, were arrested, the British government eventually gave in, and in 1931 Gandhi travelled to London to negotiate new reform at the 5627:

attitudes. Their inheritance rights to own and manage property were curtailed; the new English laws were somewhat harsher. Court rulings restricted the rights of second wives and their children regarding inheritance. A woman had to belong to either a father or a husband to have any rights.

6052:

back .... Space is so valuable that, in place of streets and roads, winding lanes provide the only approach to the houses. Neglect of sanitation is often evidenced by heaps of rotting garbage and pools of sewage, whilst the absence of latrines enhance the general pollution of air and soil.

5784:

British India built a modern railway system in the late 19th century, which was the fourth largest in the world. At first the railways were privately owned and operated. They were run by British administrators, engineers and craftsmen. At first, only the unskilled workers were Indians.

5667:

All three sectors of the economy—agriculture, manufacturing, and services—accelerated in the postcolonial India. In agriculture a huge increase in production took place in the 1870s. The most important difference between colonial and postcolonial India was the use of land surplus with

4584:(5.) The expression "India" shall mean British India together with any territories of any native prince or chief under the suzerainty of Her Majesty exercised through the Governor-General of India, or through any governor or other officer subordinates to the Governor-General of India. 1746:

in 1871, which had for the first time estimated the populations in regions of the Muslim majority (for his part, Curzon's desire to court the Muslims of East Bengal had arisen from British anxieties ever since the 1871 census—and in light of the history of Muslims fighting them in the

2804: 4581:(4.) The expression "British India" shall mean all territories and places within Her Majesty's dominions which are for the time being governed by Her Majesty through the Governor-General of India or through any governor or other officer subordinates to the Governor-General of India. 7536:

itself, and the imperialists worked hard to convince the general population that the civilising mission was well under-way. This campaign served to strengthen imperial support at home, and thus, says Cain, to bolster the moral authority of the gentlemanly elites who ran the Empire.

1384:. It came too from Queen Victoria's proclamation of 1858 in which she had declared, "We hold ourselves bound to the natives of our Indian territories by the same obligation of duty which bind us to all our other subjects." Indians were especially encouraged when Canada was granted 5948:

and other top officials had ruined the Indian economy and society. Indian historian Rajat Kanta Ray (1998) continues this line of attack, saying the new economy brought by the British in the 18th century was a form of "plunder" and a catastrophe for the traditional economy of the

7525:

in Jamaica in 1865. The rhetoric continued but it became an alibi for British misrule and racism. No longer was it believed that the natives could truly make progress, instead, they had to be ruled by heavy hand, with democratic opportunities postponed indefinitely. As a result:

2770:

British separated Burma Province from British India in 1937 and granted the colony a new constitution calling for a fully elected assembly, with many powers given to the Burmese, but this proved to be a divisive issue as a ploy to exclude Burmese from any further Indian reforms.

5455:; this prompted Sir Charles Wood, the second secretary of state, to describe the Government of India as "a despotism controlled from home". Moreover, although the appointment of Indians to the Legislative Council was a response to calls after the 1857 rebellion, most notably by 10504:

1891 census: Includes all "Unitarians" (5 persons), "Theists" (47 persons), "Deists" (12 persons), "Atheists" (27 persons), "Freethinkers" (5 persons), "Agnostics" (69 persons), "Positivists" (2 persons), "No religion" (18 persons), and "Religion not Returned" (42,578 persons)

84: 10890:

Urdu and Hindi, exhorting the remerging of the two languages as Hindustani. However, Urdu continued to draw from Persian, Arabic, and Chagtai, while Hindi did the same from Sanskrit. Eventually, the controversy resulted in the loss of the official status of the Urdu language.

1468:

By 1905, a deep gulf opened between the moderates, led by Gokhale, who downplayed public agitation, and the new "extremists" who not only advocated agitation, but also regarded the pursuit of social reform as a distraction from nationalism. Prominent among the extremists was

11232:

The film opens with what is a lengthy prologue, contextualising the time and place through a detailed voice-over by Amitabh Bachchan. We are told that the year is 1893. This is significant as it was the height of the British Raj, a period of crown rule lasting from 1858 to

5797:(EIR) began to construct and operate lines near Bombay and Calcutta in 1853–54. The first passenger railway line in North India, between Allahabad and Kanpur, opened in 1859. Eventually, five British companies came to own all railway business in India, and operated under a 2260:, from Bihar, who would become a loyal supporter of Gandhi and go on to play a prominent role in the Indian independence movement. When Gandhi was ordered to leave by the local British authorities, he refused on moral grounds, setting up his refusal as a form of individual 1728:

in 1906 and to ask for separate electorates for Muslims. In conjunction, they demanded proportional legislative representation reflecting both their status as former rulers and their record of cooperating with the British. This led, in December 1906, to the founding of the

2658:

forbade public meetings and on Sunday 13 April 1919 fifty British Indian Army soldiers commanded by Dyer began shooting at an unarmed gathering of thousands of men, women, and children without warning. Casualty estimates vary widely, with the Government of India reporting

1936:

would prove to be a watershed in the imperial relationship between Britain and India. Shortly before the outbreak of war, the Government of India had indicated that they could furnish two divisions plus a cavalry brigade, with a further division in case of emergency. Some

1453:, poet, Sanskrit scholar, and a champion of the emancipation of Indian women, took up the cause of widow remarriage, especially of Brahmin widows, later converted to Christianity. By 1900 reform movements had taken root within the Indian National Congress. Congress member 11099:

During the British East India Company's domination of the Indian subcontinent (1757–1858) and the subsequent British Raj (1858–1947), it was Western-style education that came to be promoted by many as the base upon which a national and uniform education system should be

2555: 11723:, pp. 145–46: "The army took on the form which survived till independence... The Bengal army was completely recast... The Brahmin element from Uttar Pradesh, the core of the original mutiny, was heavily reduced and its place taken by Gurkhas, Sikhs, and Punjabis." 2749:, which authorised the establishment of independent legislative assemblies in all provinces of British India, the creation of a central government incorporating both the British provinces and the princely states, and the protection of Muslim minorities. The future 1949:. Their participation had a wider cultural fallout as news spread of how bravely soldiers fought and died alongside British soldiers, as well as soldiers from dominions like Canada and Australia. India's international profile rose during the 1920s, as it became a 3084: 1611:), upset at the prospect of Bengalis being outnumbered in the new Bengal province by Biharis and Oriyas, felt that Curzon's act was punishment for their political assertiveness. The pervasive protests against Curzon's decision took the form predominantly of the 6043:

Mortality rates fell in the 1920–1945 era, primarily due to biological immunisation. Other factors included rising incomes and better living conditions, improved nutrition, a safer and cleaner environment, and better official health policies and medical care.

1644:

magazine; it preached independence but within the bounds of peace as far as possible. Its goal was Passive Resistance. The unrest spread from Calcutta to the surrounding regions of Bengal when students returned home to their villages and towns. Some joined

2172:

small, was sufficiently diverse to be a microcosm of India itself. In tackling the challenge of holding this community together and simultaneously confronting the colonial authority, he had created a technique of non-violent resistance, which he labelled

72: 28068: 2618: 2671:

estimated three times the number of dead. Dyer was removed from duty but he became a celebrated hero in Britain among people with connections to the Raj. Historians consider the episode was a decisive step towards the end of British rule in India.

1741:

and returned to England, the League was in favour of his partition plan. The Muslim elite's position, which was reflected in the League's position, had crystallized gradually over the previous three decades, beginning with the revelations of the

5884:

By the 1870s the peasantry in the districts irrigated by the Ganges Canal were visibly better fed, housed and dressed than before; by the end of the century the new network of canals in the Punjab had produced an even more prosperous peasantry

27358: 2256:(for dyes) on a portion of their land and then selling it at below-market prices to the British planters who had leased them the land. Upon his arrival in the district, Gandhi was joined by other agitators, including a young Congress leader, 5833:

networks. In 1900, the government took over the GIPR network, while the company continued to manage it. During the First World War, the railways were used to transport troops and grain to the ports of Bombay and Karachi en route to Britain,

2595: 2052:

members and did not yet have the wider following among Indian Muslims that it enjoyed in later years; in the League itself, the pact did not have unanimous backing, having largely been negotiated by a group of "Young Party" Muslims from the

12382:, p. 174: Violence too could be ... repressed, partly because it was eschewed by the mainstream of educated politicians – despite the attraction to some of them of ... movements such as Bengal's Anusilan Samiti or Punjab's Ghadr Party. 10699:—Head-quarters of Simla District, Punjab, and the summer capital of the Government of India, situated on a transverse spur of the Central Himālayan system system, in 31° 6' N and 77° 10' E, at a mean elevation above sea-level of 7,084 feet. 2498:

crisis, and post-war inflation led to food riots in Bombay, Madras, and Bengal provinces, a situation that was made only worse by the failure of the 1918–19 monsoon and by profiteering and speculation. The global influenza epidemic and the

7676:, the London Missionary Society Hospital "pioneered improvements in the public health system for the treatment of diseases even before organised attempts were made by the colonial Madras Presidency, reducing the death rate substantially". 2089:

among Indians, and also to elevate the stature of the founders within the Congress itself. Besant, for her part, was also keen to demonstrate the superiority of this new form of organised agitation, which had achieved some success in the

1345: 2374:

legislative councils and repealed the Government of India's recourse to the "official majority" in unfavourable votes. Although departments like defence, foreign affairs, criminal law, communications, and income-tax were retained by the

2484:

Headlines about the Rowlatt Bills (1919) from a nationalist newspaper in India. Although all non-official Indians on the Legislative Council voted against the Rowlatt Bills, the government was able to force their passage by using its

2019:

The 1916 Lucknow Session of the Congress was also the venue of an unanticipated mutual effort by the Congress and the Muslim League, the occasion for which was provided by the wartime partnership between Germany and Turkey. Since the

7516:

Yale professor Karuna Mantena has argued that the civilising mission did not last long, for she says that benevolent reformers were the losers in key debates, such as those following the 1857 rebellion in India, and the scandal of

5463:

8–12 individuals, at least half of whom were required to have held office in India for a minimum of 10 years, and had not relinquished office earlier than two years prior to their appointment as advisers to the secretary of state.

3110: 73: 5964:

generally prosperous economy for the rest of the 18th century. Marshall notes the British went into partnership with Indian bankers and raised revenue through local tax administrators and kept the old Mughal rates of taxation.

2040:, and since the British and their allies were now in conflict with Turkey, doubts began to increase among some Indian Muslims about the "religious neutrality" of the British, doubts that had already surfaced as a result of the 5611:

usable public record and verifiable identities. However, there was opposition from both Muslim and Hindu elements who complained that the new procedures for census-taking and registration threatened to uncover female privacy.

2379:

and the central government in New Delhi, other departments like public health, education, land-revenue, local self-government were transferred to the provinces. The provinces themselves were now to be administered under a new

3354: 2991:

million Indians volunteered for military service in the British Army. They played a major role in numerous campaigns, especially in the Middle East and North Africa. Casualties were moderate (in terms of the world war), with

1755:—about Indian Muslims rebelling against the Crown). In the three decades since, Muslim leaders across northern India had intermittently experienced public animosity from some of the new Hindu political and social groups. The 5876:

the world. One success story was Assam, a jungle in 1840 that by 1900 had 1,600,000 hectares (4,000,000 acres) under cultivation, especially in tea plantations. In all, the amount of irrigated land rose eightfold. Historian

4595:

The terms "Indian Empire" and "Empire of India" (like the term "British Empire") were not used in legislation. The monarch was officially known as Empress or Emperor of India and the term was often used in Queen Victoria's

16906:

bishops from India were at the first Lambeth conference. In 1930 the Church of India, Burma and Ceylon became an independent Province and created its own Book of Common Prayer, which was translated into several languages.

2073:

of provinces like UP and Bihar more than the Muslim majorities of Punjab and Bengal; nonetheless, at the time, the "Lucknow Pact" was an important milestone in nationalistic agitation and was seen as such by the British.

2094:, over the political violence that had intermittently plagued the subcontinent during the years 1907–1914. The two Leagues focused their attention on complementary geographical regions: Tilak's in western India, in the 3277:

As independence approached, the violence between Hindus and Muslims in the provinces of Punjab and Bengal continued unabated. With the British army unprepared for the potential for increased violence, the new viceroy,

11195:

The rebellion was put down by the end of 1858. The British government passed the Government of India Act, and began direct Crown rule. This era was referred to as the British Raj (though in practice much remained the

16697: 5817:. The route mileage of this network increased from 1,349 to 25,495 kilometres (838 to 15,842 mi) between 1860 and 1890, mostly radiating inland from the three major port cities of Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta. 3235:. Although the mutinies were rapidly suppressed, they had the effect of spurring the new Labour government in Britain to action, and leading to the Cabinet Mission to India led by the secretary of state for India, 5525:

Until 1946, the viceroy held the portfolio for External Affairs and Commonwealth Relations, as well as heading the Political Department in his capacity as the Crown representative. Each department was headed by a

10933: 7686:(1881) are two examples of prominent church-affiliated educational institutions founded during the British Raj. Within educational institutions established during the British Raj, Christian texts, especially the 3390: 2823: 1689: 13558:, p. 212 Quote: "More importantly, though victorious in war, Britain had suffered immensely in the struggle. It simply did not possess the manpower or economic resources required to coerce a restive India." 7379:

in Uttar Pradesh: The official death toll of Indian farmers is shown minimal by the British historians whereas other estimates put the death toll in the hundreds, causing the nearby Sai River turn red from the

2069:, who was later to rise to leadership roles in both the League and the Indian independence movement. In later years, as the full ramifications of the pact unfolded, it was seen as benefiting the Muslim minority 1007: 20066:

Indian Christian Historiography from Below, from Above, and in Between India and the Indianness of Christianity: Essays on Understanding – Historical, Theological, and Bibliographical – in Honor of Robert Eric

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emerging in Bengal at the time, some engaged in robberies to fund arms, and even attempted to take the lives of Raj officials. However, the conspiracies generally failed in the face of intense police work. The

17441: 1723:

The overwhelming, but predominantly Hindu, protest against the partition of Bengal and the fear in its wake of reforms favouring the Hindu majority, led the Muslim elite in India to meet with the new viceroy,

1029: 1917: 1201: 1852: 11374:

Company rule in India lasted effectively from the Battle of Plassey in 1757 until 1858, when following the 1857 Indian Rebellion, the British Crown assumed direct colonial rule of India in the new British

7427:

by the army, in which the civilian death toll was 20 according to official government sources and 400 by contemporary Indian sources. The shooting of unarmed people triggered protests across British India.

3145: 18523:

Bosma, Ulbe (2011), Emigration: Colonial circuits between Europe and Asia in the 19th and early 20th century, EGO – European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History, retrieved: 25 March 2021

13927:, Statutes of the Realm – Law – 1770 p. 211 (3) "Save as otherwise expressly provided in this Act, the law of British India and of the several parts thereof existing immediately before the appointed ..." 5935:

Historians continue to debate whether the long-term intention of British rule was to accelerate the economic development of India, or to distort and delay it. In 1780, the conservative British politician

1295: 1045: 6020:

Studies of India's population since 1881 have focused on such topics as total population, birth and death rates, growth rates, geographic distribution, literacy, the rural and urban divide, cities of a

3274:

for continuing to control an increasingly restless British India, decided to end British rule of India, and in early 1947 Britain announced its intention of transferring power no later than June 1948.

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and programmes for famine prevention, were instituted. In one form or other, they would be implemented worldwide by the United Nations and the Food and Agricultural Organisation well into the 1970s.

5606:

Singha argues that after 1857 the colonial government strengthened and expanded its infrastructure via the court system, legal procedures, and statutes. New legislation merged the Crown and the old

2758:

These states remained under the full control of their hereditary rulers, with no popular government. To prepare for elections Congress built up its grass roots membership from 473,000 in 1935 to 4.5

1898: 5849:

After independence in 1947, forty-two separate railway systems, including thirty-two lines owned by the former Indian princely states, were amalgamated to form a single nationalised unit named the

5623:

Murshid argues that women were in some ways more restricted by the modernisation of the laws. They remained tied to the strictures of their religion, caste, and customs, but now with an overlay of

1670: 1704: 71: 26958: 20210:

The Year-book of the Imperial Institute of the United Kingdom, the colonies and India: a statistical record of the resources and trade of the colonial and Indian possessions of the British Empire

5339:). The size of the Advisory Council was reduced over the next half-century, but its powers remained unchanged. In 1907, for the first time, two Indians were appointed to the Council. They were 3219:

In January 1946, a number of mutinies broke out in the armed services, starting with that of RAF servicemen frustrated with their slow repatriation to Britain. The mutinies came to a head with

20247:

The Indian Annual Register: A digest of public affairs of India regarding the nation's activities in the matters, political, economic, industrial, educational, etc. during the period 1919–1947

19581: 3019:

in 1942 to secure Indian nationalists' co-operation in the war effort in exchange for a promise of independence as soon as the war ended. Top officials in Britain, most notably Prime Minister

10827:

Although the official languages of administration in India shifted from Persian to English and Urdu in 1837, Persian continued to be taught and read there through the early twentieth century.

15356: 5692:, increased dramatically, from approximately 1 million yards of cotton cloth in 1814 to 13 million in 1820, 995 million in 1870, to 2050 million by 1890. The British imposed " 1360: 5676:

million lives in the late 1870s, these exports remained unchecked. A colonial government committed to laissez-faire economics refused to interfere with these exports or provide any relief.

3735: 17502: 13183:, who believed in cooperating with the British to achieve eventual independence for the Indian nation. For details of various recruitment drives by Sir Sikandar between 1939 and 1942, see 2502:

of 1917 added to the general jitters; the former among the population already experiencing economic woes, and the latter among government officials, fearing a similar revolution in India.

1252:, for subsequent export to England. Likewise, finished goods from England, were transported back for sale in the burgeoning Indian markets. Unlike Britain, where the market risks for the 1999:

was released from prison and began to sound out other Congress leaders about possible reunification. That, however, had to wait until the demise of Tilak's principal moderate opponents,

1980:

had already been a concern in British India; consequently, in 1915, to strengthen its powers during what it saw was a time of increased vulnerability, the Government of India passed the

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Poster advertising a Congress non-co-operation "Public Meeting" and a "Bonfire of Foreign Clothes" in Bombay, early 1920s, and expressing support for the "Karachi Khilafat Conference"

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production of those goods in India itself. Bal Gangadhar Tilak said that the Swadeshi and Boycott movements are two sides of the same coin. The large Bengali Hindu middle-class (the

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within the purview of the British governor and his executive council. The new Act also made it easier for Indians to be admitted into the civil services and the army officer corps.

1068: 10686: 1165: 10651: 5466:

The viceroy and governor-general of India, a Crown appointee, typically held office for five years though there was no fixed tenure, and received an annual salary of Rs. 250,800

4365: 1224: 27822: 18120: 1461:, which lobbied for legislative reform (for example, for a law to permit the remarriage of Hindu child widows), and whose members took vows of poverty, and worked among the 26574: 25974: 25821: 25803: 18728: 10060: 1526: 23331: 17689: 13554:, p. 418 Quote: "With a war weary army and people and a ravaged economy, Britain would have had to retreat; the Labour victory only quickened the process somewhat." 19961:

Nawaz, Rafida, and Syed Hussain Murtaza. "Impact of Imperial Discourses on Changing Subjectivities in Core and Periphery: A Study of British India and British Nigeria".

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Third, the British felt disenchanted with Indian reaction to social change. Until the rebellion, they had enthusiastically pushed through social reform, like the ban on

11329:

Quote: "Mill, who was himself employed by the British East India company from the age of seventeen until the British government assumed direct rule over India in 1858."

7513:

Macaulay took Burke's emphasis on moral rule and implemented it in actual school reforms, giving the British Empire a profound moral mission to "civilise the natives".

2215:, or "self-rule" for India based on three vital ingredients: solidarity between Indians of different faiths, but most of all between Hindus and Muslims; the removal of 28457: 13833: 1828:. However, the British authorities were able to crush violent rebels swiftly, partly because the mainstream of educated Indian politicians opposed violent revolution. 645: 627: 609: 595: 577: 563: 549: 520: 502: 17433: 7773:

noticeably. The most noticeable influence is the English language which emerged as the administrative and lingua franca of India and Pakistan (and which also greatly

16482: 7321:. Mass vaccination in India resulted in a major decline in smallpox mortality by the end of the 19th century. In 1849 nearly 13% of all Calcutta deaths were due to 16720: 10664:—Capital of the Indian Empire, situated in 22° 34' N and 88° 22' E, on the east or left bank of the Hooghly river, within the Twenty-four Parganas District, Bengal 1801: 1676: 1257:

railway network in the world and a history of 60 years of its construction, only ten per cent of the "superior posts" in the Indian Railways were held by Indians.

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served as India's delegates to the London Commonwealth Meeting, April 1945, and the U.N. San Francisco Conference on International Organisation, April–June 1945."

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stated, "It is not only our duty but is in our interest to promote the diffusion of Christianity as far as possible throughout the length and breadth of India".

1503: 840: 16686:"Residents remember Takkar martyrs of 1930.A monument has been built in order to praise the martyrs of the Takkar massacre", The News - Jang group, 29 May 2010. 8077: 2167:

to India. Already known in India as a result of his civil liberties protests on behalf of the Indians in South Africa, Gandhi followed the advice of his mentor

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Universities in Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras were established in 1857, just before the Rebellion. By 1890 some 60,000 Indians had matriculated, chiefly in the

6901: 6868: 6836: 3236: 3192: 15434: 7478:: troops fired 90 rounds on unarmed people who had assembled to hoist the flag of the Indian National Congress, killing 33 and wounding more than 100 people. 3133: 2198:, came to represent the twin pillar, with Truth, of Gandhi's unorthodox religious outlook on life. During the years 1907–1914, Gandhi tested the technique of 19975:

Parkash, Jai. "Major trends of historiography of revolutionary movement in India – Phase II". (PhD dissertation, Maharshi Dayanand University, 2013). online.

15040: 11773: 1446:

and widespread social unrest. Although appointed by a Liberal government, his policies were much the same as viceroys appointed by Conservative governments.

19968:

Nayak, Bhabani Shankar. "Colonial world of postcolonial historians: reification, theoreticism, and the neoliberal reinvention of tribal identity in India".

18563:

Carrington, Michael (May 2013), "Officers, Gentlemen, and Murderers: Lord Curzon's campaign against "collisions" between Indians and Europeans, 1899–1905",

13040: 10685:, vol. XXII, Published under the Authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1908, p. 260, 1658:

cloth, although more expensive and somewhat less comfortable than its Lancashire competitor, was worn as a mark of national pride by people all over India.

22190: 14905: 14543: 13601: 4866: 17562: 16137: 10650:, vol. IX, Published under the Authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1908, p. 260, 5405:) was each required to consult his advisory council; executive orders in Calcutta, for example, were issued in the name of "Governor-General-in-Council" ( 875:

The British Raj extended over almost all present-day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Myanmar, except for small holdings by other European nations such as

74: 28477: 28452: 21602: 4914: 4062: 3336:

The great majority of Indians remained in place with independence, but in border areas millions of people (Muslim, Sikh, and Hindu) relocated across the

2742:

movement the revenue collectors had to rely on military force and by 1946–47 direct British control was rapidly disappearing in much of the countryside.

911:(briefly from 1858 to 1867). Burma was separated from India and directly administered by the British Crown from 1937 until its independence in 1948. The 5414:

found the collective decision making of the Council to be too time-consuming for the pressing tasks ahead, so he requested the "portfolio system" of an

804:, was administered as an autonomous province until 1937, when it became a separate British colony, gaining its own independence in 1948. It was renamed 15291: 13969: 12945: 10542: 7656:

missionaries, for example, arrived in Calcutta in 1836 and by "the year 1880 there were over 31,200 Lutheran Christians spread out in 1,052 villages".

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which started in China in the middle of the 19th century, eventually spread to all inhabited continents and killed 10 million Indians in India alone.

1388:

in 1867 and established an autonomous democratic constitution. Lastly, the encouragement came from the work of contemporaneous Oriental scholars like

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Rebellion. Since Dalhousie had embraced the technological revolution underway in Britain, India too saw rapid development of all those technologies.

4097: 1973: 13576: 5207:. There were 565 princely states when India and Pakistan became independent from Britain in August 1947. The princely states did not form a part of 28447: 25964: 25954: 16530: 16399: 14970:

Christensen, R. O. (September 1981). "The State and Indian Railway Performance, 1870–1920: Part I, Financial Efficiency and Standards of Service".

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Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the

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London paid most of the cost of the Indian Army, which had the effect of erasing India's national debt; it ended the war with a surplus of £1,300

1559: 19636:(I.B. Tauris, 2012) 315 pages; focus on Indian entrepreneurs who benefited from the Raj, but ultimately sided with the Indian National Congress. 12017:

Brennan, L. (1984). "The Development of the Indian Famine Codes: Personalities, Politics, and Policies". In Currey, Bruce; Hugo, Graeme (eds.).

2186:", by then a familiar technique of social protest, which he regarded as a practical strategy adopted by the weak in the face of superior force; 28462: 28010: 27431: 25919: 25590: 20543: 16178: 10855:

It was only in 1837 that Persian lost its position as official language of India to Urdu and to English in the higher levels of administration.

5103: 1977: 1817: 3012:

aircraft factory opened in Bangalore. The railway system, with 700,000 employees, was taxed to the limit as demand for transportation soared.

30:

This article is about the rule of India by the British Crown from 1858 to 1947. For the rule of the East India Company from 1757 to 1858, see

28442: 23063: 21607: 20264: 18960:, Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. pp. xxx, 1 map, 552. 18411:

Empire and Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780–1870 (Cambridge Studies in Indian History and Society)

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opened fire killing hundreds, death toll ranged from 1,500 to 4,500 people. A mass graveyard remains near Salanga Bazar at Rahmatganj, where

1125: 20176:

Editors, Charles Rivers (2016). The British Raj: The History and Legacy of Great Britain's Imperialism in India and the Indian subcontinent.

18889:

Hall-Matthews, David (November 2008), "Inaccurate Conceptions: Disputed Measures of Nutritional Needs and Famine Deaths in Colonial India",

958:, having fought wars with the British, subsequently signed treaties with them and were recognised by the British as independent states. The 26714: 25187: 24127: 23955: 23870: 23609: 23491: 23474: 23352: 18851:(2007), "The Great El Nino of 1789–93 and its Global Consequences: Reconstructing an Extreme Climate Even in World Environmental History", 18016: 17031:

Christians and Missionaries in India: Cross-cultural Communication Since 1500, with Special Reference to Caste, Conversion, and Colonialism

10298:

The proclamation for New Delhi to be the capital was made in 1911, but the city was inaugurated as the capital of the Raj in February 1931.

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During the partition of Bengal (1905–1913), the new provinces of Assam and East Bengal were created as a Lieutenant-Governorship. In 1911,

2957: 2445:, and was tasked with investigating "revolutionary conspiracies", with the unstated goal of extending the government's wartime powers. The 1563: 16283: 3246:

Also in early 1946, new elections were called in India. Earlier, at the end of the war in 1945, the colonial government had announced the

2252:, near the Nepal border, where he was invited by a group of disgruntled tenant farmers who, for many years, had been forced into planting 2190:, on the other hand, was for him the "last resort of those strong enough in their commitment to truth to undergo suffering in its cause". 1261:

lost land, animals, and equipment to money-lenders. The latter half of the 19th century also saw an increase in the number of large-scale

27212: 26837: 22943: 21577: 16550: 11219: 11086: 11037: 10680: 10242: 7944: 7717: 7302:, while on assignment in the Deccan at Secunderabad, where the Centre for Tropical and Communicable Diseases is now named in his honour. 4966: 4631: 4542: 3360:

Two silver one rupee coins used in India during the British Raj, showing Victoria, Queen, 1862 (left) and Victoria, Empress, 1886 (right)

1473:, who attempted to mobilise Indians by appealing to an explicitly Hindu political identity, displayed, for example, in the annual public 924: 726: 722: 35: 12430: 11182: 11000: 10645: 10637: 5915:, roads, canals, and bridges were rapidly built in India and telegraph links equally rapidly established so that raw materials, such as 2229:. The first two, he felt, were essential for India to be an egalitarian and tolerant society, one befitting the principles of Truth and 962:

was established as a princely state after the Anglo-Sikkimese Treaty of 1861; however, the issue of sovereignty was left undefined. The

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village in retaliation, killing 70 and wounding another 150 people in the massacre. A monument has been built in the memory of victims.

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between 1793 and 1798, but for later periods the British governors reported to London, and it was not part of the Raj. The kingdoms of

19460:"India: British Imperial Power 1858–1947 (Indian nationalism and the British response, 1885–1920; Prelude to Independence, 1920–1947)" 17586: 16768:

Cain, Peter J. (2012). "Character, 'Ordered Liberty', and the Mission to Civilise: British Moral Justification of Empire, 1870–1914".

27587: 27404: 27288: 27068: 26760: 25831: 25816: 22689: 21622: 16097: 12834:

Epstein, Simon (May 1982). "District Officers in Decline: The Erosion of British Authority in the Bombay Countryside, 1919 to 1947".

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that had hitherto been considered politically dormant by the Congress. Both leagues rapidly acquired new members—approximately thirty

7777:

the native South Asian languages) followed by the blend of native and gothic/sarcenic architecture. Similarly, the influence of the

7263:. Estimated deaths in India between 1817 and 1860 exceeded 15 million. Another 23 million died between 1865 and 1917. The 5971:

Studies suggest that from 1765 to 1938 around $ 45 trillion was stolen by the British as a result of their direct control of India.

28058: 28025: 24024: 21627: 20605: 17904:

The Cambridge History of India. Volume 6: The Indian Empire 1858–1918. With Chapters on the Development of Administration 1818–1858

17170: 14826:

Ian Derbyshire, 'The Building of India's Railways: The Application of Western Technology in the Colonial Periphery, 1850–1920', in

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also popular in certain regions of the subcontinent) were cemented as part of South Asian culture during the British Raj, with the

7332:

directed his attention to establishing a systematic institution in Bombay for imparting medical knowledge to the natives. In 1860,

3633: 3282:, advanced the date for the transfer of power, allowing less than six months for a mutually agreed plan for independence. With the 2888: 809: 25400: 14355:

Singha, Radhika (February 2003). "Colonial Law and Infrastructural Power: Reconstructing Community, Locating the Female Subject".

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mother), and 29% by Europeans. Of the 1000 top-level civil services positions, almost all were held by Britons, typically with an

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of such consent, required discussion by the entire Executive Council. This innovation in Indian governance was promulgated in the

2810:

A second-day cancellation of the series "Inauguration of New Delhi", 27 February 1931, commemorating the new city designed by Sir

1435:

as the first president. The membership consisted of a westernised elite, and no effort was made at this time to broaden the base.

28046: 26022: 25687: 25632: 25490: 24342: 21647: 20806: 20745: 17584:

Disappearance of Traditional games by the imitation of Colonial Culture through the Historical parameters of Cultural Colonialism

16204: 14009:: "The political history of the British in India begins in the eighteenth century with the French Wars in the Carnatic. (p. 471)" 12076: 4526:

abolished; ministerial responsibility within the United Kingdom for British relations with India and Pakistan transferred to the

4334: 2909: 18710: 17471: 28482: 27308: 26415: 26192: 25864: 23614: 22537: 21597: 21550: 17681: 17034: 7782: 5734:(1859–1932), began constructing its plant at Jamshedpur in Bihar in 1908, using American technology, not British. According to 5712:, such that by 1870–1880 Indian producers were manufacturing only 25%–45% of local consumption. Deindustrialization of India's 5637: 4342: 3689: 3063:

in the captured regions, including those in Burma, the Philippines and Vietnam, and in addition, the Provisional Government of

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More than 500 Indian kingdoms and principalities existed during the 'British Raj' period (1858–1947) The rule is also called

5410:

governance. However, in the years immediately thereafter, which were also the years of post-rebellion reconstruction, Viceroy

27202: 26904: 26744: 26729: 26523: 26453: 24394: 23949: 22898: 21722: 20852: 20279: 20091: 19849: 19793: 19612: 19395: 19376: 19292: 19274: 19253: 19215: 19176: 19158: 19135: 19106: 19071: 19006: 18947: 18838: 18786: 18751: 18722: 18686: 18662: 18641: 18622: 18603: 18544: 18476: 18441: 18418: 18397: 18370: 18344: 18300: 18276: 18254: 18211: 18186: 18151: 18100: 18063: 18042: 17999: 17981: 17950: 17887: 17857: 17837: 17809: 17787: 17766: 17744: 17538: 17367: 17203: 17178: 17149: 17120: 17092: 17067: 17042: 17013: 16988: 16898: 16873: 16841: 16367: 16063: 15211: 15132:

Burra, Arudra (November 2010). "The Indian Civil Service and the nationalist movement: neutrality, politics and continuity".

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Bahl, Vinay (October 1994). "The Emergence of Large-Scale Steel Industry in India Under British Colonial Rule, 1880–1907".

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Outside northern India, the local vernaculars were used as official language in the lower courts and in government offices.

10183: 7607: 5953:. Ray accuses the British of depleting the food and money stocks and of imposing high taxes that helped cause the terrible 5527: 5475: 4476: 4389: 1950: 25377: 18115:(2 vol. 1989) 1235 pp. the fullest scholarly history of political and military events from a British top-down perspective; 16490: 13912:, 1909, Oxford University Press. p. 5. Quote: "The history of British India falls, as observed by Sir C. P. Ilbert in his 27078: 26909: 26331: 25352: 25347: 24847: 23176: 21958: 21843: 21678: 20323: 17245: 15330: 10087: 9820: 7569:

literature and European history. Nevertheless, by the 1920s the student bodies had become hotbeds of Indian nationalism.

4951: 4826: 3384:

Silver one rupee coins used in India during the British Raj, showing George V, King-Emperor, 1913 (left) and 1919 (right)

832: 16743: 16623: 16161: 16116: 14001:: "Before passing on to the political history of British India, which properly begins with the Anglo-French Wars in the 13862: 11406:

Quote: "British India, meanwhile, was itself the powerful 'metropolis' of its own colonial empire, 'the Indian empire'."

2960:, the British, over the next six years, were to increasingly see the League as the main representative of Muslim India. 2493:

million Indians had served in the armed services in either combatant or non-combatant roles, and India had provided £146

2284:, who had organised the farmers, and who too would go on to play a leadership role in the Indian independence movement. 27333: 27328: 27187: 26305: 26265: 25585: 25500: 24852: 22894: 17643: 17268: 16927: 16833: 16409: 15464: 12791:

Potter, David C. (January 1973). "Manpower Shortage and the End of Colonialism: The Case of the Indian Civil Service".

11684: 10193: 7310: 5308: 5250: 4267: 3449: 2393:, and more recently of the Congress-Muslim League Lucknow Pact, was reaffirmed, with seats being reserved for Muslims, 364: 352: 25692: 20141: 16574: 14843: 13204:

Roy, Kaushik (2009). "Military Loyalty in the Colonial Context: A Case Study of the Indian Army during World War II".

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To combat what it saw as a coming crisis, the government now drafted the Rowlatt committee's recommendations into two

28183: 27303: 27093: 27020: 26706: 26644: 26280: 25783: 25430: 24117: 23056: 22249: 21572: 21567: 18929: 13991: 11654: 10952:

Raj, the: British sovereignty in India before 1947 (also called, the British Raj). The word is from Hindi rāj 'reign'

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The railway network of India in 1871, all major cities, Calcutta, Bombay and Madras, as well as Delhi, are connected.

5534:

was headed by an elected president (appointed by the Viceroy from 1921 to 1925). The Council of State consisted of 58

5411: 5254: 4973: 4432: 3980: 3517: 3420: 3286:, the end of the British rule in India in August 1947 saw the creation of two separate states of India and Pakistan. 3060: 3032: 2766: 2054: 1630:("Hail to the Mother"), which invoked a mother goddess, who stood variously for Bengal, India, and the Hindu goddess 1129: 1055: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 685: 308: 25405: 20122: 14630:

Indian Business and Nationalist Politics 1931–39: The Indigenous Capitalist Class and the Rise of the Congress Party

14522:

Paul Bairoch, "Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes", (1995: University of Chicago Press, Chicago) p. 89

8286: 2904:

The series of stamps, "Victory", issued by the Government of India to commemorate the allied victory in World War II

27908: 27903: 27896: 27519: 27489: 26594: 26559: 26336: 25754: 25550: 25367: 24662: 22929: 22916: 21582: 20495: 19986:

Stern, Philip J (2009). "History and Historiography of the English East India Company: Past, Present, and Future".

19231: 15412: 15240: 7982: 7638: 7587: 4574: 4072: 3561: 2964:

India, and emphasised that religious communities were more basic than an artificial nationalism. He proclaimed the

1816:. He announced the capital would be moved from Calcutta to Delhi. This period saw an increase in the activities of 1777:, was aware that a new province with a Muslim majority would directly benefit Muslims aspiring to political power. 17331: 11780: 7313:, which provided legal provision for forcible confinement of people with leprosy in India. Under the direction of 3070:

Bose's effort, however, was short-lived. In mid-1944 the British Army first halted and then reversed the Japanese

2517:

aroused widespread indignation throughout India, and brought Gandhi to the forefront of the nationalist movement.

1562:(1899–1905), was unusually energetic in pursuit of efficiency and reform. His agenda included the creation of the 28283: 28093: 27918: 27854: 27827: 27073: 26765: 26564: 26508: 25811: 25742: 25722: 25527: 25480: 25455: 24060: 23604: 23145: 22876: 21714: 20735: 20725: 20690: 14321: 13032: 10756: 7683: 6047:

Severe overcrowding in the cities caused major public health problems, as noted in an official report from 1938:

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barriers ranging from 30% to 70% on the importation of cotton yarn or prohibited it entirely. As a result of the

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One rupee coins showing George VI, King-Emperor, 1940 (left) and just before India's independence in 1947 (right)

2844: 14915: 13609: 3890:

Establishment of Provincial Legislative Councils in Burma and Punjab; the former a new Lieutenant Governorship.

3270:

government conscious that it had neither the mandate at home, the international support, nor the reliability of

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states built their own rail systems and the network spread to the regions that became the modern-day states of

5328: 4213: 3988: 3915: 3876: 3498: 3458: 2367: 2293: 1839: 1809: 1124:

had shaken the British enterprise in India, it had not derailed it. Until 1857, the British, especially under

20164: 16593: 14294: 5772:"The most magnificent railway station in the world", says the caption of the stereographic tourist picture of 5435:) and serving only in an advisory capacity. All laws enacted by Legislative Councils in India, whether by the 3055:, composed largely of Indian soldiers of the British Indian Army who had been captured by the Japanese in the 28178: 28041: 27803: 27597: 27514: 27353: 27103: 26779: 26739: 26483: 25395: 24476: 23249: 23013: 22764: 22205:. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003. 22102: 22034: 21668: 21637: 13882: 10563: 10188: 9905: 7929: 7725: 7679: 7372: 7218: 5336: 4550: 4527: 4485: 4401: 4084: 3972: 3762: 3720: 3659: 3602: 3184: 2987:

native troops, it expanded tenfold during the war, and small naval and air force units were created. Over two

2829:

A first-day cover issued on 1 April 1937 commemorating the separation of Burma from the British Indian Empire

1266: 19862:

Ellis, Catriona (2009). "Education for All: Reassessing the Historiography of Education in Colonial India".

15546:

Klein, Ira (1990). "Population growth and mortality in British India: Part II: The demographic revolution".

15280: 14306: 14279: 13953: 12914: 11284:

by 1909 the Government of India, reflecting on 50 years of Crown rule after the rebellion, could boast that

6013:

million by 1600 and remained nearly stationary until the 19th century. The population of the Raj reached 255

5894: 5393:

of "double government" had already been in place during the Company's rule in India from the time of Pitt's

5373: 28188: 28083: 27763: 27655: 27555: 27474: 27025: 26473: 26229: 25737: 25513: 25470: 25130: 24112: 24100: 23619: 23049: 22499: 22423: 22399: 22393: 21750: 21688: 21344: 20695: 20302: 20170: 20112: 19954:

Mukherjee, Soumyen. "Origins of Indian Nationalism: Some Questions on the Historiography of Modern India".

19640:

O'Dell, Benjamin D (2014). "Beyond Bengal: Gender, Education, And The Writing Of Colonial Indian History".

16133: 14338: 14336: 13179:

Recruitment was especially active in the Punjab province of British India, under the leadership of Premier

8414: 8046: 7409: 7146: 5436: 5381: 5296: 5274: 5262: 5235: 4523: 4504: 4317: 4209: 4194: 4024:

million women are literate. Of those school-aged, 25% of the boys and 3% of the girls attend. There are 207

3906: 3807: 3504: 3294: 3220: 2746: 2720: 2546: 2371: 2363: 2313: 2008: 426: 412: 378: 333: 14885: 11616: 5530:

excepting the Railway Department, which was headed by a Chief Commissioner of Railways under a secretary.

4588:

In general, the term "British India" had been used (and is still used) to refer also to the regions under

2202:

in a number of protests on behalf of the Indian community in South Africa against the unjust racial laws.

2065:, who had embraced the Pan-Islamic cause; however, it did have the support of a young lawyer from Bombay, 1926:, seated, third from the left, supported the Lucknow Pact in 1916, ending the Muslim League-Congress rift. 1439:

industry, and by the use of Indian taxes to pay the high salaries of the British civil servants in India.

28245: 27935: 27793: 27650: 27281: 27276: 27088: 26634: 26478: 26458: 26187: 25939: 25826: 25173: 24993: 24907: 24802: 24717: 24634: 24132: 24004: 23859: 23466: 23132: 21982: 21534: 20921: 20570: 20083:

The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1947

19706:

Simmons, Colin (1985), "'De-Industrialization', Industrialization and the Indian Economy, c. 1850–1947",

19634:

The Indian Bourgeoisie: A Political History of the Indian Capitalist Class in the Early Twentieth Century

17383: 16534: 13568: 12999: 11417: 10177: 10015: 9885: 7792: 7729: 7291: 7112: 7097: 6931: 5794: 5789:

99-year lease, with the government having the option to buy them earlier. Two new railway companies, the

5747: 5083: 5077: 4931: 4833: 4798: 4758: 4385: 4136: 3963: 3577: 3349:

The reigning British monarchs during the period of the British Raj, 1858–1947, in silver one-rupee coins.

3247: 3174: 3048: 1640: 17: 20730: 19883:

Gilmartin, David (2015). "The Historiography of India's Partition: Between Civilization and Modernity".

19743:

Colonial Masculinity: The 'Manly Englishman' and the 'Effeminate Bengali' in the Late Nineteenth Century

14333: 3747:

Joint Anglo-Russian Boundary Commission appointed for the Afghan frontier. Russian attack on Afghans at

2919:

members, it grew rapidly once it became an organisation that reached out to the masses, reaching 500,000

2441:

In 1917, as Montagu and Chelmsford were compiling their report, a committee chaired by a British judge,

1569:

Trouble emerged for Curzon when he divided the largest administrative subdivision in British India, the

1424: 28406: 28342: 27879: 27847: 27768: 27247: 27108: 27030: 26899: 26884: 26847: 26734: 26629: 26589: 26346: 26315: 26224: 25902: 25857: 25788: 25535: 25140: 25055: 24644: 24542: 23204: 22981: 22955: 22852: 22621: 21269: 20821: 20538: 20533: 20199:

Indian Year-book for 1862: A review of social, intellectual, and religious progress in India and Ceylon

17597: 16075: 15589: 11865: 10335: 10065: 7856: 7695: 7669: 7027: 5992: 5685: 5575: 5332: 4927: 4714: 4605: 4397: 4381: 4152: 3995: 3463: 2716: 2331:, viceroy of India, who cautioned the British Government to be more responsive to Indian public opinion 2276:

district where land-owning farmers were protesting increased land-revenue and the other in the city of

2164: 2041: 1908: 1600:, which was a strategy set out by Lord Curzon to weaken the nationalist movement, Tilak encouraged the 1597: 1590: 1490: 993: 24832: 7358:

This is the list of civilian massacre of Indians, in most cases unarmed peaceful crowds, by the army.

2144:(seated in carriage, on the right, eyes downcast, with black flat-top hat) receiving a big welcome in 28200: 27940: 27778: 27751: 27680: 27615: 27529: 27501: 27298: 27197: 26894: 26719: 26569: 26381: 26285: 26202: 25997: 25959: 25929: 25390: 25334: 25110: 24797: 24732: 24722: 24707: 24042: 23989: 23899: 23495:; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena. 23138: 23094: 22816: 22527: 22202: 22172: 21930: 21244: 20941: 20816: 20655: 20595: 18676: 17141: 16865: 15580:

Klein, "Population growth and mortality in British India: Part II: The demographic revolution", p. 42

15062: 13528: 13185:

Tarin, Omer; Dando, Neal (Autumn 2010). "Memoirs of the Second World War: Major Shaukat Hayat Khan".

10513: 10508:

1931 census: Includes all "No religion" (153 persons), "Indefinite Beliefs" (940 persons), "Chinese (

10035: 9995: 9985: 9460: 9054: 8403: 8275: 7665: 7583: 7505: 7362: 6604: 5923:

during Mughal times to 54% by the end of colonial period. India's per capita GDP decreased from 1990

5705: 5641: 5431:) and allowed to vote, and the other half, comprising Indians and domiciled Britons in India (termed 5389: 5358: 5231: 5010:

was reunited with Bengal, and the new provinces in the east became: Assam, Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.

4218: 4165: 3937: 3538: 3317:, staying on as its first governor-general came into being; with official ceremonies taking place in 2643: 2526: 2489:

With the end of World War I, there was also a change in the economic climate. By the end of 1919, 1.5

2376: 2343: 1981: 1458: 1354:, 1901, by Naoroji, Member, British Parliament (1892–1895), and Congress president (1886, 1893, 1906) 289: 24932: 19912:

Major, Andrea (2011). "Tall tales and true: India, historiography and British imperial imaginings".

18128: 16182: 15027: 14736:

Hurd, John M. (1983). "Irrigation and Railways: Railways". In Kumar, Dharma; Desai, Meghnad (eds.).

13656:"Clemency" Canning: Charles John, 1st Earl Canning, Governor-General and Viceroy of India, 1856–1862 10316:

Urdu was also given official status in large parts of northern India, as were vernaculars elsewhere.

5478:), each of whom earned a salary of Rs. 66,000 p.a. (£4,950 p.a.). The portfolios in 1946–1947 were: 4614:

over 175 princely states, some of the largest and most important, was exercised (in the name of the

1698:, map of the British Indian Empire, 1909, showing the majority religions based on the Census of 1901 28384: 27869: 27725: 27700: 27469: 27098: 27050: 27040: 27000: 26990: 26624: 26579: 26539: 26513: 26493: 26270: 26219: 26177: 26058: 26042: 25682: 25607: 25254: 24552: 24532: 24497: 24450: 24404: 23756: 23572: 23319: 23027: 22974: 22882: 22840: 22804: 22758: 22373: 22022: 21964: 21529: 21504: 21041: 20740: 20720: 20580: 20440: 20398: 20018:

Whitehead, Clive (2005). "The historiography of British imperial education policy, Part I: India".

