Siege of Havana - Knowledge

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actions during Prado's governorship as well as tactical decisions taken during the siege and although Prado and several officials were not military officers. The commission placed most of the blame on Prado and Hevia, finding them to have failed to fortify the Cabaña hill properly and to have abandoned it too easily; to have crippled the Spanish fleet by sinking blockships that prevented the remainder taking action against the British and surrendered them intact rather than burning them; they had not mounted any significant counterattacks and, finally, had not removed the royal treasury before the surrender. After a lengthy trial, Prado was found guilty and sentenced to death, but was reprieved and died in prison. Hevia was sentenced to 10 years' house arrest and the loss of his office and titles, but was later pardoned and reinstated: a leading official, Julián de Arriaga, was dismissed from office. Velasco's family was ennobled and his son was created Marqués de Velasco del Morro, and Charles III decreed that there should thereafter be a ship named

2298: 2829: 2400: 2060: 2853: 2579: 2817: 52: 2435:. The naval and land artillery simultaneously opened fire on the Morro. However, naval guns were ineffective, the fort being located too high. Counter-fire from thirty guns of the Morro inflicted 192 casualties and seriously damaged the ships, one of which was later scuttled, forcing them to withdraw. Meanwhile, the bombardment by the land artillery was far more effective. By the end of the day, only three Spanish guns were still effective on the side of the Morro facing the British batteries. The next day however British breastworks around the Morro caught fire and the batteries were burned down, destroying the product of much of the work undertaken since mid June. Velasco immediately capitalised on this event, remounting many guns and repairing breaches in the fortifications of the Morro. 2462: 2841: 2517:

At 2:00 am the next day two Spanish schooners attacked the miners from the sea. Their attack was unsuccessful and they had to withdraw. At 1:00 pm the British finally detonated the mine. The debris of the explosion partly filled the ditch but Albemarle judged it passable, and launched an assault, sending 699 picked men against the right bastion. Before the Spanish could react, sixteen men gained a foothold on the bastion. Velasco rushed to the breach with his troops, and was mortally wounded during the ensuing hand-to-hand fighting. The Spanish troops fell back, leaving the British in control of the Morro fort. Velasco was transported back to Havana, but by 31 July had died of his wounds.

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Morro to 500. Velasco was losing as many as 30 men each day, and the workload of repairing the fortress every night was so exhausting that men had to be rotated into the fort from the city every three days. Velasco finally managed to convince Prado that a raid was necessary against the British batteries. At dawn on 29 June 988 men (a mixed company of grenadiers, marines, engineers, and slaves) attacked the siege works. They reached the British batteries from the rear and started to spike guns, but British reaction was swift, and the attackers were repulsed before they caused any serious damage.

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landings, which was also in accordance with the instructions that Admiral Hevia had received when he left Spain to protect Cuba's commerce The fleet's gunners and marines were sent to garrison the fortresses of Morro and Punta which were placed under the command of naval officers. Most of the shot and powder of the fleet as well as its best guns were also transferred to these two fortresses. Meanwhile, regular troops were assigned to the defence of the city. Prado also ordered all women, children and the old and infirm to leave the city, leaving only men able to bear arms.

313: 294: 283: 272: 186: 2521: 1989:, but no successful attack since it was comprehensively fortified, and the strength of its fortifications and difficulty that large sailing warships would have in making an undetected approach from the north convinced the Spanish commanders it would be virtually impossible to capture, if its fortifications were in good order and it was properly garrisoned. Its wealth and ability to feed its population also suggested that it could resist being starved into surrender. 4300: 2381:

the trees on La Cabaña hill overlooking the Morro (some 7 metres (23 ft) higher) as well as the city and the bay. Surprisingly, this hill had been left undefended by the Spanish army despite its well-known strategic importance. Charles III of Spain had earlier instructed Prado to fortify this hill, a task that he considered the most urgent of those relating to the fortifications. The task had been started but no guns had been installed.

2881: 1463: 2370: 4286: 1806: 2230:'s expedition, still numbering 8,461 men. Rear Admiral Rodney's squadron, amounting to 8 ships of the line also joined the expedition bringing the total number of ships of the line to 15. There was some friction between Rodney and Pocock, as the latter had been preferred for the naval command of this important expedition. On 23 May the expedition, now off the northwest corner of Saint-Domingue, was further reinforced by 2106:) on the rocky Cavannos Ridge. It had 64 artillery pieces and was garrisoned by 700 men. However, it had been noted that most of its guns faced Havana's port and bay, and that it was overlooked by the unfortified hill of La Cabaña. Although it had been proposed to fortify La Cabaña, the project had been delayed and no guns had been installed there by the start of the siege. The south side was defended by the older 2128:, the British cabinet chose Havana as a major objective in its attack on Spain because of its strategic importance, believing that its permanent loss would weaken Spanish influence in the Caribbean. Detailed plans were made for a combined naval and military attack on Havana, relying on the Royal Navy's superiority in numbers and effectiveness over the Spanish fleet. Admiral Sir 2294:-style siege. The commanding position of this fort over the city would then force the Spanish commander to surrender. However, the initial survey had underestimated the strength of the Morro fortress, which was located on a rocky promontory where it was impossible to dig approach trenches and that a large ditch cut into the rock protected the fort on the land side. 2353:(74)) were selected on account of their poor condition and sunk behind the boom chain. Although this made the remaining Spanish warships unable to leave the harbour, they were clearly outnumbered by the British fleet, and this move made the sailors available to defend the city. Realising the importance of the Morro, the Spanish commanders gave it top priority. 2392:, an engineer, was overseeing the construction of the siege works against the Morro. Since digging trenches was impossible, he resolved to erect breastworks instead. He planned to mine towards a bastion of the Morro once his siege works would have reached the ditch and to create a runway across this ditch with the rubble produced by his mining activities. 2754:, with an organisation and uniforms similar to the regulars. The regular garrison of about 3,200 would be backed by a disciplined militia of eight infantry battalions and one regiment each of cavalry and dragoons, totaling 7,500 soldiers, with many of the officers from prominent Cuban families. Havana and Manila were returned to Spain as a result of the 2309:, he did not believe that major warships could navigate the Old Bahama Channel. Prado and Admiral Hevia, surprised by the size of the attacking force, adopted a delaying defensive strategy. Prado wrote to the French in Saint-Domingue and to Spain for relief forces to be sent. He also requested reinforcements from 2749:

It was clear to the Spanish authorities that their regular army in Cuba could not match the strength that the British army in America could concentrate against it. It was therefore necessary to form a disciplined colonial militia, with adequate weapons and training, supervised by experienced officers

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On 29 July the mine near the right bastion of the Morro fort was completed and ready to explode. Albemarle vainly feigned an assault, hoping that Velasco would finally decide to surrender. On the contrary, Velasco decided to launch a desperate attack from the sea upon the British miners in the ditch.

