944:
952:
715:
3309:
849:
3365:
3317:
3373:
3325:
773:, Britain's Chief Representative in Egypt at the time, viewed Egypt's financial reforms as part of a long-term objective. Cromer took the view that political stability needed financial stability and embarked on a programme of long-term investment in Egypt's agricultural revenue sources, the largest of which was cotton. To accomplish this, Cromer worked to improve the Nile's irrigation system through multiple large projects, such as the construction of the Aswan Dam, the Nile Barrage, and an increase in canals available to agriculturally focused lands.
757:
3357:
1106:, all government decrees, publications, or other documents (such as passports) in the Arabic language that required a foreign language version would also be issued in French, and French appeared alongside Arabic on road signs, train timetables, taxi stands, and other every day signage, such as "Entrance" and "Exit" signs in public buildings. The French civil law legal system also became the basis of the modern Egyptian legal system (which would in turn become the basis for the legal systems of numerous other Arab states).
787:
3381:
857:
3081:
534:
3091:
3349:
91:
50:
3341:
492:
3333:
3101:
3111:
876:(1879–1947), who would become the leading feminist voice in Egypt in the first half of the twentieth century. The first women's demonstration was held on Sunday, 16 March 1919, and was followed by yet another one on Thursday, 20 March 1919. Egyptian women would continue to play an important and increasingly public nationalist role throughout the spring and summer of 1919 and beyond. The anticolonial
807:, British colonial authorities attempted to legitimise their less radical opponents with entrance into the League of Nations including the peace treaty of Versailles. Thus, the Wafd Party was invited and promised full independence in the years ahead. British occupation ended nominally with the UK's 1922 declaration of Egyptian independence, but British military domination of Egypt lasted until 1936.
984:. British influence continued to dominate Egypt's political life and fostered fiscal, administrative, and governmental reforms. Britain retained control of the Canal Zone, Sudan and Egypt's external protection; protection of foreigners and separate courts for foreigners; the police forces, the army, the railways and the communications. British troops were stationed in cities and towns.
692:
European capital, actual economic production and resulting revenues were insufficient to repay the loans. Eventually, the country teetered toward economic dissolution and implosion. In turn, a
European commission led by Britain and France took control of the treasury of Egypt, forgave debt in return for taking control of the
1109:
The privileged position of the French language in Egypt, second only to Arabic, persisted even during the decades of the United
Kingdom's occupation of the country, with French rather than English being the foreign language of choice of both the Egyptian government, and the Egyptian elites. Despite
730:
to bolster the
Khedive amidst a turbulent climate and protect European lives and property. In turn, Egyptian nationalists spread fear of invasion throughout the country to bolster Islamic and Arabian revolutionary action. Tawfiq moved to Alexandria for fear of his own safety as army officers led by
802:
which began re-organising, funding, and expanding anti-British revolutionary nationalist movements. For the first quarter of the 20th century, Britain's main goal in Egypt was penetrating these groups, neutralising them, and attempting to form more pro-British nationalist groups with which to hand
699:
However by 1882, Islamic and Arab nationalist opposition to
European influence led to growing tension amongst notable natives, especially in Egypt which was then the most powerful, populous, and influential of Arab countries. The most dangerous opposition during this period came from the Egyptian
864:
In the aftermath of World War I, the large
British Imperial Army in Egypt which was the centre of operations against the Ottoman Empire was quickly reduced with demobilisation and restructuring of garrisons. Free of the large British military presence, the incipient German backed revolutionary
691:
Throughout the 19th century, the ruling dynasty of Egypt had borrowed and spent vast sums of money on its own luxury and on the infrastructural development of Egypt. The dynasty's economic development was almost wholly oriented toward military dual-use goals. Consequently, despite vast sums of
1071:
a few months later to restore their control over the Suez Canal, but the action was met with such international backlash that the three countries were forced to halt military operations and withdraw. The
Egyptian authorities harassed British, French and Jewish communities and were affected by
768:
The purpose of the invasion had been to restore political stability to Egypt under a government of the
Khedive and international controls that were in place to streamline Egyptian financing since 1876. It is unlikely that the British expected a long-term occupation from the outset; however,
735:
began to take control of the government. By June, Egypt was in the hands of nationalists as opposed to
European domination of the country and the new revolutionary government began nationalizing all assets in Egypt. Anti-European violence broke out in Alexandria, prompting a British
836:
In 1914 as a result of the declaration of war with the
Ottoman Empire, of which Egypt was nominally a part, Britain declared a Protectorate over Egypt and deposed the Khedive, replacing him with a family member who was made Sultan of Egypt by the British. A group known as the
632:
on account of the
British presence there, although Egypt itself remained neutral until late in the war. After the war Egypt sought to modify the treaty, but it was abrogated in its entirety by an anti-British government in October 1951. After the
923:
had stressed the importance of maintaining control over the Suez Canal Zone and Curzon could not persuade his Cabinet colleagues to agree to any terms that Adli Pasha was prepared to accept. The mission returned to Egypt in disgust.