10501:

1872 census: Includes all "Others" (5,025,721 persons) and "Not Known" (425,175 persons) responses.

9920: 8834: 8674: 7548: 7456: 7082: 6005:

shows 69 million Muslims and 217 million Hindus out of a total population of 316 million.

5988: 5701: 5420: 5320: 5270: 5224: 4198: 4076: 3803: 3757:

Report of Public Services Commission of 1886–87, creation of the Imperial Civil Service (later the

3531: 3453: 3043: 2873: 2723:. Gandhi subsequently led an expanded movement of civil disobedience, culminating in 1930 with the 2668: 2602: 2454: 2390: 2281: 2132: 1992: 1962: 1793: 1782: 1714: 1574: 1432: 1428: 1370: 1305: 1286: 1218:), a year from completion, was closed to navigation in 1904 to increase irrigation during a famine. 1121: 1017: 745: 399: 14129: 13779:

The administration of the Marquis of Lansdowne as Viceroy and Governor-general of India, 1888–1894

13705: 12134: 3888:

in Bombay (1896), Bubonic plague in Calcutta (1898); riots in wake of plague prevention measures.

3842:

Fall of the rupee, resulting from the steady depreciation of silver currency worldwide (1873–93).

2465:. It presented its report in July 1918 and identified three regions of conspiratorial insurgency: 1096: 28379: 27972: 27960: 27930: 27592: 27539: 27313: 27083: 27035: 26926: 26889: 26879: 26874: 26619: 26544: 26468: 25944: 25460: 25293: 24430: 24122: 24105: 24095: 24070: 23914: 23640: 23536: 23368: 23243: 23211: 23192: 22858: 22810: 22752: 22461: 22405: 21781: 21249: 21219: 20956: 20936: 20771: 20680: 20403: 20393: 20383: 20373: 18591: 16980: 13783: 13180: 11475: 10548: 10025: 9990: 9825: 9605: 9154: 8706: 8635: 8039: 7778: 7649: 7314: 6878: 6002: 5984: 5764:

The railway network of India in 1909, when it was the fourth largest railway network in the world

4570: 4467: 4312: 4273: 4234: 3968: 3788: 3767: 3742: 3695: 3676: 3310: 3156: 3116: 2881: 2728: 2606: 2542: 1968:

At the onset of World War I, the reassignment of most of the British army in India to Europe and

1789:

and District Boards were created for local administration; they included elected Indian members.

1752: 1743: 1730: 1509: 1397: 1332: 19517:

Race, Sex, and Class under the Raj: Imperial Attitudes and Policies and Their Critics, 1793–1905

15802:(Supplement to Commerce Reports ed.). Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. p. 46. 11602: 7753: 7664:

with a focus on "education, health ministry, and evangelism". In the 1790s, Christians from the

2786:, three places to the right of Gandhi (to the viewer's left) at the 2nd Round Table Conference. 28437: 28327: 27967: 27923: 27798: 27730: 27720: 27685: 27323: 27318: 27167: 26980: 26975: 26921: 26842: 26612: 26607: 26584: 26420: 25907: 25660: 25655: 25642: 25597: 25465: 25150: 25065: 24912: 24624: 24557: 24425: 24374: 24306: 24206: 24196: 23994: 23929: 23736: 23665: 23007: 22988: 22864: 22828: 22600: 22588: 22487: 22367: 22355: 22243: 22198: 22186: 21817: 21474: 21384: 21379: 20620: 20559: 20451: 20378: 20368: 18462: 18427: 18406: 17754: 16279: 15022: 13156: 11556: 9940: 9915: 9865: 9805: 9390: 9326: 9124: 8340: 8215: 7742: 7626: 7578: 7556: 7544: 7467: 7413: 7395: 5397:. The governor-general in the capital, Calcutta, and the governor in a subordinate presidency ( 4921: 4597: 4369: 4307: 4223: 4190: 3440: 3098: 2945: 2680: 2095: 1389: 1385: 920: 570: 19756:

Tirthankar, Roy (2014), "Financing the Raj: the City of London and colonial India 1858–1940",

18244: 16357: 13494: 13402: 11390: 11240: 11203: 11110: 11068: 11021: 7336:

became one of the four recognised colleges for teaching courses leading to degrees (alongside

6832: 5574:

and subdivided into districts, which were the basic administrative units and each headed by a

5018:

In addition, there were a few minor provinces that were administered by a chief commissioner:

2338:

In 1916, in the face of new strength demonstrated by the nationalists with the signing of the

1808:

The partition of Bengal was rescinded in 1911 and announced at the Delhi Durbar at which King

1084: 28288: 28161: 28146: 28015: 27992: 27710: 27560: 27484: 27436: 27426: 27015: 26963: 26948: 26389: 26310: 26239: 26234: 26027: 25992: 25934: 25850: 25717: 25577: 25540: 25523: 25422: 25315: 25135: 25115: 25095: 24958: 24922: 24877: 24822: 24614: 24609: 24384: 24331: 24156: 24065: 24034: 23974: 23924: 23706: 23696: 23546: 23152: 22307: 22084: 22066: 21875: 21806: 21673: 21612: 21439: 21224: 21169: 21001: 20961: 20766: 20685: 20630: 20615: 20565: 20553: 20430: 19839: 19267:

Constructing Pakistan: Foundational Texts and the Rise of Muslim National Identity, 1857–1947

17357: 15389: 13760: 12441: 12070:

The New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. 11: Material Progress and World-Wide Problems, 1870–98

11357: 11267: 11166: 10984: 10209: 10116: 9975: 9945: 9810: 9765: 9595: 9234: 9224: 9194: 8926: 8906: 8767: 8136: 8098: 8002: 7972: 7762: 7498: 7405: 7341: 7333: 7264: 7241: 7176: 7067: 7019: 5980: 5954: 5689: 5595: 5362: 5344: 5109: 4805: 4589: 4455: 4322: 4283: 4228: 4186: 4148: 3999: 3608: 3542: 3527: 3485: 2840: 2750: 2423: 2398: 2347: 2168: 2000: 1969: 1786: 1748: 1618: 1454: 1150: 844: 801: 749: 584: 525: 31: 24286: 20155: 20059:

The Historiography of the British Empire-Commonwealth: Trends, Interpretations and Resources

19788:, New Cambridge History of India, vol. III.3, Cambridge University Press, p. 109, 19148: 18636:, (Cambridge Studies in Indian History & Society). Cambridge University Press. pp. 316, 18598:, (Cambridge Studies in Indian History & Society). Cambridge University Press. pp. 400, 18138:(1953). Asia and Western dominance, 1498–1945, by K.M. Panikkar. London: G. Allen and Unwin. 17921: 16309: 15261:

Rajat Kanta Ray, "Indian Society and the Establishment of British Supremacy, 1765–1818", in

15066: 13721: 13550:, even if there had been the men, money, and administrative machinery with which to do so." 13534:

quo. We have no longer the resources, nor the necessary prestige or confidence in ourselves.

13148: 12229:

Ranbir Vohra, The Making of India: A Historical Survey (Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, Inc, 1997), 120

7286:

Fevers ranked as one of the leading causes of death in India in the 19th century. Britain's

7279:

against cholera and bubonic plague. In 1925 the Plague Laboratory in Bombay was renamed the

5997: 4592:

in India from 1600 to 1858. The term has also been used to refer to the "British in India".

1765:

in which Hindus had battled their Muslim oppressors. Lastly, the Muslim elite, and among it

1737:. Although Curzon, by now, had resigned his position over a dispute with his military chief 28073: 27808: 27746: 27715: 27705: 27665: 27660: 27399: 27338: 27192: 26985: 26968: 26445: 25412: 25120: 25039: 25003: 24953: 24812: 24737: 24522: 24399: 24191: 23966: 23944: 23939: 23904: 23846: 23457: 23275: 23188: 23122: 23100: 23001: 22961: 22870: 22834: 22772: 22697: 22385: 22120: 22114: 22108: 21524: 21479: 21414: 21359: 21304: 21189: 21094: 21051: 21006: 20926: 20826: 20670: 20575: 20425: 18672: 17583: 13123: 13117: 12915:"Politics, Intelligence and Elections in Late Colonial India: Congress and the Raj in 1937" 11483: 10958: 10611: 10204: 10172: 10055: 9910: 9895: 9840: 9481: 7804: 7522: 7226: 5821:

India as they were "an essential strategic, defensive, subjugators and administrative 'tool

4472: 3959: 3758: 3708: 3436: 3432: 3290: 3052: 3051:

for help in gaining India's independence by force. With Japanese support, he organised the

2877: 2754:

Legislative Assemblies. A voter could cast a vote only for candidates in his own category.

2735: 2499: 2462: 2458: 2128: 2058: 2012: 1958: 1680: 1402: 1381: 781: 556: 20006:

Stern, Philip J. "Early Eighteenth-Century British India: Antimeridian or antemeridiem?".

18508:, Studies in the Social Sciences, vol. V, Iowa City: The University, pp. 79–81, 16094: 15109:

Lines of the Nation: Indian Railway Workers, Bureaucracy, and the Intimate Historical Self

7774: 938:, which was referred to coastal regions and northern part of the island at that time (now 883:. This area is very diverse, containing the Himalayan mountains, fertile floodplains, the 812:

was also part of British India at the inception of the British Raj, and became a separate

8: 28364: 28357: 28352: 28151: 28088: 28078: 27874: 27842: 27813: 27207: 27162: 27126: 27045: 26852: 26829: 26602: 26425: 26197: 26106: 25762: 25732: 25709: 25677: 25508: 25445: 25308: 25298: 25145: 25090: 24927: 24917: 24902: 24892: 24857: 24787: 24702: 24672: 24619: 24336: 24090: 24085: 23984: 23979: 23746: 23701: 23660: 23565: 22936: 22739: 22646: 22594: 22481: 22469: 22449: 22437: 22349: 22140: 22052: 21509: 21454: 21339: 21334: 21229: 21209: 21134: 20931: 20911: 20906: 20901: 20876: 20715: 20131: 19669:

Roy, Tirthankar (Summer 2002), "Economic History and Modern India: Redefining the Link",

16331: 15590:

Waterfield, Henry; Great Britain India Office Statistics AND Commerce Department (1872).

11168:

Understanding the Victorians: Politics, Culture and Society in Nineteenth-Century Britain

10476: 10198: 9835: 9563: 9410: 9104: 9084: 8496: 8444: 7786: 7770: 7758: 7618: 7595: 7430: 7337: 7325:. Between 1868 and 1907, there were approximately 4.7 million deaths from smallpox. 6979: 6947: 5870: 5798: 5709: 5394: 5204: 4459: 4437: 4415: 4407: 4361: 4252: 4182: 4160: 4132: 3860: 3426: 3328: 3271: 3188: 3120: 3056: 3039: 3027: 3023:, did not support the Cripps Mission and negotiations with the Congress soon broke down. 2937: 2929: 2852: 2712: 2675:

In 1920, after the British government refused to back down, Gandhi began his campaign of

2066: 2062: 1996: 1942: 1923: 1470: 1309: 1301: 1270: 1051: 908: 884: 730: 706: 693: 634: 171: 25627: 20181: 19530:

Derbyshire, I. D. (1987), "Economic Change and the Railways in North India, 1860–1914",

18596:

Imperial Power and Popular Politics: Class, Resistance and the State in India, 1850–1950

17759:

Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire (The New Cambridge History of India)

13777: 13699: 11497: 11051:

schooled in British mores, primed to participate in public life, and loyal to the Crown.

7831: 3255:, with the stated goal of highlighting, peacefully, the demand for a Muslim homeland in 1995:, organised political activity by the Congress had remained fragmented until 1914, when 28308: 28293: 28260: 28210: 28173: 27950: 27913: 27783: 27690: 27645: 27640: 27479: 27464: 27443: 27373: 27348: 27293: 27182: 27177: 27172: 26869: 26369: 26244: 26214: 26167: 26134: 25949: 25555: 25440: 25362: 25342: 25303: 25044: 24867: 24862: 24827: 24807: 24782: 24777: 24772: 24767: 24762: 24747: 24742: 24687: 24594: 24440: 24311: 24201: 24181: 24137: 24080: 24075: 24052: 24019: 24009: 23999: 23881: 23182: 23164: 23104: 22995: 22721: 22683: 22659: 22640: 22531: 22078: 22004: 21970: 21869: 21849: 21775: 21693: 21539: 21459: 21389: 21374: 21284: 21274: 21184: 21174: 21159: 21144: 21124: 21099: 20971: 20916: 20640: 20610: 20505: 20485: 20435: 20333: 20259: 20035: 19929: 19900: 19819: 19773: 19731: 19723: 19688: 19657: 19555: 19547: 19512:(4th ed. 1952), 677 pp. thorough scholarly coverage; focus on 20th century down to 1939 19439: 19431: 19355: 19338:

Satya, Laxman D. (2008). "British Imperial Railways in Nineteenth Century South Asia".

19305: 19262: 19051: 19043: 18917: 18906: 18878: 18580: 18234: 18084: 16785: 16256: 16231: 15859: 15829: 15771: 15742: 15712: 15654: 15624: 15595: 15563: 15509: 15149: 14987: 14678: 14670: 14653:

I. D. Derbyshire (1987). "Economic Change and the Railways in North India, 1860–1914".

14598: 14493: 14489: 14372: 14110: 13269: 13221: 12937: 12859: 12851: 12816: 12808: 12743: 12212: 10748: 10740: 10040: 9900: 9880: 9525: 9134: 9044: 8814: 8804: 8737: 8686: 8392: 8308: 8022: 7962: 7280: 5941: 5906:

In the second half of the 19th century, both the direct administration of India by the

5713: 5617: 5607: 5258: 5216: 5167: 4514: 4377: 4356: 4140: 3910: 3867: 3642: 3581: 3283: 3170: 3152: 2949: 2691: 2183: 2078: 1957:

in 1920 and participated, under the name "Les Indes Anglaises" (British India), in the

1766: 904: 765: 753: 616: 440: 181: 20254: 20249: 16208: 12073: 28347: 28337: 28332: 28235: 28220: 27955: 27837: 27832: 27695: 27675: 27670: 27582: 27577: 27394: 27343: 27154: 26953: 26817: 26518: 26172: 25727: 25650: 25372: 25357: 25070: 25060: 25023: 24897: 24882: 24757: 24727: 24697: 24692: 24667: 24604: 24599: 24589: 24460: 24409: 24296: 24291: 24014: 23650: 23635: 23542: 23128: 22746: 22711: 22443: 22331: 22279: 22273: 22257: 22096: 22090: 22040: 22010: 21940: 21683: 21514: 21499: 21399: 21294: 21254: 21179: 21084: 21056: 21016: 20841: 20625: 20585: 20548: 20510: 20490: 20480: 20363: 20353: 20087: 20039: 19999: 19933: 19875: 19845: 19823: 19789: 19777: 19735: 19608: 19569:

edited by Peter N. Stearns, (vol. 1, 2001), pp. 515–521. online emphasis on Raj.

19559: 19443: 19391: 19372: 19347: 19288: 19270: 19249: 19211: 19172: 19154: 19144: 19131: 19123: 19102: 19067: 19055: 19002: 18996: 18965: 18943: 18925: 18910: 18882: 18834: 18782: 18747: 18718: 18682: 18658: 18637: 18618: 18599: 18584: 18540: 18472: 18437: 18414: 18393: 18366: 18340: 18296: 18272: 18250: 18207: 18200: 18182: 18147: 18096: 18088: 18059: 18038: 17995: 17977: 17946: 17883: 17853: 17833: 17827: 17805: 17783: 17762: 17740: 17651: 17534: 17463: 17363: 17300: 17199: 17174: 17145: 17116: 17088: 17063: 17038: 17009: 16984: 16923: 16894: 16869: 16837: 16789: 16405: 16363: 16261: 16059: 15567: 15460: 15364: 15207: 15153: 15112: 15072: 15036: 15007: 14991: 14828:

Technology and the Raj: Western Technology and Technical Transfers to India 1700–1947

14794: 14769: 14741: 14701: 14682: 14633: 14602: 14456: 14408: 14376: 14149: 14114: 14102: 13959: 13937: 13498: 13487: 13408: 13273: 13225: 13160: 13149: 13127: 12941: 12863: 12820: 12353: 12216: 12022: 11750: 11733:

Ernst, W. (1996). "European Madness and Gender in Nineteenth-century British India".

11562: 11526: 11453: 11443: 11396: 11363: 11338: 11337:, Oxford World's Classics: Authors in Context, Oxford University Press, p. 160, 11307: 11273: 11246: 11209: 11172: 11116: 11076: 11027: 10990: 10941: 10907: 10875: 10844: 10816: 10787: 10752: 10732: 10351:(reigned January to December 1936), did not issue any Indian currency under his name. 10158: 10050: 10020: 9930: 9925: 9870: 9815: 9645: 9535: 9514: 9470: 9440: 9144: 9074: 9064: 9034: 8516: 8478: 8358: 8110: 7738: 7661: 7421: 7391: 7329: 7268: 6987: 6951: 6923: 6067: 5773: 5456: 5402: 5398: 5219:

authority prior to the advent of British Raj was finally abolished and seized by the

4873: 4765: 4721: 4687: 4373: 3444: 3372:

Silver one rupee coins showing Edward VII, King-Emperor, 1903 (left) and 1908 (right)

3314: 3302: 3298: 3279: 3267: 3252: 3020: 2965: 2953: 2925: 2510: 2470: 2446: 2431: 2099: 2091: 2021: 2004: 1954: 1770: 1601: 1570: 1517: 1494: 1419: 1366: 1336: 1188: 1021: 959: 947: 828: 773: 538: 94: 64: 19904: 19661: 19459: 19369:

Community and Consensus in Islam: Muslim Representation in Colonial India, 1860–1947

15944: 15621:"Report on the census of British India, taken on the 17th February 1881 ..., Vol. 2" 11774:"'Send the Mild Hindoo:' The Simultaneous Expansion of British Suffrage and Empire∗" 1108: 28275: 28230: 28225: 28125: 28098: 27945: 27756: 27630: 27625: 27620: 27570: 27459: 27414: 27235: 27144: 26916: 26794: 26789: 26784: 26774: 26503: 26463: 26394: 26096: 25924: 25914: 25884: 25276: 25086: 25050: 24968: 24792: 24562: 24507: 24470: 24445: 24435: 24369: 24321: 24251: 24246: 24241: 24236: 24231: 24221: 24216: 23909: 23655: 23499: 23432: 23424: 23416: 23344: 23255: 23223: 23110: 22910: 22822: 22607: 22133: 22126: 22028: 21913: 21858: 21703: 21617: 21494: 21464: 21444: 21419: 21409: 21349: 21259: 21204: 21199: 21089: 21011: 20836: 20791: 20776: 20700: 20675: 20645: 20408: 20348: 20027: 19995: 19921: 19892: 19871: 19811: 19765: 19715: 19678: 19649: 19539: 19421: 19246:

England's Debt to India: A Historical Narrative of Britain's Fiscal Policy in India

19192: 19035: 18922:

The tentacles of progress: technology transfer in the age of imperialism, 1850–1940

18898: 18868: 18860: 18572: 17292: 16777: 16735: 16251: 16243: 15555: 15501: 15424: 15199: 15141: 15032: 14979: 14662: 14590: 14548: 14485: 14448: 14364: 14141: 14092: 13261: 13213: 13113: 12929: 12843: 12800: 12735: 12204: 11742: 10724: 10045: 9980: 9950: 9935: 9890: 9875: 9860: 9830: 9725: 9420: 9204: 9114: 8993: 8983: 8936: 8865: 8844: 8434: 8424: 8263: 8198: 7901: 7518: 7383: 7318: 7225:, in which 1.25 to 10 million Indians perished. Recent research, including work by 7052: 7003: 6991: 6874: 5366: 5300: 4943: 4450: 4446: 4411: 4111: 3993:

Inauguration of agricultural banking with Cooperative Credit Societies Act of 1904

3954: 3669: 3650: 3467: 3306: 3124: 2933: 2893: 2861: 2783: 2702: 2687: 2647: 2534: 2226: 1866: 1821: 1813: 1710: 1646: 1513: 1328: 1075: 951: 943: 761: 668: 211: 166: 98: 21744: 19802:

Tomlinson, Brian Roger (October 1975), "India and the British Empire, 1880–1935",

19167:

Moore, Robin J. (2001a), "Imperial India, 1858–1914", in Porter, Andrew N. (ed.),

19117:

Women of the Raj: The Mothers, Wives, and Daughters of the British Empire in India

19026:

Klein, Ira (July 2000), "Materialism, Mutiny and Modernization in British India",

18557: 17359:

Going Global: Transnational Perspectives on Globalization, Language, and Education

15651:"Census of India, 1891. General tables for British provinces and feudatory states" 14567: 14097: 14080: 10906:. New Cambridge History of India series. Cambridge University Press. p. 122. 7919: 7233:, argue that famines in India were made more severe by British policies in India. 4341:

Burma administered independently after 1937 with creation of new cabinet position

2715:: "complete independence"), or Purna Swarajya. The declaration was drafted by the 28374: 28298: 28240: 28205: 27886: 27864: 27788: 27565: 26689: 26684: 26674: 26667: 26435: 26290: 26275: 26101: 25984: 25485: 25249: 25237: 24963: 24712: 24682: 24677: 24537: 24527: 24492: 24482: 24465: 24301: 24256: 24171: 23889: 23864: 23711: 23452: 23229: 23158: 22949: 22888: 22727: 22411: 22313: 22016: 21652: 21642: 21544: 21449: 21394: 21309: 21289: 21109: 21079: 21074: 21031: 21021: 20986: 20981: 20946: 20871: 20796: 20635: 20358: 20232: 20221: 20208: 20202: 20081: 19925: 19769: 19602: 19494: 19332: 19322: 19315: 19235: 18828: 18810: 18776: 18762: 18652: 18503: 18466: 18431: 18332: 18326: 18290: 18176: 18053: 17971: 17847: 17797: 17777: 17601: 17590: 17555:"Batting for the British Empire: how Victorian cricket was more than just a game" 17528: 17434:"What India was crazy about: Hockey first, Cricket later, Football, Kabaddi now?" 16943: 16781: 16514: 16165: 16120: 16101: 16082: 15863: 15855: 15833: 15825: 15797: 15775: 15767: 15746: 15738: 15716: 15708: 15680: 15658: 15650: 15628: 15620: 15599: 15591: 15265:: vol. 2, "The Eighteenth Century" ed. by P. J. Marshall, (1998), pp. 508–29 15145: 14002: 13866: 13679: 13654: 12979: 12347: 12243: 12080: 11479: 11447: 11301: 10569: 10144: 9503: 9492: 9450: 9430: 9348: 9315: 8896: 8824: 8784: 8696: 8656: 8618: 8536: 7691: 7687: 7641:

being built in 1847. By 1930, the Church of India, Burma and Ceylon had fourteen

7475: 7452: 7424: 7387: 7214: 6983: 6862: 5945: 5138: 4601: 4509: 4393: 4144: 3792: 3616: 3548: 3481: 3240: 3196: 3094: 2724: 2629: 2257: 1933: 1450: 1262: 1172: 1145: 1013: 134: 106: 25617: 18654:

India under Morley and Minto: politics behind revolution, repression and reforms

14887:

Appletons' annual cyclopaedia and register of important events of the year: 1862

14700:. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. pp. 1–19. 12730:

Sayer, Derek (May 1991). "British Reaction to the Amritsar Massacre 1919–1920".

12349:

India under Morley and Minto: politics behind revolution, repression and reforms

4640:

provinces that were administered either by a governor or a lieutenant-governor.

28401: 28369: 28315: 28265: 28255: 28156: 27977: 27859: 27635: 26770: 26498: 26488: 26300: 26209: 26162: 26157: 26129: 26086: 26081: 26017: 25622: 25612: 25382: 25288: 25105: 24887: 24872: 24837: 24577: 24572: 24455: 24389: 24261: 23919: 23894: 23799: 23716: 23670: 23337: 23325: 23170: 22786: 22715: 22704: 22493: 22455: 22361: 22325: 22319: 22285: 21823: 21746: 21484: 21434: 21424: 21404: 21369: 21329: 21314: 21036: 20966: 20951: 20891: 20881: 20710: 20600: 20470: 20445: 20420: 20318: 20271: 19858:

Durant, Will (2011, reprint). The case for India. New York: Simon and Schuster.

19815: 19683: 19426: 19196: 19018:(2015), wide-ranging scholarly survey excerpt; also published as Khan, Yasmin. 18864: 18499: 18240: 18224: 18135: 18108: 18030: 16332:"Punjab disturbances, April 1919; compiled from the Civil and military gazette" 16247: 15559: 15489: 15191: 14983: 14851: 14761: 14594: 14552: 14440: 14368: 13924: 13811: 13404:

His Majesty's Opponent: Subhas Chandra Bose and India's Struggle against Empire

13265: 12208: 11106: 10573: 10286: 10278: 10230: 10167: 9713: 9665: 9359: 9337: 9305: 9283: 9244: 9174: 9164: 9024: 8757: 8567: 8069: 8012: 7846: 7823: 7272: 6963: 6484: 5960: 5857: 5814: 5805: 5660: 5291:

in the provincial governments in the presidencies (and later in the provinces).

5199:

A Princely State, also called a Native State or an Indian State, was a British

5194: 5132: 4879: 4839: 4677: 4565: 4546: 4480: 4442: 4419: 3933: 3885: 3871: 3836:

Railways, roads, and irrigation works begun in Burma. Border between Burma and

3823: 3813: 3752: 3646: 3475: 3337: 3179: 3090: 3075: 3071: 3016: 2941: 2848: 2791: 2442: 2427: 2216: 2141: 1862: 1253: 1036: 935: 912: 836: 757: 734: 230: 204: 130: 20031: 19896: 19719: 19653: 19543: 19039: 18902: 18576: 18008:

Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra; Raychaudhuri, Hemchandra; Datta, Kalikinkar (1950),

17880:

India 1885–1947: The Unmaking of an Empire (Seminar Studies in History Series)

17495:"How India came to love cricket, favored sport of its colonial British rulers" 17237: 15315:

P.J. Marshall (1998). "The British in Asia: Trade to Dominion, 1700–1765", in

14764:(2001). "The pattern of railway development in India". In Kerr, Ian J. (ed.). 14666: 13955:

Poor Relations: The Making of a Eurasian Community in British India, 1773–1833

12847: 12804: 10784:

A Dictionary of Languages: The definitive reference to more than 400 languages

10728: 5570:

Each province or presidency comprised a number of divisions, each headed by a

3325:

on 15 August. This was done so that Mountbatten could attend both ceremonies.

1831: 1552:, 1909, showing "Mother India" with her progeny and the slogan "Vande Mataram" 28431: 28303: 28166: 27891: 27409: 27368: 26696: 26652: 26549: 26124: 26063: 26032: 26012: 26007: 25450: 24752: 24517: 24512: 23934: 23792: 23751: 23731: 23378: 23198: 22379: 22263: 21429: 21354: 21319: 21279: 21194: 21164: 21154: 21139: 21026: 20996: 20976: 20705: 20234:

The Cyclopedia of India: biographical, historical, administrative, commercial

19351: 18848: 17655: 17304: 16675: 16579: 16424: 16158: 16113: 15368: 15357:"Independence Day: How the British pulled off a $ 45 trillion heist in India" 14153: 14106: 13907:

Imperial Gazetteer of India, volume IV, published under the authority of the

13859: 12739: 10736: 10373: 10285:, not of the British Raj, i.e. the British Indian Empire, which included the 10282: 9635: 9575: 9400: 8794: 8747: 8727: 8601: 8584: 8546: 8526: 8461: 8245: 8235: 8225: 8168: 7724:

into the sort of English landlords that controlled local affairs in England.

7471: 7417: 7366: 5950: 5927:

550 in 1700 to $ 520 by 1857, although it later increased to $ 618, by 1947.

5907: 5719: 5697: 5688:

in 1813, the importation into India of British manufactured goods, including

5624: 5324: 5212: 5208: 5048: 4979: 4935: 4743: 4440:

becomes, at 2.5 million men, the largest all-volunteer force in history.

4068: 3797: 3256: 2900: 2815: 2811: 2655: 2474: 2402: 2355: 2309: 2268:. The following year Gandhi launched two more Satyagrahas—both in his native 1858: 1635: 1626: 1577:

and the Hindu-majority province of West Bengal (present-day Indian states of

1418:(1883), a legislative measure that had proposed putting Indian judges in the 1244: 1240: 1137: 1113: 1101: 1089: 892: 507: 90: 24281: 20227:

Statistical abstract relating to British India, from 1895 to 1896 to 1904–05

15281:"Impact of British Rule on India: Economic, Social and Cultural (1757–1857)" 14145: 13934:

Mapping an Empire: The Geographical Construction of British India, 1765–1843

12963:

Empire, politics and the creation of the 1935 India Act: last act of the Raj

11676: 7564:

degree. The government, often working with local philanthropists, opened 186

2370:) was passed in December 1919. The new Act enlarged both the provincial and 1393: 27419: 27389: 26936: 26399: 26116: 26002: 25602: 25567: 24842: 24364: 24326: 24226: 23809: 23408: 23116: 22677: 22671: 22652: 22417: 22152: 22059: 21998: 21992: 21632: 21519: 21149: 21114: 21104: 21046: 20846: 20750: 20660: 20650: 20415: 20343: 20328: 19942:

The Origins of Modern Historiography in India: Antiquarianism and Philology

18975: 18286: 18264: 18195: 17823: 17060:

The Proceedings of the 21st Annual History of Medicine Days Conference 2012

16265: 15736: 13908: 11754: 11558:

The Indian encyclopaedia: biographical, historical, religious ..., Volume 6

10509: 10130: 9755: 9745: 9625: 9615: 9545: 9380: 9370: 9254: 9184: 8966: 8886: 8506: 8370: 8318: 8186: 7886: 7876: 7796: 7509: 7236: 7221:, in which 6.1 million to 10.39 million Indians perished and the 6424: 5937: 5830: 5731: 5599: 5354: 5304: 5200: 4847: 4519: 4350: 4346: 4156: 4115: 4107: 3946: 3654: 3102: 3059:. As the war turned against them, the Japanese came to support a number of 2915:

While the Muslim League had been a small elite group in 1927 with only 1300

2707: 2633: 2538: 2506: 2406: 2339: 2149: 2137: 2082: 2045: 1985: 1904: 1843: 1825: 1274: 998: 967: 916: 473: 20127: 19388:

Region and Partition: Bengal, Punjab and the Partition of the Subcontinent

14081:"علم الإشارة في سورة الفاتحة من خلال تفسير معارف القرآن للکاندهلوي نموذجا" 11746: 11646: 7539: 3725:

Repeal of import duties on cotton and of most tariffs. Railway extension.

3343: 2028:, had also sporadically claimed guardianship of the Islamic holy sites of 1713:, a founder of the Muslim League, was to also become the president of the 1239:

In the second half of the 19th century, both the direct administration of

1035:

The proclamation to the "Princes, Chiefs, and People of India", issued by

744:

This system of governance was instituted on 28 June 1858, when, after the

28320: 27524: 27139: 27134: 26862: 26679: 26662: 26554: 26149: 26091: 26073: 26037: 25244: 25232: 25212: 24583: 24379: 24271: 24266: 24186: 23777: 23761: 23525: 23021: 22922: 22733: 22237: 21952: 21946: 21239: 21119: 20811: 20590: 19094: 18980:

The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan

18015:

Majumdar, R. C. ed. (1970). British paramountcy and Indian renaissance. (

17967: 17819: 16232:"Smallpox and Vaccination in British India During the Last Seventy Years" 15203: 14537: 14452: 12254: 12193:

McLane, John R. (July 1965). "The Decision to Partition Bengal in 1905".

10489: 10369: 10365: 10348: 9735: 9695: 9094: 8956: 8946: 7866: 7488: 7287: 7230: 5899: 5839: 5835: 5316: 4983: 4843: 4775: 4731: 4204: 3880: 3831: 3827: 3701: 2514: 2450: 2435: 2418: 1890: 1886: 1797: 1578: 1415: 1380:

avail itself of the benefits of that education such as employment in the

900: 896: 888: 880: 817: 797: 793: 721:

in contemporaneous usage and included areas directly administered by the

602: 266: 20220:(26 vol, 1908–31), highly detailed description of all of India in 1901. 20136: 19359: 19285:

The Indian Princes and their States (The New Cambridge History of India)

19228: 17409:"Cricket, curry and cups of tea: India's influence on Victorian Britain" 17238:"Ideology and Empire in Eighteenth-Century India: the British in Bengal" 16739: 15527:

Khan, J.H. (2004). "Population growth and demographic change in India".

15317:

The Oxford History of the British Empire: vol. 2, The Eighteenth Century

15232: 13921:

The Statutes: From the Twentieth Year of King Henry the Third to the ...

11392:

Britain's Oceanic Empire: Atlantic and Indian Ocean Worlds, C. 1550–1850

7781:

and culture can be seen on Britain, too; for example, many Indian words

5801:

scheme. Further, there was no government regulation of these companies.

5350: 5261:

from 1852 to 1855; he shaped British education policy in India, and was

2520: 1532:

Congress moderate Sir Surendranath Banerjee led the opposition with the

792:

gained independence from Pakistan. At the inception of the Raj in 1858,

27363: 27255: 26657: 26341: 26139: 25435: 25325: 25217: 25196: 24629: 24567: 24486: 23726: 23691: 22798: 22779: 22522: 22301: 21920: 21837: 21489: 21264: 21214: 21129: 20781: 20665: 20500: 20152:

The lion and the tiger: the rise and fall of the British Raj, 1600–1947

19692: 19412:

Tinker, Hugh (October 1968), "India in the First World War and after",

19241: 18095:, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. xxxiii, 372, 17943:

The Lion and the Tiger: The Rise and Fall of the British Raj, 1600–1947

17852:, vol. III (Revised ed.), New Delhi: Lotus Press, p. 2, 16698:"Vidurashwatha Massacre, the Forgotten Jallianwala Bagh of South India" 15513: 15104: 14497: 13217: 10479:" (140,422 persons), and "Other Christian" (135,462 persons) responses. 10466:" (349,863 persons), and "Other Hindu" (206,117,326 persons) responses. 10444: 10429: 10414: 10399: 10384: 10262: 9685: 9585: 9295: 7657: 6100: 5924: 5768: 5727: 5693: 5651: 5340: 4947: 4883: 4727: 4611: 3950: 3620: 3471: 3139:

Newly arrived Indian troops on the quayside in Singapore, November 1941

2739: 2574: 2303: 2261: 2174: 1761: 1756: 1725: 1411: 1208: 789: 242: 19727: 19551: 19491:

Tilak and Gokhale: revolution and reform in the making of modern India

19435: 19047: 18873: 17296: 16123:– Medical History of British India, National Library of Scotland 2007. 14674: 13749:, (Dec 1960) 10#12 pp. 821–30, and (Jan 1961) 11#1 pp. 56–64 13252:

Gupta, Shyam Ratna (January 1972). "New Light on the Cripps Mission".

12855: 12812: 12747: 12159:

Tilak and Gokhale: revolution and reform in the making of modern India

11208:, Auteur (now an imprint of Liverpool University Press), p. 221, 10744: 10712: 10455:" (418,789 persons), and "Other Hindu" (18,898,884 persons) responses. 6663: 5760: 5752: 3987:

Systemisation of preservation and restoration of ancient monuments by

3211: 3119:(left) seconding the 1940 Lahore Resolution of the Muslim League with 3031:

students and later by peasant political groups, especially in Eastern

2322: 2316:, also known as the Montford Reforms or the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms 2241:; rather, it was the inability of Indians to create a modern society. 1280: 1175:, the fourth largest in the world. Railway construction began in 1853. 26857: 25283: 25165: 24988: 24978: 24547: 23854: 23741: 23444: 22297: 22046: 21830: 21469: 21364: 21324: 21299: 21234: 20896: 20886: 20786: 18830:

Hindu Nationalism and the Language of Politics in Late Colonial India

18390:

Colonialism in an Indian Hinterland: The Central Provinces, 1820–1920

14910: 14476:

Peter Robb (November 1981). "British Rule and Indian "Improvement"".

13630:

Ian Talbot and Gurharpal Singh, The Partition of India (2009), passim

12993: 12991: 12989: 12933: 10463: 10452: 10448: 10440: 10433: 10425: 10418: 10410: 10403: 10395: 10388: 10380: 10361: 10246: 9655: 7761:

at a match. Cricket, a British-origin sport, has been described as a

7625:

chaplains in India. Following the arrival of the Church of England's

7376: 5246: 5220: 5054: 4899: 4891: 4783: 4739: 4691: 4615: 4119:

King George V announces creation of new city of New Delhi to replace

3322: 3263: 3203: 3064: 2277: 2245: 2225:—the boycott of manufactured foreign goods and the revival of Indian 2086: 2044:

in 1911, a decision that was seen as ill-disposed to Muslims. In the

2037: 1991:

After the 1906 split between the moderates and the extremists in the

1661: 1607: 1480: 1233:, the Liberal Viceroy of India, who instituted the Famine Code. 1880. 939: 702: 278: 151: 26430: 18955: 18717:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 400, pp. 108–146, 17464:"World Cup 2022: How football fever is gripping cricket-crazy India" 17113:

Imperialism as Diaspora: Race, Sexuality, and History in Anglo-India

16963:

Tinnevelly 1896; Nagpur 1903; Dornakal 1912; Assam 1915; Nasik 1929.

16456: 15950: 15795: 15505: 15429: 10967:

raj: (often cap; in India) rule, esp. the British rule prior to 1947

7493: 6248: 5586: 4555:

India during the British Raj was made up of two types of territory:

3706:

Local Government Acts extend self-government from towns to country.

2632:

after the non-co-operation movement. Standing, fourth from right is

2480: 2155: 34:. For British directly-ruled administrative divisions in India, see 27260: 26295: 25545: 25271: 25261: 25125: 25008: 24998: 24817: 24316: 23588: 23372: 23287: 22566: 22518: 22267: 22194: 22180: 22176: 22146: 21934: 20831: 20475: 18964: 17319:

Hindu Nationalists in India: the rise of the Bharatiya Janata Party

16649: 16601: 14051: 14036: 14021: 13589:

portal to educational sources available in the India Office Records

13027: 13025: 10627:

Interpretation Act 1889 (52 & 53 Vict. c. 63), s. 18.

10475:

1941 census: Includes all "Indian Christian" (6,040,665 persons), "

10005: 8916: 8381: 8158: 8148: 7721: 7653: 7622: 7591: 7561: 7446: 7322: 7260: 6308: 6304: 6184: 6037: 6009:

The population of the territory that became the British Raj was 100

5696:" on India, while continental Europe and the United States erected 5591: 5285: 4699: 4120: 4103: 3941: 3922:

Financial Reform Act of 1899; Gold Reserve Fund created for India.

3607:

Gaikwad of Baroda dethroned for misgovernment; dominions passed to

3522: 3224: 2857: 2651: 2221: 1976:, to worry about the "risks involved in denuding India of troops". 1613: 1474: 963: 785: 769: 254: 145: 19099:

Britain and Indian Nationalism: The Imprint of Ambiguity 1929–1942

17083:

Carpenter, Joel; Glanzer, Perry L.; Lantinga, Nicholas S. (2014).

16483:"Raebarali Munshiganj Massacre which reminded of Jallianwala Bagh" 13878: 13681:

John Laird Mair Lawrence, a viceroy of India, by William St. Clair

12986: 12240:

Swadeshi movement: The beginnings of student unrest in South India

6428: 2790:

is two places to Gandhi's right. Foreground, fourth from left, is

2745:

In 1935, after the Round Table Conferences, Parliament passed the

1269:, The Indian Famine Commission report was issued in 1880, and the 25670: 25665: 25018: 24973: 24948: 24502: 24211: 23829: 23782: 23721: 23645: 23599: 23281: 22614: 22574: 22167: 21924: 21883: 20991: 20117: 18940:

Britain's Declining Empire: The Road to Decolonisation, 1918–1968

17058:

Lucyk, Kelsey; Loewenau, Aleksandra; Stahnisch, Frank W. (2017).

13996:. Vol. II. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1908. pp. 463, 470. 13000:"From Empire to Independence: The British Raj in India 1858–1947" 11677:"Maldives | History, Points of Interest, Location, & Tourism" 11418:"From Empire to Independence: The British Raj in India 1858–1947" 10813:

Making History in Iran: Education, Nationalism, and Print Culture

9214: 8119: 7800: 7673: 7642: 7402:

is commemorated annually on 27 January in the memory of victims.

7306: 7299: 7295: 7276: 6995: 6955: 6659: 6544: 6364: 5940:

raised the issue of India's position: he vehemently attacked the

5912: 5444: 5440: 4939: 4811: 4779: 4695: 4636:

At the turn of the 20th century, British India consisted of eight

4619: 3817: 3748: 3318: 3232: 2570: 2409:

as something "unworthy of England to offer and India to accept".

2381: 2269: 2145: 2116: 2107: 2098:, and Besant's in the rest of the country, but especially in the 1774: 1369:, lawyer, businessman, and president of the sixth session of the 805: 191: 18035:

The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire, 400 pp.

16531:"The Salanga Massacre of 1922: Bangladesh's forgotten bloodbath" 14389:

Tazeen M. Murshid, "Law and Female Autonomy in Colonial India",

14079:

Ahmed, Waqas; Khan, Muhammad Hayat; Ul Haq, Sami (1 June 2022).

13063:

India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy

13022: 11985: 11983: 6548: 5672:

to Britain: despite a major famine that claimed between 6 and 10

1965:, the war led to calls for greater self-government for Indians. 1911:

in 1912 four years before she founded an Indian Home Rule League

1400:) and the attempts to control the vernacular press (e.g. in the 887:, a long coastline, tropical dry forests, arid uplands, and the 25842: 25222: 25100: 25013: 24276: 24176: 23819: 23675: 23291: 22666: 22431: 22209: 21811: 20515: 20107: 19588:

Gendering Colonial India: Reforms, Print, Caste and Communalism

18093:

A Concise History of Modern India (Cambridge Concise Histories)

17945:, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. xiii, 280, 15649:

Baines, Jervoise Athelstane; India Census Commissioner (1891).

15648: 14330:, pp. 104–105, 108, "India – Government and Constitution". 12000: 11998: 10517: 9014: 7460: 7259:

thousand British troops and countless Indians died during this

7252: 7127: 6033: 5916: 5777: 5612: 5452: 5448: 5203:

in India with an indigenous nominal Indian ruler, subject to a

4895: 4887: 4851: 4366:

Mediterranean, Middle East and African theatres of World War II

3944:

as a national gallery of Indian antiquities, art, and history.

3712: 3662:: 5.25 million dead; reduced relief offered at expense of 3228: 2698: 2625: 2566: 2466: 2253: 2237: 2231: 2211: 2191: 2033: 1961:

in Antwerp. Back in India, especially among the leaders of the

1586: 1462: 1324: 1249: 1192: 955: 813: 701:, 'reign', 'rule' or 'government') was the rule of the British 102: 19020:

The Raj at War: A People's History Of India's Second World War

18363:

Shameful Flight: The Last Years of the British Empire in India

18339:(7th ed.), Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 17906:(1932) 660 pp. online edition; also published as vol 5 of the 16434: 15227: 15225: 15223: 15008:"Water in British India: the making of a 'colonial hydrology'" 11156: 11023:

The Rise of English: Global Politics and the Power of Language

6017:

million according to the first census taken in 1881 of India.

4644:

Areas and populations (excluding the dependent Native States)

4280:

Indian Constitutional Round Table Conferences, London, 1930–32

2081:

were founded within the Indian National Congress by Tilak and

25266: 25227: 23557: 22792: 22514: 21986: 19225:

India's War: World War II and the Making of Modern South Asia

18701:

Ewing, Ann. "Administering India: The Indian Civil Service",

18493:

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17761:, Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press. pp. 248, 16650:"ANP to honour Hathi Khel massacre victims today - Newspaper" 16551:"The Salanga Massacre of 1922: History needs to be preserved" 15922: 15920: 15918: 15916: 15826:"Census of India 1931. Vol. 1, India. Pt. 2, Imperial tables" 15741:. Calcutta, Supt. Govt. Print., India, 1913. pp. 37–42. 13561: 13370: 11980: 10520:)" (150,240 persons), and "Others" (1,065 persons) responses. 10274: 7438: 7434: 7131: 6244: 6029: 5810: 5656: 4771: 4735: 4683: 3976: 3663: 3297:), with Muhammad Ali Jinnah as the governor-general; and the 3042:, who had been a leader of the younger, radical, wing of the 2795: 2394: 2273: 2249: 2103: 2029: 1734: 1654:

boycott movement cut imports of British textiles by 25%. The

1582: 928: 777: 674: 20160:

Malone, David M., C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan, eds.

19171:, vol. III, Oxford University Press, pp. 422–446, 18991:(1986) excerpt and text search, focus on officials in London 18958:

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18696:

Anglo-Indian Attitudes: The Mind of the Indian Civil Service

17594: 14303:, pp. 133–34, "India – Currency, Weights and Measures". 11995: 11303:

Sovereignty and the Responsibility to Protect: A New History

10488:

1881 census: Includes all "Tribal" (6,426,511 persons) and "

10265:

of The British Crown exercised through the Viceroy of India)

7351: 6488: 3717:

Famine Code promulgated in 1883 by the Government of India.

2983:

While the regular Indian army in 1939 included about 220,000

2312:, the secretary of state for India, whose report led to the 1617:("buy Indian") campaign led by two-time Congress president, 982:

The British Raj and surrounding countries are shown in 1909.

946:. These coastal regions were temporarily administered under 27:

British colonial rule on the Indian subcontinent (1858–1947)

28020: 24983: 23824: 23814: 23804: 23787: 22343: 18537:

Oxford History of the British Empire: The Twentieth Century

18233:(1936) covers Raj 1910–35 pp. 80–84, 282–291, 455–464 17232: 17230: 17228: 15737:

Edward Albert Gait, Sir; India Census Commissioner (1911).

15220: 14830:

ed, Roy Macleod and Deepak Kumar (London: Sage, 1995), 203.