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which is only some 10 miles wide at its narrowest. Although the Spanish navigators that charted it thought too dangerous for large warships, it was surveyed by a British frigate, whose captain left parties of his men in the cays to mark the extremities of the channel, allowing the whole fleet to pass

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During the siege the British had lost 2,764 killed, wounded, captured or deserted, but by 18 October also had lost 4,708 dead from sickness. One of the most depleted brigades was transferred to North America where it lost a further 360 men within a month of arrival. Three ships of the line were lost

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The next day, Prado was informed that there was only sufficient ammunition for a few more days. He made belated plans to remove the bullion in Havana to another part of the island, but the city was surrounded. Negotiations of the articles of capitulation of the city and the fleet went on, and Prado

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The progress of siege works over the next few days allowed the British to begin the mining towards the right bastion of the Morro. Meanwhile, the now unopposed British artillery was daily hitting the Morro up to 600 times, causing some sixty casualties. Velasco had now no hope but to destroy British

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On 6 June the British force came into sight of Havana. Immediately, 12 British ships of the line were sent to the mouth of the entrance channel to block in the Spanish fleet. After surveying the city's defences, the British planned to begin the operations with the reduction of the Morro fortress, on

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There were initially 12 Spanish ships of the line in the harbour, besides two others newly constructed but not manned, and also several smaller warships and around 100 merchant ships. The presence of so many merchant ships dissuaded the council from ordering the Spanish fleet to disrupt the British

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On 11 June a British party stormed a detached redoubt on the La Cabaña heights. Only then did the British command realise how strong the Morro was, surrounded by brushwood and protected by a large ditch. With the arrival of their siege train the next day, the British began erecting batteries among

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Charles III appointed a commission of generals to try Prado and others considered culpable for the loss of Havana on their return to Spain. Prado, Hevia and nine other military and civil officials were accused of treason and their trial was, in effect, a court martial, although it examined their

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By 22 June, four British batteries totalling twelve heavy guns and 38 mortars opened fire on the Morro from La Cabaña. Mackellar gradually advanced his breastworks towards the ditch under cover of these batteries so by the end of the month the British had increased their daily direct hits on the

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By 17 July the new British batteries had progressively silenced most of Velasco's guns, leaving only two of them operational. With the absence of artillery cover, it now became impossible for the Spanish troops to repair the damage being inflicted on the Morro. Mackellar was also able to resume

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On 24 July Albemarle offered Velasco the opportunity to surrender, allowing him to write his own terms of capitulation. Velasco answered that the issue would rather be settled by force of arms. Three days later the reinforcements from North America led by Colonel Burton finally arrived. These

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The great losses of men in the attack on Havana put to an end any possibility of an attack on Louisiana, and the French took advantage of the removal of so many troops from Canada to capture Newfoundland with a small force of fifteen hundred troops. Newfoundland was recaptured in the

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On 11 August, after Prado had rejected the demand for surrender sent to him by Albemarle, the British batteries opened fire on Havana. A total of 47 guns (15 × 32-pdrs, 32 × 24-pdrs), 10 mortars and 5 howitzers pounded the city from a distance of 500–800 m. By the end of the day

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had forced the British government into a thorough review of its military, this war forced the Spanish government into undertaking a similar process. The invasions of Havana and Manila were the catalyst for profound political and military reforms in the Spanish overseas empire.

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The following day British troops were landed northeast of Havana, and began advancing west the next day. They met a militia party that was easily pushed back. By the end of the day, British infantry had reached the vicinity of Havana. The defence of the Morro was assigned to

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siege works and so on 22 July 1,300 regulars, seamen and militia sallied from Havana in three columns and attacked the siege works surrounding the Morro. The British repelled the Spanish sortie who thus withdrew to their lines and the siege works were left relatively intact.

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in July, both were delayed by food shortages and high levels of sickness. One turned back and the other was still one day's march from Havana when the city surrendered. Besides hope of a relief force, Prado and the Havana garrison had several advantages. Firstly, the

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The normal approach to Havana, on the north coast of Cuba, was to sail west parallel to the south coast of the island on the prevailing south-easterly wind, then to round its western tip and sail east towards Havana, against the wind. This last section, more than 200

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The British then occupied a position commanding the city of Havana as well as the bay. Artillery batteries were brought up along the north side of the entrance channel from the Morro fort to La Cabaña hill, where they could be trained directly on the town.

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arrived at Havana, transporting two infantry regiments of regulars (the España and Aragón regiments) totalling 996 men, bringing up the number of the Havana garrison to 2,400 regulars. There were also 6,300 sailors and marines aboard the ships. However,

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along with military equipment, 1,828,116 Spanish pesos and merchandise valued around 1,000,000 Spanish pesos. Furthermore, they had seized nine ships of the line in Havana harbour, representing one-fifth of the strength of the Spanish Navy, namely

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The Spanish authorities decided on a strategy of delaying the British attack until the strength of the city's defences and the onset of seasonal rains inflicting tropical diseases would significantly reduce the size of the British force via

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was overlooked by a hill that the governor had neglected to fortify; the British installed batteries there and bombarded the fortress daily with heavy shelling. The fortress eventually fell after the officer in charge of Morro Castle,

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construction of siege works to approach the fortress. With the army in such a bad condition, work progressed rather slowly. All hope of the British army now resided in the expected arrival of reinforcements from North America.

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Havana in the late 18th century was a major port and naval base, and also the strongest fortress in Spanish America. Its royal shipyard with access to abundant supplies of resistant hardwoods was capable of building

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in the Spanish fleet. The loss of Havana and Western Cuba was a serious blow to Spain. Not only were the financial losses considerable; the loss in prestige was even greater. This defeat, together with the

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commanding the troops had captured Martinique before Pocock sailed, 3,000 British and American troops from New York did not arrive at Havana until late July, and the plan to take up to 2,000 slaves from

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ships of the line and had been developed by the Bourbon monarchy as the most important of its three naval shipyards. There had been several previous plans to attack Havana, including one proposed to

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only produced 600 slaves, as many owners were reluctant to part with them without a scheme for compensation. A plan by Amherst to assemble a force of 8,000 men for an attack on

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long, would take a large squadron at least one week, and probably several, to complete, giving ample warning for Havana to prepare. To the north of Havana, reaching as far as

2251: 2662:, received the same amount as Commodore Keppel, as the two shared a fifteenth part of the prize pool, as against the third shared by their commanders. Elliot was able to buy 2658:, the naval second-in-command who was Albemarle's younger brother. Each of the 42 naval captains present received £1,600 as prize money. The military second-in-command, 4361: 397: 2852: 688: 487: 2322:

season would begin in late August, putting the British fleet in danger: the wet weather starting earlier in that month would probably also initiate an outbreak of

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in January 1762, the British government decided to mount an attack on the important Spanish fortress and naval base of Havana, with the intention of weakening the

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present to fall intact into the hands of the British. Havana remained under British occupation until February 1763, when it was returned to Spain under the 1763

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had reduced the effective defending forces of the city by the time the siege began to 1,900 regulars, 750 marines, around 5,000 sailors and 2,000 to 3,000

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extending from El Morro to La Punta. Havana itself lay on the south side along the channel and was surrounded by a wall 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) long.

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Although Prado had received information of the presence of British ships two days before its arrival from a frigate that had escaped from the port of

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in February 1761 and began construction efforts to improve the fortifications of the city, although the work was incomplete at the time of the siege.

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one and a half months later, meant the loss of Spain's 'Key to the New World and Rampart of the West Indies' as well as its colonial capital of the

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on British trade, seized British goods in Spain and expelled British merchants. In response to this, Britain declared war on Spain in January 1762.

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was approaching, Albemarle was now engaged in a race against time. He ordered the batteries to be rebuilt with the help of men of the fleet. Many

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On 1 July, the British launched a combined land and naval attack on the Morro. The fleet detached four ships of the line for this purpose:

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among the besiegers. Secondly, despite some losses from tropical diseases Prado had 1,500 Spanish regular soldiers and some 2,300 colonial

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and his army obtained the honours of war on 13 August. Hevia neglected to burn his fleet which fell intact in the hands of the British.