748:
in August 1882. Simultaneously, French forces landed in Alexandria and the northern end of the canal. Both joined and maneuvered to meet the Egyptian army. The combined Anglo-French-Indian army easily defeated the Egyptian Army
959:
In December 1921, the British authorities in Cairo imposed martial law and once again deported Zaghlul. Demonstrations again led to violence. In deference to the growing nationalism and at the suggestion of the
1007:, requiring Britain to withdraw all troops from Egypt, except at the Suez Canal (which would be re-examined after 20 years). Britain maintained significant unofficial influence upon the Egyptian monarchy.
915:
approved the agreement and Egypt was asked to send another mission to London with full powers to conclude a definitive treaty. Adli Pasha led this mission, which arrived in June 1921. However, the
711:
to dismiss his Prime Minister and rule by decree. Many of the Europeans retreated to specially designed quarters suited for defense or heavily European-settled cities such as Alexandria.
872:. Almost daily demonstrations and unrest continued throughout Egypt for the remainder of the Spring. To the surprise of the British authorities, Egyptian women also demonstrated, led by
1122:; these courts used the French language as the medium of proceedings. Courts operated by embassies and consulates tried their respective citizens in regards to criminal matters.
2930:
1963:
553:, when the last British forces withdrew in accordance with the Anglo-Egyptian agreement of 1954. The first period of British rule (1882–1914) is often called the "veiled
3288:
1958:
1953:
822:
began to flow into Egypt. The number of foreigners in the country rose from 10,000 in the 1840s to around 90,000 in the 1880s, and more than 1.5 million by the 1930s.
896:
1090:
set about modernising Egypt along Western European lines, being particularly influenced by France. In addition to French military and scientific prowess, the
3618:
1021:
British troops were withdrawn to the Suez Canal area in 1947, but nationalist, anti-British feelings continued to grow after the war. Egypt took part in the
943:
608:, but the British occupation continued, in accordance with several reserve clauses in the declaration of independence. The situation was normalised in the
783:. The document was limited in scope and was effectively more of an organic law of the Consultative Council to the khedive than an actual constitution.
3613:
2485:
569:
protectorate over the country. Egypt was thus not part of the British Empire. This state of affairs lasted until 1914 when the Ottoman Empire joined
1110:
efforts from British legal personnel, English was never adopted as a language of the Egyptian civil courts during the period of British influence.
1732:
1319:
969:
678:
597:
406:
3483:
3147:
596:
The formal protectorate over Egypt outlasted the war for only a short period. It was brought to an end when the British government issued the
3583:
2354:
1102:
court, French was the formal language used among foreigners, and between foreigners and Egyptians. By the reign of Muhammad Ali's grandson,
740:. Fearing the intervention of outside powers or the seizure of the canal by the Egyptians, in conjunction with an Islamic revolution in the
3593:
911:
to discuss the proposals. The mission arrived in London in June 1920 and the agreement was concluded in August 1920. In February 1921, the
810:
During British occupation and later control, Egypt developed into a regional commercial and trading destination. Entrepreneurs including
3182:
1293:
17:
1980:
1948:
520:
3293:
2809:
2337:
1819:
686:
3608:
3203:
2821:
2212:
1094:
was the language of international relations. Consequently, French attained an esteemed status in Egypt throughout the rule of the
3598:
2256:
1990:
1370:
Iacolucci, Jared Paul. "Finance and Empire: 'Gentlemanly Capitalism' in Britain's Occupation of Egypt." (MA Thesis, CUNY, 2014).
3568:
1533:
1457:
3603:
3058:
868:
Consequently, from March to April 1919, there were mass demonstrations that became uprisings. This is known in Egypt as the
3198:
3177:
2882:
2536:
2480:
2436:
2249:
1923:
1913:
1873:
2730:
1098:, emerging as a lingua franca in the country well into the second half of the 20th century. In addition to its use at the
790:
Gathering of Egyptian, Turkish, and British royalty in 1911. Queen Mary seated and King George V standing at extreme right
3528:
3518:
2541:
2281:
2167:
176:
3140:
2994:
2925:
2804:
2426:
2303:
1970:
1851:
1766:
1727:
396:
196:
156:
3278:
2529:
2058:
1371:
1206:
1050:
951:
770:
646:
2662:
2325:
2048:
1289:
912:
737:
700:
army, which saw the reorientation of economic development away from their control as a threat to their privileges.
43:
3021:
2989:
2742:
2468:
1878:
1598:
1025:, which proved to be disastrous for Egypt and its allies, furtherly increasing the unpopularity of the monarchy.