14609: 13832:. Vol. I. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1909. p. 449. 10815:, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, pp. 24–25, 9675: 3837: 1832:

1914–1918: First World War, Lucknow Pact, Home Rule leagues

1631: 1156: 175: 19184:

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18615:

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15980: 15968: 15932: 15913: 15877: 15685:. The story of nations. G. P. Putnam's sons. p. 355. 15275: 15273: 15271: 14951: 14866: 14318:, pp. 106–107, "India – Government and Constitution". 14291:, pp. 103–105, "India – Government and Constitution". 14130:"Art and Politics: British Patronage in Delhi (1803–1857)" 13307: 12774: 12772: 12718:

The Amritsar Massacre: The Untold Story of One Fateful Day

10360:

1872 census: Includes all "Hindu" (187,937,450 persons), "

3723:. Creation of indigenous schools, especially for Muslims. 3700:

Repeal of Vernacular Press Act of 1878. Compromise on the

3266:

exhausted by the recently concluded World War II, and the

2350:, that the war would likely last longer, the new viceroy, 1773:, who hosted the League's first meeting in his mansion in 1624:

The rallying cry for both types of protest was the slogan

729:, and areas ruled by indigenous rulers, but under British 677: 19949:

Writing India, 1757–1990: The Literature of British India

18007: 17930:(6 vol 1914) online vol 2 on Asia pp. 1–328 on India 16181:. Smallpoxhistory.ucl.ac.uk. 18 July 2006. Archived from 15853: 14890:. New York: D. Appleton & Company. 1863. p. 690. 14538:"Tata, Jamshed Nasarwanji [Jamsetji] (1839–1904)" 14405:

A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present

13697: 13382: 13187:

Durbar: Journal of the Indian Military Historical Society

12428: 12056: 11523:

A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present

11436: 10623: 10621: 7547:, established in 1857, is one of the three oldest modern 7215:

India experienced some of the worst famines ever recorded

6368: 6024:

million, and the three cities with populations over eight

5451:, required the final assent of the secretary of state in 5277:

made changes in the governance of India at three levels:

4016:

million in British India. About 170,000 are Europeans. 15

2975: 2650:

public garden in the predominantly Sikh northern city of

2449:

comprised four British and two Indian members, including

876: 121:

The British Raj in relation to the British Empire in 1909

20179: 19208:

Oxford History of the British Empire: Nineteenth Century

18468:

Forgotten Wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia

17225: 17082: 16280:"Smallpox – some unknown heroes in smallpox eradication" 16016: 14740:. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 751. 14391:

Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh: Humanities

13641:

Vishnu's crowded temple: India since the Great Rebellion

13348: 13346: 12385: 11499:

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11452:, London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, p. xxx, 10593:. Calcutta: Manomohan Library. pp. 27, 55, 59, 144. 7737:

sees this not just in the Congress party but also among

7510:

presented his Whiggish interpretation of English history

6826: 5546:

nominated), while the Legislative Assembly comprised 141

4536: 2908:

With the outbreak of World War II in 1939, the viceroy,

2701:, the Indian National Congress, under the presidency of 2694:, brought Gandhi back into the fold of active politics. 2287: 1449:

Social reform was in the air by the 1880s. For example,

999:

1858–1868: rebellion aftermath, critiques, and responses

19844:. Routledge reprint of 1930 first edition. p. 11. 19016:

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17682:"'The Revenge of Plassey': Football in the British Raj" 17283:

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12882: 12769: 11489: 11389:

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11115:(3 ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 393, 7672:, began doing missionary work in the Indian Empire. In 5273:(usually called the Indian Mutiny by the British), the 4618:) by the central government of British India under the 4277:

Appointment of Royal Commission of Indian Labour, 1929

3344:

Timeline of major events, legislation, and public works

717:. The region under British control was commonly called 19574:

The Economic History of India under early British Rule

17829:

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17057: 16624:"In remembrance: ANP chief commemorates 1930 massacre" 15992: 15592:"Memorandum on the census of British India of 1871-72" 14789:

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14768:. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 83–85. 13758: 13358: 13285: 13283: 13151:

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11584:, 1926, Chapter X:Transition to British administration 10832: 10618: 10334:

Seated l. to r. are: Jiddhu Krisnamurthi, Besant, and

10307:

English was the language of the courts and government.

6902:

Timeline of major famines in India during British rule

6869:

Timeline of major famines in India during British rule

6837:

Timeline of major famines in India during British rule

2932:, and influential regional Muslim politicians such as 27069:

Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D)

23397: 22530:. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the 20192: 18998:

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18534: 18433:

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18146:, Harlow and London: Pearson Longmans. pp. xvi, 163, 18037:, Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press., 17918:

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17106: 17104: 17076: 16948:. Bennett, Coleman & Company. 1940. p. 455. 15709:"Census of India 1901. Vol. 1A, India. Pt. 2, Tables" 15068:

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14345:, p. 108, "India – Government and Constitution". 13427: 13343: 11769:

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11767:

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11058: 10604:

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6188: 5704:

Britain, India's most significant industrial sector,

5576:

district magistrate, collector or deputy commissioner

3164: 2521:

1919–1939: Jallianwala, non-cooperation, GOI Act 1935

2205:

Also, during his time in South Africa, in his essay,

686: 19186:

Oxford History of the British Empire: Historiography

18634:

Princes of India in the Endgame of Empire, 1917–1947

17963:(5 vol 1999–2001), with numerous articles on the Raj 17737:

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17356:

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16308:. Grantmedicalcollege-jjhospital.org. Archived from 15901: 15889: 15768:"Census of India 1921. Vol. 1, India. Pt. 2, Tables" 14930: 14714: 14535:

Brown, F. H.; Tomlinson, B. R. (23 September 2004).

13782:. Office of the Supdt. of Government Print. p. 13527:, p. 106 Quote: By the end of 1945, he and the 10669: 10106: 2244:

Gandhi made his political debut in India in 1917 in

2194:

or "non-violence", which formed the underpinning of

671: 226:• 1858–1876 (Queen); 1876–1901 (Queen-Empress) 20237:(1908) business history, biographies, illustrations 20162:

The Oxford handbook of Indian foreign policy (2015)

19302:

The Proudest Day: India's Long Road to Independence

18744:

Empire and Islam: Punjab and the Making of Pakistan

15956: 14838: 14836: 14793:. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. p. 149. 13809: 13701:

A life of the Earl of Mayo, fourth viceroy of India

13331: 13319: 13280: 12894: 11291: 11269:

Fighting to the End: The Pakistan Army's Way of War

10904:

Indian Society and the making of the British Empire

10704: 4507:of the British Parliament enacted on 18 July 1947. 4081:

Appointment of Indian Factories Commission in 1909.

3920:

Return of the bubonic plague, 1 million deaths

3668:Creation of Famine Commission of 1878–80 under Sir 1327:, December 28, 1885. Third row (middle) (l. to r.) 1281:

1880s–1890s: middle class, Indian National Congress

696: 89:Political subdivisions of the British Raj in 1909. 26917:Governors, Lieutenant Governors and Administrators 19578:The Economic History of India in the Victorian Age 18705:, June 1982, 32#6 pp. 43–48, covers 1858–1947 18199: 17101: 17051: 17022: 15233:"Britain in India, Ideology and Economics to 1900" 14817:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 96. 14536: 13775: 13720: 13486: 11647:"Sikkim | History, Map, Capital, & Population" 11449:Constitutional relations between Britain and India 11075:, Oxford University Press, pp. 213–227, 222, 10895: 10775: 7745:, which specifically emphasises Hindu traditions. 7298:, finally proved in 1898 that mosquitoes transmit 5684:With the end of the state-granted monopoly of the 5578:; in 1947, British India comprised 230 districts. 3985:Reorganisation of Indian Universities Act (1904). 3928:Department (now Ministry) of Commerce and Industry 3787:Strengthening of NW Frontier defence. Creation of 3223:in Bombay in February 1946, followed by others in 2609:, collecting clothes to be burnt as a part of the 1662:1870s–1906: Muslim social movements, Muslim League 970:from 1887 to 1965, but not part of British India. 764:). It lasted until 1947, when the British Raj was 28458:Former British colonies and protectorates in Asia 20010:21.2 (2020), pp. 1–26, focus on C.A. Bayly, 18535:Brown, Judith M.; Louis, Wm. Roger, eds. (2001), 18392:, Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. xiii, 374, 17914:The British in India: A Social History of the Raj 17158: 16968: 16855: 16853: 15390:"Did the British loot India? - History Reclaimed" 14689: 14062: 14060: 13394: 12997: 12623: 12621: 12619: 12617: 12615: 12613: 12611: 12609: 12607: 12594: 12592: 12590: 12588: 12586: 12584: 12582: 12580: 12542: 12540: 12538: 12536: 12523: 12521: 12519: 12517: 12483: 12481: 12479: 12466: 12464: 12462: 12412: 12410: 12408: 12406: 12404: 12402: 7433:on 24 August 1930 at the Spin Tangi village near 4577:adopted the following definitions in Section 18: 2430:, the British judge under whose chairmanship the 2346:, and the realisation, after the disaster in the 28429: 20301: 18357:(4 vol. 2005) comprehensive coverage by scholars 18249:, New Delhi and London: Penguin Books. pp. 298, 18164:(2006) excerpt and text search, covers 1599–1947 17959:Louis, William Roger, and Judith M. Brown, eds. 17882:, Harlow and London: Pearson Longmans. pp. 160, 17029:Frykenberg, Robert Eric; Low, Alaine M. (2003). 14833: 14652: 13718: 13652: 13484: 13112: 12345: 10983:Hirst, Jacqueline Suthren; Zavros, John (2011), 7660:began arriving in India in 1783 and established 7612:Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury 7531:empire, would be subject to mounting scepticism. 5957:, which killed a third of the people of Bengal. 4301:New Delhi inaugurated as capital of India, 1931. 4004:Census of 1901 gives the total population at 294 3097:(centre-left) on their way to meet the viceroy, 2683:, the movement revived again, in the mid-1920s. 2159:Gandhi at the time of the Kheda Satyagraha, 1918 1945:took part in the war, primarily in Iraq and the 1477:festivals that he inaugurated in western India. 19565:Chaudhuri, Nupur. "Imperialism and Gender." in 17802:Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy 17355: 17218:Joshua Ehrlich, "Anxiety, Chaos, and the Raj." 17129: 16674:Civilian Jihad: Non-violent Struggle, Democrat 16575:"An almost forgotten part of our glorious past" 16040: 15739:"Census of India, 1911. Vol. 1., Pt. 2, Tables" 15672: 14632:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 160–66. 14078: 13444: 13442: 13295: 13146: 12671: 12669: 12667: 11388: 11073:The Oxford Handbook of the History of Education 10974: 10940:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 2005. 10713:"Colonial Knowledge and the Fate of Hindustani" 7785:the English language, and also the adoption of 7271:, who mainly worked in India, became the first 5702:less expensive imports from more industrialized 3991:with Indian Ancient Monument Preservation Act. 3863:(from Presidency System to the four Commands). 3572:Major extension of railways, roads, and canals 2573:, on 21 September 1921, Gandhi had adopted the 2457:, the present and future Chief Justices of the 2362:population could vote in future elections, the 1679:, the viceroy who replaced Curzon in 1906. The 1074:An 1887 souvenir portrait of Queen Victoria as 709:, lasting from 1858 to 1947. It is also called 19501: 18325:(1934) 690 pages; scholarly survey, 1599–1933 18083: 17062:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 237. 16850: 16549:Kabir Topu, Ahmed Humayun (19 February 2021). 16440: 16359:The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer 15488: 14534: 14233: 14057: 13693: 13691: 13555: 13289: 12922:Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 12604: 12577: 12552: 12533: 12514: 12476: 12459: 12431:"Olympic Games Antwerp. 1920: Official Report" 12399: 12052: 12050: 12004: 11989: 11575: 11171:, London and New York: Routledge, p. 68, 11071:, in Rury, John L.; Tamura, Eileen H. (eds.), 10843:, Leiden and Boston: BRILL, pp. 253–254, 10607:India's Spokesman: From Speeches and Addresses 10205:Star of India flag used during the British Raj 7732:and the Orientalists promoted Sanskrit, while 6062:Religious groups in British India (1872−1941) 3429:(contemporaneously and hereafter Indian Army) 2734:In local terms, British control rested on the 2122: 923:were theoretically princely states as well as 756:was transferred to the Crown in the person of 28473:States and territories disestablished in 1947 25858: 25181: 23573: 23057: 21730: 20287: 19837: 19702:... 3rd ed. Calcutta: M.C. Sarkar & Sons. 19081:Science and the Raj: A Study of British India 19022:(2015) a major, comprehensive scholarly study 18970:, vol. IV, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1909 18956:Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III (1907), 18888: 18746:. University of California Press. 258 pages. 17935:Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India 17849:Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 17734: 17493:Love, Adam; Dzikus, Lars (26 February 2020). 17110: 17028: 16975:Abraham, William J.; Kirby, James E. (2009). 16821: 16510: 16508: 16355: 15796:United States Department of Commerce (1924). 15111:. Columbia University Press. pp. 25–28. 14903: 14695: 14217: 14215: 14213: 14211: 13646: 13376: 13301: 12765:. Vol. 13, no. 10. pp. 666–76. 12761:Bond, Brian (October 1963). "Amritsar 1919". 12504: 12502: 12500: 12498: 12496: 12270: 11554: 10841:Tracing the Boundaries between Hindi and Urdu 10088: 8047: 7769:The British colonisation of India influenced 7728:proposed to deal directly with the peasants. 7594:of the Bishop of Calcutta, who served as the 5930: 1638:never went beyond the law when he edited the 891:. In addition, at various times, it included 465:4,993,650 km (1,928,060 sq mi) 23492:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 23475:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 23353:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 20050:(1999), vol. 5 in William Roger Louis, eds. 19831: 19750:European Women and the Second British Empire 19595:Empire and Sexuality: The British Experience 19386:Talbot, Ian; Singh, Gurharpal, eds. (1999), 18590: 18323:Rise and Fulfilment of British Rule in India 18017:The History and Culture of the Indian People 17720:Allan, J., T. Wolseley Haig, H. H. Dodwell. 17198:. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 231. 17164: 16974: 16770:Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 16336:Lahore Civil and Military Gazette Press 1921 15492:(19 April 1943). "The population of India". 15331:"How Britain stole $ 45 trillion from India" 14547:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 13769: 13677: 13439: 12664: 12395:. Calcutta: Govt of India. 1923. p. 74. 12326: 12324: 12322: 12297: 12295: 12293: 12291: 11930: 11928: 11834: 11306:, University of Chicago Press, p. 120, 10865: 10863: 7309:patients. The central government passed the 5716:was even more extensive during this period. 3586:Assassination of Lord Mayo in the Andamans. 3101:, on 13 October 1939, after the outbreak of 2892:Subhas Chandra Bose (second from left) with 1683:of 1909 allowed separate Muslim electorates. 800:was added in 1886, and the resulting union, 20201:(1863), ed. by John Murdoch online edition 20008:Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History 19607:, vol. 2, Cambridge University Press, 19385: 18461: 18426: 17530:Nation at Play: A History of Sport in India 17332:"The unifying power of South Asian cricket" 17187: 17087:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 103. 16594:"Peshawar: Qissa Khwani martyrs remembered" 16349: 16179:"Other histories of smallpox in South Asia" 16095:Infectious Diseases: Plague Through History 16076:The 1832 Cholera Epidemic in New York State 16052: 15847: 15818: 15760: 15730: 15701: 15642: 15613: 15583: 15005: 14969: 14407:. Cambridge University Press. p. 267. 13762:The life of the Marquis of Dufferin and Ava 13688: 13606:Nationalarchives.gov.uk Classroom Resources 13388: 12688: 12686: 12684: 12654: 12652: 12650: 12648: 12118:Historical Dictionary of the British Empire 12047: 11970: 11968: 11966: 11704: 11702: 11525:. Cambridge University Press. p. 247. 11520: 11395:, Cambridge University Press, p. 106, 10799:assert itself that Hindi came into its own. 10786:. A & C Black Publishers. p. 248. 10630: 10347:The only other emperor during this period, 5736:The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 5482:External Affairs and Commonwealth Relations 5315:(1874–1878; later British prime minister), 5295:In London, it provided for a cabinet-level 4632:Presidencies and provinces of British India 4606:the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire 4543:Presidencies and provinces of British India 3791:consisting of regiments contributed by the 3566:Creation of Department of Agriculture (now 2719:, which included Gandhi, Nehru, Patel, and 1941:million Indian and British soldiers of the 925:presidencies and provinces of British India 36:Presidencies and provinces of British India 28478:States and territories established in 1858 28453:Bangladesh and the Commonwealth of Nations 25865: 25851: 25188: 25174: 23580: 23566: 23064: 23050: 21737: 21723: 20802:Hindustan Socialist Republican Association 20294: 20280: 19755: 19639: 19600: 19529: 19312:The History of British India: A Chronology 18708: 18562: 18162:The history of British India: a chronology 18113:The British Conquest and Dominion of India 18026:(2010), a concise historical encyclopaedia 17926:Herbertson, A.J. and O.J.R. Howarth. eds. 17804:, Oxford University Press. pp. xiii, 474, 17492: 16911: 16882: 16548: 16505: 16159:Leprosy – Medical History of British India 16028: 15986: 15974: 15938: 15926: 15883: 15459:(Delhi: B.R. Publishing Corporation 2010) 15413:"Glimpses of Indian Historical Demography" 14475: 14208: 14032: 14030: 14017: 14015: 13820: 13712: 13478: 13240:The history of British India: a chronology 13184: 12572:India's Bismarck, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel 12493: 12341: 12339: 12183:Moore, "Imperial India, 1858–1914", p. 435 10717:Comparative Studies in Society and History 10095: 10081: 8054: 8040: 4600:and Prorogation Speeches. In addition, an 4590:the rule of the British East India Company 4303:Indian Workmen's Compensation Act of 1933 3551:annexed and incorporated into India 1869" 2834: 2646:or "Amritsar massacre", took place in the 2455:Diwan Bahadur Sir C. V. Kumaraswami Sastri 2209:, (1909), Gandhi formulated his vision of 1800:was the secretary of state for India, and 1304:(1829–1912), who proposed the idea of the 115: 83: 27079:Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) 26959:Fundamental rights, principles and duties 20079: 20017: 19882: 19804:Indian Economic and Social History Review 19801: 19783: 19682: 19425: 19420:(4, 1918–19: From War to Peace): 89–107, 19128:The Aftermath of Revolt: India, 1857–1870 18872: 18612: 18223:(3rd ed.) the Raj section was written by 18118: 18051: 17818: 17135: 16859: 16570: 16568: 16255: 15951:Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III 1907 15548:Indian Economic and Social History Review 15428: 15166: 15026: 14627: 14583:Indian Economic and Social History Review 14427: 14342: 14327: 14315: 14300: 14288: 14096: 14066: 13407:, Harvard University Press, p. 320, 12778: 12319: 12288: 12264: 12196:Indian Economic and Social History Review 12104: 11934: 11925: 11915: 11904: 10986:Religious Traditions in Modern South Asia 10938:The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable 10860: 7352:Massacres of Indian civilians by the army 3159:in North Africa in November/December 1941 2654:. After days of unrest Brigadier-General 2412: 2219:from Indian society; and the exercise of 1621:, and involved boycott of British goods. 942:) was ceded to Britain in 1802 under the 843:. India was a participating state in the 28468:Pakistan and the Commonwealth of Nations 27021:Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) 22536:Legitimacy of territorial establishment 20052:The Oxford History of the British Empire 19980:Historians of India, Pakistan and Ceylon 19567:Encyclopedia of European Social History, 19524:A New Economic History of Colonial India 19371:, Cambridge University Press. pp. 272., 19282: 18916: 18812:The Viceroyalty of Lord Ripon, 1880–1884 18029: 17961:The Oxford History of the British Empire 17384:"How India changed the English language" 17171:Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture 17138:The Future of Christian Mission in India 17111:Crane, Ralph; Mohanram, Radhika (2013). 17003: 16977:The Oxford Handbook of Methodist Studies 16936: 16862:The Future of Christian Mission in India 16827: 16695: 16401:Mariners, Merchants and the Military Too 15799:Trade and Economic Review for 1922 No.34 15457:Glimpses of Indian Historical Demography 15410: 15263:The Oxford History of the British Empire 15190: 14957: 14872: 14813:Barbara D Metcalf and Thomas R Metcalf, 14754: 14615: 14439: 14052:Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1909 14037:Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1909 14022:Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1909 13723:The viceroyalty of Lord Ripon, 1880–1884 13704:. 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Even so, when it was passed, the new 2148:in 1916 after his return to India from 1573:, into the Muslim-majority province of 1423:political philosophers, especially the 446:took effect Midnight, 14–15 August 1947 14: 28430: 27309:Securities and Exchange Board of India 26416:National Geological Monuments of India 25195: 23615:List of current non-sovereign monarchs 23521:Historical flags of the British Empire 23505:Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985 19982:(1961), reviews the older scholarship. 19786:The Economy of Modern India, 1860–1970 19621:from the original on 23 September 2023 19601:Kumar, Dharma; Desai, Meghnad (1983), 19411: 19366: 19227:(2016). wide-ranging scholarly survey 19205: 19166: 19061: 18731:from the original on 23 September 2023 18512:from the original on 23 September 2023 18194: 18072:from the original on 22 September 2023 17989: 17866:from the original on 23 September 2023 17722:The Cambridge Shorter History of India 17522: 17520: 17282: 17193: 17035:William B. 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Vol. 1, India" 15678: 15043:from the original on 23 September 2023 14899: 14897: 14354: 14221: 14190: 14178: 14127: 13972:from the original on 23 September 2023 13551: 12951:from the original on 15 September 2018 12790: 12704: 12330: 12301: 12192: 12145: 12131:Pandita Ramabai: the story of her life 11320:from the original on 23 September 2023 11222:from the original on 23 September 2023 11185:from the original on 23 September 2023 11089:from the original on 23 September 2023 11040:from the original on 23 September 2023 11003:from the original on 23 September 2023 7240:Child who starved to death during the 5748:Rail transport in India § History 5638:Economy of India under the British Raj 5230:The princely states were grouped into 4343:Secretary of State for India and Burma 4012:million in the princely states and 232 3535:Creation of Department of Irrigation. 3332:Muslim refugees in the Tomb of Humayun 3207:Percentage of Hindus by district, 1909 2968:, stating at Lahore on 23 March 1940: 2624:Staff and students, National College, 2016:administration of their own country." 1016:, one of the principal leaders of the 870: 737:. The region was sometimes called the 28463:India and the Commonwealth of Nations 28119: 27233: 27109:Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) 27074:Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) 26815: 26367: 25882: 25846: 25169: 23845: 23561: 23396: 23308: 23045: 22554: 22226: 21901: 21794: 21718: 20275: 19985: 19956:Sydney Studies in Society and Culture 19951:(1996) on fiction written in English. 19911: 19861: 19337: 19191: 19090:(1903) excerpt and text search 128 pp 19066:, BiblioBazaar, LLC, pp. 13–14, 19025: 18974: 18847: 18826: 18808: 18774: 18671: 18505:Some Aspects of British Rule in India 18405: 18387: 18380: 18285: 18263: 18239: 18141: 17992:India And South Asia: A Short History 17796: 17753: 17505:from the original on 31 December 2022 17196:A Short World History of Christianity 16917: 16888: 16397: 16382: 16207:. Vigyanprasar.gov.in. Archived from 16046: 16034: 15962: 15907: 15895: 15545: 15178: 15134:Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 15131: 15091: 14936: 14782: 14723: 14510: 14402: 14273: 14269: 14257: 14245: 14202: 14160:from the original on 17 November 2022 13951: 13931: 13836:from the original on 24 February 2021 13573:British Library: Help for Researchers 13543: 13433: 13313: 13251: 13033:"India and Pakistan win independence" 12729: 12692: 12675: 12658: 12627: 12598: 12558: 12546: 12527: 12508: 12487: 12470: 12416: 12393:India's contribution to the Great War 12313: 12116:James S. Olson and Robert S. 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For Gandhi, 2163:The year 1915 also saw the return of 2057:(UP), most prominently, two brothers 1861:, the first Indian to be awarded the 1796:, known as the Morley-Minto Reforms ( 934:Among other countries in the region, 907:(briefly from 1884 to 1898), and the 810:Chief Commissioner's Province of Aden 796:was already a part of British India; 28443:1858 establishments in British India 19970:Journal of Asian and African Studies 19671:The Journal of Economic Perspectives 19390:, Oxford University Press. pp. 420, 19261: 19210:, Oxford University Press. pp. 800, 19169:Oxford History of the British Empire 18994: 18937: 18539:, Oxford University Press. pp. 800, 18498: 18321:Thompson, Edward, and G.T. Garratt. 18174: 18055:A History of Modern India, 1480–1950 17940: 17782:. 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British Cameroons is now part of 20173:, wide-ranging survey of conditions 19668: 19240: 19093: 18803:Viceroyalty of Lord Irwin 1926–1931 18650: 18144:India under Colonial Rule 1700–1885 17966: 17729:History of Indian National Congress 17662:from the original on 4 January 2023 17624:from the original on 4 January 2023 17614:"Beating British at their own game" 17565:from the original on 4 January 2023 17526: 17517: 17474:from the original on 4 January 2023 17444:from the original on 4 January 2023 16834:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers 16721:"The Crisis of Liberal Imperialism" 16475: 16286:from the original on 9 January 2015 16168:, National Library of Scotland 2007 16010: 15479:(Princeton University Press, 1951). 15243:from the original on 7 October 2014 14894: 14698:Indian Railways: Glorious 150 years 13885:from the original on 25 August 2014 13608:. National Archives. Archived from 13579:from the original on 11 August 2018 13352: 13337: 13325: 13203: 12900: 12876: 11350:Indian subcontinent by the British. 10590:History of the Royal Visit to India 7449:protesters were killed by the Army. 7375:on 7 January 1921 at Munshiganj in 6833:Famine in India § British rule 5616:included those reputed to practice 4952:National Capital Territory of Delhi 3000:missing (probably dead), and 60,000 2686:The visit, in 1928, of the British 1078:, 30 years after the Great Uprising 24: 27094:Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) 23610:List of current sovereign monarchs 22191:unilaterally declared independence 21886:1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802 20193:Year books and statistical records 20101: 17776:Brendon, Piers (28 October 2008). 17269:The New Cambridge History of India 17248:from the original on 8 August 2014 16700:. Hindustan Times. Hindustan Times 16385:Total History & Civics 10 ICSE 16140:from the original on 29 April 2012 15854:India Census Commissioner (1941). 15328: 15297:from the original on 8 August 2014 14490:10.1111/j.1468-0289.1981.tb02016.x 14393:, (June 2002), 47#1 pp. 25–42 13698:Sir William Wilson Hunter (1876). 12998:Dr Chandrika Kaul (3 March 2011). 12429:Belgium Olympic Committee (1957). 11657:from the original on 1 August 2017 11069:"National Education Systems: Asia" 10989:, London and New York: Routledge, 10194:List of governors-general of India 7763:major unifying force in South Asia 7748: 7572: 7305:In 1881 there were around 120,000 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6101: 5646: 5227:for its support to the rebellion. 5188: 5013: 4625: 4494:21 February 1947 – 4092:23 November 1910 – 4057:18 November 1905 – 3777:10 December 1888 – 3730:13 December 1884 – 3165:1946–1947: Independence, Partition 3061:puppet and provisional governments 2924:in Lahore, the League passed the " 2601:Hindus and Muslims, with flags of 2531:Non-cooperation movement (1909–22) 1881:Indian medical orderlies with the 1427:assembled in Bombay — founded the 1020:, who had lost her kingdom by the 827:, it was a founding member of the 133:(comprising British India and the 25: 28494: 27289:Ministry of Commerce and Industry 27031:Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) 26316:Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) 23398:Antarctica and the South Atlantic 23377:Occupied by Argentina during the 23309: 22555: 20180:Keith, Arthur Berriedale (1912). 20154:(Oxford University Press, 2005). 19510:The economic development of India 19406:Respected Memsahibs: an Anthology 19300:Read, Anthony, and David Fisher; 18769:British Policy in India 1858–1905 18450:from the original on 12 July 2023 18309:from the original on 12 July 2023 18019:) Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. 17362:. 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"Hindi". 10689:from the original on 24 May 2022 10654:from the original on 24 May 2022 10495: 10482: 10469: 10354: 10341: 10229:Or "Queen," during the reign of 10151: 10137: 10123: 10109: 8076: 7983:British rule in Portuguese India 7830: 7501:, founded by the British in 1867 6851: 6671: 6668: 6662: 6611: 6608: 6547: 6487: 6427: 6367: 6307: 6247: 6187: 5327:(1917–1922; an architect of the 4427:1 October 1943 – 4422:of World War II begins in 1942. 4073:Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907 3895:6 January 1899 – 3772:Queen Victoria's Jubilee, 1887. 3389: 3377: 3365: 3353: 3144: 3132: 3109: 3083: 3015:The British government sent the 2822: 2803: 2775: 2617: 2594: 2582: 2554: 2321: 2302: 1972:, had led the previous viceroy, 1916: 1897: 1883:Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force 1874: 1869:, Punjab (present-day Pakistan). 1851: 1703: 1688: 1669: 1541: 1525: 1502: 1481:1905–1911: Partition of Bengal, 1359: 1344: 1316: 1294: 1223: 1200: 1180: 1164: 1067: 1044: 1028: 1006: 975: 667: 643: 625: 607: 593: 575: 561: 547: 518: 500: 212:Queen/Queen-Empress/King-Emperor 93:is shown in two shades of pink; 69: 26332:History of India (1947–present) 25812:Indian Institutes of Technology 25794:Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes 25723:South Asian Football Federation 23605:Imperial, royal and noble ranks 20736:Provisional Government of India 20218:The Imperial Gazetteer of India 19784:Tomlinson, Brian Roger (1993), 19522:Chaudhary, Latika, et al. eds. 19414:Journal of Contemporary History 18982:, Cambridge U. 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Earlier, in 1812:came in person and was crowned 1060:The Causes of the Indian Mutiny 919:and the other states under the 790:People's Republic of Bangladesh 27099:Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) 27051:Special Protection Group (SPG) 27041:Railway Protection Force (RPF) 23587: 23440:Australian Antarctic Territory 22296:since 1965 (before as part of 22293:British Indian Ocean Territory 22179:, while Tanganyika is part of 21810:since 1960 (before as part of 19130:, Riverdale Co. Pub. pp. 352, 19088:Lord Curzon in India 1898–1903 18942:, Cambridge University Press, 18554:Dictionary of Indian Biography 17976:, Cambridge University Press, 17735:Bandyopadhyay, Sekhar (2004), 17167:The Cultural Heritage of India 17004:Yrigoyen, Charles Jr. (2014). 16489:. 3 March 2022. Archived from 16362:. A&C Black. p. 263. 15417:Canadian Studies in Population 13952:Hawes, Christopher J. 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Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. 10597: 10580: 10555: 10534: 10492:" (143,581 persons) responses. 10255: 10235: 10223: 8330:Ochre Coloured Pottery culture 7346:Government Law College, Mumbai 6904:(including independent states) 5780:, which was completed in 1888. 4262:3 April 1926 – 4242:2 April 1921 – 4172:4 April 1916 – 4052:million who practise animism. 3989:Archaeological Survey of India 3459:Archaeological Survey of India 3450:Upper Doab famine of 1860–1861 2996:killed; 64,000 wounded; 12,000 1840:Indian Army during World War I 1100:Government House, Calcutta by 760:(who, in 1876, was proclaimed 13: 1: 28483:Empires and kingdoms of India 28194:Engineering colleges in India 27823:Electronics and semiconductor 27036:National Security Guard (NSG) 26780:World Heritage Sites in India 26368: 20140:The dictionary definition of 20134:travel guide from Wikivoyage 19972:56.3 (2021): 511–532. online. 19452:India in The Second World War 19340:Economic and Political Weekly 18778:Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography 18121:"India: Movement for Freedom" 17533:. 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(2013, reprint). 19458:Wolpert, Stanley A. (2007), 19329:Who Was Who in British India 19206:Porter, Andrew, ed. (2001), 19062:Koomar, Roy Basanta (2009), 19001:, Yale U. Press, 250 pages, 18853:The Medieval History Journal 18713:, in Marshall, P. J. (ed.), 18471:, Harvard University Press, 18436:, Harvard University Press, 18361:Wolpert, Stanley A. (2006), 18246:A History of India, Volume 2 18169:Who Was Who in British India 18010:An advanced history of India 17916:(2018); expanded edition of 16891:Anglican Baptismal Liturgies 16782:10.1080/03086534.2012.724239 15146:10.1080/14662043.2010.522032 15004:for the historiography, see 14844:"History of Indian Railways" 14568:UK public library membership 13810:H. Caldwell Lipsett (1903). 11165:Steinback, Susie L. (2012), 11139:Mughal Empire ... 1526–1858 10959:"RAJ definition and meaning" 10839:Everaert, Christine (2010), 10436:" (6,388 persons) responses. 10421:" (5,504 persons) responses. 10406:" (4,050 persons) responses. 10391:" (1,147 persons) responses. 8415:Northern Black Polished Ware 7720:recommended turning Bengali 7521:'s brutal repression of the 7482: 7443:North-West Frontier Province 7410:North West Frontier Province 6003:1921 census of British India 5825:" for the Imperial Project. 5437:Imperial Legislative Council 5382:Secretary of State for India 5297:Secretary of State for India 5275:Government of India Act 1858 5263:Secretary of State for India 5162:North West Frontier Province 4524:Secretary of State for India 4505:Indian Independence Act 1947 4318:Government of India Act 1935 4210:Government of India Act 1919 4195:Sinai and Palestine campaign 4137:Western Front, Belgium, 1914 4112:Emperor and Empress of India 4079:(also Minto–Morley Reforms) 4002:under a Lieutenant-Governor. 3907:North-West Frontier Province 3808:Imperial Legislative Council 3613:Indian Councils Act of 1874 3591:3 May 1872 – 3574:Indian Councils Act of 1870 3503:Viceroy dies prematurely in 3431:Construction begins (1860): 3295:Islamic Republic of Pakistan 2958:North West Frontier Province 2747:Government of India Act 1935 2721:Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari 2547:Government of India Act 1935 2364:Government of India Act 1919 2314:Government of India Act 1919 2009:Imperial Legislative Council 1564:North-West Frontier Province 1308:in a letter to graduates of 786:Islamic Republic of Pakistan 379:Imperial Legislative Council 131:Imperial political structure 7: 28251:Water supply and sanitation 27234: 27016:Border Security Force (BSF) 26761:National monuments of India 25883: 23467:British Antarctic Territory 23177:Western Pacific Territories 23071: 21535:Virendranath Chattopadhyaya 20922:Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty 19700:Economics of British India 19502:Economic and social history 19269:, Oxford University Press, 19188:, (2001b), pp. 231–242 18989:The India Office, 1880–1910 18924:, Oxford University Press, 18531:(1991), scholarly biography 18365:, Oxford University Press, 18271:, Oxford University Press, 18231:The Reign of King George V, 18221:The Oxford History of India 17832:(2nd ed.), Routledge, 16306:"Sir JJ Group of Hospitals" 14478:The Economic History Review 13776:Sir George Forrest (1894). 13529:Commander-in-Chief of India 13206:Journal of Military History 11771:Garden City, NY: Doubleday 11266:Fair, C. Christine (2014), 11020:Salomone, Rosemary (2022), 10565:The King and Queen in India 10458:1941 census: Includes all " 10439:1931 census: Includes all " 10424:1921 census: Includes all " 10409:1911 census: Includes all " 10379:1891 census: Includes all " 10178:Glossary of the British Raj 10011:Influence on Southeast Asia 7815: 7621:led to the arrival of many 7292:Presidency General Hospital 6865:the scope of other articles 6056: 5889: 5795:East Indian Railway Company 5741: 5728:Tata Iron and Steel Company 5679: 5084:Andaman and Nicobar Islands 5078:Andaman and Nicobar Islands 5023: 4932:Islamabad Capital Territory 4834:Central Provinces and Berar 4654: 4477:UK General Election of 1945 4390:East African campaign, 1940 4386:Second Battle of El Alamein 3964:British expedition to Tibet 3924:Punjab Land Alienation Act 3868:The Chitral Campaign (1895) 3844:Indian Prisons Act of 1894 3578:Andaman and Nicobar Islands 3406: 3403: 3289:On 15 August 1947, the new 3175:Interim Government of India 2436:stricter anti-sedition laws 2123:1915–1918: return of Gandhi 2085:, respectively, to promote 1783:Indian Councils Act of 1892 1647:local political youth clubs 1414:'s partial reversal of the 931:as their unit of currency. 697: 205:British Colonial Government 10: 28499: 27304:Central Statistical Office 26910:State legislative councils 26885:Union Council of Ministers 25817:Inventions and discoveries 25789:Sino-Indian border dispute 25536:Human rights in South Asia 25322: 23205:Gilbert and Ellice Islands 22622:British Arctic Territories 21902: 21795: 21270:Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi 20822:Indian Independence League 20539:Partition of Bengal (1947) 20534:Partition of Bengal (1905) 20241:The Indian Year Book: 1914 19841:India and the Simon Report 19816:10.1177/001946467501200401 19684:10.1257/089533002760278749 19427:10.1177/002200946800300407 19283:Ramusack, Barbara (2004), 18865:10.1177/097194580701000203 18809:Gopal, Sarvepalli (1953), 18775:Gopal, Sarvepalli (1976), 18759:Curzon: Imperial Statesman 18709:Fieldhouse, David (1996), 18651:Das, Manmath Nath (1964). 18465:; Harper, Timothy (2007), 18430:; Harper, Timothy (2005), 18142:Peers, Douglas M. (2006), 18119:Oldenburg, Philip (2007), 18052:Markovits, Claude (2004), 17713: 17644:"Why Indians love cricket" 17085:Christian Higher Education 16441:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 16398:Jones, Phillip E. (2011). 16248:10.1177/003591574503800318 16230:Rogers, L (January 1945). 16134:"Biography of Ronald Ross" 15828:. 1931. pp. 513–519. 15560:10.1177/001946469002700102 15411:Romaniuk, Anatole (2014). 14984:10.1177/002252668100200201 14815:A Concise History of India 14628:Markovits, Claude (1985). 14595:10.1177/001946469403100401 14369:10.1177/025764300301900105 14234:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 13932:Edney, Matthew H. (1997). 13854:Ernest Hullo, "India", in 13556:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 13290:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 13266:10.1177/097492847202800106 13078:. University of Columbia. 13076:"Muslim Case for Pakistan" 12259:The lives of Sri Aurobindo 12209:10.1177/001946466400200302 12005:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 11990:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 11866:"East India Proclamations" 11735:Social History of Medicine 10570:Bennett, Coleman & Co. 10562:Reed, Sir Stanley (1912). 10541:Morison, Theodore (1899). 10443:" (219,300,645 persons), " 10432:" (467,578 persons), and " 10428:" (216,260,620 persons), " 10417:" (243,445 persons), and " 10413:" (217,337,943 persons), " 10398:" (207,050,557 persons), " 10394:1901 census:Includes all " 10383:" (207,688,724 persons), " 10376:" (913 persons) responses. 10372:" (347,994 persons), and " 10336:Charles Webster Leadbeater 10243:presidencies and provinces 8393:Black and Red ware culture 7836:Imperial entities of India 7670:Baptist Missionary Society 7645:across the Indian Empire. 7576: 7486: 7223:Indian famine of 1899–1900 7162:Indian famine of 1899–1900 6840: 6830: 5993:Demographics of Bangladesh 5978: 5931:Economic impact of the Raj 5868: 5804:In 1854, Governor-General 5745: 5686:East India Trading Company 5635: 5631: 5333:Frederick Pethick-Lawrence 5329:Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms 5192: 4992:(110,000 sq mi) 4908:(140,000 sq mi) 4860:(100,000 sq mi) 4820:(170,000 sq mi) 4792:(120,000 sq mi) 4752:(150,000 sq mi) 4629: 4540: 4489:Indian Elections of 1946. 4382:First Battle of El Alamein 4214:Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms 4110:in 1911: commemoration as 4098:Lord Hardinge of Penshurst 3936:(1901); dedication of the 3916:Indian famine of 1899–1900 3877:Indian famine of 1896–1897 3830:between British India and 3802:British Parliament passes 3674:Indian Forest Act of 1878 3168: 2944:of the landlord-dominated 2838: 2717:Congress Working Committee 2524: 2416: 2368:Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms 2294:Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms 2291: 2165:Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi 2126: 2096:southern Bombay presidency 1837: 1820:, which included Bengal's 1491:Partition of Bengal (1905) 1488: 1284: 1088:Eden Gardens, Calcutta by 1014:Lakshmibai, Rani of Jhansi 994:History of the British Raj 991: 987: 29: 28274: 28184:Medical colleges in India 28139: 28135: 28115: 28034: 28003: 27739: 27608: 27548: 27500: 27452: 27382: 27334:Foreign exchange reserves 27329:Foreign direct investment 27299:Economic Advisory Council 27269: 27246: 27242: 27229: 27153: 27125: 27059: 27046:Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB) 27008: 26999: 26944: 26935: 26828: 26824: 26811: 26753: 26705: 26643: 26532: 26444: 26426:Sacred mountains of India 26408: 26380: 26376: 26363: 26324: 26253: 26148: 26115: 26072: 26051: 25998:Indus Valley Civilisation 25983: 25895: 25891: 25878: 25802: 25776: 25753: 25708: 25641: 25576: 25522: 25499: 25421: 25333: 25203: 25032: 24941: 24655: 24418: 24352: 24164: 24155: 24051: 24033: 23965: 23880: 23838: 23770: 23684: 23628: 23595: 23516: 23485: 23445:Commonwealth of Australia 23403: 23392: 23363: 23315: 23304: 23270: 23077: 23041: 22847:Newfoundland and Labrador 22561: 22550: 22528:League of Nations mandate 22509: 22233: 22222: 22203:Lancaster House Agreement 22173:League of Nations mandate 22162: 21908: 21897: 21801: 21790: 21757: 21661: 21560: 21445:Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi 21245:Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi 21065: 20942:Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar 20862: 20817:Indian Home Rule movement 20759: 20656:Fourteen Points of Jinnah 20596:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 20524: 20461: 20309: 20171:Simon Report (1930) vol 1 20080:Steinberg, S. H. (1947). 20032:10.1080/00467600500065340 19897:10.1017/s0021911814001685 19832:Historiography and memory 19720:10.1017/s0026749x00007745 19654:10.1017/S1060150314000138 19544:10.1017/s0026749x00009197 19321:23 September 2023 at the 19234:23 September 2023 at the 19064:The Labor Revolt in India 19040:10.1017/S0026749X00003656 18903:10.1017/S0026749X07002892 18711:"For Richer, for Poorer?" 18678:Late Victorian Holocausts 18577:10.1017/S0026749X12000686 18491:Bayly, Christopher Alan. 18219:Smith, Vincent A. (1958) 17990:Ludden, David E. (2002), 17686:LSE International History 17595:https://dergipark.org.tr/ 17142:Wipf and Stock Publishers 16866:Wipf and Stock Publishers 16577:, by Pradip Kumar Dutta, 16205:"Feature Story: Smallpox" 16164:10 September 2007 at the 16119:10 September 2007 at the 16085:, By G. William Beardslee 14667:10.1017/s0026749x00009197 13881:. World Digital Library. 13727:. Oxford University Press 13719:Sarvepalli Gopal (1953). 13653:Michael Maclagan (1963). 13485:Sarvepalli Gopal (1976). 12848:10.1017/S0026749X00015286 12805:10.1017/S0026749X00004388 12346:Manmath Nath Das (1964). 11149:British Raj ... 1858–1947 10963:Collins Online Dictionary 10870:Dhir, Krishna S. (2022). 10729:10.1017/S0010417500018661 10587:Dutt, Rama-Natha (1912). 10462:" (48,813,180 persons), " 10402:" (92,419 persons), and " 10387:" (39,952 persons), and " 8404:Painted Grey Ware culture 8276:Indus Valley Civilisation 7701: 7666:London Missionary Society 7506:Thomas Babington Macaulay 7363:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 7219:Great Famine of 1876–1878 7041: 7017: 6977: 6945: 6921: 6094: 6091: 6088: 6085: 6082: 6079: 6076: 6073: 6066: 5642:Economic history of India 5590:Elephant Carriage of the 5359:Governor-General of India 5215:in Delhi which was under 4960:(97,000 sq mi) 4708:(50,000 sq mi) 4655:Province of British India 4219:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 4166:Defence of India Act 1915 4153:Battle of Ctesiphon, 1915 3953:(in absentia) proclaimed 3660:Great Famine of 1876–1878 3649:(in absentia) proclaimed 3603:Bihar famine of 1873–1874 3539:Imperial Forestry Service 2697:At its annual session in 2681:incident at Chauri Chaura 2644:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 2527:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 1982:Defence of India Act 1915 1696:1909 Prevailing Religions 1459:Servants of India Society 1410:It was, however, Viceroy 1267:Great Famine of 1876–1878 741:, though not officially. 479: 469: 459: 454: 450: 437: 422: 409: 396: 392: 384: 374: 370: 358: 348:• 1858–1859 (first) 346: 342: 332: 328: 314: 304:• 1858–1862 (first) 302: 298: 288: 284: 272: 260: 248: 236: 224: 220: 210: 200: 190: 159: 141: 126: 114: 82: 59: 54: 47: 27470:Multi Commodity Exchange 27089:Intelligence Bureau (IB) 25784:Indo-Pakistani conflicts 23757:Self-proclaimed monarchy 22975:Turks and Caicos Islands 22282:(protectorate) 1907–1949 22227: 21854:(integrated into the UK) 21684:Indian annexation of Goa 21530:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 21042:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 20807:Indian National Congress 20606:Non-cooperation movement 19408:(Hardinge Simpole, 2008) 19367:Shaikh, Farzana (1989), 18742:Gilmartin, David. 1988. 18613:Chatterji, Joya (1993), 18592:Chandavarkar, Rajnarayan 18529:Gandhi: Prisoner of Hope 18171:(1998), covers 1599–1947 17846:Chhabra, G. S. (2005) , 17589:26 November 2022 at the 17273:(1995), pp. 10–12, 34–35 16828:Buchanan, Colin (2015). 16719:Mantena, Karuna (2010). 16383:Dolly, Sequeria (2021). 16136:. The Nobel Foundation. 15770:. 1921. pp. 39–44. 15711:. 1901. pp. 57–62. 15071:. Macmillan. p. 9. 14791:Railways in Modern India 14766:Railways in Modern India 13865:23 February 2021 at the 13659:. Macmillan. p. 212 13147:D. N. Panigrahi (2004). 12913:Muldoon, Andrew (2009). 11300:Glanville, Luke (2013), 11143:Aurengzeb ... 1658–1707 10811:Vejdani, Farzin (2015), 10711:Lelyveld, David (1993). 10216: 9055:Gurjara-Pratihara Empire 9035:Eastern Chalukya Kingdom 8636:Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire 7803:in recent decades, with 7696:converts to Christianity 7648:Missionaries from other 7420:of the unarmed civilian 7213:During the British Raj, 7147:Indian famine of 1896–97 7083:Rajputana famine of 1869 5989:Demographics of Pakistan 5902:Sappers and Miners, 1896 5558:others nominated and 102 5421:Indian Councils Act 1861 5335:(1945–1947; head of the 5271:Indian Rebellion of 1857 5223:in the aftermath of the 4483:becoming prime minister. 4077:Indian Councils Act 1909 3901:Lord Curzon of Kedleston 3804:Indian Councils Act 1892 3532:Rajputana famine of 1869 3454:Indian Councils Act 1861 3447:passed into law in 1860. 3044:Indian National Congress 2872:, was the first elected 2782:British prime minister, 2669:Indian National Congress 2611:non-cooperation movement 2603:Indian National Congress 2342:and the founding of the 2282:Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel 2133:Kheda Satyagraha of 1918 2092:Irish home rule movement 1993:Indian National Congress 1963:Indian National Congress 1794:Indian Councils Act 1909 1715:Indian National Congress 1575:Eastern Bengal and Assam 1429:Indian National Congress 1371:Indian National Congress 1306:Indian National Congress 1287:Indian National Congress 1122:Indian Rebellion of 1857 927:until 1947 and used the 746:Indian Rebellion of 1857 274:• 1936–1947 (last) 196:Indians, British Indians 27314:Enforcement Directorate 26775:Indian-origin religions 26766:National parks of India 26575:Highest point by states 26337:Economic liberalisation 25591:Archaeological cultures 24025:Vatican City (Holy See) 23258:1919–1942 and 1945–1968 23083:18th and 19th centuries 22899:Queen Charlotte Islands 22859:North-Western Territory 22831:1665–1674 and 1702–1776 22434:1781–1784 and 1795–1819 22099:1923–1965 and 1979–1980 21782:Commonwealth of Nations 21689:Indian Independence Act 21275:Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan 21250:Jatindra Mohan Sengupta 21220:Dukkipati Nageswara Rao 20957:Kandukuri Veeresalingam 20937:Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai 20772:All-India Muslim League 20726:Royal Air Force strikes 20691:Round table conferences 20681:Chittagong armoury raid 20571:Hindu–German Conspiracy 20554:Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy 20324:Porto Grande de Bengala 19940:Mantena, Rama Sundari. 19914:Contemporary South Asia 19464:Encyclopædia Britannica 19306:Archive.org, borrowable 18827:Gould, William (2004), 18763:excerpt and text search 18327:excerpt and text search 18202:Modern India, 1885–1947 17922:Excerpt and text search 17271:: Ideologies of the Raj 16981:Oxford University Press 16889:Tovey, Phillip (2017). 16816:Indian Tales of the Raj 15623:. 1881. pp. 9–18. 15006:D'Souza, Rohan (2006). 14850:. IRFCA. Archived from 14146:10.11588/ao.2016.0.8820 14128:Kumari, Savita (2016). 13389:Bayly & Harper 2007 13181:Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan 12244:excerpt and text search 12079:18 October 2017 at the 11545:Marshall (2001), p. 384 11476:Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar 11472:India Executive Council 11239:Wright, Edmund (2015), 10872:The Wonder That Is Urdu 9155:Western Chalukya Empire 8298:Mature Harappan culture 7650:Christian denominations 7315:Mountstuart Elphinstone 7113:Great Famine of 1876–78 7098:Bihar famine of 1873–74 5985:Demographics of Myanmar 5554:nominated officials, 13 5497:Industries and Supplies 5488:Food and transportation 4571:Interpretation Act 1889 4468:Battle of Monte Cassino 4349:separated off from the 4313:Indian Military Academy 4274:Indian Forest Act, 1927 4235:British Indian passport 4199:Battle of Megiddo, 1918 4085:Department of Education 3969:North-Western Provinces 3826:. Establishment of the 3789:Imperial Service Troops 3768:University of Allahabad 3743:Third Anglo-Burmese War 3696:Second Anglo-Afghan War 3677:Second Anglo-Afghan War 3568:Ministry of Agriculture 3425:1858 reorganisation of 3157:Western Desert Campaign 3123:(right) presiding, and 3117:Chaudhari Khaliquzzaman 2882:All India Muslim League 2835:1939–1945: World War II 2729:Round Table Conferences 2543:Round Table Conferences 2042:reunification of Bengal 1753:Second Anglo-Afghan War 1744:Census of British India 1731:All-India Muslim League 1433:Womesh Chunder Bonerjee 1398:Second Anglo-Afghan War 1187:Stereographic image of 621:Somaliland Protectorate 427:Indian Independence Act 413:Government of India Act 160:Official languages 28284:Arts and entertainment 27919:Science and technology 27855:Information technology 27535:Government initiatives 26431:Sacred rivers of India 26421:Sacred groves of India 25975:Science and technology 25804:Science and technology 24307:Islands of Refreshment 23737:Legitimacy (political) 23008:West Indies Federation 22197:) and continued as an 21780:Current member of the 21475:Syama Prasad Mukherjee 21380:Purushottam Das Tandon 20746:Praja Mandala movement 20560:The Indian Sociologist 20188:, major primary source 20186:. The Clarendon press. 