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reinforcements, who had been attacked by the French during their journey, with the loss through capture of some 500 men, consisted of:

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either as a direct result of Spanish gunfire or severe damage received which would cause their demise later. Shortly after the siege

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between France and Spain. This treaty involved an offensive alliance directed against Britain, and in December 1761, Spain placed an

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payments of £122,697 each were made to Pocock as naval commander and to Albemarle as military commander, with £24,539 paid to

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Before involving his country in the conflict raging in Europe and across the world, Charles III made provisions to defend the

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expected and were able to trap the Spanish fleet in the Havana harbour and land its troops with relatively little resistance.

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Sanchez-Galarraga, Jorge, "Luis de Velasco – Siege of Havana, 1762", Seven Years War Association Journal Vol. XII No. 2

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which he altered and enlarged. Privates in the army received just over £4 and ordinary seamen rather less than £4 each.

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as a payment for intervening in the war on the side of the French and as compensation for having lost Florida.

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was dismissed by Albemarle as impractical as it would have left too few troops in the North American colonies.

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heightened Cuba's value as the first line of defence for the Spanish South American colonies. Spain received

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On 14 August the British entered the city. They had obtained possession of the most important harbour in the

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as Captain General of Cuba, which was an administrative rather than a military position. De Prado arrived at

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signed in February 1763, but the British occupation lasted until two months later, when a newly appointed

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for other officers and men. The Spanish governor, Admiral and other military and civil office holders were

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upon their return to Spain and punished for their failures to conduct a better defence and allowing the

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season would force the British fleet to seek a safe anchorage. However, the city's main fortress, the

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with a 180 m wide and 800 m long entrance channel giving access to the harbour. Two strong

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British Maritime Enterprise in the New World: From the Late Fifteenth to the Mid-eighteenth Century

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Shortly after the siege Stirling Castle was declared unserviceable and was stripped and scuttled.

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on the recently conquered island of Martinique where it picked up the remainder of Major-General

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to Great Britain. The loss of Florida and the Spanish acceptance of British occupation of the

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Parts of a patched Spanish flag captured during the assault on Moro Castle, showing arms of

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Sitio y rendición de la Habana en 1762: Fragmento de la historia inédita de la isla de Cuba

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Wars of the Americas: a chronology of armed conflict in the New World, 1492 to the present.

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British Warships of the Age of Sail 1714–1792: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates

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defended the entrance channel. On the north side of the channel stood the very strong

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Climate and Catastrophe in Cuba and the Atlantic World in the Age of Revolution

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The Ship of the Line – Volume 1: The development of the battlefleet 1650–1850.

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The Captured Spanish Fleet at Havana, August–September 1762, by Dominic Serres

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were taken from the lower deck of several ships to equip these new batteries.

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his second-in-command, was to transport a military force under the command of

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1762 capture of Spanish-held Havana by the British during the Seven Years' War

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Britain had been formally at war with France since May 1756, but Spain under

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sank in the Atlantic due to extensive damage received during the siege, and

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During the month of February, British troops embarked; they consisted of:

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The Development of the Cuban Military As a Sociopolitical Elite, 1763–83.

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The Royal Navy: A History from the Earliest Time to the Present, Vol. III

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Since its arrival at Havana, the British army had heavily suffered from

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The Occupation of Havana: War, Trade, and Slavery in the Atlantic World

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England in the Seven Years' War: A Study in Combined Strategy, Vol II

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The Hispanic American Historical Review, Vol. 61, No. 4, pp. 695–704

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Johnson, p. 60 ("suffered a major defeat when Havana fell in 1762").

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Numerous paintings and drawings of the battle were made, notably by

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remained neutral. After Ferdinand's death in 1759, his half-brother

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Marlborough sank in the Atlantic due the extensive damage received.

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Two days after the declaration of war with Spain, on the advice of

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The surrender of Havana led to substantial rewards for the British

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11,670 killed, wounded, captured, missing, sick, or died of disease

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Redcoats: The British Soldier and War in the Americas, 1755–1763.

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5,366 killed, wounded, captured, missing, sick, or died of disease

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Redcoats: The British Soldier and War in the Americas, 1755–1763

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was silenced. Prado had no other choice left but to surrender.

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These plans were modified to meet circumstances, as Rodney and

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Naval battles of the Seven Years' War involving Great Britain

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City, country, empire: landscapes in environmental history.

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was declared unserviceable and was stripped and scuttled.

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British siege guns before Morro Castle, by Dominic Serres

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abandoned its former policy of neutrality by signing the

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By 25 July 5, 000 soldiers and 3,000 sailors were sick.

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Bombardment of the Morro Castle, Havana, 1 July 1762 by

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The Capture of Havana, 1762, Taking the Town, 14 August

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Temple was lost while returning to Britain for repairs

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that lasted from March to August 1762, as part of the

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Naval battles of the Seven Years' War involving Spain

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The channel entrance was immediately closed with the

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on 20 April. Five days later the expedition reached

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Havana had one of the finest natural harbours in the

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in 1739, which he rejected in favour of an attack on

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Publications of the Navy Records Society, Volume 114

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Orden de batalla en la captura de La Habana en 1762.

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The Havana expedition of 1762 in the war with Spain

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Battle for Empire: The very first world war 1756–63