109:
3578:
3573:
2590:
2384:
2347:
1261:
842:
776:
513:
3463:
714:
3133:
2877:
2672:
2078:
1603:
1586:
1004:
780:
609:
136:
2789:
3498:
3283:
2853:
2657:
2625:
2441:
2073:
1943:
1866:
206:
3413:
3104:
3016:
2858:
2600:
2490:
2313:
2108:
1975:
1918:
1814:
1689:
1000:
657:. The British agreed with Nasser to withdraw their troops, and by June 1956 had done so. Britain went to
473:
55:
1331:
947:
Soldiers of the 1st Battalion of the West Yorkshire Regiment (Prince of Wales's Own) in Egypt, 1931-1933
3523:
3239:
3011:
2816:
2713:
2696:
2679:
2620:
2446:
2401:
2332:
2271:
2244:
1888:
1747:
1526:
972:
Egyptian independence on 28 February 1922, abolishing the protectorate and establishing an independent
848:
3473:
3408:
3255:
2977:
2920:
2887:
2652:
2562:
2524:
2519:
2507:
2406:
2098:
2068:
2053:
1805:
1022:
719:
625:
506:
70:
3468:
3053:
3033:
2841:
2667:
2463:
2451:
2288:
2266:
1933:
1883:
1824:
1783:
1659:
1654:
1620:
1581:
1136:
1034:
869:
634:
279:
127:
1338:
The Cambridge history of Egypt. Vol. 2: Modern Egypt from 1517 to the end of the twentieth century
3432:
2962:
2585:
2320:
2172:
2145:
2130:
2125:
1861:
1761:
981:
434:
166:
3588:
3234:
3229:
3114:
3043:
2972:
2794:
2762:
2456:
2394:
2389:
2103:
1568:
1061:
750:
662:
586:
3418:
3260:
3224:
3048:
2940:
2910:
2799:
2779:
2725:
2637:
2276:
2234:
2229:
2207:
2015:
2005:
1790:
1669:
1637:
1519:
1313:
1251:
1131:
1119:
1087:
1015:
1053:. The last British troops left Egypt in June 1956 as per the 1954 Anglo-Egyptian Agreement.
3508:
3403:
3265:
3156:
2915:
2865:
2735:
1839:
1829:
1095:
1049:. The monarchy was formerly abolished in 1953 and replaced by the autocratic and socialist
578:
186:
146:
8:
3448:
3026:
3006:
2826:
2774:
2769:
2708:
2610:
2293:
2224:
2219:
1938:
1642:
920:
376:
3428:
2836:
2747:
2647:
2514:
2342:
2308:
2261:
2239:
2135:
2037:
1908:
1795:
1742:
1506:
1081:
1042:
831:
819:
795:
682:
650:
590:
558:
546:
453:
416:
288:
39:
35:
3493:
3423:
3398:
3208:
3090:
2984:
2784:
2691:
2642:
2595:
2580:
2495:
2411:
2298:
2196:
2177:
2010:
1684:
1679:
1610:
1593:
1576:
1408:
1391:
1257:
1202:
961:
884:
873:
756:
582:
338:
328:
308:
298:
241:
100:
2846:
612:, which granted Britain the right to station troops in Egypt for the defence of the
3478:
2945:
2902:
2872:
2720:
2502:
2431:
2373:
2088:
2083:
2063:
1985:
1800:
1701:
1632:
1615:
1556:
1376:
Karakoç, Ulaş. "Industrial growth in interwar Egypt: first estimate, new insights"
1301:
1103:
1038:
973:
933:
642:
605:
463:
358:
79:
3458:
2757:
2935:
2752:
2703:
2605:
2421:
2157:
2140:
1771:
1696:
1091:
996:
992:
903:
of alliance. As a result, Curzon agreed to receive an Egyptian mission headed by
811:
798:
provoked questioning of British rule in Egypt. This was exploited in turn by the
786:
741:
638:
601:
348:
30:"British Egypt" redirects here. For the British civil occupation of Egypt before
1495:
3503:
3488:
3453:
3084:
3038:
2892:
2831:
2615:
2416:
1928:
1856:
1715:
1649:
1057:
1046:
887:
was sent to Egypt by the British to attempt to resolve the situation. In 1920,
654:
574:
562:
261:
231:
3562:
3546:
3513:
2967:
2955:
2950:
2630:
1720:
904:
815:
799:
753:
in September and took control of the country putting Tawfiq back in control.
629:
617:
616:, its link with India. Britain also continued to control the training of the
386:
1434:
Mowat, R. C. "From Liberalism to Imperialism: The Case of Egypt 1875-1887."
1341:
1305:
3539:
3094:
2684:
2093:
1752:
1398:
Bankers and Pashas: International Finance and Economic Imperialism in Egypt
1011:
977:
965:
856:
708:
704:
621:
554:
496:
744:, the British led an Anglo-Indian expeditionary force at both ends of the
2113:
1844:
1834:
1627:
1346:
Fletcher, Max E. (1958). "The Suez Canal and World Shipping, 1869-1914".
1068:
892:
888:
804:
732:
658:
570:
550:
251:
42:. For the technically independent state under de facto British rule, see
31:
1041:, effectively handing over control of the country to military strongmen
3125:
2162:
2120:
1439:
1351:
908:
838:
745:
727:
693:
669:, but with insufficient international support was forced to back down.