20121:Quotations related to 19978:Philips, Cyril H. ed. 19838:Andrews, C.F. (2017). 19515:Ballhatchet, Kenneth. 18657:. G. Allen and Unwin. 18353:Wolpert, Stanley, ed. 18337:A New History of India 18181:, Palgrave Macmillan, 16920:The Religions of India 16918:Dalal, Roshen (2014). 16814:Zareer Masani (1988). 16356:Nigel Collett (2006). 16100:17 August 2008 at the 15987:Kumar & Desai 1983 15975:Kumar & Desai 1983 15939:Kumar & Desai 1983 15884:Kumar & Desai 1983 15455:Parameswara Krishnan, 14696:R.R. Bhandari (2005). 14553:10.1093/ref:odnb/36421 13155:. Routledge. pp. 12740:10.1093/past/131.1.130 12352:. G. Allen and Unwin. 12021:. Springer Dordrecht. 11601:. 2008. Archived from 11595:"Nepal: Cultural life" 11496:Smith, George (1882). 11205:Studying Indian Cinema 11141:Akbar I ... 1556–1605 10544:Imperial Rule in India 10447:" (990,233 persons), " 10368:" (398,409 persons), " 10241:a quasi-federation of 10061:Science and technology 8445:Three Crowned Kingdoms 8287:Early Harappan culture 8102:(2,500,000–250,000 BC) 7766: 7743:Bharatiya Janata Party 7627:Church Mission Society 7603: 7579:Protestantism in India 7552: 7545:University of Calcutta 7533: 7502: 7468:Vidurashwatha massacre 7414:vehicle-ramming attack 7396:Indian Imperial Police 7275:to develop and deploy 7249:first cholera pandemic 7244: 7028:Agra famine of 1837–38 6006: 5903: 5887: 5781: 5765: 5757: 5664: 5603: 5500:Works, Mines and Power 5491:Transport and Railways 5385: 5370: 5307:; these included: Sir 5266: 4608:, was set up in 1878. 4586: 4398:Syria–Lebanon campaign 4370:North African campaign 4335:Marquess of Linlithgow 4308:Royal Indian Air Force 4224:Third Anglo-Afghan War 4048:million Jains, and 8.4 4028:million Hindus, and 63 3938:Victoria Memorial Hall 3643:Chief Commissionership 3582:Chief Commissionership 3466:, financial member of 3441:University of Calcutta 3333: 3216: 3208: 3200: 3026:Congress launched the 2981: 2905: 2897: 2885: 2705:, issued a demand for 2486: 2438: 2413:1917–1919: Rowlatt Act 2160: 2152: 1978:Revolutionary violence 1787:Municipal Corporations 1390:Monier Monier-Williams 1117: 1105: 1093: 1018:Great Uprising of 1857 921:Persian Gulf Residency 571:Persian Gulf Residency 182:Other Indian languages 28241:Socio-economic issues 28189:Law colleges in India 28179:Universities in India 27427:Reserve Bank of India 26230:Independence movement 26028:Indo-Parthian Kingdom 25683:Religious persecution 25541:Religious nationalism 25401:European and Eurasian 25205:Countries and regions 24118:Saint Kitts and Nevis 23707:Criticism of monarchy 23697:Abolition of monarchy 22930:Saint Kitts and Nevis 22201:state until the 1979 21807:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 21699:Political integration 21440:Shyamji Krishna Varma 21225:Gopal Krishna Gokhale 21170:Bhupendra Kumar Datta 21002:Rettamalai Srinivasan 20962:Mahadev Govind Ranade 20767:All India Kisan Sabha 20731:Coup d'état of Yanaon 20631:Qissa Khwani massacre 20616:Coolie-Begar movement 20431:Second Anglo-Sikh War 20115:at Wikimedia Commons 19331:(1998); 5000 entries 19304:(W. W. Norton, 1999) 19150:Ideologies of the Raj 19115:MacMillan, Margaret. 18995:Khan, Yasmin (2007), 18938:Hyam, Ronald (2007), 18632:Copland, Ian (2002), 18388:Baker, David (1993), 18355:Encyclopedia of India 17897:India: A Re-Statement 17878:Copland, Ian (2001), 17600:1 August 2019 at the 17222:63.3 (2020): 777–787. 16431:, Viking 1988, p. 166 15679:Frazer, R.W. (1897). 13856:Catholic Encyclopedia 13678:William Ford (1887). 13569:"Indian Independence" 13401:Bose, Sugata (2011), 12105:Bose & Jalal 2004 11502:. London: John Murray 10902:Bayly, C. A. (1988). 10281:of the Government of 10245:directly governed by 10210:British North America 10117:British Empire portal 9964:Specialised histories 9235:Kalachuris of Kalyani 9225:Kalachuris of Tripuri 8907:Western Ganga Kingdom 8835:Indo-Sassanid Kingdom 8785:Western Satrap Empire 8768:Indo-Parthian Kingdom 8758:Indo-Scythian Kingdom 8309:Late Harappan culture 8070:History of South Asia 8003:British rule in Burma 7973:Company rule in India 7779:South Asian languages 7756: 7684:St. Stephen's College 7680:Christ Church College 7586: 7577:Further information: 7542: 7528: 7499:University of Lucknow 7496: 7406:Qissa Khwani massacre 7334:Grant Medical College 7265:Third plague pandemic 7242:Bengal famine of 1943 7239: 7177:Bengal famine of 1943 7068:Orissa famine of 1866 7020:Company Rule in India 6917:Deaths (in millions) 6877:and help introduce a 6000: 5981:Demographics of India 5955:Bengal famine of 1770 5897: 5882: 5771: 5763: 5755: 5654: 5636:Further information: 5589: 5376: 5353: 5345:Syed Hussain Bilgrami 5313:Marquess of Salisbury 5299:and a fifteen-member 5249: 4579: 4456:Bengal famine of 1943 4323:Reserve Bank of India 4315:established in 1932. 4255:established in 1922. 4231:established in 1920. 4229:University of Rangoon 4191:Fall of Baghdad, 1917 4187:Mesopotamian campaign 4149:Mesopotamian campaign 4040:million Christians, 2 4008:million, including 62 4000:East Bengal and Assam 3783:Marquess of Lansdowne 3761:(ICS), and today the 3543:Indian Forest Service 3528:Orissa famine of 1866 3523:Anglo-Bhutan Duar War 3518:Sir John Lawrence, Bt 3486:Indian Police Service 3484:, later known as the 3331: 3262:Later that year, the 3237:Lord Pethick Lawrence 3214: 3206: 3193:Lord Pethick Lawrence 3182: 2970: 2946:Punjab Unionist Party 2903: 2891: 2860: 2841:India in World War II 2628:, founded in 1921 by 2483: 2426: 2348:Mesopotamian campaign 2169:Gopal Krishna Gokhale 2158: 2140: 2001:Gopal Krishna Gokhale 1619:Surendranath Banerjee 1589:). Curzon's act, the 1463:untouchable community 1455:Gopal Krishna Gokhale 1431:. The 70 men elected 1151:Lord William Bentinck 1111: 1099: 1087: 903:(from 1886 to 1937), 899:(from 1858 to 1937), 895:(from 1858 to 1937), 841:San Francisco in 1945 526:Company rule in India 32:Company rule in India 27515:Economic development 27359:Voluntary guidelines 27354:Industrial licensing 26484:Environmental issues 26266:Non-Aligned Movement 26043:Seleucid–Mauryan war 25832:Traditional medicine 23950:United Arab Emirates 23458:Realm of New Zealand 23456:(transferred to the 23443:(transferred to the 23276:Realm of New Zealand 22877:Prince Edward Island 22755:1671–1816, 1833–1960 21525:Veeran Sundaralingam 21480:Tara Rani Srivastava 21415:Sahajanand Saraswati 21305:Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi 21190:Chandra Shekhar Azad 21095:Alluri Sitarama Raju 21052:Vitthal Ramji Shinde 21007:Sahajanand Saraswati 20927:Gopal Ganesh Agarkar 20827:Indian National Army 20671:Dharasana Satyagraha 20576:Champaran Satyagraha 20426:First Anglo-Sikh War 20020:History of Education 19947:Moor-Gilbert, Bart. 19708:Modern Asian Studies 19489:Wolpert, Stanley A. 19482:Wolpert, Stanley A. 19086:Lipsett, Chaldwell. 19028:Modern Asian Studies 18987:Kaminsky, Arnold P. 18891:Modern Asian Studies 18781:, Harvard U. Press, 18565:Modern Asian Studies 18495:. (Routledge, 2016). 18206:, Delhi: Macmillan, 18175:Robb, Peter (2002), 18125:Encarta Encyclopedia 17994:, Oxford: Oneworld, 17941:Judd, Denis (2004), 17895:Coupland, Reginald. 17727:Bandhu, Deep Chand. 17470:. 19 November 2022. 16945:The Indian Year Book 16404:. P. J. Publishing. 15204:10.1787/456125276116 14655:Modern Asian Studies 14453:10.1787/456125276116 14403:Baten, Jörg (2016). 13925:Robert Harry Drayton 13119:The Idea of Pakistan 12836:Modern Asian Studies 12793:Modern Asian Studies 12157:Stanley A. Wolpert, 11605:on 24 November 2015. 11521:Baten, Jörg (2016). 11484:V. T. Krishnamachari 11333:Pykett, Lyn (2006), 11202:Ahmed, Omar (2015), 10451:" (5,378 persons), " 10364:" (1,147 persons), " 10173:Direct colonial rule 9482:Ahmadnagar Sultanate 9284:Late medieval period 9195:Eastern Ganga Empire 8927:Vishnukundina Empire 7639:St. Paul's Cathedral 7588:St. Paul's Cathedral 7523:Morant Bay rebellion 7470:on 25 April 1938 at 7412:: In this armoured 7408:on 23 April 1930 in 7319:smallpox vaccination 5726:otherwise sell. The 5321:Minto–Morley Reforms 5225:Sepoy Mutiny of 1857 5041:Chief administrative 4670:Chief administrative 4473:British Labour Party 4123:as capital of India. 3960:Francis Younghusband 3770:established in 1887 3759:Indian Civil Service 3721:Education Commission 3709:University of Punjab 3437:University of Madras 3433:University of Bombay 3291:Dominion of Pakistan 3067:, presided by Bose. 3053:Indian National Army 2952:of the pro-Congress 2736:Indian Civil Service 2500:Bolshevik Revolution 2463:High Court of Madras 2459:High Court of Bombay 2391:Minto–Morley Reforms 2182:was different from " 2129:Champaran Satyagraha 2102:and in regions like 2013:Madan Mohan Malaviya 1959:1920 Summer Olympics 1818:revolutionary groups 1805:elective principle. 1681:Minto-Morley Reforms 1403:Vernacular Press Act 1382:Indian Civil Service 1112:Bombay buildings by 715:Direct rule in India 557:Dominion of Pakistan 109:are shown in yellow. 27277:Ministry of Finance 26281:Indo-Pakistani wars 26225:Partition of Bengal 25763:South Asian studies 25289:South Asian regions 25146:Trinidad and Tobago 25033:Commonwealth realms 24918:United Baltic Duchy 24061:Antigua and Barbuda 24053:Commonwealth realms 23747:Order of succession 23489:Since 2009 part of 23381:of April–June 1982. 22968:Trinidad and Tobago 22582:Antigua and Barbuda 22482:Straits Settlements 21510:V. K. Krishna Menon 21455:Subhas Chandra Bose 21340:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 21335:Mohammad Ali Jauhar 21230:Govind Ballabh Pant 21210:Dayananda Saraswati 21135:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 20932:Gopal Hari Deshmukh 20912:Dhondo Keshav Karve 20907:Dayananda Saraswati 20902:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 20877:A. Vaidyanatha Iyer 20390:Anglo-Maratha Wars 19748:Strobel, Margaret. 19263:Raja, Masood Ashraf 19223:Raghavan, Srinath. 18918:Headrick, Daniel R. 18801:Gopal, Sarvepalli. 18767:Gopal, Sarvepalli. 18085:Metcalf, Barbara D. 18024:The A to Z of India 17902:Dodwell H. H., ed. 17266:Thomas R. Metcalf, 16868:. pp. 117–19. 16740:10.3917/hp.011.0002 16628:The Express Tribune 16515:"Salanga Day today" 16081:13 May 2015 at the 16013:, pp. 263–281. 15858:. pp. 97–101. 15169:, pp. 105, 108 14948:Derbyshire, 157-67. 14854:on 25 November 2012 13914:Government of India 13684:. pp. 186–253. 13612:on 14 February 2015 12716:Nick Lloyd (2011). 11786:on 25 February 2009 11747:10.1093/shm/9.3.357 11356:Lowe, Lisa (2015), 11259:Crown rule in India 10199:Subsidiary alliance 9564:Early modern period 9411:Vijayanagara Empire 9391:Chitradurga Kingdom 9085:Bhauma-Kara Kingdom 8497:Shaishunaga dynasty 7787:South Asian cuisine 7771:South Asian culture 7759:Indian cricket team 7757:A supporter of the 7631:Diocese of Calcutta 7619:British Indian Army 7431:Spin Tangi massacre 7338:Elphinstone College 6980:Maratha Confederacy 6948:Maratha Confederacy 6932:Great Bengal Famine 6907: 6063: 5871:Irrigation in India 5799:profit maximization 5205:subsidiary alliance 5182:Chief Commissioner 5156:Chief Commissioner 5127:Chief Commissioner 5104:British Baluchistan 5098:Chief Commissioner 5072:Chief Commissioner 4999:Lieutenant-Governor 4967:Lieutenant-Governor 4915:Governor-in-Council 4827:Lieutenant-Governor 4799:Governor-in-Council 4759:Lieutenant-Governor 4651: 4602:order of knighthood 4416:Battle of Singapore 4408:Battle of Hong Kong 4253:University of Delhi 3996:Partition of Bengal 3840:finalised in 1893. 3427:British Indian Army 3338:newly drawn borders 3313:, and the viceroy, 3241:Sir Stafford Cripps 3197:Sir Stafford Cripps 3189:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 3093:(centre-right) and 3057:Battle of Singapore 3040:Subhas Chandra Bose 3028:Quit India Movement 2950:Abd al-Ghaffar Khan 2938:Krishak Praja Party 2853:Quit India Movement 2713:Hindustani language 2561:Gandhi with Besant 2366:(also known as the 2115:groups such as non- 2067:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 1997:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 1943:British Indian Army 1924:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 1598:Partition of Bengal 1591:Partition of Bengal 1471:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 1310:Calcutta University 1302:Allan Octavian Hume 1271:Indian Famine Codes 1195:, completed in 1888 1104:(photo 1850s-1870s) 1092:(photo 1850s-1870s) 1052:Sir Syed Ahmed Khan 909:Straits Settlements 885:Indo-Gangetic Plain 871:Geographical extent 768:into two sovereign 711:Crown rule in India 707:Indian subcontinent 639:Straits Settlements 360:• 1947 (last) 316:• 1947 (last) 28246:Standard of living 27936:Telecommunications 27453:Financial services 27374:Atmanirbhar Bharat 27294:Finance Commission 26459:Biosphere reserves 26215:Bengal Renaissance 26203:Commander-in-Chief 26168:East India Company 25197:South Asian topics 22641:Cape Breton Island 22532:Anglo-Iraqi Treaty 22374:Unfederated States 22189:Southern Rhodesia 21776:Commonwealth realm 21694:Partition of India 21540:Yashwantrao Holkar 21505:V. O. Chidamabaram 21460:Subramania Bharati 21390:Rahul Sankrityayan 21375:Pritilata Waddedar 21285:Shri Krishna Singh 21185:C. Rajagopalachari 21175:Bidhan Chandra Roy 21160:Bhavabhushan Mitra 21145:Begum Hazrat Mahal 21100:Annapurna Maharana 20972:Muthulakshmi Reddy 20917:G. Subramania Iyer 20611:Christmas Day Plot 20486:Indian nationalism 20436:Sannyasi rebellion 20334:East India Company 20265:1919–1947 editions 20046:Winks, Robin, ed. 19958:13 (2014). online. 19741:Sinha, Mrinalini. 19586:Gupta, Charu, ed. 19532:Population Studies 19484:Jinnah of Pakistan 19198:Discovery of India 19145:Metcalf, Thomas R. 19124:Metcalf, Thomas R. 18859:(1&2): 75–98, 18463:Bayly, Christopher 18428:Bayly, Christopher 18407:Bayly, Christopher 18381:Specialised topics 18292:A History of India 18269:A History of India 18178:A History of India 18089:Metcalf, Thomas R. 17440:. 14 August 2017. 17220:Historical Journal 16749:on 19 October 2017 16728:Histoire@Politique 16461:District Raebareli 15653:. pp. 87–95. 15594:. pp. 50–54. 15494:Far Eastern Survey 15363:. 15 August 2023. 15361:The Economic Times 14357:Studies in History 14069:, pp. 386–409 13796:Michael Edwardes, 13377:Bandyopadhyay 2004 13302:Bandyopadhyay 2004 13218:10.1353/jmh.0.0233 13061:Ramachandra Guha, 12879:, pp. 40, 156 12732:Past & Present 12285:, pp. 273–274 12271:Bandyopadhyay 2004 12238:V. Sankaran Nair, 12170:Michael Edwardes, 12068:F.H. Hinsley, ed. 11819:, pp. 150–151 11807:, pp. 149–150 11444:Mansergh, Nicholas 10180:(Hindi-Urdu words) 10041:Partition of India 9906:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 9854:Regional histories 9799:National histories 9686:Travancore Kingdom 9656:Thondaiman Kingdom 9526:Golkonda Sultanate 9135:Somavamshi Kingdom 9105:Rashtrakuta Empire 9045:Rashidun Caliphate 8967:Kabul Shahi Empire 8815:Nagas of Padmavati 8738:Indo-Greek Kingdom 8678:(230 BC – AD 1206) 8371:Vedic Civilisation 8319:Vedic Civilisation 8216:Ahar-Banas culture 8023:Partition of India 7767: 7739:Hindu nationalists 7711:Ideological impact 7617:The growth of the 7604: 7553: 7549:state universities 7503: 7455:on 28 May 1930 at 7311:Lepers Act of 1898 7281:Haffkine Institute 7245: 6899: 6875:discuss this issue 6061: 6007: 5942:East India Company 5904: 5782: 5766: 5758: 5706:textile production 5665: 5618:female infanticide 5608:East India Company 5604: 5386: 5384:from 1874 to 1878. 5371: 5267: 5265:from 1859 to 1866. 5259:East India Company 5168:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 5036:Population in 1901 4867:Chief Commissioner 4715:Chief Commissioner 4665:Population in 1901 4643: 4575:British Parliament 4515:Partition of India 4378:Operation Crusader 4297:Earl of Willingdon 4141:German East Africa 3998:; new province of 3911:Chief Commissioner 3859:Reorganisation of 3407:Presiding Viceroy 3334: 3284:partition of India 3217: 3209: 3201: 3171:Partition of India 3153:Operation Crusader 2906: 2898: 2886: 2794:representing the " 2692:Bardoli Satyagraha 2656:Reginald E.H. Dyer 2487: 2439: 2272:—one in the rural 2184:passive resistance 2161: 2153: 1118: 1106: 1094: 1039:on 1 November 1858 905:British Somaliland 754:East India Company 441:Partition of India 334:Secretary of State 28425: 28424: 28421: 28420: 28417: 28416: 28111: 28110: 28107: 28106: 27656:Jammu and Kashmir 27282:Finance ministers 27225: 27224: 27221: 27220: 27213:Women in politics 27188:Political parties 27121: 27120: 27117: 27116: 26927:Chief Secretaries 26900:State governments 26895:Cabinet Secretary 26848:Foreign relations 26807: 26806: 26803: 26802: 26359: 26358: 26355: 26354: 26347:COVID-19 pandemic 26220:Political reforms 25840: 25839: 25743:Traditional games 25728:South Asian Games 25316:General geography 25163: 25162: 25159: 25158: 24848:Piedmont-Sardinia 24600:Sip Song Chau Tai 24410:Thirteen Colonies 24151: 24150: 23555: 23554: 23512: 23511: 23388: 23387: 23320:Providence Island 23300: 23299: 23265: 23264: 23133:Western Australia 23101:Van Diemen's Land 23037: 23036: 23014:Associated States 22712:Columbia District 22546: 22545: 22400:Manila and Cavite 22218: 22217: 22097:Southern Rhodesia 22091:South-West Africa 22041:Northern Rhodesia 21953:Cape of Good Hope 21893: 21892: 21770:Current territory 21712: 21711: 21679:Republic of India 21515:Vallabhbhai Patel 21500:Ubaidullah Sindhi 21400:Ram Prasad Bismil 21295:M. Bhaktavatsalam 21255:Jatindra Nath Das 21180:Bipin Chandra Pal 21115:Babu Kunwar Singh 21085:Achyut Patwardhan 20842:Khudai Khidmatgar 20686:Gandhi–Irwin Pact 20626:Kakori conspiracy 20586:Rowlatt Committee 20549:Direct Action Day 20511:Swadeshi movement 20491:Khilafat Movement 20481:Hindu nationalism 20441:Rebellion of 1857 20364:Anglo-Mysore Wars 20354:Battle of Plassey 20111:Media related to 20093:978-0-230-27076-3 20012:Imperial Meridian 19851:978-1-315-44498-7 19795:978-0-521-36230-6 19632:Lockwood, David. 19614:978-0-521-22802-2 19450:Voigt, Johannes. 19397:978-0-19-579051-1 19378:978-0-521-36328-0 19327:Riddick, John F. 19310:Riddick, John F. 19294:978-0-521-03989-5 19276:978-0-19-547811-2 19255:978-0-559-80001-6 19217:978-0-19-924678-6 19193:Nehru, Jawaharlal 19178:978-0-19-924678-6 19160:978-0-521-58937-6 19137:978-81-85054-99-5 19108:978-0-521-89261-2 19073:978-1-113-34966-8 19008:978-0-300-12078-3 18949:978-0-521-86649-1 18849:Grove, Richard H. 18840:978-1-139-45195-6 18815:, Oxford U. Press 18788:978-0-674-47310-2 18752:978-0-520-06249-8 18724:978-0-521-00254-7 18688:978-1-85984-739-8 18664:978-0-04-954002-6 18643:978-0-521-89436-4 18624:978-0-521-52328-8 18605:978-0-521-59692-3 18546:978-0-19-924679-3 18527:Brown, Judith M. 18478:978-0-674-02153-2 18443:978-0-674-01748-1 18420:978-0-521-66360-1 18399:978-0-19-563049-7 18372:978-0-19-539394-1 18346:978-0-19-516677-4 18302:978-1-4443-2351-1 18278:978-0-19-565446-2 18256:978-0-14-013836-8 18213:978-0-333-90425-1 18188:978-0-230-34549-2 18167:Riddick, John F. 18160:Riddick, John F. 18153:978-0-582-31738-3 18102:978-0-521-68225-1 18065:978-1-84331-004-4 18044:978-0-521-00254-7 18022:Mansingh, Surjit 18001:978-1-85168-237-9 17983:978-0-521-45754-5 17973:Eclipse of Empire 17952:978-0-19-280358-0 17933:James, Lawrence. 17889:978-0-582-38173-5 17859:978-81-89093-08-2 17839:978-0-415-30787-1 17811:978-0-19-873113-9 17789:978-0-307-27028-3 17768:978-0-521-38650-0 17746:978-81-250-2596-2 17540:978-0-231-53993-7 17369:978-1-4438-6761-0 17297:10.1080/714041289 17205:978-1-61164-551-4 17180:978-0-8028-4900-7 17151:978-1-63087-485-8 17122:978-1-78138-563-0 17094:978-1-4674-4039-4 17069:978-1-4438-6928-7 17044:978-0-8028-3956-5 17015:978-0-567-66246-0 16990:978-0-19-160743-1 16900:978-1-78622-020-2 16875:978-1-62032-315-1 16843:978-1-4422-5016-1 16493:on 16 August 2022 16369:978-1-85285-575-8 16236:Proc. R. Soc. Med 16064:978-0-385-72027-4 16025:, pp. 13–14. 16001:, pp. 79–81. 15864:saoa.crl.28215532 15834:saoa.crl.25793234 15776:saoa.crl.25394121 15747:saoa.crl.25393779 15717:saoa.crl.25352838 15659:saoa.crl.25318666 15629:saoa.crl.25057654 15600:saoa.crl.25057647 15392:. 2 November 2022 15213:978-92-64-02261-4 15118:978-0-231-14002-7 15078:978-0-374-53080-8 14800:978-0-19-564828-7 14775:978-0-19-564828-7 14747:978-0-521-22802-2 14707:978-81-230-1254-4 14639:978-0-511-56333-1 14618:, p. 291–92. 14566:(Subscription or 14462:978-92-64-02261-4 14430:, pp. 337–80 14414:978-1-107-50718-0 14181:, pp. 422–46 14134:Art of the Orient 13965:978-0-7007-0425-5 13943:978-0-226-18488-3 13504:978-0-674-47310-2 13463:, pp. 170–71 13451:, pp. 172–73 13414:978-0-674-04754-9 13355:, pp. 31–31. 13304:, pp. 418–20 13292:, pp. 206–07 13238:John F. Riddick, 13166:978-1-280-04817-3 13133:978-0-8157-1502-3 12781:, pp. 373–74 12678:, pp. 195–96 12630:, pp. 205–07 12601:, pp. 203–04 12561:, pp. 216–17 12549:, pp. 210–13 12530:, pp. 214–15 12490:, pp. 200–01 12473:, pp. 201–02 12447:on 7 October 2018 12419:, pp. 197–98 12359:978-0-04-954002-6 12028:978-94-009-6395-5 11843:, pp. 147–48 11568:978-81-7755-257-7 11532:978-1-107-50718-0 11459:978-0-11-580016-0 11416:Kaul, Chandrika. 11402:978-1-107-02014-6 11369:978-0-8223-7564-7 11344:978-0-19-284034-9 11313:978-0-226-07708-6 11279:978-0-19-989270-9 11252:978-0-19-968569-1 11215:978-1-80034-738-0 11178:978-0-415-77408-6 11122:978-0-521-51430-9 11082:978-0-19-934003-3 11033:978-0-19-062561-0 10996:978-0-415-44787-4 10947:978-0-19-860981-0 10881:978-81-208-4301-1 10850:978-90-04-17731-4 10822:978-0-8047-9153-3 10793:978-0-7136-7841-3 10247:the British Crown 10159:Bangladesh portal 10105: 10104: 9790: 9789: 9784: 9783: 9704: 9703: 9606:Thanjavur Kingdom 9554: 9553: 9515:Bijapur Sultanate 9471:Deccan sultanates 9349:Tughlaq Sultanate 9296:Ghaznavid Dynasty 9274: 9273: 9145:Chaulukya Kingdom 9075:Mallabhum kingdom 9065:Umayyad Caliphate 8805:Bharshiva Dynasty 8701:(200 BC – AD 300) 8691:(230 BC – AD 220) 8687:Satavahana Empire 8665: 8664: 8661:(247 BC – AD 224) 8517:Macedonian Empire 8491:(450 BC – AD 489) 8479:Achaemenid Empire 8349: 8348: 8254: 8253: 8177: 8176: 8127: 8126: 8111:Madrasian culture 8064: 8063: 8031: 8030: 7938: 7937: 7895: 7894: 7730:Sir William Jones 7422:Khudai Khidmatgar 7290:, working in the 7269:Waldemar Haffkine 7207: 7206: 7192:Total (1765–1947) 6924:Bengal Presidency 6896: 6895: 6824: 6823: 6772:Total population 5774:Victoria Terminus 5690:finished textiles 5625:British Victorian 5457:Sayyid Ahmad Khan 5416:Executive Council 5395:India Act of 1784 5388:In Calcutta, the 5311:(1859–1866), the 5186: 5185: 5171: 5142: 5113: 5087: 5058: 5028: 5004: 5003: 4987: 4955: 4903: 4855: 4815: 4787: 4747: 4703: 4688:Arunachal Pradesh 4659: 4534: 4533: 4374:Operation Compass 4310:created in 1932. 4284:Gandhi–Irwin Pact 4083:Establishment of 4020:million men and 1 3690:Marquess of Ripon 3641:established as a 3541:in 1867 (now the 3457:Establishment of 3445:Indian Penal Code 3321:on 14 August and 3315:Louis Mountbatten 3303:Republic of India 3299:Dominion of India 3280:Louis Mountbatten 3264:British Exchequer 3253:Direct Action Day 3021:Winston Churchill 2966:Two-Nation Theory 2954:Khudai Khidmatgar 2926:Lahore Resolution 2874:Premier of Bengal 2796:Depressed Classes 2762:million in 1939. 2511:Indian Penal Code 2471:Bombay presidency 2447:Rowlatt Committee 2432:Rowlatt Committee 2399:Indian Christians 2344:Home Rule leagues 2100:Madras Presidency 2079:Home Rule Leagues 2077:During 1916, two 2005:Pherozeshah Mehta 1955:League of Nations 1824:and the Punjab's 1771:Khwaja Salimullah 1602:Swadeshi movement 1518:Bengal Presidency 1495:Swadeshi movement 1420:Bengal Presidency 1337:Pherozeshah Mehta 1189:Victoria Terminus 1022:Doctrine of lapse 960:Kingdom of Sikkim 948:Madras Presidency 829:League of Nations 820:in 1937 as well. 778:Republic of India 659: 658: 655: 654: 651: 650: 543:Dominion of India 531: 530: 322:Louis Mountbatten 250:• 1910–1936 238:• 1901–1910 75: 65:God Save the King 16:(Redirected from 28490: 28380:Physical culture 28201:Ethnic relations 28137: 28136: 28117: 28116: 28099:Mumbai Consensus 27651:Himachal Pradesh 27540:Numbering system 27530:Green revolution 27405:Historical Forex 27244: 27243: 27231: 27230: 27203:Scheduled groups 27006: 27005: 26942: 26941: 26826: 26825: 26813: 26812: 26795:Tourism in India 26790:History of India 26785:Culture of India 26395:Geology of India 26378: 26377: 26365: 26364: 26296:Naxal Insurgency 26291:White Revolution 26286:Green Revolution 25893: 25892: 25880: 25879: 25867: 25860: 25853: 25844: 25843: 25738:Physical culture 25633:Former countries 25628:Contemporary era 25328: 25190: 25183: 25176: 25167: 25166: 25087:Irish Free State 24853:Poland–Lithuania 24162: 24161: 24113:Papua New Guinea 23843: 23842: 23582: 23575: 23568: 23559: 23558: 23545: 23535: 23534: 23500:Antarctic Treaty 23461: 23448: 23433:Falkland Islands 23425:Tristan da Cunha 23417:Ascension Island 23394: 23393: 23345:Falkland Islands 23306: 23305: 23274:Now part of the 23146:Pitcairn Islands 23111:Auckland Islands 23080: 23079: 23066: 23059: 23052: 23043: 23042: 23028:Windward Islands 22982:Vancouver Island 22759:MassachusettsBay 22628:British Columbia 22552: 22551: 22368:Federated States 22224: 22223: 22134:Tristan da Cunha 22103:Southern Nigeria 22035:Northern Nigeria 21914:Ascension Island 21899: 21898: 21855: 21792: 21791: 21766:Former territory 21763: 21739: 21732: 21725: 21716: 21715: 21704:Simla Conference 21495:Tiruppur Kumaran 21465:Subramaniya Siva 21420:Sangolli Rayanna 21410:Rash Behari Bose 21350:Nagnath Naikwadi 21260:Jawaharlal Nehru 21205:Dadabhai Naoroji 21200:Chittaranjan Das 21090:A. K. Fazlul Huq 21012:Savitribai Phule 20837:Khaksar movement 20792:Berlin Committee 20777:Anushilan Samiti 20741:Independence Day 20701:Aundh Experiment 20676:Vedaranyam March 20581:Kheda Satyagraha 20566:Singapore Mutiny 20349:Portuguese India 20296: 20289: 20282: 20273: 20272: 20214: 20187: 20139: 20130: 20120: 20110: 20097: 20057:Winks, Robin W. 20043: 20003: 19994:(4): 1146–1180. 19937: 19908: 19879: 19855: 19826: 19798: 19780: 19764:(6): 1024–1026, 19758:Business History 19738: 19695: 19686: 19665: 19629: 19628: 19626: 19572:Dutt, Romesh C. 19562: 19495:full text online 19478: 19477: 19475: 19446: 19429: 19404:Thatcher, Mary. 19400: 19381: 19363: 19297: 19279: 19258: 19220: 19202: 19181: 19163: 19140: 19111: 19076: 19058: 19011: 18983: 18971: 18961: 18952: 18934: 18913: 18897:(6): 1189–1212, 18885: 18876: 18843: 18823: 18822: 18820: 18798: 18797: 18795: 18757:Gilmour, David. 18739: 18738: 18736: 18691: 18668: 18646: 18627: 18608: 18587: 18549: 18520: 18519: 18517: 18488: 18487: 18485: 18458: 18457: 18455: 18423: 18402: 18375: 18349: 18333:Wolpert, Stanley 18317: 18316: 18314: 18281: 18259: 18229:Somervell, D.C. 18216: 18205: 18191: 18156: 18132: 18127:, archived from 18105: 18080: 18079: 18077: 18058:, Anthem Press, 18047: 18012: 18004: 17986: 17955: 17912:Gilmour, David. 17892: 17874: 17873: 17871: 17842: 17814: 17798:Brown, Judith M. 17793: 17771: 17749: 17702: 17701: 17699: 17697: 17688:. 20 July 2020. 17678: 17672: 17671: 17669: 17667: 17640: 17634: 17633: 17631: 17629: 17610: 17604: 17581: 17575: 17574: 17572: 17570: 17551: 17545: 17544: 17524: 17515: 17514: 17512: 17510: 17499:The Conversation 17490: 17484: 17483: 17481: 17479: 17460: 17454: 17453: 17451: 17449: 17430: 17424: 17423: 17421: 17419: 17405: 17399: 17398: 17396: 17394: 17380: 17374: 17373: 17353: 17347: 17346: 17344: 17342: 17328: 17322: 17315: 17309: 17308: 17280: 17274: 17264: 17258: 17257: 17255: 17253: 17234: 17223: 17216: 17210: 17209: 17191: 17185: 17184: 17162: 17156: 17155: 17133: 17127: 17126: 17108: 17099: 17098: 17080: 17074: 17073: 17055: 17049: 17048: 17026: 17020: 17019: 17001: 16995: 16994: 16972: 16966: 16965: 16959: 16957: 16940: 16934: 16933: 16915: 16909: 16908: 16886: 16880: 16879: 16857: 16848: 16847: 16825: 16819: 16812: 16806: 16800: 16794: 16793: 16765: 16759: 16758: 16756: 16754: 16748: 16742:. Archived from 16725: 16716: 16710: 16709: 16707: 16705: 16693: 16687: 16684: 16678: 16676:Maria J. Stephan 16672: 16666: 16665: 16663: 16661: 16656:. 24 August 2016 16646: 16640: 16639: 16637: 16635: 16630:. 24 August 2016 16620: 16614: 16613: 16611: 16609: 16604:on 10 April 2018 16590: 16584: 16572: 16563: 16562: 16560: 16558: 16553:. The Daily Star 16546: 16540: 16528: 16522: 16512: 16503: 16502: 16500: 16498: 16479: 16473: 16472: 16470: 16468: 16453: 16444: 16438: 16432: 16422: 16416: 16415: 16395: 16389: 16388: 16380: 16374: 16373: 16353: 16347: 16346: 16344: 16342: 16328: 16322: 16321: 16319: 16317: 16312:on 20 April 2012 16302: 16296: 16295: 16293: 16291: 16276: 16270: 16269: 16259: 16227: 16221: 16220: 16218: 16216: 16201: 16195: 16194: 16192: 16190: 16185:on 16 April 2012 16175: 16169: 16156: 16150: 16149: 16147: 16145: 16130: 16124: 16111: 16105: 16104:, sciencemag.org 16092: 16086: 16073: 16067: 16056: 16050: 16044: 16038: 16032: 16026: 16020: 16014: 16008: 16002: 15996: 15990: 15984: 15978: 15972: 15966: 15960: 15954: 15948: 15942: 15936: 15930: 15924: 15911: 15905: 15899: 15893: 15887: 15881: 15875: 15874: 15872: 15870: 15851: 15845: 15844: 15842: 15840: 15822: 15816: 15815: 15813: 15811: 15793: 15787: 15786: 15784: 15782: 15764: 15758: 15757: 15755: 15753: 15734: 15728: 15727: 15725: 15723: 15705: 15699: 15698: 15696: 15694: 15676: 15670: 15669: 15667: 15665: 15646: 15640: 15639: 15637: 15635: 15617: 15611: 15610: 15608: 15606: 15587: 15581: 15578: 15572: 15571: 15543: 15537: 15536: 15524: 15518: 15517: 15486: 15480: 15475:Kingsley Davis, 15473: 15467: 15453: 15447: 15446: 15444: 15442: 15432: 15408: 15402: 15401: 15399: 15397: 15386: 15380: 15379: 15377: 15375: 15353: 15347: 15346: 15344: 15342: 15326: 15320: 15313: 15307: 15306: 15304: 15302: 15296: 15285: 15277: 15266: 15259: 15253: 15252: 15250: 15248: 15229: 15218: 15217: 15188: 15182: 15176: 15170: 15164: 15158: 15157: 15129: 15123: 15122: 15101: 15095: 15089: 15083: 15082: 15059: 15053: 15052: 15050: 15048: 15030: 15012: 15002: 14996: 14995: 14967: 14961: 14960:, p. 81–82. 14955: 14949: 14946: 14940: 14934: 14928: 14927: 14925: 14923: 14914:. Archived from 14901: 14892: 14891: 14882: 14876: 14875:, p. 78–79. 14870: 14864: 14863: 14861: 14859: 14840: 14831: 14824: 14818: 14811: 14805: 14804: 14786: 14780: 14779: 14758: 14752: 14751: 14733: 14727: 14721: 14712: 14711: 14693: 14687: 14686: 14650: 14644: 14643: 14625: 14619: 14613: 14607: 14606: 14578: 14572: 14571: 14563: 14561: 14559: 14540: 14532: 14523: 14520: 14514: 14508: 14502: 14501: 14473: 14467: 14466: 14437: 14431: 14425: 14419: 14418: 14400: 14394: 14387: 14381: 14380: 14352: 14346: 14340: 14331: 14325: 14319: 14313: 14304: 14298: 14292: 14286: 14277: 14267: 14261: 14255: 14249: 14243: 14237: 14231: 14225: 14219: 14206: 14200: 14194: 14188: 14182: 14176: 14170: 14169: 14167: 14165: 14125: 14119: 14118: 14100: 14076: 14070: 14064: 14055: 14049: 14043: 14034: 14025: 14019: 14010: 14005:, ... (p. 463)" 13997: 13988: 13982: 13981: 13979: 13977: 13947: 13901: 13895: 13894: 13892: 13890: 13875: 13869: 13852: 13846: 13845: 13843: 13841: 13824: 13818: 13817: 13807: 13801: 13794: 13788: 13787: 13773: 13767: 13766: 13756: 13750: 13743: 13737: 13736: 13734: 13732: 13726: 13716: 13710: 13709: 13695: 13686: 13685: 13675: 13669: 13668: 13666: 13664: 13650: 13644: 13637: 13631: 13628: 13622: 13621: 13619: 13617: 13598: 13592: 13591: 13586: 13584: 13565: 13559: 13541: 13535: 13522: 13516: 13515: 13513: 13511: 13492: 13482: 13476: 13470: 13464: 13458: 13452: 13446: 13437: 13431: 13425: 13424: 13423: 13421: 13398: 13392: 13386: 13380: 13374: 13368: 13362: 13356: 13350: 13341: 13335: 13329: 13323: 13317: 13311: 13305: 13299: 13293: 13287: 13278: 13277: 13249: 13243: 13236: 13230: 13229: 13201: 13195: 13194: 13177: 13171: 13170: 13154: 13144: 13138: 13137: 13114:Stephen P. Cohen 13110: 13104: 13098: 13092: 13091: 13089: 13087: 13072: 13066: 13059: 13053: 13052: 13050: 13048: 13029: 13020: 13019: 13017: 13015: 12995: 12984: 12983:. 12 April 1937. 12972: 12966: 12960: 12958: 12956: 12950: 12934:10.7202/044403ar 12919: 12910: 12904: 12898: 12892: 12886: 12880: 12874: 12868: 12867: 12831: 12825: 12824: 12788: 12782: 12776: 12767: 12766: 12758: 12752: 12751: 12727: 12721: 12714: 12708: 12702: 12696: 12690: 12679: 12673: 12662: 12656: 12643: 12637: 12631: 12625: 12602: 12596: 12575: 12570:Balraj Krishna, 12568: 12562: 12556: 12550: 12544: 12531: 12525: 12512: 12506: 12491: 12485: 12474: 12468: 12457: 12456: 12454: 12452: 12446: 12440:. Archived from 12435: 12426: 12420: 12414: 12397: 12396: 12389: 12383: 12377: 12371: 12370: 12368: 12366: 12343: 12334: 12328: 12317: 12311: 12305: 12299: 12286: 12280: 12274: 12268: 12262: 12252: 12246: 12236: 12230: 12227: 12221: 12220: 12190: 12184: 12181: 12175: 12168: 12162: 12155: 12149: 12143: 12137: 12127: 12121: 12114: 12108: 12107:, pp. 80–81 12102: 12096: 12090: 12084: 12066: 12060: 12054: 12045: 12039: 12033: 12032: 12014: 12008: 12002: 11993: 11987: 11978: 11972: 11961: 11955: 11949: 11943: 11937: 11932: 11923: 11913: 11907: 11898: 11892: 11891: 11889: 11887: 11881: 11870: 11862: 11856: 11850: 11844: 11838: 11832: 11826: 11820: 11814: 11808: 11802: 11796: 11795: 11793: 11791: 11785: 11779:. Archived from 11778: 11765: 11759: 11758: 11730: 11724: 11718: 11712: 11706: 11697: 11696: 11694: 11692: 11673: 11667: 11666: 11664: 11662: 11643: 11637: 11636: 11634: 11632: 11613: 11607: 11606: 11591: 11585: 11579: 11573: 11572: 11552: 11546: 11543: 11537: 11536: 11518: 11512: 11511: 11509: 11507: 11493: 11487: 11469: 11468: 11466: 11440: 11434: 11433: 11431: 11429: 11413: 11407: 11405: 11386: 11380: 11377: 11352: 11328: 11327: 11325: 11295: 11289: 11286: 11262: 11235: 11229: 11227: 11198: 11192: 11190: 11160: 11154: 11151: 11131: 11129: 11102: 11096: 11094: 11062: 11056: 11053: 11047: 11045: 11016: 11010: 11008: 10978: 10972: 10969: 10954: 10928: 10922: 10921: 10899: 10893: 10892: 10867: 10858: 10857: 10836: 10830: 10829: 10808: 10802: 10801: 10779: 10773: 10772: 10766: 10764: 10708: 10702: 10701: 10696: 10694: 10673: 10667: 10666: 10661: 10659: 10634: 10628: 10625: 10616: 10615: 10601: 10595: 10594: 10584: 10578: 10577: 10559: 10553: 10552: 10538: 10521: 10514:Ancestor Worship 10499: 10493: 10486: 10480: 10473: 10467: 10358: 10352: 10345: 10339: 10332: 10326: 10323: 10317: 10314: 10308: 10305: 10299: 10296: 10290: 10272: 10266: 10259: 10253: 10239: 10233: 10227: 10161: 10156: 10155: 10154: 10147: 10142: 10141: 10140: 10133: 10128: 10127: 10126: 10119: 10114: 10113: 10112: 10097: 10090: 10083: 10046:Pakistan studies 9886:Himachal Pradesh 9726:Portuguese India 9722: 9721: 9718: 9676:Sikh Confederacy 9572: 9571: 9568: 9421:Bengal Sultanate 9360:Sayyid Sultanate 9338:Khalji Sultanate 9327:Mamluk Sultanate 9292: 9291: 9288: 9269: 9265: 9262: 9205:Kakatiya Kingdom 9115:Paramara Kingdom 9008: 9004: 9001: 8977: 8974: 8917:Kamarupa Kingdom 8880: 8876: 8873: 8866:Kalabhras Empire 8859: 8855: 8852: 8778: 8775: 8762:(50 BC – AD 400) 8742:(180 BC – AD 10) 8721: 8717: 8714: 8683: 8682: 8679: 8650: 8646: 8643: 8629: 8626: 8612: 8609: 8595: 8592: 8578: 8575: 8561: 8557: 8554: 8472: 8469: 8455: 8452: 8435:Haryanka dynasty 8425:Pradyota dynasty 8367: 8366: 8363: 8272: 8271: 8268: 8209: 8206: 8199:Anarta tradition 8195: 8194: 8191: 8159:Mehrgarh culture 8149:Bhirrana culture 8145: 8144: 8141: 8140:(10,800–3300 BC) 8107: 8106: 8103: 8093: 8092: 8080: 8066: 8065: 8056: 8049: 8042: 7959: 7958: 7952: 7951: 7916: 7915: 7909: 7908: 7902:Portuguese India 7843: 7842: 7834: 7820: 7819: 7567: 7441:district of the 7425:freedom fighters 7384:Salanga massacre 7258: 7217:, including the 7004:Doji bara famine 6992:Northern Circars 6908: 6898: 6891: 6888: 6882: 6855: 6854: 6847: 6666: 6551: 6491: 6431: 6371: 6311: 6251: 6191: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6103: 6064: 6060: 6027: 6023: 6016: 6012: 5944:, claiming that 5898:The Queen's Own 5824: 5813:, Rajasthan and 5675: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5473: 5469: 5390:governor-general 5369:under Crown rule 5367:viceroy of India 5301:Council of India 5253:(1800–1885) was 5251:Sir Charles Wood 5165: 5136: 5107: 5081: 5052: 5031:Total area in km 5026: 5021: 5020: 4977: 4974:United Provinces 4944:Himachal Pradesh 4925: 4877: 4837: 4809: 4769: 4725: 4681: 4657: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4642: 4639: 4598:Queen's Speeches 4522:and position of 4464:Italian campaign 4451:Battle of Imphal 4447:Battle of Kohima 4429:21 February 1947 4412:Battle of Malaya 4067:Creation of the 4059:23 November 1910 4051: 4047: 4044:million Sikhs, 1 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 3981:United Provinces 3955:Emperor of India 3926:Inauguration of 3905:Creation of the 3897:18 November 1905 3736:Earl of Dufferin 3732:10 December 1888 3719:Creation of the 3686:13 December 1884 3670:Richard Strachey 3666:80 million. 3651:Empress of India 3537:Creation of the 3495:20 November 1863 3468:Council of India 3421:Viscount Canning 3401: 3400: 3393: 3381: 3369: 3357: 3307:Jawaharlal Nehru 3239:, and including 3148: 3136: 3125:Liaquat Ali Khan 3113: 3087: 3033:United Provinces 3010: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2990: 2986: 2934:A. K. Fazlul Huq 2930:Ab'ul Kalam Azad 2922: 2918: 2894:Heinrich Himmler 2876:, leader of the 2862:A. K. Fazlul Huq 2826: 2807: 2784:Ramsay MacDonald 2779: 2761: 2703:Jawaharlal Nehru 2688:Simon Commission 2666: 2663:dead, with 1,100 2662: 2648:Jallianwala Bagh 2621: 2598: 2586: 2565:to a meeting in 2558: 2535:Simon Commission 2496: 2492: 2325: 2306: 2227:cottage industry 2113: 2055:United Provinces 2051: 1940: 1920: 1901: 1878: 1867:Chakwal District 1855: 1822:Anushilan Samiti 1814:Emperor of India 1711:Hakim Ajmal Khan 1707: 1692: 1673: 1548:Tamil magazine, 1545: 1529: 1514:Viceroy of India 1506: 1363: 1348: 1329:Dadabhai Naoroji 1320: 1298: 1263:famines in India 1227: 1217: 1214: 1204: 1184: 1171:The 1909 map of 1168: 1076:Empress of India 1071: 1048: 1032: 1010: 979: 944:Treaty of Amiens 762:Empress of India 700: 689: 684: 683: 680: 679: 676: 673: 647: 646: 629: 628: 611: 610: 597: 596: 579: 578: 565: 564: 551: 550: 535: 534: 522: 521: 504: 503: 497: 496: 481: 480: 429: 400:Indian Rebellion 324: 155:(1911/1931–1947) 119: 87: 77: 76: 45: 44: 21: 28498: 28497: 28493: 28492: 28491: 28489: 28488: 28487: 28428: 28427: 28426: 28413: 28385:Public holidays 28270: 28216:Life expectancy 28131: 28130: 28103: 28030: 27999: 27904:Pharmaceuticals 27735: 27604: 27544: 27510:COVID-19 impact 27496: 27448: 27378: 27265: 27238: 27217: 27149: 27113: 27055: 26995: 26991:District Courts 26931: 26922:Chief Ministers 26820: 26799: 26749: 26701: 26639: 26613:Western coastal 26608:Eastern coastal 26595:Mountain passes 26528: 26514:Protected areas 26440: 26436:Stones of India 26404: 26372: 26351: 26320: 26306:Space programme 26276:Sino-Indian War 26271:Five-Year Plans 26249: 26144: 26111: 26102:Delhi Sultanate 26068: 26059:Middle kingdoms 26052:Middle Kingdoms 26047: 25979: 25887: 25874: 25871: 25841: 25836: 25798: 25772: 25749: 25704: 25637: 25608:Middle kingdoms 25572: 25563:Stock exchanges 25518: 25495: 25451:Cultural sphere 25417: 25329: 25320: 25199: 25194: 25164: 25155: 25080:princely states 25028: 24964:Kingdom of Fiji 24937: 24683:Austria-Hungary 24651: 24414: 24348: 24147: 24133:Solomon Islands 24047: 24029: 23961: 23876: 23834: 23766: 23712:Democratization 23680: 23624: 23591: 23586: 23556: 23551: 23508: 23481: 23455: 23453:Ross Dependency 23442: 23399: 23384: 23359: 23311: 23296: 23266: 23261: 23217: 23212:Solomon Islands 23159:North Australia 23139:South Australia 23095:New South Wales 23073: 23070: 23033: 22753:Leeward Islands 22557: 22542: 22505: 22412:Muscat and Oman 22229: 22214: 22158: 21904: 21889: 21853: 21797: 21786: 21761: 21753: 21743: 21713: 21708: 21669:Cabinet Mission 21657: 21561:British leaders 21556: 21545:Yogendra Shukla 21450:Siraj ud-Daulah 21405:Rani Lakshmibai 21395:Rajendra Prasad 21385:R. Venkataraman 21330:Mithuben Petit‎ 21310:Mahadaji Shinde 21290:Lala Lajpat Rai 21125:Bahadur Shah II 21110:Ashfaqulla Khan 21080:Accamma Cherian 21075:Abul Kalam Azad 21067: 21061: 21032:Syed Ahmad Khan 21022:Sister Nivedita 20987:Pandita Ramabai 20982:Niralamba Swami 20947:J. B. Kripalani 20872:Ashfaqulla Khan 20864: 20858: 20797:Ghadar Movement 20755: 20636:Flag Satyagraha 20544:Revolutionaries 20526: 20520: 20463: 20457: 20359:Battle of Buxar 20305: 20300: 20207: 20195: 20104: 20102:Further reading 20094: 20076: 19988:History Compass 19864:History Compass 19852: 19834: 19829: 19796: 19624: 19622: 19615: 19504: 19499: 19473: 19471: 19398: 19379: 19323:Wayback Machine 19295: 19277: 19256: 19236:Wayback Machine 19218: 19179: 19161: 19138: 19109: 19079:Kumar, Deepak. 19074: 19009: 18950: 18932: 18841: 18818: 18816: 18793: 18791: 18789: 18734: 18732: 18725: 18689: 18681:, Verso Books, 18665: 18644: 18625: 18606: 18556:(1906) 495 pp. 18552:Buckland, C.E. 18547: 18515: 18513: 18500:Bose, Sudhindra 18483: 18481: 18479: 18453: 18451: 18444: 18421: 18400: 18383: 18378: 18373: 18347: 18312: 18310: 18303: 18279: 18257: 18241:Spear, Percival 18214: 18189: 18154: 18136:Panikkar, K. M. 18103: 18075: 18073: 18066: 18045: 18031:Marshall, P. J. 18002: 17984: 17953: 17890: 17869: 17867: 17860: 17840: 17812: 17790: 17769: 17747: 17731:(2003), 405 pp. 17724:(1934), 996 pp. 17716: 17711: 17706: 17705: 17695: 17693: 17680: 17679: 17675: 17665: 17663: 17642: 17641: 17637: 17627: 17625: 17612: 17611: 17607: 17602:Wayback Machine 17591:Wayback Machine 17582: 17578: 17568: 17566: 17553: 17552: 17548: 17541: 17525: 17518: 17508: 17506: 17491: 17487: 17477: 17475: 17462: 17461: 17457: 17447: 17445: 17432: 17431: 17427: 17417: 17415: 17407: 17406: 17402: 17392: 17390: 17382: 17381: 17377: 17370: 17354: 17350: 17340: 17338: 17330: 17329: 17325: 17316: 17312: 17287:(Book Review). 17281: 17277: 17265: 17261: 17251: 17249: 17236: 17235: 17226: 17217: 17213: 17206: 17192: 17188: 17181: 17163: 17159: 17152: 17144:. p. 120. 17134: 17130: 17123: 17109: 17102: 17095: 17081: 17077: 17070: 17056: 17052: 17045: 17037:. p. 127. 17027: 17023: 17016: 17002: 16998: 16991: 16973: 16969: 16955: 16953: 16942: 16941: 16937: 16930: 16916: 16912: 16901: 16887: 16883: 16876: 16858: 16851: 16844: 16836:. p. 117. 16826: 16822: 16813: 16809: 16801: 16797: 16766: 16762: 16752: 16750: 16746: 16723: 16717: 16713: 16703: 16701: 16694: 16690: 16685: 16681: 16673: 16669: 16659: 16657: 16648: 16647: 16643: 16633: 16631: 16622: 16621: 16617: 16607: 16605: 16592: 16591: 16587: 16573: 16566: 16556: 16554: 16547: 16543: 16529: 16525: 16513: 16506: 16496: 16494: 16481: 16480: 16476: 16466: 16464: 16455: 16454: 16447: 16439: 16435: 16423: 16419: 16412: 16396: 16392: 16381: 16377: 16370: 16354: 16350: 16340: 16338: 16330: 16329: 16325: 16315: 16313: 16304: 16303: 16299: 16289: 16287: 16278: 16277: 16273: 16228: 16224: 16214: 16212: 16211:on 5 March 2012 16203: 16202: 16198: 16188: 16186: 16177: 16176: 16172: 16166:Wayback Machine 16157: 16153: 16143: 16141: 16132: 16131: 16127: 16121:Wayback Machine 16112: 16108: 16102:Wayback Machine 16093: 16089: 16083:Wayback Machine 16074: 16070: 16057: 16053: 16045: 16041: 16033: 16029: 16021: 16017: 16009: 16005: 15997: 15993: 15985: 15981: 15977:, pp. 530. 15973: 15969: 15961: 15957: 15949: 15945: 15937: 15933: 15927:Fieldhouse 1996 15925: 15914: 15906: 15902: 15894: 15890: 15882: 15878: 15868: 15866: 15852: 15848: 15838: 15836: 15824: 15823: 15819: 15809: 15807: 15794: 15790: 15780: 15778: 15766: 15765: 15761: 15751: 15749: 15735: 15731: 15721: 15719: 15707: 15706: 15702: 15692: 15690: 15677: 15673: 15663: 15661: 15647: 15643: 15633: 15631: 15619: 15618: 15614: 15604: 15602: 15588: 15584: 15579: 15575: 15544: 15540: 15525: 15521: 15506:10.2307/3022159 15487: 15483: 15474: 15470: 15454: 15450: 15440: 15438: 15430:10.25336/p6hw3r 15423:(3–4): 248–51. 15409: 15405: 15395: 15393: 15388: 15387: 15383: 15373: 15371: 15355: 15354: 15350: 15340: 15338: 15329:Hickel, Jason. 15327: 15323: 15314: 15310: 15300: 15298: 15294: 15283: 15279: 15278: 15269: 15260: 15256: 15246: 15244: 15231: 15230: 15221: 15214: 15192:Maddison, Angus 15189: 15185: 15177: 15173: 15165: 15161: 15130: 15126: 15119: 15102: 15098: 15090: 15086: 15079: 15060: 15056: 15046: 15044: 15028:10.1.1.629.7369 15015:History Compass 15010: 15003: 14999: 14968: 14964: 14956: 14952: 14947: 14943: 14935: 14931: 14921: 14919: 14918:on 16 July 2008 14902: 14895: 14884: 14883: 14879: 14871: 14867: 14857: 14855: 14842: 14841: 14834: 14825: 14821: 14812: 14808: 14801: 14787: 14783: 14776: 14762:Thorner, Daniel 14759: 14755: 14748: 14734: 14730: 14722: 14715: 14708: 14694: 14690: 14651: 14647: 14640: 14626: 14622: 14614: 14610: 14579: 14575: 14565: 14557: 14555: 14533: 14526: 14521: 14517: 14509: 14505: 14474: 14470: 14463: 14441:Maddison, Angus 14438: 14434: 14426: 14422: 14415: 14401: 14397: 14388: 14384: 14353: 14349: 14341: 14334: 14326: 14322: 14314: 14307: 14299: 14295: 14287: 14280: 14268: 14264: 14256: 14252: 14244: 14240: 14232: 14228: 14220: 14209: 14201: 14197: 14189: 14185: 14177: 14173: 14163: 14161: 14126: 14122: 14077: 14073: 14065: 14058: 14050: 14046: 14035: 14028: 14020: 14013: 13990: 13989: 13985: 13975: 13973: 13966: 13944: 13902: 13898: 13888: 13886: 13877: 13876: 13872: 13867:Wayback Machine 13853: 13849: 13839: 13837: 13826: 13825: 13821: 13816:. R.A. Everett. 