3939: 2509:– which were combined into a 253-man ranger corps. 4362:Amphibious operations involving the Great Britain 4163:The Wooden World: An Anatomy of the Georgian Navy 3948: 2716:was lost while returning to Britain for repairs. 2132:, with seven ships-of-the-line and a frigate and 502: 4313: 3668: 3359: 2980: 2978: 2290:the north side of the channel, through a formal 3400: 3398: 3122: 2966: 2933:Bradley, p. 227 ("a serious military reverse"). 2160:, and be further reinforced by a squadron from 153: 3488: 3470: 3260: 3197: 3145: 3143: 3086: 2846:Approach of British forces before Morro Castle 2384:Two days later a British detachment landed at 2214:On 5 March the British expedition sailed from 2063:A plan of Havana and its environs in 1762, by 1166:Banda Oriental and Rio Grande do Sul (1762–63) 625: 4098:Historia de la conquista de la Habana. (1762) 4067:; Osprey Raid Series #15, Osprey Publishing. 4042:Diefendorf, Jeffry M. and Dorsey, K. (2006). 3957: 3921: 2975: 1828: 1156:Iberian Peninsula and South America (1762–63) 611: 488: 398: 3849: 3641: 3623: 3416: 3407: 3395: 3341: 3215: 4028:Danley, Mark and Speelman, Patrick (2012). 4018:, Sampson Low, Marston and Company, London. 3912: 3188: 3179: 3140: 3104: 2950: 2948: 3296: 3287: 3113: 3095: 2000:, reversed Ferdinand's policy and, by the 1835: 1821: 618: 604: 495: 481: 405: 391: 4179: 2927: 2341:. Additionally, three ships of the line ( 2148:, who was undertaking operations against 2112:. The channel could also be blocked by a 133:Havana occupied by the British until the 4262: 4233: 3995: 3032:Michael Phillips' Ships of the Old Navy. 2945: 2918: 2672: 2577: 2519: 2460: 2446:and was now at half strength. Since the 2398: 2368: 2296: 2058: 2028:. For the defence of Cuba, he appointed 4077: 3976: 3077: 2119: 2015: 14: 4314: 4160: 2273:, is a wide expanse of shallow water, 1890:and improving the security of its own 4200:The Siege and Capture of Havana, 1762 4104:La toma de La Habana por los ingleses 3780:. Navy Records Society. p. 289. 2639:and two 18-gun sloops, including the 2490:46th Thomas Murray's Regiment of Foot 2330:, as well as sailors from the fleet. 1151:Caribbean and North America (1739–48) 599: 476: 386: 4025:, Longmans, Green and Co., New York 2901:Great Britain in the Seven Years War 2364: 2138:George Keppel, 3rd Earl of Albemarle 2109:Castillo de San Salvador de la Punta 2100:Castillo de los Tres Reyes del Morro 4100:, Perry and McMillan, Philadelphia. 2286:through it, safely and undetected. 2086:Navy gunners and marines (750 men ) 652:Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña (1478) 24: 4227: 4030:The Seven Years' War: Global Views 3065: 2834:Landing Cannon and Stores, 30 June 2495:58th Anstruther's Regiment of Foot 2077:Havana Infantry Regiment (856 men) 2074:Aragón Infantry Regiment (265 men) 2071:España Infantry Regiment (481 men) 2039:In June 1761, a flotilla of seven 1655:United States embargo against Cuba 25: 4378: 4252:Pezuela y Lobo, Jacobo de (1859) 3137:Danley and Speelman, pp. 431–432. 2870:Bombardment of the Morro Castle ( 2858:Storming of Morro Castle, 30 July 2733:. These events confirmed British 2727:conquest of Manila by the British 2690:during their occupation of Havana 4298: 4284: 4082:. Univ of North Carolina Press. 3930: 3903: 3885: 3876: 3873:Diefendorf & Dorsey, p. 202. 3858: 2879: 2863: 2851: 2839: 2827: 2815: 2799: 2737:and showed the fragility of the 2499:American provincials (3,000 men) 2243: 2210:72nd Richmond's Regiment of Foot 1804: 1461: 311: 292: 281: 270: 258: 247: 236: 225: 214: 203: 184: 170: 155: 50: 4065:A Far-Flung Gamble, Havana 1762 3840: 3831: 3822: 3813: 3804: 3795: 3767: 3758: 3749: 3740: 3731: 3722: 3713: 3704: 3695: 3686: 3677: 3659: 3650: 3632: 3614: 3605: 3596: 3587: 3578: 3569: 3560: 3551: 3542: 3533: 3524: 3515: 3506: 3497: 3479: 3461: 3452: 3443: 3434: 3425: 3386: 3377: 3350: 3332: 3323: 3314: 3305: 3278: 3269: 3251: 3242: 3233: 3224: 3206: 3170: 3161: 3152: 3131: 3056: 3047: 3035: 3020: 3008: 2254:The British expeditionary fleet 2004:, re-established the so-called 1946:leaders and smaller amounts of 874:Argentine Northwest (1560–1667) 18:British expedition against Cuba 4327:Sieges involving Great Britain 4000:. Cambridge University Press. 2996: 2987: 2957: 2936: 2359:Luis Vicente de Velasco e Isla 2080:Edinburgh's Dragoons (150 men) 371:10 ships of the line captured 13: 1: 4357:Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763) 4096:José Guiteras, Pedro (1856). 4058:A History of the British Army 3774:Navy Records Society (1970). 2911: 2043:under the command of Admiral 1972:Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763) 1965: 1962:that formally ended the war. 506:Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763) 44:Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763) 4149:. Michael O'Mara Books Ltd. 3900:Schneider, pp. 224, 227–229. 3374:Schneider, pp. 121, 126–127. 3230:Danley and Speelman, p. 320. 2906:British occupation of Manila 2573: 2548: 1342:Dominican Republic (1863–65) 7: 4180:Schneider, Elena A (2018). 4060:Vol. II, MacMillan, London. 2894: 1931:of the city, the remaining 1880:declaration of war on Spain 377:100 merchant ships captured 10: 4383: 4367:Invasions by Great Britain 4234:Gardiner, A. Bird (1898). 4046:Univ of Pittsburgh Press. 3996:Brumwell, Stephen (2002). 3981:. Edwin Mellen Press Ltd. 3970: 3074:Revista de Historia Naval. 2785: 2534:Order of the Golden Fleece 1969: 1914:, along with the start of 1198:Banda Oriental (1776–1777) 629:Spanish colonial campaigns 4256:, M. Rivadeneyra, Madrid. 4161:Rodger, N. A. M. (1986). 4063:Greentree, David (2010). 4056:Fortescue, J. W. (1899), 3936:Kuethe, pp. 696–697, 700. 2806:The Morro Castle and the 2752:non-commissioned officers 2660:Lieutenant-General Eliott 2471:Storming the Morro Castle 1878:, resulting in a British 1558:Cuban War of Independence 1520:Captaincy General of Cuba 1250:Spanish America (1808–33) 1245:Río de la Plata (1806–07) 637: 514: 427: 356: 323: 196: 146: 88:Captaincy General of Cuba 66: 49: 41: 36: 4078:Johnson, Sherry (2011). 3945:Schneider, pp. 219, 224. 3674:Schneider, pp. 116, 124. 3030:Marlborough (96) (1706). 