613:
533:
1381:
1232:
Ordinary Egyptians: Creating the Modern Nation through Popular Culture
726:
Consequently in April 1882, France and Great Britain sent warships to
3001:
2473:
880:
and British suppression of them led to the death of some 800 people.
90:
49:
779:
of 1882, a constitution, followed an abortive attempt to promulgate
545:
lasted from 1882, when it was occupied by British forces during the
1674:
916:
318:
955:
Armstrong Whitworth Atlas of 208 Squadron RAF in Egypt, circa 1932
565:, and the British occupation had no legal basis but constituted a
1429:
A History of Modern Egypt and Anglo-Egyptian Relations: 1800-1956
1173:
A History of Modern Egypt and Anglo-Egyptian Relations: 1800-1956
1099:
865:
movements were able to more effectively launch their operations.
1288:
999:
inherited the throne at the age of sixteen. Alarmed by Italy's
641:
was overthrown and, after a brief interregnum of his infant son
1706:
1664:
1511:
1294:
The Egyptian Question: Speech at Boscombe, November 10th, 1898.
1065:
900:
707:, a large military demonstration in September 1881, forced the
666:
852:
Egyptian and British soldiers on standby during the 1919 riots
1737:
1542:
899:, recommending that the protectorate should be replaced by a
3289:
Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878
2150:
1464:
Modernization and British Colonial Rule in Egypt, 1882-1914
1415:
The British in Egypt: Community, Crime and Crises 1882-1922
1253:
The British in Egypt: Community, Crime and Crises 1882-1922
877:
696:, and reoriented economic development toward capital gain.
1365:
Gladstone's imperialism in Egypt: techniques of domination
1478:
The history of modern Egypt: from Muhammad Ali to Mubarak
1358:
Three empires on the Nile: the Victorian jihad, 1869-1899
1160:
The history of modern Egypt: from Muhammad Ali to Mubarak
1447:
Lord Cromer: Victorian Imperialist, Edwardian Proconsul
1018:
as a base for Allied operations throughout the region.
1422:
What the British Did: Two Centuries in the Middle East
1037:
overthrew Farouk and replaced him with his infant son
1454:
Africa and the Victorians: The Climax of Imperialism
938:
927:
1234:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 138–39.
987:
860:Female nationalists demonstrating in Cairo in 1919
672:
645:, the monarchy was abolished and replaced by the
3560:
825:
600:on 28 February 1922. Shortly afterwards, Sultan
679:History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty
598:Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence
3484:Provisional Russian Administration in Bulgaria
593:independent of the Ottomans in December 1914.
3141:
1527:
1283:Studies in the Social History of Modern Egypt
1199:Constitution Writing, Religion and Democracy.
1118:Foreigners tried for civil offenses attended
1028:
514:
3619:1956 disestablishments in the British Empire
1405:European Alliances and Alignments, 1871–1890
1154:
1152:
1318:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
803:further control. However, after the end of
3148:
3134:
1534:
1520:
1201:Cambridge University Press, 2017. p. 293.
521:
507:
3614:1882 establishments in the British Empire
3469:First Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1149:
1086:From the beginning of his reign in 1805,
687:Foreign policy of William Ewart Gladstone
3155:
950:
942:
855:
847:
785:
755:
713:
532:
48:
561:remained an autonomous province of the
14:
3561:
1452:Robinson, Ronald, and John Gallagher.
1237:
3294:Expulsion of the Albanians, 1877–1878
3129:
2560:
2371:
2194:
2035:
1554:
1515:
659:war against Egypt over the Suez Canal
3584:Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty
3110:
1113:
38:. For the British protectorate, see
3529:Convention of Constantinople (1881)
3183:Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–1878)
3100:
1390:(Harper and Row, 1935) pp 161–248.
1378:European Review of Economic History
1186:A History of the Modern Middle East
24:
1484:
1275:
1158:Vatikiotis, Panayiotis J. (1991).
543:history of Egypt under the British
25:
3630:
2481:Role of the Egyptian Armed Forces
1480:(4th ed. Johns Hopkins UP, 1991).
845:to demand Egypt's independence.
585:, was deposed and his successor,
3379:
3371:
3363:
3355:
3347:
3339:
3331:
3323:
3315:
3307:
3204:Serbian–Turkish Wars (1876–1878)
3199:Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)
3178:Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)
3109:
3099:
3089:
3080:
3079:
2338:Refugees of the Syrian civil war
1541:
1290:Thomas Brassey, 2nd Earl Brassey
939:Continued occupation (1922-1936)
928:Independent monarchy (1936-1952)
581:over Egypt. The ruling khedive,
490:
89:
3609:1956 disestablishments in Egypt
3594:History of Egypt (1900–present)
3519:Austro–Serbian Alliance of 1881
2822:Identification card controversy
1197:Aslı Ü. Bâli and Hanna Lerner.