13808: 13804: 13795: 13791: 13774: 13770: 13757: 13753: 13744: 13740: 13730: 13728: 13717: 13713: 13696: 13689: 13676: 13672: 13662: 13660: 13651: 13647: 13638: 13634: 13629: 13625: 13615: 13613: 13600: 13599: 13595: 13582: 13580: 13567: 13566: 13562: 13542: 13538: 13532: 13523: 13519: 13509: 13507: 13505: 13483: 13479: 13471: 13467: 13459: 13455: 13447: 13440: 13432: 13428: 13419: 13417: 13415: 13399: 13395: 13387: 13383: 13375: 13371: 13363: 13359: 13351: 13344: 13336: 13332: 13324: 13320: 13312: 13308: 13300: 13296: 13288: 13281: 13254:India Quarterly 13250: 13246: 13237: 13233: 13202: 13198: 13178: 13174: 13167: 13145: 13141: 13134: 13111: 13107: 13099: 13095: 13085: 13083: 13074: 13073: 13069: 13060: 13056: 13046: 13044: 13031: 13030: 13023: 13013: 13011: 12996: 12987: 12975:"Sword For Pen" 12973: 12969: 12954: 12952: 12948: 12917: 12911: 12907: 12899: 12895: 12887: 12883: 12875: 12871: 12832: 12828: 12789: 12785: 12777: 12770: 12759: 12755: 12734:(131): 130–64. 12728: 12724: 12715: 12711: 12703: 12699: 12691: 12682: 12674: 12665: 12657: 12646: 12638: 12634: 12626: 12605: 12597: 12578: 12569: 12565: 12557: 12553: 12545: 12534: 12526: 12515: 12507: 12494: 12486: 12477: 12469: 12460: 12450: 12448: 12444: 12438:LA84 Foundation 12433: 12427: 12423: 12415: 12400: 12391: 12390: 12386: 12378: 12374: 12364: 12362: 12360: 12344: 12337: 12329: 12320: 12312: 12308: 12300: 12289: 12281: 12277: 12269: 12265: 12253: 12249: 12237: 12233: 12228: 12224: 12191: 12187: 12182: 12178: 12169: 12165: 12156: 12152: 12144: 12140: 12129:Helen S. Dyer, 12128: 12124: 12115: 12111: 12103: 12099: 12091: 12087: 12081:Wayback Machine 12067: 12063: 12055: 12048: 12040: 12036: 12029: 12015: 12011: 12003: 11996: 11988: 11981: 11973: 11964: 11956: 11952: 11944: 11940: 11933: 11926: 11914: 11910: 11903:, p. 259, 11899: 11895: 11885: 11883: 11879: 11868: 11864: 11863: 11859: 11851: 11847: 11839: 11835: 11827: 11823: 11815: 11811: 11803: 11799: 11789: 11787: 11783: 11776: 11772: 11766: 11762: 11731: 11727: 11719: 11715: 11707: 11700: 11690: 11688: 11675: 11674: 11670: 11660: 11658: 11645: 11644: 11640: 11630: 11628: 11615: 11614: 11610: 11593: 11592: 11588: 11580: 11576: 11569: 11553: 11549: 11544: 11540: 11533: 11519: 11515: 11505: 11503: 11494: 11490: 11480:Firoz Khan Noon 11464: 11462: 11460: 11441: 11437: 11427: 11425: 11414: 11410: 11403: 11387: 11383: 11370: 11355: 11345: 11332: 11323: 11321: 11314: 11299: 11296: 11292: 11280: 11265: 11253: 11238: 11225: 11223: 11216: 11201: 11188: 11186: 11179: 11164: 11161: 11157: 11148: 11146: 11144: 11142: 11140: 11138: 11127: 11125: 11123: 11107:Lapidus, Ira M. 11105: 11092: 11090: 11083: 11066: 11063: 11059: 11043: 11041: 11034: 11019: 11006: 11004: 10997: 10982: 10979: 10975: 10957: 10948: 10932: 10929: 10925: 10914: 10900: 10896: 10888: 10882: 10868: 10861: 10851: 10837: 10833: 10823: 10809: 10805: 10794: 10780: 10776: 10762: 10760: 10709: 10705: 10692: 10690: 10675: 10674: 10670: 10657: 10655: 10636: 10635: 10631: 10626: 10619: 10602: 10598: 10585: 10581: 10560: 10556: 10547:. Westminster: 10539: 10535: 10530: 10525: 10524: 10507: 10506: 10503: 10502: 10500: 10496: 10487: 10483: 10474: 10470: 10460:Scheduled Caste 10457: 10456: 10438: 10437: 10423: 10422: 10408: 10407: 10393: 10392: 10378: 10377: 10359: 10355: 10346: 10342: 10333: 10329: 10324: 10320: 10315: 10311: 10306: 10302: 10297: 10293: 10287:Princely States 10273: 10269: 10260: 10256: 10240: 10236: 10228: 10224: 10219: 10214: 10157: 10152: 10150: 10145:Pakistan portal 10143: 10138: 10136: 10129: 10124: 10122: 10115: 10110: 10108: 10101: 10072: 10071: 10070: 9965: 9957: 9956: 9955: 9855: 9847: 9846: 9845: 9800: 9792: 9791: 9786: 9785: 9719: 9716: 9714:Colonial states 9706: 9705: 9596:Madurai Kingdom 9569: 9566: 9556: 9555: 9504:Bidar Sultanate 9493:Berar sultanate 9461:Ladakh Kingdom 9451:Gajapati Empire 9431:Garhwal Kingdom 9316:Delhi Sultanate 9289: 9286: 9276: 9275: 9267: 9263: 9245:Chutiya Kingdom 9215:Zamorin Kingdom 9006: 9002: 8994:Maukhari Empire 8984:Chalukya Empire 8975: 8937:Maitraka Empire 8878: 8874: 8857: 8853: 8845:Vakataka Empire 8825:Sasanian Empire 8776: 8719: 8715: 8697:Kuninda Kingdom 8680: 8677: 8675:Middle Kingdoms 8667: 8666: 8657:Parthian Empire 8648: 8644: 8627: 8610: 8593: 8576: 8559: 8555: 8470: 8453: 8364: 8361: 8351: 8350: 8269: 8266: 8256: 8255: 8207: 8192: 8189: 8179: 8178: 8169:Edakkal culture 8142: 8139: 8129: 8128: 8120:Soanian culture 8104: 8101: 8090: 8060: 8013:Princely states 7953: 7949: 7948: 7947: 7910: 7906: 7905: 7904: 7837: 7818: 7751: 7749:Cultural impact 7713: 7704: 7692:zenana missions 7581: 7575: 7573:Missionary work 7565: 7491: 7485: 7476:Bombay Province 7453:Takkar massacre 7392:Bengal Province 7388:Raiganj Upazila 7354: 7288:Sir Ronald Ross 7256: 7210: 7208: 7186: 7171: 7156: 7141: 7122: 7107: 7092: 7077: 7062: 7037: 7013: 6973: 6941: 6906: 6905: 6892: 6886: 6883: 6881:to the article. 6872: 6867:, specifically 6856: 6852: 6845: 6839: 6831:Main articles: 6829: 6070: 6059: 6025: 6021: 6014: 6010: 5995: 5979:Main articles: 5977: 5946:Warren Hastings 5933: 5892: 5873: 5867: 5851:Indian Railways 5822: 5793:(GIPR) and the 5750: 5744: 5682: 5673: 5649: 5647:Economic trends 5644: 5634: 5584: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5471: 5244: 5197: 5191: 5189:Princely states 5175: 5164: 5146: 5139:Kodagu district 5135: 5117: 5106: 5091: 5080: 5062: 5051: 5042: 5038:(in thousands) 5037: 5032: 5025: 5016: 5014:Minor provinces 4991: 4990:280,000 km 4976: 4959: 4958:250,000 km 4928:Punjab Province 4924: 4907: 4906:370,000 km 4876: 4859: 4858:270,000 km 4836: 4819: 4818:440,000 km 4808: 4791: 4790:320,000 km 4768: 4751: 4750:390,000 km 4724: 4707: 4706:130,000 km 4680: 4671: 4666: 4656: 4648: 4637: 4634: 4628: 4626:Major provinces 4566:Princely States 4553: 4541:Main articles: 4539: 4518: 4513: 4510:Radcliffe Award 4508: 4495: 4488: 4484: 4471: 4458: 4454: 4441: 4433:Viscount Wavell 4428: 4418: 4406:Indian Army in 4405: 4394:Anglo-Iraqi War 4360: 4359:to India, 1942. 4357:Cripps' mission 4355: 4353: 4345:, and with the 4340: 4330: 4320: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4292: 4278: 4276: 4263: 4256: 4248:Earl of Reading 4243: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4208: 4202: 4178:Lord Chelmsford 4173: 4163: 4145:Battle of Tanga 4130: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4118: 4093: 4082: 4080: 4075: 4071: 4058: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4003: 3994: 3992: 3986: 3984: 3967: 3958: 3945: 3931: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3914: 3896: 3889: 3884: 3875: 3866: 3864: 3850: 3843: 3841: 3835: 3821: 3811: 3801: 3800:leased in 1899 3796: 3793:princely states 3779:11 October 1894 3778: 3771: 3766: 3756: 3746: 3741: 3731: 3724: 3718: 3716: 3711:established in 3707: 3705: 3699: 3685: 3675: 3673: 3667: 3658: 3645: 3629: 3617:Prince of Wales 3614: 3612: 3606: 3597:Lord Northbrook 3592: 3585: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3558:8 February 1872 3557: 3549:Nicobar Islands 3546: 3536: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3514:12 January 1869 3513: 3494: 3482:Imperial Police 3479: 3462: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3443: 3430: 3416: 3397: 3394: 3385: 3382: 3373: 3370: 3361: 3358: 3346: 3195:; far right is 3183:Members of the 3177: 3167: 3160: 3149: 3140: 3137: 3128: 3114: 3105: 3099:Lord Linlithgow 3095:Rajendra Prasad 3088: 3008: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2984: 2936:of the leftist 2920: 2916: 2910:Lord Linlithgow 2870:Tiger of Bengal 2864:, known as the 2855: 2837: 2830: 2827: 2818: 2808: 2799: 2780: 2759: 2725:Salt Satyagraha 2677:non-cooperation 2664: 2660: 2640: 2637: 2630:Lala Lajpat Rai 2622: 2613: 2599: 2590: 2587: 2578: 2559: 2549: 2523: 2494: 2490: 2451:Sir Basil Scott 2421: 2415: 2352:Lord Chelmsford 2336: 2335: 2334: 2333: 2332: 2329:Lord Chelmsford 2326: 2318: 2317: 2307: 2296: 2290: 2258:Rajendra Prasad 2135: 2125: 2111: 2049: 1951:founding member 1938: 1934:First World War 1930: 1927: 1921: 1912: 1907:shown with the 1902: 1893: 1879: 1870: 1856: 1846: 1834: 1721: 1718: 1708: 1699: 1693: 1684: 1674: 1664: 1571:Bengal Province 1556: 1553: 1546: 1537: 1530: 1521: 1507: 1497: 1489:Main articles: 1487: 1451:Pandita Ramabai 1386:dominion status 1377: 1374: 1364: 1355: 1349: 1340: 1321: 1312: 1299: 1289: 1283: 1273:, the earliest 1237: 1234: 1228: 1219: 1215: 1205: 1196: 1185: 1176: 1173:Indian Railways 1169: 1159: 1082: 1079: 1072: 1063: 1054:founder of the 1049: 1040: 1033: 1024: 1011: 1001: 996: 990: 983: 980: 966:were a British 964:Maldive Islands 873: 845:Summer Olympics 833:founding member 735:princely states 687: 670: 666: 644: 638: 626: 620: 608: 594: 589:Colony of Burma 588: 576: 562: 548: 542: 519: 511: 501: 462: 443: 430: 425: 415: 402: 361: 349: 320: 317: 309:Charles Canning 305: 275: 263: 251: 239: 227: 186: 154: 150: 148: 135:Princely States 122: 110: 107:Princely states 78: 70: 50: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 28496: 28486: 28485: 28480: 28475: 28470: 28465: 28460: 28455: 28450: 28445: 28440: 28423: 28422: 28419: 28418: 28415: 28414: 28412: 28411: 28410: 28409: 28399: 28398: 28397: 28387: 28382: 28377: 28372: 28367: 28362: 28361: 28360: 28350: 28345: 28340: 28335: 28330: 28325: 28324: 28323: 28313: 28312: 28311: 28301: 28296: 28291: 28286: 28280: 28278: 28272: 28271: 28269: 28268: 28263: 28258: 28253: 28248: 28243: 28238: 28233: 28228: 28223: 28218: 28213: 28208: 28203: 28198: 28197: 28196: 28191: 28186: 28181: 28171: 28170: 28169: 28159: 28154: 28149: 28143: 28141: 28133: 28132: 28129: 28128: 28121: 28113: 28112: 28109: 28108: 28105: 28104: 28102: 28101: 28096: 28091: 28086: 28081: 28076: 28074:Income Tax Act 28071: 28066: 28061: 28056: 28051: 28050: 28049: 28038: 28036: 28032: 28031: 28029: 28028: 28023: 28018: 28013: 28007: 28005: 28001: 28000: 27998: 27997: 27996: 27995: 27990: 27985: 27980: 27975: 27970: 27965: 27964: 27963: 27948: 27943: 27938: 27933: 27928: 27927: 27926: 27916: 27911: 27909:Pulp and paper 27906: 27901: 27900: 27899: 27897:Iron and Steel 27894: 27884: 27883: 27882: 27877: 27872: 27867: 27857: 27852: 27851: 27850: 27840: 27835: 27830: 27825: 27820: 27819: 27818: 27817: 27816: 27811: 27806: 27801: 27786: 27781: 27776: 27771: 27766: 27761: 27760: 27759: 27754: 27743: 27741: 27737: 27736: 27734: 27733: 27728: 27723: 27718: 27713: 27708: 27703: 27698: 27693: 27688: 27683: 27681:Madhya Pradesh 27678: 27673: 27668: 27663: 27658: 27653: 27648: 27643: 27638: 27633: 27628: 27623: 27618: 27616:Andhra Pradesh 27612: 27610: 27606: 27605: 27603: 27602: 27601: 27600: 27595: 27590: 27580: 27575: 27574: 27573: 27563: 27558: 27552: 27550: 27546: 27545: 27543: 27542: 27537: 27532: 27527: 27522: 27520:Liberalisation 27517: 27512: 27506: 27504: 27498: 27497: 27495: 27494: 27493: 27492: 27487: 27477: 27472: 27467: 27462: 27456: 27454: 27450: 27449: 27447: 27446: 27441: 27440: 27439: 27434: 27424: 27423: 27422: 27417: 27412: 27407: 27402: 27397: 27386: 27384: 27380: 27379: 27377: 27376: 27371: 27366: 27361: 27356: 27351: 27346: 27341: 27336: 27331: 27326: 27321: 27316: 27311: 27306: 27301: 27296: 27291: 27286: 27285: 27284: 27273: 27271: 27267: 27266: 27264: 27263: 27258: 27252: 27250: 27240: 27239: 27227: 27226: 27223: 27222: 27219: 27218: 27216: 27215: 27210: 27205: 27200: 27195: 27190: 27185: 27180: 27175: 27170: 27165: 27159: 27157: 27151: 27150: 27148: 27147: 27142: 27137: 27131: 27129: 27123: 27122: 27119: 27118: 27115: 27114: 27112: 27111: 27106: 27101: 27096: 27091: 27086: 27081: 27076: 27071: 27065: 27063: 27057: 27056: 27054: 27053: 27048: 27043: 27038: 27033: 27028: 27023: 27018: 27012: 27010: 27003: 26997: 26996: 26994: 26993: 26988: 26983: 26978: 26973: 26972: 26971: 26961: 26956: 26951: 26945: 26939: 26933: 26932: 26930: 26929: 26924: 26919: 26914: 26913: 26912: 26907: 26897: 26892: 26890:Civil Services 26887: 26882: 26880:Prime Minister 26877: 26875:Vice President 26872: 26867: 26866: 26865: 26860: 26850: 26845: 26840: 26834: 26832: 26822: 26821: 26809: 26808: 26805: 26804: 26801: 26800: 26798: 26797: 26792: 26787: 26782: 26777: 26771:Nature worship 26768: 26763: 26757: 26755: 26751: 26750: 26748: 26747: 26742: 26740:Municipalities 26737: 26732: 26727: 26722: 26717: 26711: 26709: 26703: 26702: 26700: 26699: 26694: 26693: 26692: 26687: 26677: 26672: 26671: 26670: 26660: 26655: 26649: 26647: 26641: 26640: 26638: 26637: 26632: 26627: 26622: 26617: 26616: 26615: 26610: 26605: 26597: 26592: 26587: 26582: 26577: 26572: 26567: 26565:Extreme points 26562: 26557: 26552: 26547: 26542: 26536: 26534: 26530: 26529: 26527: 26526: 26521: 26516: 26511: 26509:National parks 26506: 26501: 26496: 26491: 26486: 26481: 26476: 26471: 26469:Climate change 26466: 26461: 26456: 26450: 26448: 26442: 26441: 26439: 26438: 26433: 26428: 26423: 26418: 26412: 26410: 26406: 26405: 26403: 26402: 26397: 26392: 26386: 26384: 26374: 26373: 26361: 26360: 26357: 26356: 26353: 26352: 26350: 26349: 26344: 26339: 26334: 26328: 26326: 26322: 26321: 26319: 26318: 26313: 26308: 26303: 26301:Smiling Buddha 26298: 26293: 26288: 26283: 26278: 26273: 26268: 26263: 26257: 26255: 26251: 26250: 26248: 26247: 26242: 26237: 26232: 26227: 26222: 26217: 26212: 26207: 26206: 26205: 26195: 26190: 26185: 26180: 26178:1857 rebellion 26175: 26170: 26165: 26163:Princely state 26160: 26154: 26152: 26146: 26145: 26143: 26142: 26137: 26135:European trade 26132: 26127: 26121: 26119: 26113: 26112: 26110: 26109: 26104: 26099: 26094: 26089: 26084: 26082:Medieval India 26078: 26076: 26070: 26069: 26067: 26066: 26061: 26055: 26053: 26049: 26048: 26046: 26045: 26040: 26035: 26030: 26025: 26020: 26018:Yavana Kingdom 26015: 26010: 26005: 26000: 25995: 25989: 25987: 25981: 25980: 25978: 25977: 25972: 25967: 25965:Paper currency 25962: 25957: 25952: 25947: 25942: 25937: 25932: 25927: 25922: 25917: 25911: 25910: 25905: 25899: 25897: 25889: 25888: 25876: 25875: 25870: 25869: 25862: 25855: 25847: 25838: 25837: 25835: 25834: 25829: 25824: 25819: 25814: 25808: 25806: 25800: 25799: 25797: 25796: 25791: 25786: 25780: 25778: 25774: 25773: 25771: 25770: 25765: 25759: 25757: 25751: 25750: 25748: 25747: 25746: 25745: 25735: 25730: 25725: 25720: 25714: 25712: 25706: 25705: 25703: 25702: 25701: 25700: 25695: 25690: 25680: 25675: 25674: 25673: 25668: 25663: 25658: 25647: 25645: 25639: 25638: 25636: 25635: 25630: 25625: 25620: 25615: 25610: 25605: 25600: 25595: 25594: 25593: 25582: 25580: 25574: 25573: 25571: 25570: 25565: 25560: 25559: 25558: 25553: 25548: 25538: 25532: 25530: 25520: 25519: 25517: 25516: 25514:Climate change 25511: 25505: 25503: 25497: 25496: 25494: 25493: 25488: 25483: 25478: 25473: 25468: 25463: 25458: 25453: 25448: 25443: 25438: 25433: 25427: 25425: 25419: 25418: 25416: 25415: 25410: 25409: 25408: 25403: 25398: 25393: 25385: 25380: 25375: 25370: 25365: 25360: 25355: 25350: 25345: 25339: 25337: 25331: 25330: 25323: 25321: 25319: 25318: 25313: 25312: 25311: 25306: 25301: 25296: 25286: 25281: 25280: 25279: 25269: 25264: 25259: 25258: 25257: 25252: 25247: 25242: 25241: 25240: 25225: 25220: 25215: 25209: 25207: 25201: 25200: 25193: 25192: 25185: 25178: 25170: 25161: 25160: 25157: 25156: 25154: 25153: 25148: 25143: 25138: 25133: 25128: 25123: 25118: 25113: 25108: 25103: 25098: 25093: 25084: 25068: 25063: 25058: 25053: 25048: 25042: 25036: 25034: 25030: 25029: 25027: 25026: 25021: 25016: 25011: 25006: 25001: 24996: 24991: 24986: 24981: 24976: 24971: 24966: 24961: 24956: 24951: 24945: 24943: 24939: 24938: 24936: 24935: 24930: 24925: 24920: 24915: 24910: 24905: 24900: 24895: 24890: 24885: 24880: 24875: 24870: 24865: 24860: 24855: 24850: 24845: 24840: 24838:Ottoman Empire 24835: 24830: 24825: 24820: 24815: 24810: 24805: 24800: 24798:Kartli-Kakheti 24795: 24790: 24785: 24780: 24775: 24770: 24765: 24760: 24755: 24750: 24745: 24740: 24735: 24730: 24725: 24720: 24715: 24710: 24705: 24700: 24695: 24690: 24685: 24680: 24675: 24670: 24665: 24659: 24657: 24653: 24652: 24650: 24649: 24637: 24632: 24627: 24622: 24617: 24612: 24607: 24602: 24597: 24592: 24587: 24580: 24575: 24570: 24565: 24560: 24555: 24550: 24545: 24540: 24535: 24530: 24525: 24520: 24515: 24510: 24505: 24500: 24495: 24490: 24480: 24473: 24468: 24463: 24458: 24453: 24448: 24443: 24438: 24433: 24428: 24422: 24420: 24416: 24415: 24413: 24412: 24407: 24402: 24397: 24392: 24387: 24382: 24377: 24372: 24367: 24362: 24356: 24354: 24350: 24349: 24347: 24346: 24339: 24334: 24329: 24324: 24319: 24314: 24309: 24304: 24299: 24294: 24289: 24284: 24279: 24274: 24269: 24264: 24259: 24254: 24249: 24244: 24239: 24234: 24229: 24224: 24219: 24214: 24209: 24207:Central Africa 24204: 24199: 24194: 24189: 24184: 24179: 24174: 24168: 24166: 24159: 24153: 24152: 24149: 24148: 24146: 24145: 24143:United Kingdom 24140: 24135: 24130: 24125: 24120: 24115: 24110: 24109: 24108: 24103: 24093: 24088: 24083: 24078: 24073: 24068: 24063: 24057: 24055: 24049: 24048: 24046: 24045: 24039: 24037: 24031: 24030: 24028: 24027: 24022: 24017: 24012: 24007: 24002: 23997: 23992: 23987: 23982: 23977: 23971: 23969: 23963: 23962: 23960: 23959: 23952: 23947: 23942: 23937: 23932: 23927: 23922: 23917: 23912: 23907: 23902: 23897: 23892: 23886: 23884: 23878: 23877: 23875: 23874: 23867: 23862: 23857: 23851: 23849: 23840: 23836: 23835: 23833: 23832: 23827: 23822: 23817: 23812: 23807: 23802: 23800:Prince regnant 23797: 23796: 23795: 23785: 23780: 23774: 23772: 23768: 23767: 23765: 23764: 23759: 23754: 23749: 23744: 23739: 23734: 23729: 23724: 23719: 23717:Decolonization 23714: 23709: 23704: 23699: 23694: 23688: 23686: 23682: 23681: 23679: 23678: 23673: 23671:Personal union 23668: 23663: 23658: 23653: 23648: 23643: 23641:Constitutional 23638: 23632: 23630: 23626: 23625: 23623: 23622: 23617: 23612: 23607: 23602: 23596: 23593: 23592: 23585: 23584: 23577: 23570: 23562: 23553: 23552: 23550: 23549: 23539: 23529: 23523: 23517: 23514: 23513: 23510: 23509: 23507: 23506: 23503: 23496: 23486: 23483: 23482: 23480: 23479: 23471: 23463: 23450: 23437: 23429: 23421: 23413: 23404: 23401: 23400: 23390: 23389: 23386: 23385: 23383: 23382: 23375: 23364: 23361: 23360: 23358: 23357: 23349: 23341: 23335: 23329: 23326:Willoughbyland 23323: 23316: 23313: 23312: 23302: 23301: 23298: 23297: 23295: 23294: 23284: 23278: 23271: 23268: 23267: 23263: 23262: 23260: 23259: 23253: 23247: 23240: 23233: 23227: 23220: 23218: 23216: 23215: 23208: 23202: 23196: 23186: 23180: 23174: 23168: 23162: 23156: 23150: 23142: 23136: 23126: 23120: 23114: 23108: 23098: 23091: 23088: 23087: 23084: 23078: 23075: 23074: 23069: 23068: 23061: 23054: 23046: 23039: 23038: 23035: 23034: 23032: 23031: 23025: 23019: 23018: 23017: 23005: 22999: 22993: 22989:Virgin Islands 22985: 22979: 22971: 22965: 22959: 22956:South Carolina 22953: 22947: 22940: 22933: 22926: 22920: 22914: 22908: 22902: 22892: 22886: 22880: 22874: 22868: 22862: 22856: 22853:North Carolina 22850: 22844: 22838: 22832: 22826: 22820: 22814: 22808: 22802: 22796: 22790: 22787:Mosquito Coast 22784: 22776: 22770: 22769: 22768: 22756: 22750: 22743: 22737: 22731: 22725: 22719: 22716:Oregon Country 22709: 22705:Cayman Islands 22701: 22695: 22694: 22693: 22687: 22681: 22675: 22663: 22656: 22650: 22644: 22638: 22637: 22636: 22625: 22619: 22611: 22604: 22598: 22592: 22585: 22578: 22571: 22562: 22559: 22558: 22548: 22547: 22544: 22543: 22541: 22540: 22534: 22525: 22510: 22507: 22506: 22504: 22503: 22497: 22494:Trucial States 22491: 22485: 22479: 22473: 22467: 22466: 22465: 22453: 22447: 22441: 22435: 22429: 22428: 22427: 22415: 22409: 22403: 22397: 22391: 22390: 22389: 22383: 22377: 22371: 22359: 22353: 22347: 22341: 22335: 22329: 22323: 22317: 22311: 22305: 22289: 22283: 22277: 22271: 22261: 22255: 22254: 22253: 22241: 22234: 22231: 22230: 22220: 22219: 22216: 22215: 22213: 22212: 22206: 22187:Self-governing 22184: 22170: 22163: 22160: 22159: 22157: 22156: 22150: 22144: 22138: 22130: 22124: 22118: 22112: 22106: 22100: 22094: 22088: 22082: 22076: 22070: 22064: 22056: 22050: 22044: 22038: 22032: 22026: 22020: 22014: 22008: 22002: 21996: 21990: 21980: 21974: 21968: 21962: 21959:Central Africa 21956: 21950: 21944: 21938: 21928: 21918: 21909: 21906: 21905: 21895: 21894: 21891: 21890: 21888: 21887: 21881: 21880: 21879: 21873: 21864: 21863: 21862: 21847: 21844:Ionian Islands 21841: 21835: 21827: 21821: 21815: 21802: 21799: 21798: 21788: 21787: 21785: 21784: 21778: 21772: 21767: 21764: 21758: 21755: 21754: 21747:British Empire 21742: 21741: 21734: 21727: 21719: 21710: 21709: 21707: 21706: 21701: 21696: 21691: 21686: 21681: 21676: 21671: 21665: 21663: 21659: 21658: 21656: 21655: 21650: 21645: 21640: 21635: 21630: 21625: 21620: 21615: 21610: 21605: 21600: 21595: 21590: 21585: 21580: 21575: 21570: 21564: 21562: 21558: 21557: 21555: 21554: 21547: 21542: 21537: 21532: 21527: 21522: 21517: 21512: 21507: 21502: 21497: 21492: 21487: 21485:Tarak Nath Das 21482: 21477: 21472: 21467: 21462: 21457: 21452: 21447: 21442: 21437: 21435:Shuja-ud-Daula 21432: 21427: 21425:Sarojini Naidu 21422: 21417: 21412: 21407: 21402: 21397: 21392: 21387: 21382: 21377: 21372: 21370:Prafulla Chaki 21367: 21362: 21357: 21352: 21347: 21342: 21337: 21332: 21327: 21322: 21317: 21315:Mahatma Gandhi 21312: 21307: 21302: 21297: 21292: 21287: 21282: 21277: 21272: 21267: 21262: 21257: 21252: 21247: 21242: 21237: 21232: 21227: 21222: 21217: 21212: 21207: 21202: 21197: 21192: 21187: 21182: 21177: 21172: 21167: 21162: 21157: 21152: 21147: 21142: 21137: 21132: 21127: 21122: 21117: 21112: 21107: 21102: 21097: 21092: 21087: 21082: 21077: 21071: 21069: 21063: 21062: 21060: 21059: 21054: 21049: 21044: 21039: 21037:Vakkom Moulavi 21034: 21029: 21024: 21019: 21014: 21009: 21004: 20999: 20994: 20989: 20984: 20979: 20974: 20969: 20967:Mahatma Gandhi 20964: 20959: 20954: 20952:Jyotirao Phule 20949: 20944: 20939: 20934: 20929: 20924: 20919: 20914: 20909: 20904: 20899: 20894: 20892:B. R. Ambedkar 20889: 20884: 20882:Ayya Vaikundar 20879: 20874: 20868: 20866: 20860: 20859: 20857: 20856: 20849: 20844: 20839: 20834: 20829: 20824: 20819: 20814: 20809: 20804: 20799: 20794: 20789: 20784: 20779: 20774: 20769: 20763: 20761: 20757: 20756: 20754: 20753: 20748: 20743: 20738: 20733: 20728: 20723: 20718: 20713: 20711:Cripps Mission 20708: 20703: 20698: 20693: 20688: 20683: 20678: 20673: 20668: 20663: 20658: 20653: 20648: 20643: 20638: 20633: 20628: 20623: 20618: 20613: 20608: 20603: 20601:Noakhali riots 20598: 20593: 20588: 20583: 20578: 20573: 20568: 20563: 20556: 20551: 20546: 20541: 20536: 20530: 20528: 20522: 20521: 20519: 20518: 20513: 20508: 20503: 20498: 20493: 20488: 20483: 20478: 20473: 20467: 20465: 20464:and ideologies 20459: 20458: 20456: 20455: 20448: 20446:Radcliffe Line 20443: 20438: 20433: 20428: 20423: 20421:Vellore Mutiny 20418: 20413: 20412: 20411: 20406: 20401: 20396: 20388: 20387: 20386: 20381: 20376: 20371: 20361: 20356: 20351: 20346: 20341: 20336: 20331: 20326: 20321: 20315: 20313: 20307: 20306: 20299: 20298: 20291: 20284: 20276: 20270: 20269: 20268: 20267: 20262: 20257: 20244: 20238: 20230: 20224: 20222:online edition 20215: 20205: 20194: 20191: 20190: 20189: 20177: 20174: 20168: 20158: 20146:at Wiktionary 20103: 20100: 20099: 20098: 20092: 20075: 20072: 20071: 20070: 20062: 20055: 20048:Historiography 20044: 20026:(3): 315–329. 20015: 20004: 19983: 19976: 19973: 19966: 19959: 19952: 19945: 19938: 19920:(3): 331–332. 19909: 19880: 19870:(2): 363–375. 19859: 19856: 19850: 19833: 19830: 19828: 19827: 19810:(4): 337–380, 19799: 19794: 19781: 19753: 19746: 19739: 19714:(3): 593–622, 19703: 19696: 19677:(3): 109–130, 19666: 19648:(3): 535–551. 19637: 19630: 19613: 19598: 19593:Hyam, Ronald. 19591: 19584: 19570: 19563: 19538:(3): 521–545, 19527: 19520: 19513: 19508:Anstey, Vera. 19505: 19503: 19500: 19498: 19497: 19487: 19480: 19455: 19448: 19409: 19402: 19396: 19383: 19377: 19364: 19335: 19325: 19308: 19298: 19293: 19280: 19275: 19259: 19254: 19238: 19221: 19216: 19203: 19189: 19182: 19177: 19164: 19159: 19141: 19136: 19120: 19113: 19107: 19091: 19084: 19077: 19072: 19059: 19034:(3): 545–580, 19023: 19014:Khan, Yasmin. 19012: 19007: 18992: 18985: 18972: 18962: 18953: 18948: 18935: 18930: 18914: 18886: 18845: 18839: 18824: 18806: 18799: 18787: 18772: 18765: 18755: 18740: 18723: 18706: 18699: 18694:Dewey, Clive. 18692: 18687: 18669: 18663: 18648: 18642: 18629: 18623: 18610: 18604: 18588: 18571:(3): 780–819, 18560: 18550: 18545: 18532: 18525: 18521: 18496: 18489: 18477: 18459: 18442: 18424: 18419: 18403: 18398: 18384: 18382: 18379: 18377: 18376: 18371: 18358: 18351: 18345: 18329: 18319: 18301: 18283: 18277: 18261: 18255: 18237: 18227: 18225:Percival Spear 18217: 18212: 18192: 18187: 18172: 18165: 18158: 18152: 18139: 18133: 18131:on 24 May 2024 18116: 18109:Moon, Penderel 18106: 18101: 18081: 18064: 18049: 18043: 18027: 18020: 18013: 18005: 18000: 17987: 17982: 17964: 17957: 17951: 17938: 17931: 17924: 17910: 17900: 17893: 17888: 17875: 17858: 17843: 17838: 17816: 17810: 17794: 17788: 17773: 17767: 17751: 17745: 17732: 17725: 17717: 17715: 17712: 17710: 17707: 17704: 17703: 17673: 17635: 17605: 17576: 17546: 17539: 17516: 17485: 17455: 17425: 17400: 17375: 17368: 17348: 17323: 17310: 17275: 17259: 17224: 17211: 17204: 17186: 17179: 17173:. p. 60. 17157: 17150: 17128: 17121: 17100: 17093: 17075: 17068: 17050: 17043: 17021: 17014: 16996: 16989: 16983:. p. 93. 16967: 16935: 16929:978-8184753967 16928: 16910: 16899: 16881: 16874: 16849: 16842: 16820: 16807: 16795: 16760: 16711: 16688: 16679: 16667: 16641: 16615: 16585: 16564: 16541: 16536:The Daily Star 16523: 16519:The Daily Star 16504: 16474: 16445: 16443:, p. 169. 16433: 16417: 16411:978-0956554949 16410: 16390: 16375: 16368: 16348: 16323: 16297: 16271: 16222: 16196: 16170: 16151: 16125: 16106: 16087: 16068: 16051: 16039: 16027: 16015: 16003: 15991: 15989:, p. 531. 15979: 15967: 15955: 15953:, p. 488. 15943: 15941:, p. 529. 15931: 15929:, p. 132. 15912: 15900: 15888: 15886:, p. 528. 15876: 15846: 15817: 15788: 15759: 15729: 15700: 15671: 15641: 15612: 15582: 15573: 15538: 15519: 15490:Kingsley Davis 15481: 15468: 15465:978-8176466387 15448: 15403: 15381: 15348: 15321: 15308: 15267: 15254: 15219: 15212: 15183: 15171: 15167:Tomlinson 1993 15159: 15124: 15117: 15096: 15084: 15077: 15063:Gilmour, David 15054: 14997: 14962: 14950: 14941: 14929: 14893: 14877: 14865: 14832: 14819: 14806: 14799: 14781: 14774: 14753: 14746: 14728: 14713: 14706: 14688: 14645: 14638: 14620: 14608: 14573: 14524: 14515: 14503: 14468: 14461: 14432: 14428:Tomlinson 1975 14420: 14413: 14395: 14382: 14347: 14343:Steinberg 1947 14332: 14328:Steinberg 1947 14320: 14316:Steinberg 1947 14305: 14301:Steinberg 1947 14293: 14289:Steinberg 1947 14278: 14272:, p. 72, 14262: 14250: 14238: 14226: 14224:, pp. 426 14207: 14195: 14193:, pp. 424 14183: 14171: 14120: 14071: 14067:Markovits 2004 14056: 14044: 14026: 14011: 13983: 13964: 13942: 13896: 13870: 13858:(1910) vol. 7 13847: 13819: 13802: 13789: 13768: 13751: 13738: 13711: 13687: 13670: 13645: 13632: 13623: 13593: 13560: 13536: 13517: 13503: 13477: 13465: 13453: 13438: 13436:, p. 345. 13426: 13413: 13393: 13381: 13379:, p. 427. 13369: 13357: 13342: 13340:, p. 313. 13330: 13328:, p. 297. 13318: 13306: 13294: 13279: 13244: 13231: 13212:(2): 497–529. 13196: 13172: 13165: 13139: 13132: 13105: 13093: 13067: 13054: 13021: 12985: 12967: 12905: 12893: 12891:, p. 394. 12881: 12869: 12842:(3): 493–518. 12826: 12783: 12779:Markovits 2004 12768: 12753: 12722: 12709: 12697: 12680: 12663: 12644: 12632: 12603: 12576: 12563: 12551: 12532: 12513: 12492: 12475: 12458: 12421: 12398: 12384: 12372: 12358: 12335: 12318: 12306: 12287: 12275: 12263: 12247: 12231: 12222: 12185: 12176: 12163: 12150: 12138: 12122: 12109: 12097: 12085: 12061: 12046: 12034: 12027: 12009: 11994: 11992:, p. 126. 11979: 11962: 11950: 11938: 11935:Oldenburg 2007 11924: 11916:Oldenburg 2007 11908: 11905:Oldenburg 2007 11893: 11857: 11845: 11833: 11821: 11809: 11797: 11760: 11725: 11713: 11698: 11668: 11638: 11608: 11586: 11574: 11567: 11547: 11538: 11531: 11513: 11488: 11458: 11435: 11408: 11401: 11381: 11379: 11378: 11368: 11353: 11343: 11335:Wilkie Collins 11330: 11312: 11290: 11288: 11287: 11278: 11263: 11251: 11236: 11214: 11199: 11177: 11155: 11153: 11152: 11121: 11103: 11081: 11057: 11055: 11054: 11032: 11017: 10995: 10973: 10971: 10970: 10955: 10946: 10923: 10912: 10894: 10880: 10859: 10849: 10831: 10821: 10803: 10792: 10774: 10723:(4): 665–682. 10703: 10668: 10629: 10617: 10614:. p. 251. 10596: 10579: 10574:Times of India 10554: 10532: 10531: 10529: 10526: 10523: 10522: 10494: 10481: 10468: 10353: 10340: 10327: 10318: 10309: 10300: 10291: 10279:summer capital 10267: 10254: 10234: 10221: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10212: 10207: 10202: 10196: 10191: 10186: 10181: 10175: 10170: 10168:Colonial India 10164: 10163: 10162: 10148: 10134: 10120: 10103: 10102: 10100: 10099: 10092: 10085: 10077: 10074: 10073: 10069: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10023: 10018: 10013: 10008: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9967: 9966: 9963: 9962: 9959: 9958: 9954: 9953: 9948: 9943: 9938: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9898: 9893: 9888: 9883: 9878: 9873: 9868: 9863: 9857: 9856: 9853: 9852: 9849: 9848: 9844: 9843: 9838: 9833: 9828: 9823: 9818: 9813: 9808: 9802: 9801: 9798: 9797: 9794: 9793: 9788: 9787: 9782: 9781: 9778: 9772: 9771: 9768: 9762: 9761: 9758: 9752: 9751: 9748: 9742: 9741: 9738: 9732: 9731: 9728: 9720: 9712: 9711: 9708: 9707: 9702: 9701: 9698: 9692: 9691: 9688: 9682: 9681: 9678: 9672: 9671: 9668: 9666:Maratha Empire 9662: 9661: 9658: 9652: 9651: 9648: 9646:Sikkim Kingdom 9642: 9641: 9638: 9636:Marava Kingdom 9632: 9631: 9628: 9622: 9621: 9618: 9612: 9611: 9608: 9602: 9601: 9598: 9592: 9591: 9588: 9582: 9581: 9578: 9570: 9562: 9561: 9558: 9557: 9552: 9551: 9548: 9542: 9541: 9538: 9536:Keladi Kingdom 9532: 9531: 9528: 9521: 9520: 9517: 9510: 9509: 9506: 9499: 9498: 9495: 9488: 9487: 9484: 9477: 9476: 9473: 9467: 9466: 9463: 9457: 9456: 9453: 9447: 9446: 9443: 9441:Mysore Kingdom 9437: 9436: 9433: 9427: 9426: 9423: 9417: 9416: 9413: 9407: 9406: 9403: 9397: 9396: 9393: 9387: 9386: 9383: 9377: 9376: 9373: 9371:Lodi Sultanate 9366: 9365: 9362: 9355: 9354: 9351: 9344: 9343: 9340: 9333: 9332: 9329: 9322: 9321: 9318: 9312: 9311: 9308: 9306:Ghurid Dynasty 9302: 9301: 9298: 9290: 9282: 9281: 9278: 9277: 9272: 9271: 9257: 9251: 9250: 9247: 9241: 9240: 9237: 9231: 9230: 9227: 9221: 9220: 9217: 9211: 9210: 9207: 9201: 9200: 9197: 9191: 9190: 9187: 9181: 9180: 9177: 9175:Hoysala Empire 9171: 9170: 9167: 9165:Lohara Kingdom 9161: 9160: 9157: 9151: 9150: 9147: 9141: 9140: 9137: 9131: 9130: 9127: 9121: 9120: 9117: 9111: 9110: 9107: 9101: 9100: 9097: 9091: 9090: 9087: 9081: 9080: 9077: 9071: 9070: 9067: 9061: 9060: 9057: 9051: 9050: 9047: 9041: 9040: 9037: 9031: 9030: 9027: 9025:Tibetan Empire 9021: 9020: 9017: 9011: 9010: 8996: 8990: 8989: 8986: 8980: 8979: 8969: 8963: 8962: 8959: 8953: 8952: 8949: 8943: 8942: 8939: 8933: 8932: 8929: 8923: 8922: 8919: 8913: 8912: 8909: 8903: 8902: 8899: 8897:Kadamba Empire 8893: 8892: 8889: 8883: 8882: 8868: 8862: 8861: 8847: 8841: 8840: 8837: 8831: 8830: 8827: 8821: 8820: 8817: 8811: 8810: 8807: 8801: 8800: 8797: 8791: 8790: 8787: 8781: 8780: 8770: 8764: 8763: 8760: 8754: 8753: 8750: 8744: 8743: 8740: 8734: 8733: 8730: 8724: 8723: 8709: 8703: 8702: 8699: 8693: 8692: 8689: 8681: 8673: 8672: 8669: 8668: 8663: 8662: 8659: 8653: 8652: 8638: 8632: 8631: 8621: 8619:Pallava Empire 8615: 8614: 8604: 8598: 8597: 8587: 8581: 8580: 8570: 8564: 8563: 8549: 8543: 8542: 8539: 8537:Seleucid India 8533: 8532: 8529: 8523: 8522: 8519: 8513: 8512: 8509: 8503: 8502: 8499: 8493: 8492: 8489: 8485: 8484: 8481: 8475: 8474: 8464: 8462:Maha Janapadas 8458: 8457: 8447: 8441: 8440: 8437: 8431: 8430: 8427: 8421: 8420: 8417: 8410: 8409: 8406: 8399: 8398: 8397:(1300–1000 BC) 8395: 8388: 8387: 8384: 8377: 8376: 8373: 8365: 8357: 8356: 8353: 8352: 8347: 8346: 8343: 8336: 8335: 8334:(2000–1600 BC) 8332: 8325: 8324: 8321: 8315: 8314: 8313:(1900–1300 BC) 8311: 8304: 8303: 8302:(2600–1900 BC) 8300: 8293: 8292: 8291:(3300–2600 BC) 8289: 8282: 8281: 8280:(3300–1300 BC) 8278: 8270: 8267:(3300–1300 BC) 8262: 8261: 8258: 8257: 8252: 8251: 8248: 8242: 8241: 8240:(1600–1300 BC) 8238: 8232: 8231: 8228: 8222: 8221: 8220:(3000–1500 BC) 8218: 8212: 8211: 8201: 8193: 8190:(3500–1500 BC) 8185: 8184: 8181: 8180: 8175: 8174: 8173:(5000–3000 BC) 8171: 8165: 8164: 8163:(7000–3300 BC) 8161: 8155: 8154: 8153:(7570–6200 BC) 8151: 8143: 8135: 8134: 8131: 8130: 8125: 8124: 8122: 8116: 8115: 8113: 8105: 8097: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8085: 8082: 8081: 8073: 8072: 8062: 8061: 8059: 8058: 8051: 8044: 8036: 8033: 8032: 8029: 8028: 8025: 8019: 8018: 8015: 8009: 8008: 8005: 7999: 7998: 7995: 7989: 7988: 7985: 7979: 7978: 7975: 7969: 7968: 7965: 7955: 7954: 7943: 7940: 7939: 7936: 7935: 7932: 7926: 7925: 7922: 7912: 7911: 7900: 7897: 7896: 7893: 7892: 7889: 7883: 7882: 7879: 7873: 7872: 7869: 7863: 7862: 7859: 7853: 7852: 7849: 7847:Austrian India 7839: 7838: 7835: 7827: 7826: 7824:Colonial India 7817: 7814: 7795:(particularly 7793:British sports 7750: 7747: 7712: 7709: 7703: 7700: 7574: 7571: 7487:Main article: 7484: 7481: 7480: 7479: 7465: 7450: 7428: 7403: 7381: 7370: 7353: 7350: 7342:Deccan College 7273:microbiologist 7205: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7188: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7173: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7158: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7143: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7124: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7109: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7094: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7079: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7064: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7048: 7047: 7039: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7024: 7023: 7015: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7000: 6999: 6975: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964:Chalisa famine 6960: 6959: 6943: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6928: 6927: 6919: 6918: 6915: 6912: 6900: 6897: 6894: 6893: 6859: 6857: 6850: 6828: 6825: 6822: 6821: 6818: 6815: 6812: 6809: 6806: 6803: 6800: 6797: 6794: 6791: 6788: 6785: 6782: 6779: 6776: 6773: 6769: 6768: 6765: 6762: 6759: 6756: 6753: 6750: 6747: 6744: 6741: 6738: 6735: 6732: 6729: 6726: 6723: 6720: 6716: 6715: 6712: 6709: 6706: 6703: 6700: 6697: 6694: 6691: 6688: 6685: 6682: 6679: 6676: 6673: 6670: 6667: 6656: 6655: 6652: 6649: 6646: 6643: 6640: 6637: 6634: 6631: 6628: 6625: 6622: 6619: 6616: 6613: 6610: 6607: 6601: 6600: 6597: 6594: 6591: 6588: 6585: 6582: 6579: 6576: 6573: 6570: 6567: 6564: 6561: 6558: 6555: 6552: 6541: 6540: 6537: 6534: 6531: 6528: 6525: 6522: 6519: 6516: 6513: 6510: 6507: 6504: 6501: 6498: 6495: 6492: 6485:Zoroastrianism 6481: 6480: 6477: 6474: 6471: 6468: 6465: 6462: 6459: 6456: 6453: 6450: 6447: 6444: 6441: 6438: 6435: 6432: 6421: 6420: 6417: 6414: 6411: 6408: 6405: 6402: 6399: 6396: 6393: 6390: 6387: 6384: 6381: 6378: 6375: 6372: 6361: 6360: 6357: 6354: 6351: 6348: 6345: 6342: 6339: 6336: 6333: 6330: 6327: 6324: 6321: 6318: 6315: 6312: 6301: 6300: 6297: 6294: 6291: 6288: 6285: 6282: 6279: 6276: 6273: 6270: 6267: 6264: 6261: 6258: 6255: 6252: 6241: 6240: 6237: 6234: 6231: 6228: 6225: 6222: 6219: 6216: 6213: 6210: 6207: 6204: 6201: 6198: 6195: 6192: 6181: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6097: 6096: 6093: 6090: 6087: 6084: 6081: 6078: 6075: 6072: 6058: 6055: 6054: 6053: 5976: 5973: 5961:P. J. Marshall 5932: 5929: 5891: 5888: 5869:Main article: 5866: 5863: 5858:British Empire 5815:Andhra Pradesh 5806:Lord Dalhousie 5746:Main article: 5743: 5740: 5681: 5678: 5661:Queen Victoria 5648: 5645: 5633: 5630: 5583: 5580: 5523: 5522: 5519: 5516: 5515:Communications 5513: 5510: 5507: 5504: 5501: 5498: 5495: 5492: 5489: 5486: 5483: 5378:Lord Salisbury 5365:and the first 5293: 5292: 5289: 5282: 5269:Following the 5243: 5240: 5195:Princely state 5193:Main article: 5190: 5187: 5184: 5183: 5180: 5177: 5172: 5158: 5157: 5151: 5148: 5143: 5133:Coorg Province 5129: 5128: 5122: 5119: 5114: 5100: 5099: 5096: 5093: 5088: 5074: 5073: 5067: 5064: 5059: 5045: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5015: 5012: 5002: 5001: 4996: 4993: 4988: 4970: 4969: 4964: 4961: 4956: 4918: 4917: 4912: 4909: 4904: 4880:Andhra Pradesh 4870: 4869: 4864: 4861: 4856: 4840:Madhya Pradesh 4830: 4829: 4824: 4821: 4816: 4802: 4801: 4796: 4793: 4788: 4762: 4761: 4756: 4753: 4748: 4718: 4717: 4712: 4709: 4704: 4674: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4660: 4630:Main article: 4627: 4624: 4547:Princely state 4538: 4535: 4532: 4531: 4517:, August 1947 4512:, August 1947 4502: 4497: 4496:15 August 1947 4491: 4490: 4481:Clement Attlee 4435: 4430: 4424: 4423: 4420:Burma campaign 4337: 4332: 4331:1 October 1943 4326: 4325: 4299: 4294: 4288: 4287: 4270: 4265: 4259: 4258: 4250: 4245: 4239: 4238: 4180: 4175: 4169: 4168: 4102:Visit of King 4100: 4095: 4089: 4088: 4065: 4060: 4054: 4053: 3934:Queen Victoria 3903: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3886:Bubonic plague 3872:Tirah campaign 3857: 3852: 3851:6 January 1899 3846: 3845: 3824:The Great Game 3822:High point of 3814:princely state 3812:Revolution in 3806:, opening the 3785: 3780: 3774: 3773: 3755:in full play. 3753:The Great Game 3738: 3733: 3727: 3726: 3692: 3687: 3681: 3680: 3647:Queen Victoria 3636: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3623:, in 1875–76. 3609:a child prince 3599: 3594: 3588: 3587: 3564: 3559: 3553: 3552: 3520: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3501: 3496: 3490: 3489: 3476:paper currency 3423: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3408: 3405: 3399: 3398: 3395: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3352: 3350: 3345: 3342: 3311:prime minister 3191:. Far left is 3166: 3163: 3162: 3161: 3150: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3131: 3129: 3115: 3108: 3106: 3091:Mahatma Gandhi 3089: 3082: 3076:Burma Campaign 3072:U-Go offensive 3017:Cripps mission 2942:Fazl-i-Hussain 2849:Cripps Mission 2836: 2833: 2832: 2831: 2828: 2821: 2819: 2809: 2802: 2800: 2792:B. R. Ambedkar 2781: 2774: 2767:1937 elections 2639: 2638: 2623: 2616: 2614: 2600: 2593: 2591: 2588: 2581: 2579: 2560: 2553: 2550: 2522: 2519: 2443:Sidney Rowlatt 2428:Sidney Rowlatt 2414: 2411: 2327: 2320: 2319: 2308: 2301: 2300: 2299: 2298: 2297: 2289: 2286: 2217:untouchability 2142:Mahatma Gandhi 2124: 2121: 2022:Turkish Sultan 1929: 1928: 1922: 1915: 1913: 1903: 1896: 1894: 1880: 1873: 1871: 1865:, hailed from 1863:Victoria Cross 1857: 1850: 1847: 1833: 1830: 1739:Lord Kitchener 1720: 1719: 1709: 1702: 1700: 1694: 1687: 1685: 1675: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1596:Following the 1555: 1554: 1547: 1540: 1538: 1531: 1524: 1522: 1508: 1501: 1498: 1486: 1479: 1376: 1375: 1365: 1358: 1356: 1350: 1343: 1341: 1333:W. C. Bonerjee 1322: 1315: 1313: 1300: 1293: 1290: 1282: 1279: 1254:infrastructure 1236: 1235: 1229: 1222: 1220: 1206: 1199: 1197: 1186: 1179: 1177: 1170: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1126:Lord Dalhousie 1081: 1080: 1073: 1066: 1064: 1050: 1043: 1041: 1037:Queen Victoria 1034: 1027: 1025: 1012: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 992:Main article: 989: 986: 985: 984: 981: 974: 913:Trucial States 872: 869: 837:United Nations 788:). Later, the 774:Union of India 758:Queen Victoria 723:United Kingdom 657: 656: 653: 652: 649: 648: 641: 631: 630: 623: 613: 612: 605: 603:Colony of Aden 599: 598: 591: 581: 580: 573: 567: 566: 559: 553: 552: 545: 532: 529: 528: 523: 515: 514: 505: 493: 492: 487: 477: 476: 471: 467: 466: 463: 460: 457: 456: 452: 451: 448: 447: 444: 438: 435: 434: 431: 423: 420: 419: 416: 410: 407: 406: 403: 397: 394: 393: 390: 389: 386: 382: 381: 376: 372: 371: 368: 367: 362: 359: 356: 355: 353:Edward Stanley 350: 347: 344: 343: 340: 339: 336: 330: 329: 326: 325: 318: 315: 312: 311: 306: 303: 300: 299: 296: 295: 292: 286: 285: 282: 281: 276: 273: 270: 269: 264: 261: 258: 257: 252: 249: 246: 245: 240: 237: 234: 233: 228: 225: 222: 221: 218: 217: 214: 208: 207: 202: 198: 197: 194: 188: 187: 185: 184: 179: 169: 163: 161: 157: 156: 143: 139: 138: 128: 124: 123: 120: 112: 111: 88: 80: 79: 68: 57: 56: 52: 51: 48: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 28495: 28484: 28481: 28479: 28476: 28474: 28471: 28469: 28466: 28464: 28461: 28459: 28456: 28454: 28451: 28449: 28446: 28444: 28441: 28439: 28438:British India 28436: 28435: 28433: 28408: 28405: 28404: 28403: 28400: 28396: 28393: 28392: 28391: 28388: 28386: 28383: 28381: 28378: 28376: 28373: 28371: 28368: 28366: 28363: 28359: 28356: 28355: 28354: 28351: 28349: 28346: 28344: 28341: 28339: 28336: 28334: 28331: 28329: 28326: 28322: 28319: 28318: 28317: 28314: 28310: 28307: 28306: 28305: 28302: 28300: 28297: 28295: 28292: 28290: 28287: 28285: 28282: 28281: 28279: 28277: 28273: 28267: 28264: 28262: 28259: 28257: 28254: 28252: 28249: 28247: 28244: 28242: 28239: 28237: 28234: 28232: 28229: 28227: 28224: 28222: 28219: 28217: 28214: 28212: 28209: 28207: 28204: 28202: 28199: 28195: 28192: 28190: 28187: 28185: 28182: 28180: 28177: 28176: 28175: 28172: 28168: 28165: 28164: 28163: 28160: 28158: 28155: 28153: 28150: 28148: 28145: 28144: 28142: 28138: 28134: 28127: 28123: 28122: 28118: 28114: 28100: 28097: 28095: 28092: 28090: 28089:Insurance Act 28087: 28085: 28082: 28080: 28079:Companies Act 28077: 28075: 28072: 28070: 28067: 28065: 28062: 28060: 28057: 28055: 28052: 28048: 28045: 28044: 28043: 28040: 28039: 28037: 28033: 28027: 28024: 28022: 28019: 28017: 28014: 28012: 28009: 28008: 28006: 28002: 27994: 27991: 27989: 27986: 27984: 27981: 27979: 27976: 27974: 27971: 27969: 27966: 27962: 27959: 27958: 27957: 27954: 27953: 27952: 27949: 27947: 27944: 27942: 27939: 27937: 27934: 27932: 27929: 27925: 27924:Biotechnology 27922: 27921: 27920: 27917: 27915: 27912: 27910: 27907: 27905: 27902: 27898: 27895: 27893: 27890: 27889: 27888: 27885: 27881: 27878: 27876: 27873: 27871: 27868: 27866: 27863: 27862: 27861: 27858: 27856: 27853: 27849: 27846: 27845: 27844: 27841: 27839: 27836: 27834: 27831: 27829: 27828:Entertainment 27826: 27824: 27821: 27815: 27812: 27810: 27807: 27805: 27802: 27800: 27797: 27796: 27795: 27792: 27791: 27790: 27787: 27785: 27782: 27780: 27777: 27775: 27772: 27770: 27767: 27765: 27762: 27758: 27755: 27753: 27750: 27749: 27748: 27745: 27744: 27742: 27738: 27732: 27729: 27727: 27726:Uttar Pradesh 27724: 27722: 27719: 27717: 27714: 27712: 27709: 27707: 27704: 27702: 27699: 27697: 27694: 27692: 27689: 27687: 27684: 27682: 27679: 27677: 27674: 27672: 27669: 27667: 27664: 27662: 27659: 27657: 27654: 27652: 27649: 27647: 27644: 27642: 27639: 27637: 27634: 27632: 27629: 27627: 27624: 27622: 27619: 27617: 27614: 27613: 27611: 27607: 27599: 27596: 27594: 27591: 27589: 27586: 27585: 27584: 27581: 27579: 27576: 27572: 27569: 27568: 27567: 27564: 27562: 27559: 27557: 27554: 27553: 27551: 27547: 27541: 27538: 27536: 27533: 27531: 27528: 27526: 27523: 27521: 27518: 27516: 27513: 27511: 27508: 27507: 27505: 27503: 27499: 27491: 27488: 27486: 27483: 27482: 27481: 27478: 27476: 27473: 27471: 27468: 27466: 27463: 27461: 27458: 27457: 27455: 27451: 27445: 27442: 27438: 27435: 27433: 27430: 27429: 27428: 27425: 27421: 27418: 27416: 27413: 27411: 27410:Digital rupee 27408: 27406: 27403: 27401: 27398: 27396: 27393: 27392: 27391: 27388: 27387: 27385: 27381: 27375: 27372: 27370: 27369:Make in India 27367: 27365: 27362: 27360: 27357: 27355: 27352: 27350: 27347: 27345: 27342: 27340: 27337: 27335: 27332: 27330: 27327: 27325: 27324:Foreign trade 27322: 27320: 27319:External debt 27317: 27315: 27312: 27310: 27307: 27305: 27302: 27300: 27297: 27295: 27292: 27290: 27287: 27283: 27280: 27279: 27278: 27275: 27274: 27272: 27268: 27262: 27259: 27257: 27254: 27253: 27251: 27249: 27245: 27241: 27237: 27232: 27228: 27214: 27211: 27209: 27206: 27204: 27201: 27199: 27196: 27194: 27191: 27189: 27186: 27184: 27181: 27179: 27176: 27174: 27171: 27169: 27166: 27164: 27161: 27160: 27158: 27156: 27152: 27146: 27143: 27141: 27138: 27136: 27133: 27132: 27130: 27128: 27124: 27110: 27107: 27105: 27102: 27100: 27097: 27095: 27092: 27090: 27087: 27085: 27082: 27080: 27077: 27075: 27072: 27070: 27067: 27066: 27064: 27062: 27058: 27052: 27049: 27047: 27044: 27042: 27039: 27037: 27034: 27032: 27029: 27027: 27024: 27022: 27019: 27017: 27014: 27013: 27011: 27007: 27004: 27002: 26998: 26992: 26989: 26987: 26984: 26982: 26981:Chief Justice 26979: 26977: 26976:Supreme Court 26974: 26970: 26967: 26966: 26965: 26962: 26960: 26957: 26955: 26952: 26950: 26947: 26946: 26943: 26940: 26938: 26934: 26928: 26925: 26923: 26920: 26918: 26915: 26911: 26908: 26906: 26903: 26902: 26901: 26898: 26896: 26893: 26891: 26888: 26886: 26883: 26881: 26878: 26876: 26873: 26871: 26868: 26864: 26861: 26859: 26856: 26855: 26854: 26851: 26849: 26846: 26844: 26843:Energy policy 26841: 26839: 26836: 26835: 26833: 26831: 26827: 26823: 26819: 26814: 26810: 26796: 26793: 26791: 26788: 26786: 26783: 26781: 26778: 26776: 26772: 26769: 26767: 26764: 26762: 26759: 26758: 26756: 26752: 26746: 26743: 26741: 26738: 26736: 26733: 26731: 26728: 26726: 26723: 26721: 26718: 26716: 26713: 26712: 26710: 26708: 26704: 26698: 26695: 26691: 26688: 26686: 26683: 26682: 26681: 26678: 26676: 26673: 26669: 26666: 26665: 26664: 26661: 26659: 26656: 26654: 26651: 26650: 26648: 26646: 26642: 26636: 26633: 26631: 26628: 26626: 26623: 26621: 26618: 26614: 26611: 26609: 26606: 26604: 26603:Indo-Gangetic 26601: 26600: 26598: 26596: 26593: 26591: 26588: 26586: 26583: 26581: 26578: 26576: 26573: 26571: 26568: 26566: 26563: 26561: 26558: 26556: 26553: 26551: 26548: 26546: 26543: 26541: 26538: 26537: 26535: 26531: 26525: 26522: 26520: 26517: 26515: 26512: 26510: 26507: 26505: 26502: 26500: 26497: 26495: 26492: 26490: 26487: 26485: 26482: 26480: 26477: 26475: 26472: 26470: 26467: 26465: 26462: 26460: 26457: 26455: 26452: 26451: 26449: 26447: 26443: 26437: 26434: 26432: 26429: 26427: 26424: 26422: 26419: 26417: 26414: 26413: 26411: 