2889:in Havana, built in 1589 2686:. British troops at the 2532:in centre surrounded by 2259: 1494:Viceroyalty of New Spain 1419:Western Sahara (1973–76) 1347:Peru and Chile (1864–66) 1146:Banda Oriental (1735–37) 647:Canary Islands (1402–96) 366:2 ships of the line sunk 4120:Conway Maritime Press. 3977:Bradley, Peter (1999). 3954:Schneider, pp. 224–225. 3737:Guiteras, pp. 149, 163. 3365:Schneider, pp. 126–127. 3128:Schneider, pp. 61, 106. 2760:Captain General of Cuba 2570:on 15 September 1762. 2538:Royal Museums Greenwich 1925:Luis Vicente de Velasco 1892:North American colonies 1203:North America (1779–83) 1121:North America (1702–13) 959:Philippines (1599-1600) 894:Philippines (1565–1898) 364:1 ship of line scuttled 74:6 June – 13 August 1762 4332:Sieges involving Spain 4263:Winfield, Rif (2007). 4212:Thomas, Hugh, (2013). 4198:Syrett, David, (1970) 4131:Marley, David (1998). 4116:Lavery, Brian (2003). 4021:Corbett, J.S, (1907). 4014:Clowes, W. L. (1898). 3719:Guiteras, pp. 146–147. 3665:Guiteras, pp. 124–125. 3593:Guiteras, pp. 116–117. 3584:Guiteras, pp. 107–108. 3575:Guiteras, pp. 104–105. 2741:. Just as the earlier 2691: 2583: 2541: 2477: 2404: 2386:Torreón de la Chorrera 2377: 2302: 2083:Army gunners (104 men) 2067: 2002:Treaty of Paris (1761) 1705:Intervention in Angola 1642:1952 Cuban coup d'état 1578:US Military Government 568:Colonia del Sacramento 197:Commanders and leaders 4306:British Empire portal 4202:Navy Records Society. 4109:Kuethe, Alan (1981). 3810:Cobbett, pp. 280–282. 3494:Bradley, pp. 227–228. 3476:Bradley, pp. 226–227. 3266:Bradley, pp. 224–225. 3203:Bradley, pp. 223–224. 3092:Schneider, pp. 72–73. 2676: 2581: 2568:Battle of Signal Hill 2523: 2464: 2402: 2372: 2300: 2277:and small islands or 2206:56th Regiment of Foot 2201:34th Regiment of Foot 2196:22nd Regiment of Foot 2102:(known in English as 2062: 1424:Western Sahara (1975) 1377:Philippines (1896–98) 1332:Cochinchina (1858–62) 1233:Caribbean (1796–1802) 1094:Lake Maracaibo (1669) 1030:Philippines (1638-46) 904:Philippines (1567–72) 759:El Salvador (1524–39) 754:Guatemala (1524–1697) 714:Puerto Rico (1511–29) 534:Valencia de Alcántara 357:Casualties and losses 346:10 ships of the line 331:23 ships of the line 4145:Pocock, Tom (1998). 3683:Pocock, pp. 226–227. 3530:Pocock, pp. 231–232. 3521:Guiteras, pp. 95–96. 3512:Pocock, pp. 230–231. 3485:Pocock, pp. 223–224. 3431:Guiteras, pp. 79–80. 3320:Pocock, pp. 223–224. 3311:Pocock, pp. 217–218. 3275:Pocock, pp. 210–211. 3257:Pocock, pp. 208–209. 2770:and France returned 2679:The Piazza at Havana 2120:British preparations 2016:Spanish preparations 1697:Cuban Missile Crisis 1689:Bay of Pigs Invasion 1104:New Mexico (1680–92) 421:West Indies Campaign 373:2 frigates captured 4184:. UNC Press Books. 3356:Johnson, pp. 52–53. 3062:Syret, pp. 309–310. 2822:The Landing, 7 June 2743:War of Jenkins' Ear 2731:Spanish East Indies 2650:After the capture, 2645:Domingo de Bonechea 2588:Spanish West Indies 2236:Port Royal, Jamaica 2162:Port Royal, Jamaica 2146:Rear-Admiral Rodney 1471:Governorate of Cuba 1337:Morocco (1859–1860) 1327:Balanguingui (1848) 1295:Venezuela (1811–23) 1260:Argentina (1810–18) 774:Yucatán (1527–1697) 749:Chiapas (1523–1695) 574:Spanish East Indies 341:160 transport ships 109:23.0964°N 82.3747°W 105: / 3963:Schneider, p. 225. 3927:Schneider, p. 222. 3855:Schneider, p. 179. 3755:Fortescue, p. 544. 3647:Schneider, p. 155. 3629:Schneider, p. 151. 3611:Fortescue, p. 543. 3422:Schneider, p. 122. 3413:Schneider, p. 135. 3404:Schneider, p. 121. 3347:Schneider, p. 120. 3239:Fortescue, p. 541. 3221:Schneider, p. 128. 2764:Alejandro O'Reilly 2692: 2584: 2542: 2478: 2405: 2378: 2303: 2283:Old Bahama Channel 2068: 1634:Sugar Intervention 1618:Cuban Pacification 1382:Puerto Rico (1898) 1352:Puerto Rico (1868) 1310:Colombia (1819–20) 1305:Colombia (1815–16) 1285:El Salvador (1811) 1270:Paraguay (1810–11) 1213:New Granada (1781) 1183:Philippines (1762) 1089:Porto Bello (1668) 1059:Philippines (1646) 1015:Philippines (1630) 971:Philippines (1602) 954:Puerto Rico (1598) 944:Philippines (1596) 939:Puerto Rico (1595) 934:Cambodia (1593–97) 814:Colombia (1537–40) 764:Honduras (1524–39) 729:Mexico (1519–1821) 529:Portugal and Spain 375:2 sloops captured 352:100 merchant ships 4352:History of Havana 4322:Conflicts in 1762 4274:978-1-86176-295-5 4222:978-0-71819-292-1 4208:978-0-85354-003-8 4165:. Fontana Press. 4141:978-0-87436-837-6 4073:978-1-84603-987-4 4052:978-0-8229-5876-5 4038:978-9-00423-408-6 4032:, Brill, Leiden. 3701:Guiteras, p. 144. 3692:Guiteras, p. 142. 3566:Guiteras, p. 104. 3302:Roger, pp. 50–52. 3194:Schneider, p. 54. 3185:Schneider, p. 68. 3176:Greentree, p. 30. 3167:Greentree, p. 20. 3158:Greentree, p. 15. 3149:Schneider, p. 82. 3119:Roger, pp. 50–51. 3110:Schneider, p. 21. 3044:. Lavery, p. 177. 2972:Syret, pp. 70–71. 2942:Guiteras, p. 168. 2887:El Morro fortress 2810:Before the Attack 2526:Castille and Leon 2390:Patrick Mackellar 2365:Siege of El Morro 2232:Sir James Douglas 2166:Sir James Douglas 2045:Gutierre de Hevia 2041:ships of the line 1851:was a successful 1845: 1844: 1725: 1717: 1709: 1701: 1693: 1685: 1671: 1659: 1651: 1638: 1630: 1622: 1608: 1596: 1582: 1570: 1562: 1554: 1546: 1538: 1524: 1512: 1498: 1475: 1432: 1431: 1414:Morocco (1957–58) 1409:Morocco (1920–26) 1404:Morocco (1911–12) 1367:Morocco (1893–94) 1315:Ecuador (1820–22) 1255:Bolivia (1809–25) 1188:Chile (1766–1767) 1136:Chile (1723–1726) 1069:Hispaniola (1655) 976:Insulindia (1603) 929:Insulindia (1585) 924:Insulindia (1582) 834:Chile (1546–1662) 724:Algeria (1517–18) 593: 592: 470: 469: 381: 380: 288:Gutierre de Hevia 142: 141: 114:23.0964; -82.3747 16:(Redirected from 4374: 4308: 4303: 4302: 4301: 4294: 4289: 4288: 4287: 4278: 4249: 4195: 4176: 4093: 4011: 3992: 3964: 3961: 3955: 3952: 3946: 3943: 3937: 3934: 3928: 3925: 3919: 3918:Schneider, p. 6. 3916: 3910: 3909:Cobbett, p. 283. 3907: 3901: 3898: 3892: 3889: 3883: 3882:Winfield, p. 49. 3880: 3874: 3871: 3865: 3864:Cobbett, p. 283. 3862: 3856: 3853: 3847: 3844: 3838: 3835: 3829: 3828:Cobbett, p. 282. 3826: 3820: 3817: 3811: 3808: 3802: 3799: 3793: 3791: 3771: 3765: 3764:Cobbett, p. 282. 3762: 3756: 3753: 3747: 3744: 3738: 3735: 3729: 3726: 3720: 3717: 3711: 3708: 3702: 3699: 3693: 3690: 3684: 3681: 3675: 3672: 3666: 3663: 3657: 3654: 3648: 3645: 3639: 3636: 3630: 3627: 3621: 3618: 3612: 3609: 3603: 3600: 3594: 3591: 3585: 3582: 3576: 3573: 3567: 3564: 3558: 3555: 3549: 3548:Guiteras, p. 97. 