1120:mixed Egyptian-foreigner courts
988:Continued influence (1936-1952)
673:Veiled protectorate (1882–1913)
589:, compelled to declare himself
3599:British colonisation in Africa
1728:Khedivate and Kingdom of Egypt
1224:
1211:
1191:
1178:
1165:
843:Paris Peace Conference of 1919
777:Egyptian Fundamental Ordinance
718:Alexandria in ruins after the
13:
1:
3569:History of the British Empire
3279:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
2036:
1330:(3rd ed. pp 33–43. pp 28–39.
1142:
826:Formal occupation (1914–1922)
738:naval bombardment of the city
610:Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936
3604:1882 establishments in Egypt
3499:Battles for Plav and Gusinje
3284:Romanian War of Independence
2355:Twin towns and sister cities
2195:
1867:Assassination of Anwar Sadat
1360:. (Simon and Schuster, 2007)
1221:. Yale University Press, 33.
1075:
44:Kingdom of Egypt (1922–1953)
7:
3534:British Occupation of Egypt
3414:Budapest Convention of 1877
2883:Vehicle registration plates
2561:
2537:Water supply and sanitation
2372:
1555:
1407:(2nd ed. 1950) pp 251–280.
1348:Journal of Economic History
1326:Chamberlain, M. E. (2009).
1125:
1003:of Ethiopia, he signed the
56:The Illustrated London News
18:British occupation of Egypt
10:
3635:
3524:French conquest of Tunisia
2542:Water resources management
1476:Vatikiotis, Panayiotis J.
1388:Gladstone's Foreign Policy
1079:
1029:Revolution and Suez Crisis
931:
829:
676:
649:, under the leadership of
29:
3441:
3409:Constantinople Conference
3389:
3304:
3274:
3256:1878 Macedonian rebellion
3248:
3217:
3191:
3170:
3163:
3075:
2901:
2573:
2569:
2556:
2437:Impact on the environment
2427:Entrepreneurship policies
2380:
2367:
2203:
2190:
2044:
2031:
1999:
1901:
1567:
1563:
1550:
537:1894 map of British Egypt
252:Roman and Byzantine Egypt
3464:1876 Ottoman coup d'état
2208:Administrative divisions
1884:2011 Egyptian revolution
1825:1952 Egyptian revolution
1621:Lighthouse of Alexandria
1336:Daly, M. W. ed. (1998).
1255:. I.B.Tauris, pp. 87–89.
1137:Egypt in the Middle Ages
891:submitted his report to
841:Delegation attended the
760:British barracks on the
661:in late 1956, alongside
635:1952 Egyptian revolution
557:". During this time the
27:Egypt under British rule
3433:Treaty of Berlin (1878)
2412:Egyptian stock exchange
1328:The Scramble for Africa
1104:Isma'il the Magnificent
577:and Britain declared a
549:, until 1956 after the
197:3rd Intermediate Period
177:2nd Intermediate Period
157:1st Intermediate Period
3240:Kresna–Razlog uprising
3235:Razlovtsi insurrection
3230:April Uprising of 1876
2743:International rankings
1748:Egyptian–Ethiopian War
1471:Egypt: A Short History
1281:Baer, Gabriel (1969).
1171:Marlowe, John (1965).
956:
948:
919:delegates at the 1921
883:In November 1919, the
861:
853:
791:
781:a constitution in 1879
765:
723:
538:
60:
3579:20th century in Egypt
3574:19th century in Egypt
3419:Treaty of San Stefano
3261:Epirus Revolt of 1878
3225:Stara Zagora Uprising
2348:Terrorism and tourism
1806:1948 Arab–Israeli War
1638:Library of Alexandria
1466:(Princeton UP, 1966).
1438:16#1 (1973): 109–24.
1431:(Archon Books, 1965).
1217:Osman, Tarek (2010).
1132:Egypt in World War II
1023:1948 Arab-Israeli War
1005:Anglo-Egyptian Treaty
970:unilaterally declared
954:
946:
859:
851:
789:
759:
717:
677:Further information:
536:
137:Early Dynastic Period
52:
3509:Dual Alliance (1879)
3404:Reichstadt Agreement
3266:Cretan revolt (1878)
3157:Great Eastern Crisis
3059:World Heritage Sites
2878:Units of measurement
2333:Proposed new capital
2079:Environmental issues
1840:United Arab Republic
1733:Muhammad Ali dynasty
1363:Harrison, Robert T.
1250:Mak, Lanver (2012).
1230:Fahmy, Ziad (2011).
1096:Muhammad Ali dynasty
407:Muhammad Ali dynasty
3449:Bulgarian Exarchate
2731:Freedom of religion
2626:Mass sexual assault
1991:Timekeeping devices
1889:2013 Rabaa massacre
1862:Egyptian–Libyan War
1403:Langer, William L.
1400:(Harvard UP, 1980).
1380:(2018) 22#1 53–72,
921:Imperial Conference
720:British bombardment
624:(1939–1945), Egypt
573:on the side of the
242:Ptolemaic dynasties
3429:Congress of Berlin
3164:Wars and conflicts
2921:Art (contemporary)
2601:Capital punishment
2491:Telecommunications
2168:Towns and villages
2136:Qattara Depression
1949:Muslim Brotherhood
1919:Cigarette industry
1779:British occupation
1690:Crusader invasions
1660:Rashidun Caliphate
1456:(1961) pp 76–159.