26407: 26401: 26398: 26396: 26393: 26391: 26388: 26387: 26385: 26383: 26379: 26375: 26371: 26366: 26362: 26348: 26345: 26343: 26340: 26338: 26335: 26333: 26330: 26329: 26327: 26323: 26317: 26314: 26312: 26311:The Emergency 26309: 26307: 26304: 26302: 26299: 26297: 26294: 26292: 26289: 26287: 26284: 26282: 26279: 26277: 26274: 26272: 26269: 26267: 26264: 26262: 26259: 26258: 26256: 26252: 26246: 26243: 26241: 26238: 26236: 26233: 26231: 26228: 26226: 26223: 26221: 26218: 26216: 26213: 26211: 26208: 26204: 26201: 26200: 26199: 26196: 26194: 26191: 26189: 26186: 26184: 26181: 26179: 26176: 26174: 26171: 26169: 26166: 26164: 26161: 26159: 26156: 26155: 26153: 26151: 26147: 26141: 26138: 26136: 26133: 26131: 26128: 26126: 26123: 26122: 26120: 26118: 26114: 26108: 26105: 26103: 26100: 26098: 26095: 26093: 26090: 26088: 26085: 26083: 26080: 26079: 26077: 26075: 26071: 26065: 26062: 26060: 26057: 26056: 26054: 26050: 26044: 26041: 26039: 26036: 26034: 26033:Kushan Empire 26031: 26029: 26026: 26024: 26021: 26019: 26016: 26014: 26011: 26009: 26008:Mahajanapadas 26006: 26004: 26001: 25999: 25996: 25994: 25991: 25990: 25988: 25986: 25982: 25976: 25973: 25971: 25968: 25966: 25963: 25961: 25958: 25956: 25953: 25951: 25948: 25946: 25943: 25941: 25938: 25936: 25933: 25931: 25928: 25926: 25923: 25921: 25918: 25916: 25913: 25912: 25909: 25906: 25904: 25901: 25900: 25898: 25894: 25890: 25886: 25881: 25877: 25868: 25863: 25861: 25856: 25854: 25849: 25848: 25845: 25833: 25830: 25828: 25825: 25823: 25820: 25818: 25815: 25813: 25810: 25809: 25807: 25805: 25801: 25795: 25792: 25790: 25787: 25785: 25782: 25781: 25779: 25775: 25769: 25766: 25764: 25761: 25760: 25758: 25756: 25752: 25744: 25741: 25740: 25739: 25736: 25734: 25731: 25729: 25726: 25724: 25721: 25719: 25716: 25715: 25713: 25711: 25707: 25699: 25696: 25694: 25691: 25689: 25686: 25685: 25684: 25681: 25679: 25676: 25672: 25669: 25667: 25664: 25662: 25659: 25657: 25654: 25653: 25652: 25649: 25648: 25646: 25644: 25640: 25634: 25631: 25629: 25626: 25624: 25621: 25619: 25616: 25614: 25611: 25609: 25606: 25604: 25601: 25599: 25596: 25592: 25589: 25588: 25587: 25584: 25583: 25581: 25579: 25575: 25569: 25566: 25564: 25561: 25557: 25554: 25552: 25549: 25547: 25544: 25543: 25542: 25539: 25537: 25534: 25533: 25531: 25529: 25525: 25521: 25515: 25512: 25510: 25507: 25506: 25504: 25502: 25498: 25492: 25489: 25487: 25484: 25482: 25479: 25477: 25474: 25472: 25469: 25467: 25464: 25462: 25459: 25457: 25454: 25452: 25449: 25447: 25444: 25442: 25439: 25437: 25434: 25432: 25431:Architecture‎ 25429: 25428: 25426: 25424: 25420: 25414: 25411: 25407: 25404: 25402: 25399: 25397: 25394: 25392: 25389: 25388: 25387:Other groups 25386: 25384: 25381: 25379: 25378:Tibeto-Burman 25376: 25374: 25371: 25369: 25366: 25364: 25361: 25359: 25356: 25354: 25351: 25349: 25348:Austroasiatic 25346: 25344: 25341: 25340: 25338: 25336: 25335:Ethnic groups 25332: 25327: 25317: 25314: 25310: 25307: 25305: 25302: 25300: 25297: 25295: 25292: 25291: 25290: 25287: 25285: 25282: 25278: 25275: 25274: 25273: 25270: 25268: 25265: 25263: 25260: 25256: 25253: 25251: 25248: 25246: 25243: 25239: 25236: 25235: 25234: 25231: 25230: 25229: 25226: 25224: 25221: 25219: 25216: 25214: 25211: 25210: 25208: 25206: 25202: 25198: 25191: 25186: 25184: 25179: 25177: 25172: 25171: 25168: 25152: 25149: 25147: 25144: 25142: 25139: 25137: 25134: 25132: 25129: 25127: 25124: 25122: 25119: 25117: 25114: 25112: 25109: 25107: 25104: 25102: 25099: 25097: 25094: 25092: 25088: 25085: 25082: 25081: 25076: 25072: 25069: 25067: 25064: 25062: 25059: 25057: 25054: 25052: 25049: 25046: 25043: 25041: 25038: 25037: 25035: 25031: 25025: 25022: 25020: 25017: 25015: 25012: 25010: 25007: 25005: 25002: 25000: 24997: 24995: 24992: 24990: 24987: 24985: 24982: 24980: 24977: 24975: 24972: 24970: 24967: 24965: 24962: 24960: 24959:Easter Island 24957: 24955: 24952: 24950: 24947: 24946: 24944: 24940: 24934: 24931: 24929: 24926: 24924: 24921: 24919: 24916: 24914: 24911: 24909: 24906: 24904: 24901: 24899: 24896: 24894: 24891: 24889: 24886: 24884: 24881: 24879: 24876: 24874: 24871: 24869: 24866: 24864: 24861: 24859: 24856: 24854: 24851: 24849: 24846: 24844: 24841: 24839: 24836: 24834: 24831: 24829: 24826: 24824: 24821: 24819: 24816: 24814: 24811: 24809: 24806: 24804: 24801: 24799: 24796: 24794: 24791: 24789: 24786: 24784: 24781: 24779: 24776: 24774: 24771: 24769: 24766: 24764: 24761: 24759: 24756: 24754: 24751: 24749: 24746: 24744: 24741: 24739: 24736: 24734: 24731: 24729: 24726: 24724: 24721: 24719: 24716: 24714: 24711: 24709: 24706: 24704: 24701: 24699: 24696: 24694: 24691: 24689: 24686: 24684: 24681: 24679: 24676: 24674: 24671: 24669: 24666: 24664: 24661: 24660: 24658: 24654: 24647: 24646: 24641: 24638: 24636: 24633: 24631: 24628: 24626: 24623: 24621: 24618: 24616: 24613: 24611: 24608: 24606: 24603: 24601: 24598: 24596: 24593: 24591: 24588: 24586: 24585: 24581: 24579: 24576: 24574: 24571: 24569: 24566: 24564: 24561: 24559: 24556: 24554: 24551: 24549: 24546: 24544: 24541: 24539: 24536: 24534: 24531: 24529: 24526: 24524: 24521: 24519: 24516: 24514: 24511: 24509: 24506: 24504: 24501: 24499: 24498:Jabal Shammar 24496: 24494: 24491: 24488: 24484: 24481: 24479: 24478: 24474: 24472: 24469: 24467: 24464: 24462: 24459: 24457: 24454: 24452: 24449: 24447: 24444: 24442: 24439: 24437: 24434: 24432: 24429: 24427: 24424: 24423: 24421: 24417: 24411: 24408: 24406: 24403: 24401: 24398: 24396: 24393: 24391: 24388: 24386: 24383: 24381: 24378: 24376: 24373: 24371: 24368: 24366: 24363: 24361: 24358: 24357: 24355: 24351: 24345: 24344: 24340: 24338: 24335: 24333: 24330: 24328: 24325: 24323: 24320: 24318: 24315: 24313: 24310: 24308: 24305: 24303: 24300: 24298: 24295: 24293: 24290: 24288: 24285: 24283: 24280: 24278: 24275: 24273: 24270: 24268: 24265: 24263: 24260: 24258: 24255: 24253: 24250: 24248: 24245: 24243: 24240: 24238: 24235: 24233: 24230: 24228: 24225: 24223: 24220: 24218: 24215: 24213: 24210: 24208: 24205: 24203: 24200: 24198: 24195: 24193: 24190: 24188: 24185: 24183: 24180: 24178: 24175: 24173: 24170: 24169: 24167: 24163: 24160: 24158: 24154: 24144: 24141: 24139: 24136: 24134: 24131: 24129: 24126: 24124: 24121: 24119: 24116: 24114: 24111: 24107: 24104: 24102: 24099: 24098: 24097: 24094: 24092: 24089: 24087: 24084: 24082: 24079: 24077: 24074: 24072: 24069: 24067: 24064: 24062: 24059: 24058: 24056: 24054: 24050: 24044: 24041: 24040: 24038: 24036: 24032: 24026: 24023: 24021: 24018: 24016: 24013: 24011: 24008: 24006: 24003: 24001: 23998: 23996: 23993: 23991: 23990:Liechtenstein 23988: 23986: 23983: 23981: 23978: 23976: 23973: 23972: 23970: 23968: 23964: 23958: 23957: 23953: 23951: 23948: 23946: 23943: 23941: 23938: 23936: 23933: 23931: 23928: 23926: 23923: 23921: 23918: 23916: 23913: 23911: 23908: 23906: 23903: 23901: 23898: 23896: 23893: 23891: 23888: 23887: 23885: 23883: 23879: 23873: 23872: 23868: 23866: 23863: 23861: 23858: 23856: 23853: 23852: 23850: 23848: 23844: 23841: 23837: 23831: 23828: 23826: 23823: 23821: 23818: 23816: 23813: 23811: 23808: 23806: 23803: 23801: 23798: 23794: 23793:Queen regnant 23791: 23790: 23789: 23786: 23784: 23781: 23779: 23776: 23775: 23773: 23769: 23763: 23760: 23758: 23755: 23753: 23752:Republicanism 23750: 23748: 23745: 23743: 23740: 23738: 23735: 23733: 23732:Head of state 23730: 23728: 23725: 23723: 23720: 23718: 23715: 23713: 23710: 23708: 23705: 23703: 23700: 23698: 23695: 23693: 23690: 23689: 23687: 23683: 23677: 23674: 23672: 23669: 23667: 23666:Non-sovereign 23664: 23662: 23659: 23657: 23654: 23652: 23649: 23647: 23644: 23642: 23639: 23637: 23634: 23633: 23631: 23627: 23621: 23618: 23616: 23613: 23611: 23608: 23606: 23603: 23601: 23598: 23597: 23594: 23590: 23583: 23578: 23576: 23571: 23569: 23564: 23563: 23560: 23548: 23544: 23540: 23538: 23530: 23527: 23524: 23522: 23519: 23518: 23515: 23504: 23501: 23497: 23494: 23493: 23488: 23487: 23484: 23477: 23476: 23472: 23469: 23468: 23464: 23459: 23454: 23451: 23446: 23441: 23438: 23435: 23434: 23430: 23427: 23426: 23422: 23419: 23418: 23414: 23411: 23410: 23406: 23405: 23402: 23395: 23391: 23380: 23379:Falklands War 23376: 23374: 23370: 23366: 23365: 23362: 23355: 23354: 23350: 23347: 23346: 23342: 23339: 23336: 23333: 23330: 23327: 23324: 23321: 23318: 23317: 23314: 23310:South America 23307: 23303: 23293: 23289: 23285: 23283: 23279: 23277: 23273: 23272: 23269: 23257: 23254: 23251: 23248: 23245: 23241: 23238: 23234: 23231: 23228: 23225: 23222: 23221: 23219: 23213: 23209: 23206: 23203: 23200: 23199:Union Islands 23197: 23194: 23190: 23187: 23184: 23181: 23178: 23175: 23172: 23169: 23166: 23163: 23160: 23157: 23154: 23151: 23148: 23147: 23143: 23140: 23137: 23134: 23130: 23127: 23124: 23121: 23118: 23115: 23112: 23109: 23106: 23102: 23099: 23096: 23093: 23092: 23090: 23089: 23085: 23082: 23081: 23076: 23067: 23062: 23060: 23055: 23053: 23048: 23047: 23044: 23040: 23029: 23026: 23023: 23020: 23015: 23012: 23011: 23009: 23006: 23003: 23000: 22997: 22994: 22991: 22990: 22986: 22983: 22980: 22977: 22976: 22972: 22969: 22966: 22963: 22960: 22957: 22954: 22951: 22948: 22945: 22941: 22938: 22934: 22931: 22927: 22924: 22921: 22918: 22915: 22912: 22911:Rupert's Land 22909: 22906: 22903: 22900: 22896: 22893: 22890: 22887: 22884: 22881: 22878: 22875: 22872: 22871:Paulet affair 22869: 22866: 22863: 22860: 22857: 22854: 22851: 22848: 22845: 22842: 22839: 22836: 22833: 22830: 22827: 22824: 22821: 22818: 22817:New Hampshire 22815: 22812: 22809: 22806: 22805:New Brunswick 22803: 22800: 22797: 22794: 22791: 22788: 22785: 22782: 22781: 22777: 22774: 22771: 22766: 22763: 22762: 22760: 22757: 22754: 22751: 22748: 22744: 22741: 22738: 22735: 22732: 22729: 22726: 22723: 22720: 22717: 22713: 22710: 22707: 22706: 22702: 22699: 22696: 22691: 22688: 22685: 22682: 22679: 22676: 22673: 22670: 22669: 22668: 22664: 22661: 22657: 22654: 22651: 22648: 22645: 22642: 22639: 22635: 22632: 22631: 22629: 22626: 22623: 22620: 22617: 22616: 22612: 22609: 22605: 22602: 22599: 22596: 22593: 22590: 22586: 22583: 22579: 22576: 22572: 22569: 22568: 22564: 22563: 22560: 22556:North America 22553: 22549: 22539: 22535: 22533: 22529: 22526: 22524: 22520: 22516: 22512: 22511: 22508: 22501: 22498: 22495: 22492: 22489: 22486: 22483: 22480: 22477: 22476:South Vietnam 22474: 22471: 22468: 22463: 22460: 22459: 22457: 22454: 22451: 22448: 22445: 22442: 22439: 22436: 22433: 22430: 22425: 22422: 22421: 22419: 22416: 22413: 22410: 22407: 22404: 22401: 22398: 22395: 22392: 22387: 22384: 22381: 22378: 22375: 22372: 22369: 22366: 22365: 22363: 22360: 22357: 22354: 22351: 22348: 22345: 22342: 22339: 22336: 22333: 22330: 22327: 22324: 22321: 22318: 22315: 22312: 22309: 22306: 22303: 22299: 22295: 22294: 22290: 22287: 22284: 22281: 22278: 22275: 22272: 22269: 22265: 22262: 22259: 22256: 22251: 22248: 22247: 22245: 22242: 22239: 22236: 22235: 22232: 22225: 22221: 22211: 22207: 22204: 22200: 22196: 22192: 22188: 22185: 22182: 22178: 22174: 22171: 22169: 22165: 22164: 22161: 22154: 22151: 22148: 22145: 22142: 22139: 22136: 22135: 22131: 22128: 22125: 22122: 22119: 22116: 22113: 22110: 22107: 22104: 22101: 22098: 22095: 22092: 22089: 22086: 22083: 22080: 22077: 22074: 22071: 22068: 22065: 22062: 22061: 22057: 22054: 22051: 22048: 22045: 22042: 22039: 22036: 22033: 22030: 22027: 22024: 22021: 22018: 22015: 22012: 22009: 22006: 22003: 22000: 21997: 21994: 21991: 21988: 21984: 21981: 21978: 21975: 21972: 21969: 21966: 21963: 21960: 21957: 21954: 21951: 21948: 21945: 21942: 21939: 21936: 21932: 21929: 21926: 21922: 21919: 21916: 21915: 21911: 21910: 21907: 21900: 21896: 21885: 21882: 21877: 21874: 21871: 21868: 21867: 21865: 21860: 21857: 21856: 21851: 21848: 21845: 21842: 21839: 21836: 21833: 21832: 21828: 21825: 21822: 21819: 21816: 21813: 21809: 21808: 21804: 21803: 21800: 21793: 21789: 21783: 21779: 21777: 21773: 21771: 21768: 21765: 21760: 21759: 21756: 21752: 21748: 21740: 21735: 21733: 21728: 21726: 21721: 21720: 21717: 21705: 21702: 21700: 21697: 21695: 21692: 21690: 21687: 21685: 21682: 21680: 21677: 21675: 21672: 21670: 21667: 21666: 21664: 21660: 21654: 21651: 21649: 21646: 21644: 21641: 21639: 21636: 21634: 21631: 21629: 21626: 21624: 21621: 21619: 21616: 21614: 21611: 21609: 21606: 21604: 21601: 21599: 21596: 21594: 21591: 21589: 21586: 21584: 21581: 21579: 21576: 21574: 21571: 21569: 21566: 21565: 21563: 21559: 21553: 21552: 21548: 21546: 21543: 21541: 21538: 21536: 21533: 21531: 21528: 21526: 21523: 21521: 21518: 21516: 21513: 21511: 21508: 21506: 21503: 21501: 21498: 21496: 21493: 21491: 21488: 21486: 21483: 21481: 21478: 21476: 21473: 21471: 21468: 21466: 21463: 21461: 21458: 21456: 21453: 21451: 21448: 21446: 21443: 21441: 21438: 21436: 21433: 21431: 21430:Satyapal Dang 21428: 21426: 21423: 21421: 21418: 21416: 21413: 21411: 21408: 21406: 21403: 21401: 21398: 21396: 21393: 21391: 21388: 21386: 21383: 21381: 21378: 21376: 21373: 21371: 21368: 21366: 21363: 21361: 21358: 21356: 21355:Nana Fadnavis 21353: 21351: 21348: 21346: 21343: 21341: 21338: 21336: 21333: 21331: 21328: 21326: 21323: 21321: 21320:Mangal Pandey 21318: 21316: 21313: 21311: 21308: 21306: 21303: 21301: 21298: 21296: 21293: 21291: 21288: 21286: 21283: 21281: 21280:Khudiram Bose 21278: 21276: 21273: 21271: 21268: 21266: 21263: 21261: 21258: 21256: 21253: 21251: 21248: 21246: 21243: 21241: 21238: 21236: 21233: 21231: 21228: 21226: 21223: 21221: 21218: 21216: 21213: 21211: 21208: 21206: 21203: 21201: 21198: 21196: 21195:Chetram Jatav 21193: 21191: 21188: 21186: 21183: 21181: 21178: 21176: 21173: 21171: 21168: 21166: 21165:Bhikaiji Cama 21163: 21161: 21158: 21156: 21155:Bharathidasan 21153: 21151: 21148: 21146: 21143: 21141: 21140:Basawon Singh 21138: 21136: 21133: 21131: 21128: 21126: 21123: 21121: 21118: 21116: 21113: 21111: 21108: 21106: 21103: 21101: 21098: 21096: 21093: 21091: 21088: 21086: 21083: 21081: 21078: 21076: 21073: 21072: 21070: 21064: 21058: 21055: 21053: 21050: 21048: 21045: 21043: 21040: 21038: 21035: 21033: 21030: 21028: 21027:Sri Aurobindo 21025: 21023: 21020: 21018: 21015: 21013: 21010: 21008: 21005: 21003: 21000: 20998: 20997:Ram Mohan Roy 20995: 20993: 20990: 20988: 20985: 20983: 20980: 20978: 20977:Narayana Guru 20975: 20973: 20970: 20968: 20965: 20963: 20960: 20958: 20955: 20953: 20950: 20948: 20945: 20943: 20940: 20938: 20935: 20933: 20930: 20928: 20925: 20923: 20920: 20918: 20915: 20913: 20910: 20908: 20905: 20903: 20900: 20898: 20895: 20893: 20890: 20888: 20885: 20883: 20880: 20878: 20875: 20873: 20870: 20869: 20867: 20861: 20855: 20854: 20850: 20848: 20845: 20843: 20840: 20838: 20835: 20833: 20830: 20828: 20825: 20823: 20820: 20818: 20815: 20813: 20810: 20808: 20805: 20803: 20800: 20798: 20795: 20793: 20790: 20788: 20785: 20783: 20780: 20778: 20775: 20773: 20770: 20768: 20765: 20764: 20762: 20760:Organisations 20758: 20752: 20749: 20747: 20744: 20742: 20739: 20737: 20734: 20732: 20729: 20727: 20724: 20722: 20721:Bombay Mutiny 20719: 20717: 20714: 20712: 20709: 20707: 20706:Indian Legion 20704: 20702: 20699: 20697: 20694: 20692: 20689: 20687: 20684: 20682: 20679: 20677: 20674: 20672: 20669: 20667: 20664: 20662: 20659: 20657: 20654: 20652: 20649: 20647: 20646:1928 Protests 20644: 20642: 20639: 20637: 20634: 20632: 20629: 20627: 20624: 20622: 20619: 20617: 20614: 20612: 20609: 20607: 20604: 20602: 20599: 20597: 20594: 20592: 20591:Rowlatt Bills 20589: 20587: 20584: 20582: 20579: 20577: 20574: 20572: 20569: 20567: 20564: 20562: 20561: 20557: 20555: 20552: 20550: 20547: 20545: 20542: 20540: 20537: 20535: 20532: 20531: 20529: 20523: 20517: 20514: 20512: 20509: 20507: 20504: 20502: 20499: 20497: 20494: 20492: 20489: 20487: 20484: 20482: 20479: 20477: 20474: 20472: 20469: 20468: 20466: 20460: 20454: 20453: 20449: 20447: 20444: 20442: 20439: 20437: 20434: 20432: 20429: 20427: 20424: 20422: 20419: 20417: 20414: 20410: 20407: 20405: 20402: 20400: 20397: 20395: 20392: 20391: 20389: 20385: 20382: 20380: 20377: 20375: 20372: 20370: 20367: 20366: 20365: 20362: 20360: 20357: 20355: 20352: 20350: 20347: 20345: 20342: 20340: 20337: 20335: 20332: 20330: 20327: 20325: 20322: 20320: 20317: 20316: 20314: 20312: 20308: 20304: 20297: 20292: 20290: 20285: 20283: 20278: 20277: 20274: 20266: 20263: 20261: 20258: 20256: 20253: 20252: 20251: 20248: 20245: 20242: 20239: 20236: 20235: 20231: 20228: 20225: 20223: 20219: 20216: 20212: 20211: 20206: 20204: 20200: 20197: 20196: 20185: 20184: 20178: 20175: 20172: 20169: 20166: 20163: 20159: 20157: 20153: 20150:Judd, Denis. 20149: 20148: 20147: 20145: 20144: 20138: 20133: 20129: 20125:at Wikiquote 20124: 20119: 20114: 20109: 20095: 20089: 20085: 20084: 20078: 20077: 20074:Miscellaneous 20068: 20063: 20060: 20056: 20053: 20049: 20045: 20041: 20037: 20033: 20029: 20025: 20021: 20016: 20013: 20009: 20005: 20001: 19997: 19993: 19989: 19984: 19981: 19977: 19974: 19971: 19967: 19964: 19960: 19957: 19953: 19950: 19946: 19943: 19939: 19935: 19931: 19927: 19923: 19919: 19915: 19910: 19906: 19902: 19898: 19894: 19890: 19886: 19881: 19877: 19873: 19869: 19865: 19860: 19857: 19853: 19847: 19843: 19842: 19836: 19835: 19825: 19821: 19817: 19813: 19809: 19805: 19800: 19797: 19791: 19787: 19782: 19779: 19775: 19771: 19767: 19763: 19759: 19754: 19751: 19747: 19744: 19740: 19737: 19733: 19729: 19725: 19721: 19717: 19713: 19709: 19704: 19701: 19697: 19694: 19690: 19685: 19680: 19676: 19672: 19667: 19663: 19659: 19655: 19651: 19647: 19643: 19638: 19635: 19631: 19620: 19616: 19610: 19606: 19605: 19599: 19596: 19592: 19589: 19585: 19583: 19579: 19575: 19571: 19568: 19564: 19561: 19557: 19553: 19549: 19545: 19541: 19537: 19533: 19528: 19525: 19521: 19518: 19514: 19511: 19507: 19506: 19496: 19492: 19488: 19485: 19481: 19469: 19465: 19461: 19456: 19453: 19449: 19445: 19441: 19437: 19433: 19428: 19423: 19419: 19415: 19410: 19407: 19403: 19399: 19393: 19389: 19384: 19380: 19374: 19370: 19365: 19361: 19357: 19353: 19349: 19346:(47): 69–77. 19345: 19341: 19336: 19334: 19330: 19326: 19324: 19320: 19317: 19313: 19309: 19307: 19303: 19299: 19296: 19290: 19286: 19281: 19278: 19272: 19268: 19264: 19260: 19257: 19251: 19247: 19243: 19239: 19237: 19233: 19230: 19226: 19222: 19219: 19213: 19209: 19204: 19200: 19199: 19194: 19190: 19187: 19183: 19180: 19174: 19170: 19165: 19162: 19156: 19152: 19151: 19146: 19142: 19139: 19133: 19129: 19125: 19121: 19118: 19114: 19110: 19104: 19100: 19096: 19092: 19089: 19085: 19082: 19078: 19075: 19069: 19065: 19060: 19057: 19053: 19049: 19045: 19041: 19037: 19033: 19029: 19024: 19021: 19017: 19013: 19010: 19004: 19000: 18999: 18993: 18990: 18986: 18981: 18977: 18976:Jalal, Ayesha 18973: 18969: 18968: 18963: 18959: 18954: 18951: 18945: 18941: 18936: 18933: 18931:0-19-505115-7 18927: 18923: 18919: 18915: 18912: 18908: 18904: 18900: 18896: 18892: 18887: 18884: 18880: 18875: 18870: 18866: 18862: 18858: 18854: 18850: 18846: 18842: 18836: 18832: 18831: 18825: 18814: 18813: 18807: 18804: 18800: 18790: 18784: 18780: 18779: 18773: 18770: 18766: 18764: 18760: 18756: 18753: 18749: 18745: 18741: 18730: 18726: 18720: 18716: 18712: 18707: 18704: 18703:History Today 18700: 18697: 18693: 18690: 18684: 18680: 18679: 18674: 18670: 18666: 18660: 18656: 18655: 18649: 18645: 18639: 18635: 18630: 18626: 18620: 18616: 18611: 18607: 18601: 18597: 18593: 18589: 18586: 18582: 18578: 18574: 18570: 18566: 18561: 18559: 18555: 18551: 18548: 18542: 18538: 18533: 18530: 18526: 18522: 18511: 18507: 18506: 18501: 18497: 18494: 18490: 18480: 18474: 18470: 18469: 18464: 18460: 18449: 18445: 18439: 18435: 18434: 18429: 18425: 18422: 18416: 18412: 18408: 18404: 18401: 18395: 18391: 18386: 18385: 18374: 18368: 18364: 18359: 18356: 18352: 18348: 18342: 18338: 18334: 18330: 18328: 18324: 18320: 18308: 18304: 18298: 18294: 18293: 18288: 18287:Stein, Burton 18284: 18280: 18274: 18270: 18266: 18265:Stein, Burton 18262: 18258: 18252: 18248: 18247: 18242: 18238: 18236: 18232: 18228: 18226: 18222: 18218: 18215: 18209: 18204: 18203: 18197: 18196:Sarkar, Sumit 18193: 18190: 18184: 18180: 18179: 18173: 18170: 18166: 18163: 18159: 18155: 18149: 18145: 18140: 18137: 18134: 18130: 18126: 18122: 18117: 18114: 18110: 18107: 18104: 18098: 18094: 18090: 18086: 18082: 18071: 18067: 18061: 18057: 18056: 18050: 18046: 18040: 18036: 18032: 18028: 18025: 18021: 18018: 18014: 18011: 18006: 18003: 17997: 17993: 17988: 17985: 17979: 17975: 17974: 17969: 17965: 17962: 17958: 17954: 17948: 17944: 17939: 17936: 17932: 17929: 17925: 17923: 17919: 17915: 17911: 17909: 17905: 17901: 17898: 17894: 17891: 17885: 17881: 17876: 17865: 17861: 17855: 17851: 17850: 17844: 17841: 17835: 17831: 17830: 17825: 17824:Jalal, Ayesha 17821: 17817: 17813: 17807: 17803: 17799: 17795: 17791: 17785: 17781: 17780: 17774: 17770: 17764: 17760: 17756: 17752: 17748: 17742: 17738: 17733: 17730: 17726: 17723: 17719: 17718: 17691: 17687: 17683: 17677: 17661: 17657: 17653: 17649: 17648:The Economist 17645: 17639: 17623: 17619: 17615: 17609: 17603: 17599: 17596: 17593:Md Abu Nasim 17592: 17588: 17585: 17580: 17564: 17560: 17556: 17550: 17542: 17536: 17532: 17531: 17523: 17521: 17504: 17500: 17496: 17489: 17473: 17469: 17465: 17459: 17443: 17439: 17435: 17429: 17414: 17410: 17404: 17389: 17385: 17379: 17371: 17365: 17361: 17360: 17352: 17337: 17333: 17327: 17320: 17314: 17306: 17302: 17298: 17294: 17291:(3): 314–16. 17290: 17286: 17285:Asian Affairs 17279: 17272: 17270: 17263: 17247: 17243: 17242:History.ac.uk 17239: 17233: 17231: 17229: 17221: 17215: 17207: 17201: 17197: 17190: 17182: 17176: 17172: 17168: 17161: 17153: 17147: 17143: 17139: 17132: 17124: 17118: 17114: 17107: 17105: 17096: 17090: 17086: 17079: 17071: 17065: 17061: 17054: 17046: 17040: 17036: 17032: 17025: 17017: 17011: 17007: 17000: 16992: 16986: 16982: 16978: 16971: 16964: 16951: 16947: 16946: 16939: 16931: 16925: 16921: 16914: 16907: 16902: 16896: 16892: 16885: 16877: 16871: 16867: 16863: 16856: 16854: 16845: 16839: 16835: 16831: 16824: 16817: 16811: 16805:, p. 431 16804: 16799: 16791: 16787: 16783: 16779: 16776:(4): 557–78. 16775: 16771: 16764: 16745: 16741: 16737: 16733: 16729: 16722: 16715: 16699: 16692: 16683: 16677: 16671: 16655: 16651: 16645: 16629: 16625: 16619: 16603: 16599: 16595: 16589: 16582: 16581: 16580:The Asian Age 16576: 16571: 16569: 16552: 16545: 16538: 16537: 16532: 16527: 16520: 16516: 16511: 16509: 16492: 16488: 16484: 16478: 16462: 16458: 16452: 16450: 16442: 16437: 16430: 16426: 16425:Bipan Chandra 16421: 16413: 16407: 16403: 16402: 16394: 16386: 16379: 16371: 16365: 16361: 16360: 16352: 16337: 16333: 16327: 16311: 16307: 16301: 16285: 16281: 16275: 16267: 16263: 16258: 16253: 16249: 16245: 16242:(3): 135–40. 16241: 16237: 16233: 16226: 16210: 16206: 16200: 16184: 16180: 16174: 16167: 16163: 16160: 16155: 16139: 16135: 16129: 16122: 16118: 16115: 16110: 16103: 16099: 16096: 16091: 16084: 16080: 16077: 16072: 16065: 16061: 16055: 16049:, p. 173 16048: 16043: 16036: 16031: 16024: 16019: 16012: 16007: 16000: 15995: 15988: 15983: 15976: 15971: 15964: 15959: 15952: 15947: 15940: 15935: 15928: 15923: 15921: 15919: 15917: 15910:, p. 83. 15909: 15904: 15898:, p. 80. 15897: 15892: 15885: 15880: 15865: 15861: 15857: 15850: 15835: 15831: 15827: 15821: 15805: 15801: 15800: 15792: 15777: 15773: 15769: 15763: 15748: 15744: 15740: 15733: 15718: 15714: 15710: 15704: 15688: 15684: 15683: 15682:British India 15675: 15660: 15656: 15652: 15645: 15630: 15626: 15622: 15616: 15601: 15597: 15593: 15586: 15577: 15569: 15565: 15561: 15557: 15553: 15549: 15542: 15534: 15530: 15529:Asian Profile 15523: 15515: 15511: 15507: 15503: 15499: 15495: 15491: 15485: 15478: 15472: 15466: 15462: 15458: 15452: 15436: 15431: 15426: 15422: 15418: 15414: 15407: 15391: 15385: 15370: 15366: 15362: 15358: 15352: 15336: 15332: 15325: 15318: 15312: 15293: 15289: 15282: 15276: 15274: 15272: 15264: 15258: 15242: 15238: 15234: 15228: 15226: 15224: 15215: 15209: 15205: 15201: 15197: 15193: 15187: 15180: 15175: 15168: 15163: 15155: 15151: 15147: 15143: 15140:(4): 404–32. 15139: 15135: 15128: 15120: 15114: 15110: 15106: 15100: 15094:, p. 259 15093: 15088: 15080: 15074: 15070: 15069: 15064: 15058: 15042: 15038: 15034: 15029: 15024: 15021:(4): 621–28. 15020: 15016: 15009: 15001: 14993: 14989: 14985: 14981: 14977: 14973: 14966: 14959: 14958:Headrick 1988 14954: 14945: 14939:, p. 73. 14938: 14933: 14917: 14913: 14912: 14907: 14900: 14898: 14889: 14888: 14881: 14874: 14873:Headrick 1988 14869: 14853: 14849: 14845: 14839: 14837: 14829: 14823: 14816: 14810: 14802: 14796: 14792: 14785: 14777: 14771: 14767: 14763: 14757: 14749: 14743: 14739: 14732: 14726:, p. 72. 14725: 14720: 14718: 14709: 14703: 14699: 14692: 14684: 14680: 14676: 14672: 14668: 14664: 14661:(3): 521–45. 14660: 14656: 14649: 14641: 14635: 14631: 14624: 14617: 14616:Headrick 1988 14612: 14604: 14600: 14596: 14592: 14589:(4): 413–60. 14588: 14584: 14577: 14569: 14554: 14550: 14546: 14545: 14539: 14531: 14529: 14519: 14512: 14507: 14499: 14495: 14491: 14487: 14484:(4): 507–23. 14483: 14479: 14472: 14464: 14458: 14454: 14450: 14446: 14442: 14436: 14429: 14424: 14416: 14410: 14406: 14399: 14392: 14386: 14378: 14374: 14370: 14366: 14363:(1): 87–126. 14362: 14358: 14351: 14344: 14339: 14337: 14329: 14324: 14317: 14312: 14310: 14302: 14297: 14290: 14285: 14283: 14275: 14271: 14266: 14260:, p. 195 14259: 14254: 14247: 14242: 14236:, p. 104 14235: 14230: 14223: 14218: 14216: 14214: 14212: 14204: 14199: 14192: 14187: 14180: 14175: 14159: 14155: 14151: 14147: 14143: 14139: 14135: 14131: 14124: 14116: 14112: 14108: 14104: 14099: 14094: 14091:(1): 90–103. 14090: 14086: 14082: 14075: 14068: 14063: 14061: 14053: 14048: 14042: 14038: 14033: 14031: 14023: 14018: 14016: 14008: 14004: 14000: 13995: 13994: 13987: 13971: 13967: 13961: 13958:. Routledge. 13957: 13956: 13950: 13945: 13939: 13935: 13930: 13926: 13922: 13919: 13915: 13911: 13910: 13905: 13900: 13884: 13880: 13874: 13868: 13864: 13861: 13857: 13851: 13835: 13831: 13830: 13823: 13815: 13814: 13806: 13799: 13793: 13785: 13781: 13780: 13772: 13764: 13763: 13755: 13748: 13747:History Today 13742: 13725: 13724: 13715: 13707: 13703: 13702: 13694: 13692: 13683: 13682: 13674: 13658: 13657: 13649: 13643:(2008) p. 237 13642: 13639:Maria Misra, 13636: 13627: 13611: 13607: 13603: 13597: 13590: 13578: 13574: 13570: 13564: 13557: 13553: 13549: 13545: 13540: 13530: 13526: 13521: 13506: 13500: 13496: 13491: 13490: 13481: 13475:, p. 172 13474: 13469: 13462: 13457: 13450: 13445: 13443: 13435: 13430: 13416: 13410: 13406: 13405: 13397: 13390: 13385: 13378: 13373: 13367:, p. 69. 13366: 13361: 13354: 13349: 13347: 13339: 13334: 13327: 13322: 13315: 13310: 13303: 13298: 13291: 13286: 13284: 13275: 13271: 13267: 13263: 13259: 13255: 13248: 13242:(2006) p. 142 13241: 13235: 13227: 13223: 13219: 13215: 13211: 13207: 13200: 13192: 13188: 13182: 13176: 13168: 13162: 13158: 13153: 13152: 13143: 13135: 13129: 13125: 13121: 13120: 13115: 13109: 13103:, p. 190 13102: 13097: 13081: 13077: 13071: 13064: 13058: 13042: 13038: 13034: 13028: 13026: 13009: 13005: 13001: 12994: 12992: 12990: 12982: 12981: 12976: 12971: 12964: 12947: 12943: 12939: 12935: 12931: 12928:(2): 160–88. 12927: 12923: 12916: 12909: 12903:, p. 154 12902: 12897: 12890: 12885: 12878: 12873: 12865: 12861: 12857: 12853: 12849: 12845: 12841: 12837: 12830: 12822: 12818: 12814: 12810: 12806: 12802: 12798: 12794: 12787: 12780: 12775: 12773: 12764: 12763:History Today 12757: 12749: 12745: 12741: 12737: 12733: 12726: 12719: 12713: 12707:, p. 208 12706: 12701: 12695:, p. 304 12694: 12689: 12687: 12685: 12677: 12672: 12670: 12668: 12661:, p. 190 12660: 12655: 12653: 12651: 12649: 12641: 12636: 12629: 12624: 12622: 12620: 12618: 12616: 12614: 12612: 12610: 12608: 12600: 12595: 12593: 12591: 12589: 12587: 12585: 12583: 12581: 12573: 12567: 12560: 12555: 12548: 12543: 12541: 12539: 12537: 12529: 12524: 12522: 12520: 12518: 12511:, p. 199 12510: 12505: 12503: 12501: 12499: 12497: 12489: 12484: 12482: 12480: 12472: 12467: 12465: 12463: 12443: 12439: 12432: 12425: 12418: 12413: 12411: 12409: 12407: 12405: 12403: 12394: 12388: 12381: 12376: 12361: 12355: 12351: 12350: 12342: 12340: 12333:, p. 201 12332: 12327: 12325: 12323: 12316:, p. 286 12315: 12310: 12304:, p. 200 12303: 12298: 12296: 12294: 12292: 12284: 12279: 12272: 12267: 12261:(2008) p. 184 12260: 12256: 12251: 12245: 12241: 12235: 12226: 12218: 12214: 12210: 12206: 12203:(3): 221–37. 12202: 12198: 12197: 12189: 12180: 12173: 12167: 12160: 12154: 12148:, p. 197 12147: 12142: 12136: 12132: 12126: 12120:(1996) p. 116 12119: 12113: 12106: 12101: 12095:, p. 170 12094: 12089: 12082: 12078: 12075: 12071: 12065: 12059:, p. 888 12058: 12053: 12051: 12044:, p. 169 12043: 12038: 12030: 12024: 12020: 12013: 12007:, p. 97. 12006: 12001: 11999: 11991: 11986: 11984: 11977:, p. 260 11976: 11971: 11969: 11967: 11960:, p. 159 11959: 11954: 11948:, p. 258 11947: 11942: 11936: 11931: 11929: 11922:, p. 258 11921: 11917: 11912: 11906: 11902: 11897: 11878: 11874: 11867: 11861: 11855:, p. 151 11854: 11849: 11842: 11837: 11831:, p. 150 11830: 11825: 11818: 11813: 11806: 11801: 11782: 11775: 11770: 11764: 11756: 11752: 11748: 11744: 11741:(3): 357–82. 11740: 11736: 11729: 11722: 11717: 11711:, p. 147 11710: 11705: 11703: 11686: 11682: 11678: 11672: 11656: 11652: 11648: 11642: 11626: 11622: 11618: 11612: 11604: 11600: 11596: 11590: 11583: 11578: 11570: 11564: 11560: 11559: 11551: 11542: 11534: 11528: 11524: 11517: 11501: 11500: 11492: 11485: 11481: 11477: 11473: 11461: 11455: 11451: 11450: 11445: 11439: 11423: 11419: 11412: 11404: 11398: 11394: 11393: 11385: 11376: 11371: 11365: 11361: 11360: 11354: 11351: 11346: 11340: 11336: 11331: 11319: 11315: 11309: 11305: 11304: 11298: 11297: 11294: 11285: 11281: 11275: 11271: 11270: 11264: 11261: 11260: 11254: 11248: 11244: 11243: 11237: 11234: 11221: 11217: 11211: 11207: 11206: 11200: 11197: 11184: 11180: 11174: 11170: 11169: 11163: 11162: 11159: 11150: 11137: 11124: 11118: 11114: 11113: 11108: 11104: 11101: 11088: 11084: 11078: 11074: 11070: 11065: 11064: 11061: 11052: 11039: 11035: 11029: 11025: 11024: 11018: 11015: 11002: 10998: 10992: 10988: 10987: 10981: 10980: 10977: 10968: 10964: 10960: 10956: 10953: 10949: 10943: 10939: 10935: 10931: 10930: 10927: 10920: 10915: 10913:0-521-25092-7 10909: 10905: 10898: 10891: 10883: 10877: 10873: 10866: 10864: 10856: 10852: 10846: 10842: 10835: 10828: 10824: 10818: 10814: 10807: 10800: 10795: 10789: 10785: 10778: 10771: 10758: 10754: 10750: 10746: 10742: 10738: 10734: 10730: 10726: 10722: 10718: 10714: 10707: 10700: 10688: 10684: 10683: 10678: 10672: 10665: 10653: 10649: 10648: 10643: 10641: 10633: 10624: 10622: 10613: 10609: 10608: 10600: 10592: 10591: 10583: 10575: 10571: 10567: 10566: 10558: 10550: 10546: 10545: 10537: 10533: 10519: 10515: 10511: 10498: 10491: 10485: 10478: 10472: 10465: 10461: 10454: 10450: 10446: 10442: 10435: 10431: 10427: 10420: 10416: 10412: 10405: 10401: 10397: 10390: 10386: 10382: 10375: 10371: 10367: 10363: 10357: 10350: 10344: 10337: 10331: 10322: 10313: 10304: 10295: 10288: 10284: 10283:British India 10280: 10276: 10271: 10264: 10258: 10252: 10248: 10244: 10238: 10232: 10226: 10222: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10179: 10176: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10166: 10165: 10160: 10149: 10146: 10135: 10132: 10121: 10118: 10107: 10098: 10093: 10091: 10086: 10084: 10079: 10078: 10076: 10075: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9968: 9961: 9960: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9921:Uttar Pradesh 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9877: 9874: 9872: 9869: 9867: 9864: 9862: 9859: 9858: 9851: 9850: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9814: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9804: 9803: 9796: 9795: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9773: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9763: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9753: 9749: 9747: 9744: 9743: 9739: 9737: 9734: 9733: 9729: 9727: 9724: 9723: 9715: 9710: 9709: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9693: 9689: 9687: 9684: 9683: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9673: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9663: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9653: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9643: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9633: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9623: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9613: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9603: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9593: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9583: 9579: 9577: 9576:Mughal Empire 9574: 9573: 9565: 9560: 9559: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9543: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9533: 9529: 9527: 9523: 9522: 9518: 9516: 9512: 9511: 9507: 9505: 9501: 9500: 9496: 9494: 9490: 9489: 9485: 9483: 9479: 9478: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9468: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9458: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9448: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9438: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9428: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9418: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9408: 9404: 9402: 9401:Reddy Kingdom 9399: 9398: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9388: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9378: 9374: 9372: 9368: 9367: 9363: 9361: 9357: 9356: 9352: 9350: 9346: 9345: 9341: 9339: 9335: 9334: 9330: 9328: 9324: 9323: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9313: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9303: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9293: 9285: 9280: 9279: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9252: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9242: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9232: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9222: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9212: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9202: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9192: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9182: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9172: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9162: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9152: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9142: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9132: 9128: 9126: 9125:Yadava Empire 9123: 9122: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9112: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9102: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9092: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9082: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9072: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9062: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9052: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9042: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9032: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9022: 9018: 9016: 9015:Harsha Empire 9013: 9012: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8991: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8981: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8964: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8954: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8944: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8934: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8924: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8914: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8904: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8894: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8884: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8863: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8842: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8832: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8822: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8812: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8802: 8798: 8796: 8795:Kushan Empire 8793: 8792: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8782: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8765: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8755: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8745: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8735: 8731: 8729: 8728:Shunga Empire 8726: 8725: 8710: 8708: 8707:Mitra Dynasty 8705: 8704: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8694: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8684: 8676: 8671: 8670: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8654: 8649: AD 500 8645: 250 BC 8639: 8637: 8634: 8633: 8628: 250 AD 8622: 8620: 8617: 8616: 8611: 300 BC 8605: 8603: 8600: 8599: 8594: 300 BC 8588: 8586: 8585:Chera Kingdom 8583: 8582: 8577: 300 BC 8571: 8569: 8568:Pandya Empire 8566: 8565: 8560: 300 AD 8556: 300 BC 8550: 8548: 8547:Sangam period 8545: 8544: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8534: 8530: 8528: 8527:Maurya Empire 8525: 8524: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8514: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8504: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8494: 8490: 8487: 8486: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8476: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8459: 8454: 600 BC 8448: 8446: 8443: 8442: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8432: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8422: 8418: 8416: 8412: 8411: 8408:(1200–600 BC) 8407: 8405: 8401: 8400: 8396: 8394: 8390: 8389: 8386:(1500–600 BC) 8385: 8383: 8379: 8378: 8375:(1500–500 BC) 8374: 8372: 8369: 8368: 8362:(1500–200 BC) 8360: 8355: 8354: 8345:(1600–500 BC) 8344: 8342: 8338: 8337: 8333: 8331: 8327: 8326: 8323:(2000–500 BC) 8322: 8320: 8317: 8316: 8312: 8310: 8306: 8305: 8301: 8299: 8295: 8294: 8290: 8288: 8284: 8283: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8273: 8265: 8260: 8259: 8250:(1400–700 BC) 8249: 8247: 8246:Jorwe culture 8244: 8243: 8239: 8237: 8236:Malwa culture 8234: 8233: 8230:(1600–750 BC) 8229: 8227: 8226:Pandu culture 8224: 8223: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8213: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8196: 8188: 8183: 8182: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8166: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8156: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8146: 8138: 8133: 8132: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8108: 8100: 8095: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8083: 8079: 8075: 8074: 8071: 8068: 8067: 8057: 8052: 8050: 8045: 8043: 8038: 8037: 8035: 8034: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8020: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8010: 8006: 8004: 8001: 8000: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7990: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7980: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7970: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7960: 7957: 7956: 7946: 7945:British India 7942: 7941: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7927: 7923: 7921: 7920:Casa da Índia 7918: 7917: 7914: 7913: 7903: 7899: 7898: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7884: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7874: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7864: 7860: 7858: 7857:Swedish India 7855: 7854: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7844: 7841: 7840: 7833: 7829: 7828: 7825: 7822: 7821: 7813: 7810: 7806: 7802: 7798: 7794: 7790: 7788: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7772: 7764: 7760: 7755: 7746: 7744: 7740: 7735: 7731: 7727: 7723: 7719: 7708: 7699: 7697: 7693: 7689: 7685: 7681: 7677: 7675: 7671: 7667: 7663: 7659: 7655: 7651: 7646: 7644: 7640: 7636: 7632: 7629:in 1814, the 7628: 7624: 7620: 7615: 7613: 7609: 7606:In 1889, the 7601: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7580: 7570: 7563: 7558: 7550: 7546: 7541: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7524: 7520: 7514: 7511: 7507: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7477: 7473: 7472:Vidurashwatha 7469: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7451: 7448: 7444: 7440: 7436: 7432: 7429: 7426: 7423: 7419: 7418:mass shooting 7415: 7411: 7407: 7404: 7401: 7397: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7382: 7378: 7374: 7371: 7368: 7367:Reginald Dyer 7364: 7361: 7360: 7359: 7356: 7349: 7347: 7343: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7326: 7324: 7320: 7316: 7312: 7308: 7303: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7284: 7282: 7278: 7274: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7254: 7250: 7243: 7238: 7234: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7220: 7216: 7211: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7189: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7174: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7159: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7144: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7129: 7126: 7125: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7110: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7095: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7080: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7065: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7050: 7049: 7046: 7045: 7040: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7025: 7022: 7021: 7016: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7001: 6998: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6981: 6976: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6961: 6958: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6944: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6929: 6926: 6925: 6920: 6909: 6903: 6890: 6880: 6879:summary style 6876: 6870: 6866: 6864: 6860:This article 6858: 6849: 6848: 6844: 6838: 6834: 6819: 6816: 6813: 6810: 6807: 6804: 6801: 6798: 6795: 6792: 6789: 6786: 6783: 6780: 6777: 6774: 6771: 6770: 6766: 6763: 6760: 6757: 6754: 6751: 6748: 6745: 6742: 6739: 6736: 6733: 6730: 6727: 6724: 6721: 6718: 6717: 6713: 6710: 6707: 6704: 6701: 6698: 6695: 6692: 6689: 6686: 6683: 6680: 6677: 6674: 6665: 6661: 6658: 6657: 6653: 6650: 6647: 6644: 6641: 6638: 6635: 6632: 6629: 6626: 6623: 6620: 6617: 6614: 6606: 6603: 6602: 6598: 6595: 6592: 6589: 6586: 6583: 6580: 6577: 6574: 6571: 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5969: 5965: 5962: 5958: 5956: 5952: 5951:Mughal Empire 5947: 5943: 5939: 5928: 5926: 5920: 5918: 5914: 5909: 5908:British Crown 5901: 5896: 5886: 5881: 5879: 5878:David Gilmour 5872: 5862: 5859: 5854: 5852: 5847: 5843: 5841: 5837: 5832: 5826: 5818: 5816: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5786: 5779: 5775: 5770: 5762: 5754: 5749: 5739: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5723: 5721: 5720:Jamsetji Tata 5717: 5715: 5714:iron industry 5711: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5677: 5669: 5662: 5658: 5653: 5643: 5639: 5629: 5626: 5621: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5588: 5579: 5577: 5573: 5568: 5564: 5531: 5529: 5520: 5517: 5514: 5511: 5508: 5505: 5502: 5499: 5496: 5493: 5490: 5487: 5484: 5481: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5464: 5460: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5424: 5422: 5417: 5413: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5391: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5325:E. S. Montagu 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5290: 5287: 5283: 5280: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5272: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5239: 5237: 5233: 5228: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5213:Mughal Empire 5210: 5209:British India 5206: 5202: 5196: 5181: 5178: 5173: 5169: 5163: 5160: 5159: 5155: 5152: 5149: 5144: 5140: 5134: 5131: 5130: 5126: 5123: 5120: 5115: 5111: 5105: 5102: 5101: 5097: 5094: 5089: 5085: 5079: 5076: 5075: 5071: 5068: 5065: 5060: 5056: 5050: 5049:Ajmer-Merwara 5047: 5046: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5022: 5019: 5011: 5009: 5000: 4997: 4994: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4980:Uttar Pradesh 4975: 4972: 4971: 4968: 4965: 4962: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4923: 4920: 4919: 4916: 4913: 4910: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4886:and parts of 4885: 4881: 4875: 4872: 4871: 4868: 4865: 4862: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4842:and parts of 4841: 4835: 4832: 4831: 4828: 4825: 4822: 4817: 4813: 4807: 4804: 4803: 4800: 4797: 4794: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4774:and parts of 4773: 4767: 4764: 4763: 4760: 4757: 4754: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4723: 4720: 4719: 4716: 4713: 4710: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4679: 4676: 4675: 4669: 4664: 4661: 4653: 4641: 4633: 4623: 4621: 4617: 4616:British Crown 4613: 4609: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4593: 4591: 4585: 4582: 4578: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4567: 4562: 4561:Native States 4558: 4557:British India 4552: 4548: 4544: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4493: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4426: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4358: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4328: 4327: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293:18 April 1936 4290: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4275: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264:18 