3546: 3540: 3537: 3531: 3528: 3522: 3519: 3513: 3510: 3504: 3501: 3495: 3492: 3486: 3483: 3477: 3474: 3468: 3465: 3459: 3456: 3450: 3449:Guiteras, p. 84. 3447: 3441: 3438: 3432: 3429: 3423: 3420: 3414: 3411: 3405: 3402: 3393: 3392:Thomas, pp. 3–4. 3390: 3384: 3381: 3375: 3372: 3366: 3363: 3357: 3354: 3348: 3345: 3339: 3336: 3330: 3327: 3321: 3318: 3312: 3309: 3303: 3300: 3294: 3293:Bradley, p. 225. 3291: 3285: 3282: 3276: 3273: 3267: 3264: 3258: 3255: 3249: 3246: 3240: 3237: 3231: 3228: 3222: 3219: 3213: 3210: 3204: 3201: 3195: 3192: 3186: 3183: 3177: 3174: 3168: 3165: 3159: 3156: 3150: 3147: 3138: 3135: 3129: 3126: 3120: 3117: 3111: 3108: 3102: 3101:Bradley, p. 201. 3099: 3093: 3090: 3084: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3060: 3054: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3033: 3024: 3018: 3017:Winfield, p. 49. 3012: 3006: 3005:Brumwell, p. 46. 3000: 2994: 2991: 2985: 2982: 2973: 2970: 2964: 2961: 2955: 2952: 2943: 2940: 2934: 2931: 2925: 2922: 2883: 2867: 2855: 2843: 2831: 2819: 2803: 2780:French Louisiana 2656:Commodore Keppel 2448:hurricane season 2315:Oriente Province 2311:Santiago de Cuba 2301:Map of the siege 2247: 2234:' squadron from 2134:Commodore Keppel 2022:Spanish colonies 1952:court-martialled 1900:Spanish governor 1884:Spanish presence 1864:Seven Years' War 1837: 1830: 1823: 1809: 1808: 1807: 1785:Military history 1765:Economic history 1723: 1715: 1707: 1699: 1691: 1683: 1669: 1667:Republic of Cuba 1657: 1649: 1647:Cuban Revolution 1636: 1628: 1620: 1606: 1604:Republic of Cuba 1594: 1580: 1568: 1560: 1552: 1544: 1536: 1534:Lopez Expedition 1522: 1510: 1496: 1473: 1465: 1455: 1437: 1436: 1320:Mexico (1821–29) 1275:Mexico (1810–21) 1178:Nicaragua (1762) 829:Halmahera (1545) 799:Brazil (1534-36) 734:Mexico (1519–21) 632: 630: 620: 613: 606: 597: 596: 509: 507: 497: 490: 483: 474: 473: 447:Windward Passage 422: 417: 416:Seven Years' War 407: 400: 393: 384: 383: 316: 315: 314: 307: 297: 296: 295: 286: 285: 284: 275: 274: 273: 263: 262: 261: 252: 251: 250: 241: 240: 239: 230: 229: 228: 219: 218: 217: 208: 207: 206: 189: 188: 187: 175: 174: 173: 165: 161: 159: 158: 129:British victory 120: 119: 117: 116: 115: 110: 106: 103: 102: 101: 98: 68: 67: 54: 34: 33: 21: 4382: 4381: 4377: 4376: 4375: 4373: 4372: 4371: 4312: 4311: 4304: 4299: 4297: 4290: 4285: 4283: 4275: 4246: 4230: 4228:Further reading 4214:Cuba: A History 4192: 4173: 4090: 4008: 3989: 3973: 3968: 3967: 3962: 3958: 3953: 3949: 3944: 3940: 3935: 3931: 3926: 3922: 3917: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3899: 3895: 3891:Lavery, p. 177. 3890: 3886: 3881: 3877: 3872: 3868: 3863: 3859: 3854: 3850: 3846:Pocock, p. 216. 3845: 3841: 3836: 3832: 3827: 3823: 3819:Clowes, p. 247. 3818: 3814: 3809: 3805: 3801:Clowes, p. 247. 3800: 3796: 3788: 3772: 3768: 3763: 3759: 3754: 3750: 3746:Pocock, p. 229. 3745: 3741: 3736: 3732: 3727: 3723: 3718: 3714: 3710:Pocock, p. 228. 3709: 3705: 3700: 3696: 3691: 3687: 3682: 3678: 3673: 3669: 3664: 3660: 3656:Pocock, p. 226. 3655: 3651: 3646: 3642: 3638:Pocock, p. 239. 3637: 3633: 3628: 3624: 3619: 3615: 3610: 3606: 3602:Pocock, p. 222. 3601: 3597: 3592: 3588: 3583: 3579: 3574: 3570: 3565: 3561: 3557:Pocock, p. 230. 3556: 3552: 3547: 3543: 3539:Pocock, p. 237. 3538: 3534: 3529: 3525: 3520: 3516: 3511: 3507: 3503:Pocock, p. 229. 3502: 3498: 3493: 3489: 3484: 3480: 3475: 3471: 3467:Pocock, p. 227. 3466: 3462: 3458:Pocock, p. 226. 3457: 3453: 3448: 3444: 3440:Pocock, p. 221. 3439: 3435: 3430: 3426: 3421: 3417: 3412: 3408: 3403: 3396: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3378: 3373: 3369: 3364: 3360: 3355: 3351: 3346: 3342: 3337: 3333: 3329:Pocock, p. 210. 3328: 3324: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3288: 3284:Pocock, p. 212. 3283: 3279: 3274: 3270: 3265: 3261: 3256: 3252: 3247: 3243: 3238: 3234: 3229: 3225: 3220: 3216: 3212:Pocock, p. 197. 3211: 3207: 3202: 3198: 3193: 3189: 3184: 3180: 3175: 3171: 3166: 3162: 3157: 3153: 3148: 3141: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3123: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3105: 3100: 3096: 3091: 3087: 3082: 3078: 3070: 3066: 3061: 3057: 3053:Marley, p. 295. 3052: 3048: 3040: 3036: 3025: 3021: 3013: 3009: 3001: 2997: 2992: 2988: 2984:Marley, p. 292. 2983: 2976: 2971: 2967: 2962: 2958: 2954:Marley, p. 291. 2953: 2946: 2941: 2937: 2932: 2928: 2923: 2919: 2914: 2897: 2890: 2884: 2875: 2868: 2859: 2856: 2847: 2844: 2835: 2832: 2823: 2820: 2811: 2804: 2788: 2756:Treaty of Paris 2735:naval supremacy 2699:Stirling Castle 2576: 2551: 2475:Joshua Reynolds 2452:32-pounder guns 2411:Stirling Castle 2367: 2262: 2257: 2256: 2255: 2253: 2248: 2228:Robert Monckton 2173:Robert Monckton 2164:, commanded by 2158:Jeffrey Amherst 2122: 2018: 1974: 1968: 1960:Treaty of Paris 1849:Siege of Havana 1841: 1811:Cuba portal 1805: 1803: 1795:Women's history 1626:Negro Rebellion 1592:Platt Amendment 1566:Treaty of Paris 1508:Siege of Havana 1453: 1446: 1435: 1434: 1433: 1428: 1300:Chile (1812–27) 1161:Portugal (1762) 1054:Valdivia (1643) 991:Petén (1618–97) 633: 628: 626: 624: 594: 589: 510: 505: 503: 501: 471: 466: 423: 420: 415: 413: 411: 376: 374: 372: 370: 365: 363: 351: 349: 347: 345: 340: 338: 337:3 bomb ketches 336: 334: 332: 330: 318:José de Velasco 312: 310: 309: 303: 299:Luis de Velasco 293: 291: 290: 282: 280: 279: 271: 269: 259: 257: 256: 248: 246: 245: 237: 235: 234: 226: 224: 223: 215: 213: 212: 204: 202: 185: 183: 177:British America 171: 169: 156: 154: 135:Treaty of Paris 113: 111: 107: 104: 99: 96: 94: 92: 91: 90: 55: 37:Siege of Havana 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4380: 4370: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4310: 4309: 4295: 4280: 4279: 4273: 4260: 4257: 4250: 4244: 4238:. Providence. 4229: 4226: 4225: 4224: 4210: 4196: 4190: 4177: 4171: 4158: 4143: 4129: 4114: 4107: 4101: 4094: 4088: 4075: 4061: 4054: 4040: 4026: 4019: 4012: 4006: 3993: 3987: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3965: 3956: 3947: 3938: 3929: 3920: 3911: 3902: 3893: 3884: 3875: 3866: 3857: 3848: 3839: 3837:Roger, p. 257. 