1449:(Oxford UP, 2004).
1436:Historical Journal
1424:(IB Tauris, 2016).
1417:(IB Tauris, 2012).
1367:(Greenwood, 1995).
1298:Problems of Empire
1219:Egypt on the Brink
1184:Cleveland (2013).
1088:Muhammad Ali Pasha
1082:Languages of Egypt
957:
949:
913:British Parliament
862:
854:
832:Sultanate of Egypt
796:Denshawai incident
792:
766:
724:
683:Khedivate of Egypt
559:Khedivate of Egypt
547:Anglo-Egyptian War
539:
454:Sultanate of Egypt
444:British occupation
417:Khedivate of Egypt
289:Rashidun caliphate
110:Predynastic Period
61:
53:Illustration from
40:Sultanate of Egypt
36:Khedivate of Egypt
3556:
3555:
3494:League of Prizren
3424:Cyprus Convention
3399:Berlin Memorandum
3302:
3301:
3209:Kumanovo uprising
3123:
3122:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3066:
2995:Football stadiums
2926:Botanical gardens
2805:Catholic dioceses
2697:Gender inequality
2621:Human trafficking
2552:
2551:
2486:Tallest buildings
2447:Military industry
2363:
2362:
2304:Political parties
2257:Islamic extremism
2245:Foreign relations
2186:
2185:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2022:
1767:French occupation
1685:Fatimid Caliphate
1680:Ikhshidid dynasty
1490:Cromer, Earl of.
1473:(2011) pp 228–55.
1350:, 18#4: 556–573.
1285:. U Chicago Press
1264:, 9781848857094.
1188:. Westview Press.
1114:Foreign community
1051:Republic of Egypt
1014:, British troops
995:died in 1936 and
962:High Commissioner
897:Foreign Secretary
885:Milner Commission
647:Republic of Egypt
626:came under attack
604:declared himself
531:
530:
482:
481:
435:Late Modern Egypt
425:
424:
397:French occupation
367:
366:
329:Ikhshidid dynasty
299:Umayyad caliphate
270:
269:
224:Greco-Roman Egypt
215:
214:
118:
117:
101:Prehistoric Egypt
16:(Redirected from
3626:
3479:Eastern Question
3384:
3383:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3168:
3167:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3127:
3126:
3113:
3112:
3103:
3102:
3093:
3083:
3082:
2888:Waste management
2653:Academic grading
2571:
2570:
2558:
2557:
2530:Railway stations
2508:Cultural tourism
2407:Economic regions
2369:
2368:
2192:
2191:
2033:
2032:
1702:Mamluk Sultanate
1633:Diocese of Egypt
1616:Battle of Actium
1565:
1564:
1552:
1551:
1536:
1529:
1522:
1513:
1512:
1505:(London, 1892).
1503:England in Egypt
1501:Milner, Alfred.
1469:Tignor, Robert.
1462:Tignor, Robert.
1420:Mangold, Peter.
1386:Knaplund, Paul.
1356:Green, Dominic.
1323:
1317:
1309:
1269:
1248:
1235:
1228:
1222:
1215:
1209:
1195:
1189:
1182:
1176:
1169:
1163:
1156:
974:Kingdom of Egypt
934:Kingdom of Egypt
523:
516:
509:
497:Egypt portal
495:
494:
493:
464:Kingdom of Egypt
440:
439:
383:
382:
285:
284:
228:
227:
133:
132:
106:
105:
93:
83:
65:
64:
21:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3437:
3391:
3385:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3306:
3298:
3270:
3244:
3213:
3187:
3159:
3154:
3124:
3119:
3063:
3054:Public holidays
3044:National anthem
2897:
2810:Coptic Churches
2753:Egyptian Arabic
2663:Medical schools
2565:
2548:
2464:Nuclear program
2376:
2359:
2289:Nationality law
2282:Supreme Council
2267:Law enforcement
2199:
2182:
2158:Sinai Peninsula
2141:Red Sea Riviera
2040:
2019:
1995:
1897:
1784:1919 revolution
1772:Revolt of Cairo
1697:Ayyubid dynasty
1675:Tulunid dynasty
1559:
1546:
1540:
1487:
1485:Primary sources
1427:Marlowe, John.
1396:Landes, David.
1311:
1310:
1278:
1276:Further reading
1273:
1272:
1249:
1238:
1229:
1225:
1216:
1212:
1196:
1192:
1183:
1179:
1175:. Archon Books.