April 1931 4261: 4260: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4241: 4240: 4236: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4211: 4206: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4171: 4170: 4167: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4131:World War I, 4122: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4091: 4090: 4086: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4069:Railway Board 4066: 4064: 4063:Earl of Minto 4061: 4056: 4055: 4001: 3997: 3990: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3965: 3961: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3929: 3917: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3894: 3893: 3887: 3882: 3879:beginning in 3878: 3873: 3869: 3862: 3858: 3856: 3855:Earl of Elgin 3853: 3848: 3847: 3839: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3819: 3815: 3809: 3805: 3799: 3798:Gilgit Agency 3794: 3790: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3776: 3775: 3769: 3764: 3760: 3754: 3750: 3744: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3729: 3728: 3722: 3714: 3710: 3703: 3697: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3683: 3682: 3678: 3671: 3665: 3661: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3627: 3626: 3622: 3619:, the future 3618: 3615:Visit of the 3610: 3604: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593:12 April 1876 3590: 3589: 3583: 3579: 3569: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3555: 3554: 3550: 3544: 3540: 3533: 3529: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3511: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3500: 3499:Earl of Elgin 3497: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3451: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3428: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417:21 March 1862 3414: 3413: 3409: 3402: 3392: 3387: 3380: 3375: 3368: 3363: 3356: 3351: 3348: 3347: 3341: 3339: 3330: 3326: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3287: 3285: 3281: 3275: 3273: 3272:native forces 3269: 3265: 3260: 3258: 3257:British India 3254: 3249: 3244: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3213: 3205: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3181: 3176: 3172: 3158: 3154: 3147: 3142: 3135: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3112: 3107: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3086: 3081: 3080: 3079: 3077: 3073: 3068: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3045: 3041: 3036: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3022: 3018: 3013: 3005: 2980: 2978: 2977: 2969: 2967: 2961: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2913: 2911: 2902: 2896:(right), 1942 2895: 2890: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2866:Sher-e-Bangla 2863: 2859: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2825: 2820: 2817: 2816:Herbert Baker 2813: 2812:Edwin Lutyens 2806: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2778: 2773: 2772: 2771: 2768: 2763: 2755: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2709: 2704: 2700: 2695: 2693: 2689: 2684: 2682: 2678: 2673: 2670: 2667:wounded. The 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2620: 2615: 2612: 2608: 2607:Muslim League 2604: 2597: 2592: 2585: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2557: 2552: 2551: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2518: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2507:Rowlatt Bills 2503: 2501: 2482: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2403:Anglo-Indians 2400: 2396: 2392: 2386: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2359: 2357: 2356:Edwin Montagu 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2330: 2324: 2315: 2311: 2310:Edwin Montagu 2305: 2295: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2242: 2240: 2239: 2234: 2233: 2228: 2224: 2223: 2218: 2214: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2176: 2170: 2166: 2157: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2134: 2130: 2120: 2118: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2017: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1989: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1935: 1925: 1919: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1900: 1895: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1877: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1859:Khudadad Khan 1854: 1849: 1848: 1845: 1841: 1836: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1806: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1790: 1788: 1784: 1778: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1763: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1727: 1716: 1712: 1706: 1701: 1697: 1691: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1672: 1667: 1666: 1659: 1657: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1642: 1641:Bande Mataram 1637: 1636:Sri Aurobindo 1633: 1629: 1628: 1627:Bande Mataram 1622: 1620: 1616: 1615: 1610: 1609: 1603: 1599: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1558:The viceroy, 1551: 1544: 1539: 1535: 1528: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1505: 1500: 1499: 1496: 1492: 1484: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1466: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1447: 1444: 1443:Thomas Baring 1440: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1408: 1406: 1404: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1372: 1368: 1362: 1357: 1353: 1347: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1319: 1314: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1297: 1292: 1291: 1288: 1278: 1276: 1275:famine scales 1272: 1268: 1264: 1258: 1255: 1251: 1246: 1245:British crown 1242: 1232: 1226: 1221: 1210: 1203: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1183: 1178: 1174: 1167: 1162: 1161: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1147: 1141: 1139: 1138:Uttar Pradesh 1133: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1120:Although the 1116:(1850s-1870s) 1115: 1114:Francis Frith 1110: 1103: 1102:Francis Frith 1098: 1091: 1090:Francis Frith 1086: 1077: 1070: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1047: 1042: 1038: 1031: 1026: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1009: 1004: 1003: 995: 978: 973: 972: 971: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 932: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 868: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 821: 819: 815: 811: 808:in 1989. The 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 742: 740: 739:Indian Empire 736: 733:, called the 732: 728: 727:British India 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 699: 695: 691: 690: 682: 664: 642: 640: 637: 633: 632: 624: 622: 619: 615: 614: 606: 604: 601: 600: 592: 590: 587: 583: 582: 574: 572: 569: 568: 560: 558: 555: 554: 546: 544: 541: 537: 536: 533: 527: 524: 517: 516: 513: 512:Mughal Empire 510: 506: 499: 498: 495: 494: 491: 488: 486: 483: 482: 478: 475: 472: 468: 464: 458: 453: 449: 445: 442: 436: 432: 428: 421: 418:2 August 1858 417: 414: 408: 404: 401: 395: 391: 387: 383: 380: 377: 373: 369: 366: 363: 357: 354: 351: 345: 341: 337: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 313: 310: 307: 301: 297: 293: 291: 287: 283: 280: 277: 271: 268: 265: 259: 256: 253: 247: 244: 241: 235: 232: 229: 223: 219: 215: 213: 209: 206: 203: 199: 195: 193: 189: 183: 180: 177: 173: 170: 168: 165: 164: 162: 158: 153: 147: 144: 140: 136: 132: 129: 125: 118: 113: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 91:British India 86: 81: 66: 62: 58: 53: 46: 43: 41: 37: 33: 19: 28365:Martial arts 28289:Architecture 28162:Demographics 28147:Caste system 28124:Society and 27774:Construction 27556:By net worth 27390:Indian rupee 27193:Reservations 27061:Intelligence 26964:Human rights 26949:Constitution 26707:Subdivisions 26400:Indian Plate 26390:Fossil Parks 26325:Contemporary 26240:World War II 26182: 26117:Early Modern 26107:Vijayanagara 26003:Vedic period 25873:India topics 25733:Martial arts 25623:Colonial era 25618:Early modern 25568:Caste system 25353:Austronesian 25294:Northwestern 25136:South Africa 25131:Sierra Leone 25078: 25074: 24908:Two Sicilies 24843:Papal States 24643: 24582: 24475: 24341: 24101:Cook Islands 23954: 23940:Saudi Arabia 23869: 23490: 23473: 23465: 23431: 23423: 23415: 23409:Saint Helena 23407: 23351: 23343: 23193:Cook Islands 23144: 23117:New Hebrides 23086:20th century 23002:West Florida 22987: 22973: 22905:Rhode Island 22883:Pennsylvania 22841:Newfoundland 22778: 22703: 22653:East Florida 22624:16th c.–1880 22613: 22565: 22462:Crown Colony 22450:Pulo Condore 22424:Crown Colony 22418:North Borneo 22337: 22291: 22250:Protectorate 22199:unrecognised 22193:in 1965 (as 22132: 22085:South Africa 22073:Sierra Leone 22060:Saint Helena 22058: 22053:Orange River 21931:Bechuanaland 21912: 21870:Protectorate 21829: 21805: 21769: 21749:and Current 21674:Constitution 21662:Independence 21549: 21520:Vanchinathan 21150:Bhagat Singh 21105:Annie Besant 21066:Independence 21047:Vinoba Bhave 20851: 20847:Swaraj Party 20751:Lucknow Pact 20661:Purna Swaraj 20651:Nehru Report 20558: 20462:Philosophies 20450: 20416:Polygar Wars 20344:French India 20338: 20329:Dutch Bengal 20319:Colonisation 20260:1921 edition 20255:1930 edition 20246: 20240: 20233: 20226: 20217: 20209: 20203:1861 edition 20198: 20182: 20161: 20151: 20142: 20105: 20086:. Springer. 20082: 20065: 20058: 20051: 20047: 20023: 20019: 20011: 20007: 19991: 19987: 19979: 19969: 19962: 19955: 19948: 19941: 19917: 19913: 19891:(1): 23–41. 19888: 19884: 19867: 19863: 19840: 19807: 19803: 19785: 19761: 19757: 19749: 19742: 19711: 19707: 19699: 19674: 19670: 19645: 19641: 19633: 19625:15 September 19623:, retrieved 19603: 19594: 19587: 19577: 19573: 19566: 19535: 19531: 19523: 19516: 19509: 19490: 19483: 19472:, retrieved 19463: 19451: 19417: 19413: 19405: 19387: 19368: 19343: 19339: 19328: 19311: 19301: 19284: 19266: 19245: 19224: 19207: 19197: 19185: 19168: 19149: 19127: 19116: 19098: 19087: 19080: 19063: 19031: 19027: 19019: 19015: 18997: 18988: 18979: 18966: 18957: 18939: 18921: 18894: 18890: 18856: 18852: 18829: 18817:, retrieved 18811: 18802: 18792:, retrieved 18777: 18768: 18758: 18743: 18733:, retrieved 18714: 18702: 18695: 18677: 18653: 18633: 18614: 18595: 18568: 18564: 18553: 18536: 18528: 18516:15 September 18514:, retrieved 18504: 18492: 18484:21 September 18482:, retrieved 18467: 18454:22 September 18452:, retrieved 18432: 18410: 18389: 18362: 18354: 18336: 18322: 18311:, retrieved 18291: 18268: 18245: 18230: 18220: 18201: 18177: 18168: 18161: 18143: 18129:the original 18124: 18112: 18092: 18074:, retrieved 18054: 18034: 18023: 18009: 17991: 17972: 17960: 17942: 17934: 17927: 17917: 17913: 17907: 17903: 17896: 17879: 17870:15 September 17868:, retrieved 17848: 17828: 17820:Bose, Sugata 17801: 17778: 17758: 17755:Bayly, C. A. 17736: 17728: 17721: 17709:Bibliography 17694:. Retrieved 17685: 17676: 17664:. Retrieved 17647: 17638: 17626:. Retrieved 17617: 17608: 17579: 17567:. Retrieved 17559:HistoryExtra 17558: 17549: 17529: 17507:. Retrieved 17498: 17488: 17476:. Retrieved 17467: 17458: 17446:. Retrieved 17437: 17428: 17416:. Retrieved 17413:HistoryExtra 17412: 17403: 17391:. Retrieved 17387: 17378: 17358: 17351: 17339:. Retrieved 17335: 17326: 17318: 17313: 17288: 17284: 17278: 17267: 17262: 17250:. Retrieved 17241: 17219: 17214: 17195: 17189: 17166: 17160: 17137: 17131: 17112: 17084: 17078: 17059: 17053: 17030: 17024: 17005: 16999: 16976: 16970: 16961: 16954:. Retrieved 16944: 16938: 16919: 16913: 16904: 16890: 16884: 16861: 16829: 16823: 16815: 16810: 16798: 16773: 16769: 16763: 16751:. Retrieved 16744:the original 16731: 16727: 16714: 16702:. Retrieved 16691: 16682: 16670: 16658:. Retrieved 16653: 16644: 16632:. Retrieved 16627: 16618: 16606:. Retrieved 16602:the original 16597: 16588: 16578: 16555:. Retrieved 16544: 16535: 16526: 16518: 16495:. Retrieved 16491:the original 16486: 16477: 16465:. Retrieved 16460: 16436: 16428: 16420: 16400: 16393: 16384: 16378: 16358: 16351: 16339:. Retrieved 16335: 16326: 16314:. Retrieved 16310:the original 16300: 16288:. Retrieved 16274: 16239: 16235: 16225: 16213:. Retrieved 16209:the original 16199: 16187:. Retrieved 16183:the original 16173: 16154: 16142:. Retrieved 16128: 16109: 16090: 16071: 16054: 16042: 16030: 16018: 16006: 15994: 15982: 15970: 15965:, p. 7. 15958: 15946: 15934: 15903: 15891: 15879: 15867:. Retrieved 15849: 15837:. Retrieved 15820: 15808:. Retrieved 15798: 15791: 15779:. Retrieved 15762: 15750:. Retrieved 15732: 15720:. Retrieved 15703: 15691:. Retrieved 15681: 15674: 15662:. Retrieved 15644: 15632:. Retrieved 15615: 15603:. Retrieved 15585: 15576: 15554:(1): 33–63. 15551: 15547: 15541: 15535:(5): 441–60. 15532: 15528: 15522: 15500:(8): 76–79. 15497: 15493: 15484: 15476: 15471: 15456: 15451: 15439:. Retrieved 15420: 15416: 15406: 15394:. Retrieved 15384: 15372:. Retrieved 15360: 15351: 15339:. Retrieved 15334: 15324: 15316: 15311: 15299:. Retrieved 15287: 15262: 15257: 15245:. Retrieved 15239:. F. Smith. 15236: 15195: 15186: 15181:, p. 12 15174: 15162: 15137: 15133: 15127: 15108: 15099: 15087: 15067: 15057: 15045:. Retrieved 15018: 15014: 15000: 14975: 14971: 14965: 14953: 14944: 14932: 14920:. Retrieved 14916:the original 14909: 14886: 14880: 14868: 14856:. Retrieved 14852:the original 14847: 14827: 14822: 14814: 14809: 14790: 14784: 14765: 14756: 14737: 14731: 14697: 14691: 14658: 14654: 14648: 14629: 14623: 14611: 14586: 14582: 14576: 14556:. Retrieved 14542: 14518: 14513:, p. 37 14506: 14481: 14477: 14471: 14444: 14435: 14423: 14404: 14398: 14390: 14385: 14360: 14356: 14350: 14323: 14296: 14276:, p. 72 14265: 14253: 14248:, p. 76 14241: 14229: 14205:, p. 96 14198: 14186: 14174: 14162:. Retrieved 14137: 14133: 14123: 14088: 14084: 14074: 14054:, p. 56 14047: 14024:, p. 60 14006: 13998: 13992: 13986: 13974:. Retrieved 13954: 13948: 13933: 13928: 13920: 13917: 13913: 13906: 13903: 13899: 13887:. Retrieved 13873: 13855: 13850: 13838:. Retrieved 13828: 13822: 13812: 13805: 13797: 13792: 13778: 13771: 13761: 13754: 13746: 13741: 13729:. Retrieved 13722: 13714: 13700: 13680: 13673: 13661:. Retrieved 13655: 13648: 13640: 13635: 13626: 13614:. Retrieved 13610:the original 13605: 13596: 13588: 13581:. Retrieved 13572: 13563: 13547: 13539: 13520: 13508:. Retrieved 13488: 13480: 13468: 13456: 13429: 13420:21 September 13418:, retrieved 13403: 13396: 13391:, p. 2. 13384: 13372: 13365:Wolpert 2006 13360: 13333: 13321: 13309: 13297: 13260:(1): 69–74. 13257: 13253: 13247: 13239: 13234: 13209: 13205: 13199: 13193:(3): 136–37. 13190: 13189:(Critique). 13186: 13175: 13150: 13142: 13118: 13108: 13096: 13084:. Retrieved 13070: 13065:(2007) p. 43 13062: 13057: 13045:. Retrieved 13036: 13012:. Retrieved 13003: 12978: 12970: 12962: 12955:15 September 12953:. Retrieved 12925: 12921: 12908: 12896: 12889:Brendon 2008 12884: 12872: 12839: 12835: 12829: 12799:(1): 47–73. 12796: 12792: 12786: 12762: 12756: 12731: 12725: 12717: 12712: 12700: 12640:Chhabra 2005 12635: 12574:(2007) ch. 2 12571: 12566: 12554: 12449:. Retrieved 12442:the original 12437: 12424: 12392: 12387: 12375: 12363:. Retrieved 12348: 12309: 12283:Wolpert 2004 12278: 12266: 12258: 12250: 12239: 12234: 12225: 12200: 12194: 12188: 12179: 12174:(1965) p. 77 12171: 12166: 12158: 12153: 12141: 12130: 12125: 12117: 12112: 12100: 12088: 12069: 12064: 12037: 12018: 12012: 11953: 11941: 11911: 11896: 11884:. Retrieved 11873:sas.ed.ac.uk 11872: 11860: 11848: 11836: 11824: 11812: 11800: 11788:. Retrieved 11781:the original 11768: 11763: 11738: 11734: 11728: 11716: 11689:. Retrieved 11680: 11671: 11659:. Retrieved 11650: 11641: 11629:. Retrieved 11620: 11611: 11603:the original 11598: 11589: 11577: 11557: 11550: 11541: 11522: 11516: 11504:. Retrieved 11498: 11491: 11465:19 September 11463:, retrieved 11448: 11438: 11426:. Retrieved 11411: 11391: 11384: 11373: 11358: 11348: 11334: 11322:, retrieved 11302: 11293: 11283: 11268: 11258: 11256: 11241: 11231: 11224:, retrieved 11204: 11194: 11187:, retrieved 11167: 11158: 11135: 11133: 11126:, retrieved 11111: 11098: 11091:, retrieved 11072: 11060: 11049: 11042:, retrieved 11022: 11012: 11005:, retrieved 10985: 10976: 10966: 10962: 10951: 10937: 10926: 10917: 10903: 10897: 10885: 10871: 10854: 10840: 10834: 10826: 10812: 10806: 10797: 10783: 10777: 10768: 10761:. Retrieved 10720: 10716: 10706: 10698: 10691:, retrieved 10681: 10677:"Simla Town" 10671: 10663: 10656:, retrieved 10646: 10639: 10632: 10606: 10599: 10589: 10582: 10564: 10557: 10551:p. 136. 10543: 10536: 10497: 10484: 10477:Anglo-Indian 10471: 10356: 10343: 10330: 10321: 10312: 10303: 10294: 10270: 10257: 10249:through the 10237: 10225: 10131:India portal 9986:Demographics 9976:Architecture 9775: 9756:French India 9746:Danish India 9626:Bengal Subah 9616:Bhoi dynasty 9546:Koch Kingdom 9381:Ahom Kingdom 9255:Deva Kingdom 8947:Huna Kingdom 8887:Gupta Empire 8789:(AD 35–405 ) 8748:Kanva Empire 8720: 50 BC 8602:Chola Empire 8541:(312–303 BC) 8531:(321–184 BC) 8521:(330–323 BC) 8511:(380–321 BC) 8507:Nanda Empire 8501:(424–345 BC) 8483:(550–330 BC) 8439:(684–424 BC) 8429:(799–684 BC) 8419:(700–200 BC) 8341:Swat culture 8187:Chalcolithic 8099:Palaeolithic 7992: 7963:EIC in India 7887:French India 7877:Danish India 7791: 7768: 7714: 7705: 7678: 7647: 7616: 7605: 7596:metropolitan 7557:liberal arts 7554: 7534: 7529: 7515: 7508:(1800–1859) 7504: 7399: 7357: 7355: 7330:Robert Grant 7327: 7304: 7285: 7246: 7212: 7209: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7043: 7042: 7018: 6978: 6946: 6922: 6884: 6861: 6817:386,666,623 6811:350,529,557 6805:316,128,721 6799:313,547,840 6793:294,361,056 6787:287,223,431 6781:253,891,821 6775:190,563,048 6425:Christianity 6236:255,280,369 6230:239,613,929 6224:216,734,586 6218:217,586,892 6212:207,147,026 6206:207,731,727 6200:188,685,913 6194:139,248,568 6046: 6042: 6019: 6008: 5970: 5966: 5959: 5938:Edmund Burke 5934: 5921: 5905: 5883: 5874: 5855: 5850: 5848: 5844: 5831:narrow gauge 5827: 5819: 5803: 5787: 5783: 5735: 5732:Dorabji Tata 5724: 5718: 5698:stiff tariff 5683: 5670: 5666: 5622: 5605: 5600:Delhi Durbar 5582:Legal system 5572:commissioner 5569: 5565: 5532: 5524: 5465: 5461: 5433:non-official 5432: 5428: 5425: 5412:Lord Canning 5406: 5387: 5363:Company rule 5355:Lord Canning 5309:Charles Wood 5305:India Office 5294: 5268: 5242:Organisation 5229: 5201:vassal state 5198: 5153: 5124: 5069: 5017: 5007: 5005: 4848:Chhattisgarh 4635: 4610: 4594: 4587: 4583: 4580: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4554: 4520:India Office 4351:India Office 4347:Burma Office 4321:Creation of 4244:3 April 1926 4174:2 April 1921 4159:, 1915–16); 4157:Siege of Kut 4116:Delhi Durbar 4094:4 April 1916 3971:(previously 3810:to Indians. 3655:Delhi Durbar 3576:Creation of 3562:Earl of Mayo 3464:James Wilson 3335: 3288: 3276: 3261: 3248:public trial 3245: 3218: 3103:World War II 3069: 3037: 3025: 3014: 3006: 2982: 2974: 2971: 2962: 2914: 2907: 2869: 2865: 2788:Samuel Hoare 2764: 2756: 2744: 2733: 2708:Purna Swaraj 2706: 2696: 2685: 2674: 2641: 2634:Bhagat Singh 2562: 2539:Purna Swaraj 2504: 2488: 2440: 2434:recommended 2407:Annie Besant 2387: 2360: 2340:Lucknow Pact 2337: 2265: 2248:district in 2243: 2236: 2230: 2220: 2210: 2206: 2204: 2199: 2195: 2187: 2179: 2173: 2162: 2150:South Africa 2083:Annie Besant 2076: 2070: 2046:Lucknow Pact 2025: 2018: 1990: 1986:Annie Besant 1974:Lord Harding 1967: 1931: 1905:Annie Besant 1882: 1844:Lucknow Pact 1835: 1826:Ghadar Party 1807: 1791: 1779: 1760: 1722: 1695: 1655: 1651: 1639: 1625: 1623: 1612: 1606: 1595: 1568: 1557: 1549: 1533: 1482: 1467: 1457:founded the 1448: 1441: 1437: 1425:utilitarians 1409: 1401: 1378: 1351: 1259: 1238: 1144: 1142: 1134: 1119: 1059: 968:protectorate 933: 917:Persian Gulf 874: 824: 822: 772:states: the 743: 738: 718: 714: 710: 662: 660: 635: 617: 585: 539: 508: 490:Succeeded by 489: 484: 474:Indian rupee 461:• Total 433:18 July 1947 365:William Hare 262:• 1936 60: 42: 40: 28407:Traditional 28084:Banking Act 28069:SARFESI Act 27983:Electricity 27804:Oil and gas 27794:Electricity 27747:Agriculture 27731:West Bengal 27721:Uttarakhand 27686:Maharashtra 27525:Licence Raj 27480:Black money 27339:Remittances 27183:Nationalism 27168:Citizenship 27001:Enforcement 26986:High Courts 26863:Rajya Sabha 26524:sanctuaries 26474:Earthquakes 26446:Environment 26261:Integration 26235:1943 famine 26183:British Raj 26150:Late modern 26074:Middle Ages 26038:Alchon Huns 25950:Mathematics 25940:Linguistics 25586:Archaeology 25501:Environment 25391:Afro-Asians 25213:Afghanistan 25075:British Raj 25047:(Sri Lanka) 24933:Württemberg 24645:South Yemen 24533:Maguindanao 24426:Afghanistan 24187:Barotseland 24123:Saint Lucia 24096:New Zealand 24005:Netherlands 23778:Chhatrapati 23762:Sovereignty 23702:Aristocracy 23526:Anglosphere 23244:New Zealand 23153:New Zealand 23022:West Jersey 22937:Saint Lucia 22923:Saint Kitts 22917:Saint Croix 22897:1763–1791* 22865:Nova Scotia 22811:New England 22767:, 1691–1776 22734:East Jersey 22722:Connecticut 22601:Bay Islands 22488:Transjordan 22406:Mesopotamia 22244:Afghanistan 22238:Aden Colony 22023:Niger Coast 21989:) 1874–1957 21965:East Africa 21947:Cape Colony 21937:) 1884–1966 21927:) 1868–1966 21618:Mountbatten 21240:Hemu Kalani 21120:Bagha Jatin 21057:Vivekananda 20812:India House 20696:Act of 1935 20471:Ambedkarism 20339:British Raj 20143:british raj 20132:British Raj 20123:British Raj 20113:British Raj 19242:Rai, Lajpat 18819:21 February 18794:21 February 18673:Davis, Mike 18313:13 February 18235:online free 17618:The Tribune 17438:India Today 17388:www.bbc.com 17336:Nikkei Asia 17244:. History. 16956:10 February 16803:Moore 2001a 16037:, p. 7 16023:Koomar 2009 15396:14 February 15374:14 February 15341:14 February 15105:Bear, Laura 14978:(2): 1–15. 14222:Moore 2001a 14191:Moore 2001a 14179:Moore 2001a 14164:17 November 14140:: 217–229. 13840:20 February 13731:21 February 13663:21 February 13552:Sarkar 2004 13510:21 February 13039:. History. 13037:History.com 12961:; Muldoon, 12705:Ludden 2002 12642:, p. 2 12365:21 February 12331:Ludden 2002 12302:Ludden 2002 12255:Peter Heehs 12161:(1962) p 67 12146:Ludden 2002 12083:pp. 411–36. 11790:15 February 10638:"Calcutta ( 10490:Nat Worship 10374:Kumbhipatia 10370:Kabirpanthi 10349:Edward VIII 9971:Agriculture 9941:South India 9916:Maharashtra 9866:Balochistan 9806:Afghanistan 9780:(1858–1947) 9776:British Raj 9770:(1757–1858) 9766:Company Raj 9760:(1759–1954) 9750:(1620–1869) 9740:(1605–1825) 9736:Dutch India 9730:(1510–1961) 9717:(1510–1961) 9700:(1799–1849) 9696:Sikh Empire 9690:(1729–1947) 9680:(1707–1799) 9670:(1674–1818) 9660:(1650–1948) 9650:(1642–1975) 9640:(1600–1750) 9630:(1576–1757) 9620:(1541–1804) 9610:(1532–1673) 9600:(1529–1736) 9590:(1540–1556) 9580:(1526–1858) 9567:(1526–1858) 9550:(1515–1947) 9540:(1499–1763) 9530:(1518–1687) 9519:(1492–1686) 9508:(1492–1619) 9497:(1490–1574) 9486:(1490–1636) 9475:(1490–1596) 9465:(1470–1842) 9455:(1434–1541) 9445:(1399–1947) 9435:(1358–1803) 9425:(1352–1576) 9415:(1336–1646) 9405:(1325–1448) 9395:(1300–1779) 9385:(1228–1826) 9375:(1451–1526) 9364:(1414–1451) 9353:(1320–1414) 9342:(1290–1320) 9331:(1206–1290) 9320:(1206–1526) 9310:(1170–1206) 9287:(1206–1526) 9268: 1300 9264: 1200 9249:(1187–1673) 9239:(1156–1184) 9219:(1102–1766) 9209:(1083–1323) 9199:(1078–1434) 9189:(1070–1230) 9185:Sena Empire 9179:(1040–1347) 9169:(1003–1320) 9095:Pala Empire 8957:Rai Kingdom 8799:(AD 60–240) 8732:(185–73 BC) 8488:Ror Dynasty 8208: 3950 7993:British Raj 7950:(1600–1947) 7907:(1505–1961) 7867:Dutch India 7809:local games 7682:(1866) and 7519:Edward Eyre 7489:Macaulayism 7400:Salanga Day 7231:Amartya Sen 7044:British Raj 6996:Madras City 6956:Madras City 6651:25,441,489 6633:10,295,168 6350:12,786,806 6344:11,571,268 6338:10,721,453 6296:92,058,096 6290:77,677,545 6284:68,735,233 6278:66,647,299 6272:62,458,077 6266:57,321,164 6260:50,121,585 6254:40,882,537 5840:East Africa 5836:Mesopotamia 5550:members (26 5542:elected, 26 5538:members (32 5476:secretaries 5357:, the last 5317:John Morley 5236:residencies 5110:Balochistan 5008:East Bengal 4984:Uttarakhand 4844:Maharashtra 4776:Maharashtra 4732:West Bengal 4667:(millions) 4662:Total area 4649: 1907 4460:Indian Army 4438:Indian Army 4362:Indian Army 4237:introduced 4205:Rowlatt Act 4203:Passage of 4183:Indian Army 4164:Passage of 4133:Indian Army 3881:Bundelkhand 3861:Indian Army 3832:Afghanistan 3828:Durand Line 3702:Ilbert Bill 3639:Baluchistan 3634:Lord Lytton 3630:8 June 1880 3525:(1864–1865) 2940:in Bengal, 2515:Rowlatt Act 2419:Rowlatt Act 2207:Hind Swaraj 2063:Shaukat Ali 1970:Mesopotamia 1947:Middle East 1891:World War I 1887:Mesopotamia 1798:John Morley 1767:Dacca Nawab 1749:1857 Mutiny 1579:West Bengal 1560:Lord Curzon 1510:Lord Curzon 1416:Ilbert Bill 1216: 1873 901:Upper Burma 897:Lower Burma 889:Thar Desert 881:Pondicherry 818:Aden Colony 798:Upper Burma 794:Lower Burma 784:(later the 776:(later the 766:partitioned 731:paramountcy 663:British Raj 485:Preceded by 405:10 May 1857 375:Legislature 267:Edward VIII 149:(1858–1911) 18:British raj 28432:Categories 28358:television 28348:Literature 28152:Corruption 27875:Television 27843:Healthcare 27764:Automotive 27711:Tamil Nadu 27578:Labour law 27561:Demography 27364:NITI Aayog 27270:Governance 27256:BSE SENSEX 27208:Secularism 27163:Censorship 26954:Penal Code 26853:Parliament 26830:Government 26635:Waterfalls 26479:Ecoregions 26342:Pokhran-II 26140:Bengal War 25955:Metallurgy 25688:Bangladesh 25598:Bronze Age 25481:Philosophy 25466:Literature 25363:Indo-Aryan 25343:Andamanese 25218:Bangladesh 25141:Tanganyika 25056:The Gambia 24984:Niuē-Fekai 24923:Yugoslavia 24823:Montenegro 24630:Upper Yafa 24625:Upper Asir 24262:Madagascar 23995:Luxembourg 23727:Government 23692:Abdication 23661:Hereditary 23589:Monarchies 23478:since 1908 23470:since 1908 23436:since 1833 23428:since 1816 23420:since 1815 23412:since 1658 23369:department 23356:since 1908 23348:since 1833 23149:since 1838 23129:Swan River 23123:Queensland 23010:1958–1962 22992:since 1666 22978:since 1799 22829:New Jersey 22799:New Albion 22783:since 1632 22780:Montserrat 22761:1629–1691 22708:since 1670 22630:1858–1866 22618:since 1619 22570:since 1650 22523:Bangladesh 22458:1841–1946 22420:1882–1963 22386:Federation 22364:1819–1826 22302:Seychelles 22246:1839–1842 22137:since 1816 22121:Tanganyika 22079:Somaliland 22067:Seychelles 22063:since 1658 21983:Gold Coast 21977:The Gambia 21921:Basutoland 21917:since 1815 21859:Free State 21852:1542–1800 21838:Heligoland 21834:since 1713 21648:Linlithgow 21588:Chelmsford 21578:Cornwallis 21490:Tatya Tope 21360:Nana Saheb 21265:K. Kamaraj 21215:Dhan Singh 21130:Bakht Khan 20782:Arya Samaj 20716:Quit India 20666:Salt March 20525:Events and 20501:Satyagraha 20067:Frykenberg 19095:Low, D. A. 18874:1885/51009 18735:9 November 17968:Low, D. A. 16753:1 February 16660:4 December 16634:4 December 16047:Davis 2001 16035:Davis 2001 15963:Davis 2001 15908:Grove 2007 15896:Grove 2007 15441:25 January 15335:Al Jazeera 15288:Nios.ac.uk 15179:Brown 1994 15092:Stein 2001 15047:20 January 14937:Satya 2008 14724:Satya 2008 14570:required.) 14558:28 January 14511:Davis 2001 14274:Bayly 1990 14270:Peers 2006 14258:Bayly 1990 14246:Peers 2006 14203:Brown 1994 14039:, p. 13976:9 November 13889:24 January 13544:Brown 1994 13434:Stein 2001 13314:Stein 2010 12693:Stein 2001 12676:Brown 1994 12659:Spear 1990 12628:Brown 1994 12599:Brown 1994 12559:Brown 1994 12547:Brown 1994 12528:Brown 1994 12509:Brown 1994 12488:Brown 1994 12471:Brown 1994 12451:9 December 12417:Brown 1994 12314:Stein 2001 12093:Spear 1990 12042:Spear 1990 11975:Stein 2001 11958:Stein 2001 11946:Stein 2001 11920:Stein 2001 11901:Stein 2001 11886:6 November 11853:Spear 1990 11841:Spear 1990 11829:Spear 1990 11817:Spear 1990 11805:Spear 1990 11721:Spear 1990 11709:Spear 1990 11691:2 December 11681:Britannica 11661:2 December 11651:Britannica 11582:Codrington 11134:Table 14. 10934:"Raj, the" 10610:. Madras: 10568:. Bombay: 10528:References 10505:responses. 10263:suzerainty 10051:Philosophy 10031:Metallurgy 10021:Literature 9946:Tamil Nadu 9811:Bangladesh 9586:Sur Empire 9300:(977–1186) 9266: – c. 9229:(675–1210) 9159:(973–1189) 9149:(942–1244) 9139:(882–1110) 9129:(850–1334) 9119:(800–1327) 9099:(750–1174) 9079:(694–1947) 9059:(650–1036) 9039:(624–1075) 9007: 700 9005: – c. 9003: 550 8976: 500 8921:(350–1100) 8911:(350–1000) 8879: 600 8877: – c. 8875: 250 8858: 500 8856: – c. 8854: 250 8777: 130 8752:(75–26 BC) 8718: – c. 8716: 150 8647: – c. 8613:– AD 1279) 8596:– AD 1102) 8579:– AD 1345) 8558: – c. 8471: 600 8456:– AD 1600) 8264:Bronze Age 7775:influenced 7718:Cornwallis 7658:Methodists 7227:Mike Davis 7181:1943–1944 7166:1899–1900 7151:1896–1897 7136:1888–1889 7117:1876–1878 7102:1873–1874 7087:1868–1870 7072:1865–1867 7057:1860–1861 7032:1837–1838 7008:1789–1795 6968:1783–1784 6936:1769–1770 6863:duplicates 6841:See also: 6722:5,450,896 6711:1,449,286 6705:1,252,105 6699:1,178,596 6693:1,248,182 6687:1,334,148 6681:1,416,638 6675:1,221,896 6645:8,280,347 6639:9,774,611 6627:8,584,148 6621:9,280,467 6615:6,570,092 6476:6,316,549 6470:6,296,763 6464:4,754,064 6458:3,876,203 6452:2,923,241 6446:2,284,380 6440:1,862,634 6416:5,691,447 6410:4,335,771 6404:3,238,803 6398:3,014,466 6392:2,195,339 6386:1,907,833 6380:1,853,426 6374:1,174,436 6332:9,476,759 6326:7,131,361 6320:3,418,884 6314:2,832,851 6032:, Greater 5975:Demography 5865:Irrigation 5694:free trade 5659:depicting 5341:K.G. Gupta 5154:ex officio 5125:ex officio 5070:ex officio 5053:(parts of 4948:Chandigarh 4884:Tamil Nadu 4728:Bangladesh 4612:Suzerainty 4569:). In its 4268:Lord Irwin 4108:Queen Mary 3966:(1903–04) 3951:Edward VII 3874:(1896–97) 3621:Edward VII 3601:Deaths in 3505:Dharamsala 3474:, creates 3472:income tax 3169:See also: 2973: [ 2839:See also: 2740:Quit India 2575:loin-cloth 2525:See also: 2473:, and the 2417:See also: 2382:diarchical 2292:See also: 2262:Satyagraha 2200:Satyagraha 2196:Satyagraha 2188:Satyagraha 2180:Satyagraha 2175:Satyagraha 2127:See also: 1838:See also: 1762:Anand Math 1757:Arya Samaj 1726:Lord Minto 1677:Lord Minto 1485:, violence 1412:Lord Ripon 1394:Max Müller 1323:Congress, 1285:See also: 1231:Lord Ripon 1209:Agra canal 694:Hindustani 243:Edward VII 201:Government 192:Demonym(s) 172:Hindustani 105:, and the 28390:Sculpture 28343:Festivals 28309:Webcomics 28261:Sexuality 28211:Languages 28174:Education 28004:Regulator 27951:Transport 27848:Hospitals 27784:Education 27752:Livestock 27716:Telangana 27706:Rajasthan 27666:Karnataka 27661:Jharkhand 27465:Insurance 27444:Inflation 27349:Subsidies 27248:Companies 27178:Democracy 27173:Elections 27145:Air Force 26870:President 26858:Lok Sabha 26735:Districts 26690:Southeast 26685:Southwest 26675:Northeast 26668:Northwest 26630:Volcanoes 26590:Mountains 26533:Landforms 26370:Geography 26245:Partition 26210:Zamindari 25993:Stone Age 25930:Economics 25915:Astronomy 25896:Overviews 25755:Education 25476:Mythology 25461:Languages 25373:Nuristani 25358:Dravidian 25284:Sri Lanka 25250:Northeast 25238:Northwest 25111:Mauritius 25004:Rarotonga 24989:Nuku Hiva 24979:Mangareva 24954:Bora Bora 24833:Neuchâtel 24803:Lithuania 24708:Catalonia 24595:Sri Lanka 24548:Manchukuo 24523:Kurdistan 24477:Indonesia 24400:Talamanca 24360:Araucanía 24343:and other 24322:Wassoulou 24066:Australia 23742:Oligarchy 23462:1841–1947 23449:1841–1933 23340:1831–1966 23334:1670–1688 23328:1651–1667 23322:1631–1641 23252:1914–1962 23246:1907–1947 23239:1901–1942 23237:Australia 23232:1900–1974 23226:1900–1970 23214:1893–1978 23207:1892–1979 23201:1889–1948 23195:1888–1901 23189:Rarotonga 23185:1884–1902 23179:1877–1976 23173:1874–1970 23167:1851–1901 23161:1846–1847 23155:1841–1907 23141:1836–1901 23135:1829–1901 23125:1824–1901 23119:1824–1980 23113:1807–1863 23107:1803–1901 23097:1788–1901 23030:1833–1960 23024:1674–1702 23016:1967–1983 23004:1763–1783 22998:1607–1776 22984:1849–1866 22970:1889–1962 22964:1862–1863 22958:1712–1776 22952:1635–1644 22946:1627–1979 22939:1605–1979 22932:1882–1983 22925:1623–1983 22919:1625–1650 22913:1670–1870 22907:1636–1776 22901:1853–1863 22891:1620–1691 22885:1681–1776 22879:1763–1873 22867:1713–1867 22861:1859–1870 22855:1712–1776 22849:1583–1907 22843:1907–1949 22837:1664–1776 22825:1637–1662 22823:New Haven 22819:1680–1776 22813:1686–1689 22807:1784–1867 22795:1628–1983 22789:1655–1860 22775:1632–1776 22749:1655–1962 22742:1733–1776 22736:1674–1702 22730:1701–1776 22724:1636–1776 22718:1818–1846 22700:1663–1712 22692:1867–1931 22686:1841–1867 22680:1791–1841 22674:1791–1841 22662:1762–1974 22655:1763–1783 22649:1763–1978 22643:1754–1820 22634:1866–1871 22610:1871–1981 22603:1643–1860 22597:1624–1966 22591:1670–1973 22584:1860–1981 22577:1632–1860 22502:1898–1930 22496:1892–1971 22490:1921–1946 22484:1826–1946 22478:1945–1946 22472:1946–1963 22470:Singapore 22464:1946–1963 22452:1702–1705 22446:1786–1946 22440:1923–1948 22438:Palestine 22426:1946–1963 22414:1891–1971 22408:1920–1932 22402:1762–1764 22396:1796–1965 22388:1948–1957 22382:1946–1948 22376:1885–1946 22370:1895–1946 22358:1848–1946 22352:1918–1961 22346:1811–1816 22340:1858–1947 22334:1841–1997 22332:Hong Kong 22328:1878–1960 22322:1795–1948 22316:1888–1984 22310:1824–1948 22298:Mauritius 22288:1874–1963 22276:1757–1947 22270:1812–1824 22260:1685–1824 22258:Bencoolen 22252:1879–1919 22240:1839–1967 22155:1887–1897 22149:1890–1963 22143:1890–1962 22129:1900–1910 22127:Transvaal 22123:1922–1961 22117:1899–1956 22111:1893–1968 22109:Swaziland 22105:1900–1914 22093:1915–1931 22087:1910–1931 22081:1884–1960 22075:1792–1961 22069:1903–1976 22055:1900–1910 22049:1891–1964 22047:Nyasaland 22043:1924–1964 22037:1900–1914 22031:1914–1960 22025:1884–1900 22019:1856–1910 22013:1810–1968 22011:Mauritius 22007:1807–1808 22001:1862–1906 21995:1920–1963 21979:1816–1965 21973:1882–1922 21967:1895–1920 21961:1891–1907 21955:1806–1910 21949:1795–1803 21943:1919–1961 21941:Cameroons 21878:1813–1964 21872:1800–1813 21861:1921–1931 21846:1809–1864 21840:1807–1890 21831:Gibraltar 21826:1878–1960 21820:1794–1796 21774:*Current 21623:Wellesley 21608:Dalhousie 21470:Surya Sen 21365:P. Kakkan 21325:Mir Qasim 21300:M. N. Roy 21235:Har Dayal 21068:activists 20897:Baba Amte 20887:Ayyankali 20865:reformers 20787:Azad Hind 20527:movements 20506:Socialism 20167:pp 55–79. 20040:144515505 19934:145802033 19824:144217855 19778:153716644 19736:144581168 19560:146480332 19444:150456443 19352:0012-9976 19056:143348610 18911:146232991 18883:162783898 18585:147335168 18558:full text 18289:(2010) , 18267:(2001) , 18243:(1990) , 18198:(2004) , 17826:(2004) , 17800:(1994) , 17696:4 January 17666:4 January 17656:0013-0613 17628:4 January 17569:4 January 17509:4 January 17478:4 January 17448:4 January 17418:31 August 17393:31 August 17305:0306-8374 16790:159825918 16704:18 August 16557:19 August 16497:16 August 16467:16 August 16457:"History" 16341:18 August 16290:9 January 15999:Bose 1916 15568:144517813 15369:0013-0389 15337:(Opinion) 15154:144605629 15065:(2007) . 15023:CiteSeerX 14992:168461253 14911:The Hindu 14848:Irfca.org 14683:146480332 14603:144471617 14377:144532499 14154:2658-1671 14115:251601027 14107:2710-3617 13525:Hyam 2007 13473:Judd 2004 13461:Judd 2004 13449:Judd 2004 13274:150945957 13226:153886117 13101:Robb 2002 12942:154900649 12864:143984571 12821:146445282 12380:Robb 2002 12217:145706327 11324:23 August 10753:144180838 10737:0010-4175 10612:Macmillan 10510:Confucian 10464:Ad-Dharmi 10453:Ad-Dharmi 10441:Brahmanic 10426:Brahmanic 10411:Brahmanic 10396:Brahmanic 10381:Brahmanic 10001:Education 9991:Dynasties 9911:Rajasthan 9896:Karnataka 9841:Sri Lanka 9109:(753–982) 9089:(736–916) 9069:(661–750) 9049:(632–661) 9029:(618–841) 9019:(606–647) 8988:(543–753) 8961:(489–632) 8951:(475–576) 8941:(475–767) 8931:(420–624) 8901:(345–525) 8891:(280–550) 8839:(230–360) 8829:(224–651) 8819:(210–340) 8809:(170–350) 8772:(AD 21 – 8630:– AD 800) 8382:Janapadas 8210:–1900 BC) 8137:Neolithic 8017:1721–1949 8007:1824–1948 7997:1858–1947 7987:1797–1813 7977:1757–1858 7967:1600–1757 7934:1628–1633 7924:1434–1833 7891:1668–1954 7881:1620–1869 7871:1605–1825 7861:1731–1813 7851:1778–1785 7551:in India. 7483:Education 7377:Raebareli 7251:began in 7197:1769–1944 7053:Rajputana 6984:Hyderabad 6068:Religious 6028:million: 5602:, of 1903 5528:secretary 5503:Education 5474:members ( 5176:(16,000) 5118:(46,000) 5092:(30,000) 5055:Rajasthan 4900:Telangana 4892:Karnataka 4784:Karnataka 4740:Jharkhand 4692:Meghalaya 4147:, 1914); 3932:Death of 3657:of 1877. 3323:New Delhi 3301:, (later 3065:Azad Hind 3038:Earlier, 2485:majority. 2278:Ahmedabad 2246:Champaran 2087:Home Rule 2038:Jerusalem 1781:with the 1608:Bhadralok 1536:movement. 940:Sri Lanka 816:known as 279:George VI 152:New Delhi 55:1858–1947 28375:Painting 28338:Folklore 28294:Blogging 28236:Religion 28221:Literacy 27956:Aviation 27941:Textiles 27880:Printing 27870:FM Radio 27838:Gambling 27833:Forestry 27769:Chemical 27583:Pensions 27490:National 27432:Governor 27383:Currency 27344:Taxation 27261:NIFTY 50 27198:Scandals 27155:Politics 27127:Military 26838:Agencies 26818:Politics 26754:See also 26570:Glaciers 26519:Wildlife 26409:Heritage 26254:Republic 26188:Railways 26158:Colonial 26130:Marathas 26097:Kakatiya 25985:Ancient 25960:Military 25945:Maritime 25920:Clothing 25903:Timeline 25777:Military 25698:Pakistan 25661:Hinduism 25656:Buddhism 25643:Religion 25613:Medieval 25603:Iron Age 25528:Politics 25491:Surnames 25413:Diaspora 25309:Southern 25299:Northern 25272:Pakistan 25262:Maldives 25126:Rhodesia 25121:Pakistan 25040:Barbados 25009:Rimatara 24999:Rapa Iti 24928:Valencia 24903:Tavolara 24893:Scotland 24858:Portugal 24818:Moldavia 24703:Bulgaria 24698:Brittany 24673:Asturias 24553:Mongolia 24543:Maldives 24405:Trinidad 24395:Suriname 24353:Americas 24337:Zimbabwe 24332:Zanzibar 24317:Wituland 24292:Ngazidja 24287:Ndzuwani 24222:Ethiopia 23945:Thailand 23925:Malaysia 23905:Cambodia 23855:Eswatini 23651:Elective 23636:Absolute 23537:Category 23373:Colombia 23288:Kiribati 23165:Victoria 23105:Tasmania 22996:Virginia 22962:Stickeen 22950:Saybrook 22889:Plymouth 22835:New York 22773:Maryland 22765:Province 22728:Delaware 22698:Carolina 22690:Dominion 22684:Province 22647:Dominica 22595:Barbados 22567:Anguilla 22538:disputed 22519:Pakistan 22394:Maldives 22268:Billiton 22195:Rhodesia 22181:Tanzania 22177:Cameroon 22153:Zululand 22147:Zanzibar 21935:Botswana 21653:Hastings 21613:Bentinck 20832:Jugantar 20476:Gandhism 19905:67841003 19662:96476257 19619:archived 19576:(1901); 19468:archived 19360:40278213 19319:Archived 19265:(2010), 19244:(2008), 19232:Archived 19195:(1946), 19147:(1997), 19126:(1991), 19097:(2002), 18978:(1993), 18920:(1988), 18729:archived 18675:(2001), 18594:(1998), 18510:archived 18502:(1916), 18448:archived 18409:(2000), 18335:(2004), 18307:archived 18091:(2006), 18070:archived 18033:(2001), 17970:(1993), 17864:archived 17757:(1990), 17690:Archived 17660:Archived 17622:Archived 17598:Archived 17587:Archived 17563:Archived 17503:Archived 17472:Archived 17468:BBC News 17442:Archived 17252:2 August 17246:Archived 16950:Archived 16734:(2): 3. 16608:24 April 16487:I G News 16316:29 April 16284:Archived 16266:19993010 16215:29 April 16189:29 April 16162:Archived 16138:Archived 16117:Archived 16098:Archived 16079:Archived 16011:Rai 2008 15804:Archived 15687:Archived 15435:Archived 15301:2 August 15292:Archived 15290:. NIOS. 15247:2 August 15241:Archived 15194:(2006). 15107:(2007). 15041:Archived 14922:2 August 14858:2 August 14443:(2006). 14158:Archived 14085:Al-Duhaa 14003:Carnatic 13970:Archived 13883:Archived 13863:Archived 13834:Archived 13616:2 August 13583:2 August 13577:Archived 13353:Low 1993 13338:Low 2002 13326:Low 2002 13116:(2004). 13080:Archived 13047:2 August 13041:Archived 13014:2 August 13008:Archived 12946:Archived 12901:Low 1993 12877:Low 1993 12077:Archived 12074:contents 11877:Archived 11755:11618727 11685:Archived 11655:Archived 11625:Archived 11623:. 2008. 11617:"Bhutan" 11506:2 August 11482:and Sir 11470:Quote: " 11446:(1974), 11422:Archived 11318:archived 11220:archived 11183:archived 11109:(2014), 11087:archived 11038:archived 11001:archived 10757:Archived 10687:archived 10652:archived 10640:Kalikata 10277:was the 10231:Victoria 10066:Timeline 10056:Religion 10036:Military 10026:Maritime 10016:Language 10006:Indology 9836:Pakistan 9826:Maldives 9524: – 9513: – 9502: – 9491: – 9480: – 9369: – 9358: – 9347: – 9336: – 9325: – 8473:–300 BC) 8413: – 8402: – 8391: – 8380: – 8359:Iron Age 8339: – 8328: – 8307: – 8296: – 8285: – 7816:See also 7805:football 7783:entering 7734:Macaulay 7722:Zamindar 7662:missions 7654:Lutheran 7643:dioceses 7623:Anglican 7562:Oxbridge 7323:smallpox 7296:Calcutta 7277:vaccines 7261:pandemic 7051:Eastern 6887:May 2017 6758:152,398 6740:129,900 6536:114,890 6530:109,752 6524:101,778 6518:100,096 6434:896,658 6356:232,003 6305:Buddhism 6185:Hinduism 6057:Religion 6038:Calcutta 5913:Railways 5890:Policies 5742:Railways 5680:Industry 5592:Maharaja 5512:Commerce 5441:Calcutta 5429:official 5286:Calcutta 5232:agencies 5147:(1,600) 5063:(2,700) 5043:officer 5033:(sq mi) 4950:and the 4700:Nagaland 4672:officer 4559:and the 4404:, 1941) 4400:, 1941, 4396:, 1941, 4286:, 1931. 4121:Calcutta 4114:at last 4104:George V 3983:in 1904 3979:renamed 3942:Calcutta 3913:(1901). 3909:under a 3751:(1885). 3715:in 1882 3584:(1872). 3507:in 1863 3461:in 1861 3225:Calcutta 3187:meeting 3127:(centre) 2878:K. P. P. 2814:and Sir 2652:Amritsar 2605:and the 2563:en route 2461:and the 2372:Imperial 2222:swadeshi 2117:Brahmins 2059:Mohammad 2026:Khalifah 1810:George V 1751:and the 1717:in 1921. 1656:swadeshi 1652:Swadeshi 1614:Swadeshi 1534:Swadeshi 1483:Swadeshi 1475:Ganapati 1331:, Hume, 831:, and a 782:Pakistan 770:dominion 470:Currency 255:George V 231:Victoria 146:Calcutta 28395:tallest 28316:Cuisine 28276:Culture 28231:Prisons 28226:Poverty 28167:Indians 28140:Society 28126:culture 27946:Tourism 27799:Nuclear 27779:Defence 27757:Fishing 27740:Sectors 27691:Mizoram 27646:Haryana 27641:Gujarat 27571:Poverty 27502:History 27475:Bullion 27460:Banking 27415:Coinage 27400:History 27236:Economy 27009:Federal 26720:Borders 26653:Central 26645:Regions 26625:Valleys 26599:Plains 26580:Islands 26540:Beaches 26504:Geology 26494:Forests 26464:Climate 26382:Geology 26193:Economy 26173:Plassey 26125:Mughals 26087:Hoysala 26013:Mauryas 25925:Coinage 25885:History 25822:History 25768:History 25718:Cricket 25671:Sikhism 25666:Jainism 25651:Dharmic 25578:History 25524:Economy 25509:Monsoon 25486:Scripts 25456:Fashion 25446:Cuisine 25423:Culture 25406:Semitic 25396:Chinese 25304:Eastern 25255:Islands 25116:Nigeria 25091:Ireland 25019:Tahuata 24994:Raiatea 24974:Huahine 24949:Abemama 24942:Oceania 24913:Tuscany 24868:Romania 24863:Prussia 24828:Navarre 24808:Majorca 24788:Ireland 24783:Imereti 24778:Iceland 24773:Hungary 24768:Hanover 24763:Granada 24753:Germany 24748:Georgia 24743:Galicia 24733:Finland 24723:Corsica 24718:Cilicia 24688:Bavaria 24678:Austria 24663:Albania 24635:Vietnam 24578:Sarawak 24568:Qu'aiti 24503:Kathiri 24466:Dapitan 24441:Bukhara 24390:Miskito 24312:Tunisia 24302:Shilluk 24212:Dahomey 24202:Burundi 24192:Bagirmi 24172:Adamawa 24091:Jamaica 24086:Grenada 24071:Bahamas 24035:Oceania 23985:Denmark 23980:Belgium 23975:Andorra 23890:Bahrain 23865:Morocco 23860:Lesotho 23839:Current 23830:Pharaoh 23783:Emperor 23722:Dynasty 23676:Regency 23656:Federal 23646:Diarchy 23600:Monarch 23528:culture 23282:Vanuatu 23072:Oceania 22747:Jamaica 22740:Georgia 22660:Grenada 22615:Bermuda 22589:Bahamas 22575:Antigua 22456:Sarawak 22168:Namibia 22029:Nigeria 22005:Madeira 21925:Lesotho 21884:Minorca 21850:Ireland 21818:Corsica 21745:Former 21573:Canning 20992:Periyar 20641:Bardoli 20409:Gwalior 20311:History 20165:excerpt 20061:(1966). 20014:online. 19944:(2012). 19752:(1991). 19745:(1995). 19693:3216953 19597:(1990). 19580:(1906) 19519:(1980). 19493:(1962) 19333:excerpt 19316:excerpt 19314:(2006) 19229:excerpt 18761:(2006) 18076:18 June 17920:(2007) 17714:Surveys 16583:(Delhi) 16427:et al, 16257:2181657 16144:15 June 16114:Malaria 15514:3022159 15237:Fsmitha 14498:2595587 13879:"India" 13086:10 June 13006:. BBC. 13004:History 12242:(1985) 12133:(1900) 12072:(1962) 11428:3 March 10763:8 April 10576:Office. 10366:Satnami 9996:Economy 9981:Coinage 9901:Kashmir 9881:Gujarat 8978:– 1026) 8088:Outline 7801:cricket 7741:in the 7633:of the 7598:of the 7474:in the 7447:Pashtun 7394:: The 7307:leprosy 7300:malaria 6911:Famine 6873:Please 6764:60,014 6752:18,004 6746:37,101 6734:42,763 6728:59,985 6719:Others 6660:Jainism 6596:22,480 6590:24,141 6584:21,778 6578:20,980 6572:18,228 6566:17,194 6563:0.005% 6560:12,009 6557:0.004% 6545:Judaism 6512:94,190 6506:89,904 6500:85,397 6494:69,476 6365:Sikhism 6299:23.81% 6293:22.16% 6287:21.74% 6281:21.26% 6275:21.22% 6269:19.96% 6263:19.74% 6257:21.45% 6239:66.02% 6233:68.36% 6227:68.56% 6215:70.37% 6209:72.32% 6203:74.32% 6197:73.07% 5925:Int'l$ 5632:Economy 5509:Finance 5506:Defence 5331:), and 5257:of the 5217:Company 5116:120,000 4940:Haryana 4812:Myanmar 4780:Gujarat 4696:Mizoram 4620:viceroy 4226:, 1919 4221:, 1919 4207:, 1919 3818:Manipur 3749:Panjdeh 3694:End of 3404:Period 3319:Karachi 3309:as the 3305:) with 3293:(later 3233:Karachi 3155:in the 2765:In the 2571:Madurai 2377:Viceroy 2270:Gujarat 2146:Karachi 2108:Gujarat 1953:of the 1889:during 1775:Shahbag 1520:in 1905 1405:of 1878 1373:in 1890 1243:by the 988:History 915:of the 835:of the 806:Myanmar 752:of the 705:on the 692:; 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