3830: 3821: 3812: 3803: 3794: 3786: 3766: 3757: 3748: 3739: 3730: 3721: 3712: 3703: 3694: 3685: 3676: 3667: 3658: 3649: 3640: 3631: 3622: 3613: 3604: 3595: 3586: 3577: 3568: 3559: 3550: 3541: 3532: 3523: 3514: 3505: 3496: 3487: 3478: 3469: 3460: 3451: 3442: 3433: 3424: 3415: 3406: 3394: 3385: 3376: 3367: 3358: 3349: 3340: 3331: 3322: 3313: 3304: 3295: 3286: 3277: 3268: 3259: 3250: 3241: 3232: 3223: 3214: 3205: 3196: 3187: 3178: 3169: 3160: 3151: 3139: 3130: 3121: 3112: 3103: 3094: 3085: 3076: 3064: 3055: 3046: 3034: 3019: 3007: 2995: 2986: 2974: 2965: 2956: 2944: 2935: 2926: 2916: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2909: 2908: 2903: 2896: 2893: 2892: 2891: 2885: 2878: 2876: 2872:Rafael Monleón 2869: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2838: 2836: 2833: 2826: 2824: 2821: 2814: 2812: 2805: 2798: 2792:Dominic Serres 2787: 2784: 2739:Spanish Empire 2684:Dominic Serres 2575: 2572: 2550: 2547: 2511: 2510: 2507:Danks' Rangers 2500: 2497: 2492: 2467:William Keppel 2366: 2363: 2261: 2258: 2250: 2249: 2242: 2241: 2240: 2212: 2211: 2208: 2203: 2198: 2121: 2118: 2088: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2065:Thomas Kitchen 2017: 2014: 2006:Family Compact 1970:Main article: 1967: 1964: 1872:family compact 1855:siege against 1843: 1842: 1840: 1839: 1832: 1825: 1817: 1814: 1813: 1800: 1799: 1798: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1780:Jewish history 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1749: 1748: 1744: 1743: 1742: 1741: 1736: 1735: 1729: 1728: 1727: 1726: 1718: 1713:Special Period 1710: 1702: 1694: 1686: 1673: 1672: 1663: 1662: 1661: 1660: 1652: 1644: 1639: 1631: 1623: 1610: 1609: 1600: 1599: 1598: 1597: 1584: 1583: 1574: 1573: 1572: 1571: 1563: 1555: 1547: 1542:Ten Years' War 1539: 1526: 1525: 1516: 1515: 1514: 1513: 1500: 1499: 1490: 1489: 1488: 1487: 1485:Taíno genocide 1477: 1476: 1467: 1466: 1458: 1457: 1448: 1447: 1440: 1430: 1429: 1427: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1399:Morocco (1909) 1395: 1394: 1390: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1372:Cuba (1895–98) 1369: 1364: 1362:Cuba (1879–80) 1359: 1357:Cuba (1868–78) 1354: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1323: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1290:Uruguay (1811) 1287: 1282: 1280:Peru (1811–24) 1277: 1272: 1267: 1265:Florida (1810) 1262: 1257: 1247: 1241: 1240: 1236: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1223:Algiers (1784) 1220: 1218:Algiers (1783) 1215: 1210: 1208:Peru (1780–82) 1205: 1200: 1195: 1193:Algiers (1775) 1190: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1169: 1168: 1163: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1131:Bahamas (1720) 1128: 1123: 1117: 1116: 1112: 1111: 1109:Morocco (1689) 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1084:Jamaica (1658) 1081: 1079:Jamaica (1657) 1076: 1074:Jamaica (1655) 1071: 1066: 1064:Tortuga (1654) 1061: 1056: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1003: 998: 993: 988: 986:Morocco (1614) 983: 981:Tunisia (1605) 978: 973: 967: 966: 962: 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 914:Tunisia (1574) 911: 909:Tunisia (1573) 906: 901: 899:Florida (1565) 896: 891: 889:Morocco (1564) 886: 884:Morocco (1563) 881: 879:Algeria (1563) 876: 871: 869:Tunisia (1560) 866: 864:Algeria (1558) 861: 859:Algeria (1556) 856: 854:Algeria (1555) 851: 846: 844:Tunisia (1550) 841: 839:Algeria (1547) 836: 831: 826: 824:Algeria (1543) 821: 819:Algeria (1541) 816: 811: 809:Tunisia (1535) 806: 804:Algeria (1535) 801: 796: 794:Tunisia (1534) 791: 789:Peru (1532–72) 786: 784:Algeria (1531) 781: 779:Algeria (1529) 776: 771: 769:Morocco (1525) 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 744:Tunisia (1520) 741: 739:Algeria (1519) 736: 731: 726: 721: 719:Algeria (1516) 716: 711: 709:Tunisia (1510) 706: 704:Tripoli (1510) 701: 699:Algeria (1510) 696: 694:Algeria (1509) 691: 689:Morocco (1508) 686: 684:Algeria (1507) 681: 679:Algeria (1505) 675: 674: 670: 669: 667:Melilla (1497) 664: 662:Algeria (1497) 659: 654: 649: 643: 642: 638: 635: 634: 623: 622: 615: 608: 600: 591: 590: 588: 587: 582: 576: 575: 571: 570: 565: 560: 554: 553: 549: 548: 547: 546: 541: 536: 526: 520: 519: 515: 512: 511: 500: 499: 492: 485: 477: 468: 467: 465: 464: 459: 457:2nd Martinique 454: 449: 444: 439: 437:1st Martinique 434: 428: 425: 424: 410: 409: 402: 395: 387: 379: 378: 367: 359: 358: 354: 353: 342: 326: 325: 321: 320: 267: 254:Joseph Goreham 199: 198: 194: 193: 181: 180: 179: 149: 148: 144: 143: 140: 139: 138: 137: 126: 122: 121: 82: 80: 76: 75: 72: 64: 63: 61:Dominic Serres 47: 46: 39: 38: 32: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4379: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4307: 4296: 4293: 4282: 4276: 4270: 4266: 4261: 4258: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4245:9785872655411 4241: 4237: 4232: 4231: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4191:9781469645360 4187: 4183: 4178: 4174: 4172:0-006-86152-0 4168: 4164: 4159: 4156: 4155:1-85479-332-2 4152: 4148: 4144: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4127: 4126:0-85177-252-8 4123: 4119: 4115: 4112: 4108: 4105: 4102: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4089:9780807869345 4085: 4081: 4076: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4059: 4055: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4024: 4020: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4003: 3999: 3994: 3990: 3988:9780773478664 3984: 3980: 3975: 3974: 3960: 3951: 3942: 3933: 3924: 3915: 3906: 3897: 3888: 3879: 3870: 3861: 3852: 3843: 3834: 3825: 3816: 3807: 3798: 3789: 3787:9780853540038 3783: 3779: 3778: 3770: 3761: 3752: 3743: 3734: 3728:Thomas, p. 5. 3725: 3716: 3707: 3698: 3689: 3680: 3671: 3662: 3653: 3644: 3635: 3626: 3620:Thomas, p. 5. 3617: 3608: 3599: 3590: 3581: 3572: 3563: 3554: 3545: 3536: 3527: 3518: 3509: 3500: 3491: 3482: 3473: 3464: 3455: 3446: 3437: 3428: 3419: 3410: 3401: 3399: 3389: 3383:Thomas, p. 1. 3380: 3371: 3362: 3353: 3344: 3338:Thomas, p. 3. 3335: 3326: 3317: 3308: 3299: 3290: 3281: 3272: 3263: 3254: 3248:Thomas, p. 2. 3245: 3236: 3227: 3218: 3209: 3200: 3191: 3182: 3173: 3164: 3155: 3146: 3144: 3134: 3125: 3116: 3107: 3098: 3089: 3083:Roger, p. 50. 3080: 3073: 3068: 3059: 3050: 3043: 3038: 3031: 3028: 3023: 3016: 3011: 3004: 2999: 2993:Syret, p. 72. 2990: 2981: 2979: 2969: 2963:Syret, p. 69. 