1170:
1166:
1157:
1150:
1145:
1128:
1116:
1092:French language
1084:
1078:
1035:1952 revolution
1031:
1001:recent invasion
990:
941:
936:
930:
870:1919 Revolution
834:
828:
751:at Tel El Kebir
742:Empire of India
689:
675:
591:Sultan of Egypt
527:
491:
489:
484:
483:
437:
427:
426:
380:
369:
368:
349:Ayyubid dynasty
339:Fatimid dynasty
319:Tulunid dynasty
309:Abbasid dynasty
282:
272:
271:
225:
217:
216:
130:
120:
119:
103:
81:
74:
59:(July 29, 1882)
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3632:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3543:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3504:Pact of Halepa
3501:
3496:
3491:
3489:British Cyprus
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3454:Deligrad Event
3451:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3395:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3174:
3172:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3153:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3130:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3107:
3097:
3087:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3004:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2990:Football clubs
2982:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2965:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2907:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2797:
2792:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2745:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2723:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2586:Animal welfare
2583:
2577:
2575:
2567:
2566:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2469:Power stations
2466:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2417:Egyptian pound
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2321:Prime Minister
2318:
2317:
2316:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2126:Northern coast
2123:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1876:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1857:Yom Kippur War
1849:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1740:
1735:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1699:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1652:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1579:
1573:
1571:
1561:
1560:
1548:
1547:
1539:
1538:
1531:
1524:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1499:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1460:
1450:
1443:
1432:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1401:
1394:
1384:
1374:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1344:
1334:
1324:
1286:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1236:
1223:
1210:
1190:
1177:
1164:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1127:
1124:
1115:
1112:
1077:
1074:
1047:Mohamed Naguib
1030:
1027:
989:
986:
982:prime minister
940:
937:
932:Main article:
929:
926:
895:, the British
830:Main article:
827:
824:
764:, around 1910.
709:Khedive Tewfiq
674:
671:
655:Mohamed Naguib
575:Central Powers
563:Ottoman Empire
529:
528:
526:
525:
518:
511:
503:
500:
499:
486:
485:
480:
479:
476:
470:
469:
466:
460:
459:
456:
450:
449:
446:
438:
433:
432:
429:
428:
423:
422:
419:
413:
412:
409:
403:
402:
399:
393:
392:
389:
381:
375:
374:
371:
370:
365:
364:
361:
359:Mamluk dynasty
355:
354:
351:
345:
344:
341:
335:
334:
331:
325:
324:
321:
315:
314:
311:
305:
304:
301:
295:
294:
291:
283:
280:Medieval Egypt
278:
277:
274:
273:
268:
267:
264:
262:Sasanian Egypt
258:
257:
254:
248:
247:
244:
238:
237:
234:
232:Argead dynasty
226:
223:
222:
219:
218:
213:
212:
209:
203:
202:
199:
193:
192:
189:
183:
182:
179:
173:
172:
169:
167:Middle Kingdom
163:
162:
159:
153:
152:
149:
143:
142:
139:
131:
126:
125:
122:
121:
116:
115:
112:
104:
99:
98:
95:
94:
86:
85:
76:
75:
68:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3631:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3589:Ottoman Egypt
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3549:
3548:
3547:Anna Karenina
3544:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3514:Brsjak revolt
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3459:Niš Committee
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3434:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3390:International
3388:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3151:
3146:
3144:
3139:
3137:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3116:
3108:
3106:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3086:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2916:Art (ancient)
2914:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2795:Blasphemy law
2793:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2763:Sign Language
2761:
2759:
2758:Saʽidi Arabic
2756:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2494:
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1069:invaded Egypt
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627:
623:
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615:
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587:Hussein Kamel
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128:Ancient Egypt
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33:
19:
3545:
3540:Marche slave
3538:
3533:
2941:Coat of arms
2911:Architecture
2800:Christianity
2780:Prostitution
2726:Human rights
2685:Abaza family
2673:Universities
2638:Demographics
2591:Billionaires
2235:Constitution
2230:Conscription
2213:Governorates
2094:Halfaya Pass
1964:1954–present
1924:Constitution
1879:2010s Crisis
1791:World War II
1778:
1753:Urabi revolt
1670:Islamization
1604:31st Dynasty
1599:27th Dynasty
1502:
1492:Modern Egypt
1491:
1477:
1470:
1463:
1453:
1446:
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1428:
1421:
1414:
1404:
1397:
1387:
1377:
1364:
1357:
1347:
1337:
1327:
1314:cite journal
1297:
1282:
1266:Google Books
1265:
1252:
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1218:
1213:
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1193:
1185:
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1172:
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1159:
1117:
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1085:
1072:expulsions.
1055:
1043:Gamal Nasser
1032:
1020:
1012:World War II
1009:
991:
978:Sarwat Pasha
966:Lord Allenby
958:
882:
867:
863:
835:
809:
793:
775:
767:
761:
725:
705:Urabi revolt
702:
698:
690:
651:Gamal Nasser
622:World War II
595:
579:protectorate
566:
555:protectorate
542:
540:
478:1953–present
443:
377:Early modern
256:30 BC–641 AD
191:1550–1069 BC
181:1650–1550 BC
171:2055–1650 BC
161:2181–2055 BC
151:2686–2181 BC
141:3150–2686 BC
114:6000–3000 BC
62:
54:
3474:Opalchentsi
3171:Montenegrin
3105:WikiProject
2866:Scientology
2736:LGBT rights
2658:Law schools
2442:Lighthouses
2385:Agriculture
2114:Mount Sinai
2074:Earthquakes
1874:Mubarak era
1845:Six-Day War
1835:Suez Crisis
1830:Land reform
1577:Prehistoric
1496:online free
1300:: 233–242.
993:King Fuad I
893:Lord Curzon
889:Lord Milner
805:World War I
771:Lord Cromer
733:Ahmed Urabi
639:King Farouk
571:World War I
551:Suez Crisis
207:Late Period
201:1069–664 BC
187:New Kingdom
147:Old Kingdom
80:History of
32:World War I
3563:Categories
3392:agreements
3017:Newspapers
3007:Mass media
2859:Synagogues
2827:Irreligion
2775:Literature
2770:Liberalism
2709:Healthcare
2611:Corruption
2294:Parliament
2225:Corruption
2220:Civil Code
2163:Suez Canal
2121:Nile Delta
2006:Alexandria
1976:Population
1971:Parliament
1939:Healthcare
1820:Nasser era
1594:Achaemenid
1569:Chronology
1306:Q107160423
1262:1848857098
1143:References
1080:See also:
1016:used Egypt
909:Adli Pasha
746:Suez Canal
728:Alexandria
694:Suez Canal
614:Suez Canal
236:332–310 BC
211:664–332 BC
3218:Bulgarian
3012:Magazines
3002:Egyptians
2837:Ahmadiyya
2748:Languages
2714:Hospitals
2648:Education
2515:Transport
2474:Aswan Dam
2402:Companies
2343:Terrorism
2309:President
2272:Massacres
2262:Judiciary
2240:Elections
2109:Mountains
2038:Geography
2016:Port Said
1959:1939–1954
1954:1928–1938
1909:Anarchism
1852:Sadat era
1796:Sultanate
1743:Khedivate
1643:Christian
1611:Ptolemaic
1292:(1904). "
1076:Languages
968:, the UK
820:Armenians
620:. During
468:1922–1953
458:1914–1922
448:1882–1922
421:1867–1914
411:1805–1953
401:1798–1801
391:1517–1867
363:1250–1517
353:1171–1250
246:310–30 BC
3442:See also
3085:Category
3049:Olympics
2985:Football
2817:Hinduism
2785:Religion
2692:Feminism
2680:Families
2643:Diaspora
2606:Censuses
2596:Cannabis
2581:Abortion
2525:Airports
2520:Airlines
2496:Internet
2299:Passport
2277:Military
2250:Missions
2197:Politics
2178:Wildlife
1902:By topic
1815:Republic
1650:Sassanid
1352:in JSTOR
1302:Wikidata
1126:See also
1100:Khedival
917:Dominion
722:of 1882.
583:Abbas II
567:de facto
474:Republic
343:969–1171
71:a series
69:Part of
3115:Commons
3034:Museums
2978:regions
2946:Cuisine
2931:Castles
2903:Culture
2873:Smoking
2854:Judaism
2842:Mosques
2721:Housing
2668:Schools
2574:General
2563:Society
2503:Tourism
2432:Fishing
2390:Banking
2374:Economy
2099:Islands
2089:Geology
2084:Fossils
2069:Deserts
2064:Climate
2054:Borders
2000:By city
1986:Saladin
1934:Genetic
1914:Capital
1801:Kingdom
1716:Ottoman
1582:Ancient
1557:History
1039:Fuad II
1010:During
980:became
905:Zaghlul
643:Fuad II
333:935–969
323:868–905
313:750–935
303:661–750
293:641–661
266:619–629
3095:Portal
2936:Cinema
2790:Baháʼí
2704:Health
2452:Mining
2422:Energy
2146:Rivers
2059:Cities
1981:Postal
1762:Modern
1707:Mamluk
1665:Fustat
1655:Muslim
1587:topics
1545:topics
1507:online
1498:1220pp
1458:online
1440:online
1409:online
1392:online
1382:online
1372:online
1342:online
1332:online
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1205:
1066:Israel
1062:France
997:Farouk
901:treaty
818:, and
812:Greeks
685:, and
667:Israel
663:France
602:Fuad I
73:on the
34:, see
3249:Greek
3039:Music
3022:Radio
2963:Films
2893:Women
2847:Niqāb
2832:Islam
2616:Crime
2457:Mines
2173:Wadis
2131:Oases
2104:Lakes
2049:Biota
2011:Cairo
1929:Copts
1738:Nahda
1628:Roman
1543:Egypt
878:riots
628:from
379:Egypt
82:Egypt
3431:and
3192:Serb
2973:list
2968:Flag
2956:Wine
2951:Beer
2631:Rape
2326:list
2314:list
2151:Nile
1944:Jews
1320:link
1258:ISBN
1203:ISBN
1064:and
1056:The
1045:and
1033:The
907:and
839:Wafd
816:Jews
762:Nile
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