2960: 2951: 2949: 2939: 2930: 2921: 2917: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2898: 2888: 2882: 2877: 2873: 2866: 2861: 2854: 2849: 2842: 2837: 2830: 2825: 2818: 2813: 2809: 2802: 2797: 2796: 2795: 2793: 2783: 2781: 2777: 2776:Miskito Coast 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2747: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2723: 2717: 2715: 2714: 2708: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2680: 2675: 2671: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2646: 2643:commanded by 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2589: 2580: 2571: 2569: 2563: 2559: 2557: 2556:Fort la Punta 2546: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2508: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2491: 2488: 2487: 2486: 2482: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2434: 2433: 2427: 2426: 2420: 2419: 2413: 2412: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2376: 2375:Richard Paton 2371: 2362: 2360: 2354: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2299: 2295: 2293: 2287: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2252: 2246: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2193: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2130:George Pocock 2127: 2117: 2115: 2111: 2110: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2069: 2066: 2061: 2057: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2030:Juan de Prado 2027: 2023: 2013: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1973: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1956:Spanish fleet 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1936: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1858: 1857:Spanish-ruled 1854: 1850: 1838: 1833: 1831: 1826: 1824: 1819: 1818: 1816: 1815: 1812: 1802: 1801: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1752: 1751: 1750: 1746: 1745: 1740: 1739: 1738: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1730: 1722: 1719: 1714: 1711: 1706: 1703: 1698: 1695: 1690: 1687: 1682: 1679: 1678: 1677: 1675: 1674: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1656: 1653: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1635: 1632: 1627: 1624: 1619: 1616: 1615: 1614: 1612: 1611: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1588: 1586: 1585: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1567: 1564: 1559: 1556: 1551: 1548: 1543: 1540: 1535: 1532: 1531: 1530: 1528: 1527: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1509: 1506: 1505: 1504: 1502: 1501: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1486: 1483: 1482: 1481: 1479: 1478: 1472: 1469: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1459: 1456: 1450: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1438: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1396: 1392: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1242: 1238: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1158: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1126:Chiloé (1712) 1124: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1114: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1099:Panama (1671) 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1053: 1048: 1046: 1045:Taiwan (1642) 1043: 1041: 1040:Taiwan (1641) 1038: 1036: 1035:Brazil (1640) 1033: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1025:Brazil (1638) 1023: 1021: 1020:Brazil (1631) 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1009: 1004: 1002: 1001:Taiwan (1626) 999: 997: 996:Brazil (1625) 994: 992: 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 968: 964: 963: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 919:Brunei (1578) 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 702: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 677: 676: 672: 671: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 657:Guinea (1478) 655: 653: 650: 648: 645: 644: 640: 639: 636: 631: 621: 616: 614: 609: 607: 602: 601: 598: 586: 583: 581: 578: 577: 573: 572: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 555: 551: 550: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 531: 530: 527: 525: 522: 521: 517: 516: 513: 508: 498: 493: 491: 486: 484: 479: 478: 475: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 429: 426: 418: 408: 403: 401: 396: 394: 389: 388: 385: 368: 361: 360: 355: 343: 328: 327: 322: 319: 308: 306: 300: 289: 278: 277:Juan de Prado 268: 266: 255: 244: 233: 232:George Eliott 222: 221:George Pocock 211: 210:George Keppel 201: 200: 195: 192: 182: 178: 168: 167: 166: 164: 163:Great Britain 151: 150: 145: 136: 132: 131: 130: 127: 124: 123: 118: 89: 85: 81: 78: 77: 73: 70: 69: 65: 62: 58: 53: 48: 45: 40: 35: 30: 19: 4337:1762 in Cuba 4267:. Seaforth. 4264: 4253: 4235: 4213: 4199: 4181: 4162: 4146: 4132: 4117: 4110: 4097: 4079: 4064: 4057: 4043: 4029: 4022: 4015: 3997: 3978: 3959: 3950: 3941: 3932: 3923: 3914: 3905: 3896: 3887: 3878: 3869: 3860: 3851: 3842: 3833: 3824: 3815: 3806: 3797: 3776: 3769: 3760: 3751: 3742: 3733: 3724: 3715: 3706: 3697: 3688: 3679: 3670: 3661: 3652: 3643: 3634: 3625: 3616: 3607: 3598: 3589: 3580: 3571: 3562: 3553: 3544: 3535: 3526: 3517: 3508: 3499: 3490: 3481: 3472: 3463: 3454: 3445: 3436: 3427: 3418: 3409: 3388: 3379: 3370: 3361: 3352: 3343: 3334: 3325: 3316: 3307: 3298: 3289: 3280: 3271: 3262: 3253: 3244: 3235: 3226: 3217: 3208: 3199: 3190: 3181: 3172: 3163: 3154: 3133: 3124: 3115: 3106: 3097: 3088: 3079: 3067: 3058: 3049: 3041: 3037: 3026: 3022: 3014: 3010: 3002: 2998: 2989: 2968: 2959: 2938: 2929: 2920: 2808:Boom Defence 2789: 2748: 2721: 2718: 2712: 2705: 2698: 2693: 2677: 2649: 2640: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2597:Conquistador 2596: 2592: 2585: 2564: 2560: 2552: 2543: 2530:Bourbon arms 2515: 2512: 2483: 2479: 2470: 2456: 2444:yellow fever 2437: 2431: 2424: 2417: 2410: 2406: 2394: 2383: 2379: 2355: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2336: 2332: 2324:yellow fever 2304: 2288: 2263: 2213: 2190: 2170: 2123: 2107: 2104:Morro Castle 2099: 2089: 2050:yellow fever 2038: 2024:against the 2019: 1994:Ferdinand VI 1991: 1975: 1937: 1920:Morro Castle 1908: 1848: 1846: 1775:Human rights 1681:Cuban exodus 1676: 1613: 1587: 1529: 1507: 1503: 1480: 1393:20th century 1239:19th century 1228:Chile (1792) 1172: 1115:18th century 1051: 1010:Nevis (1629) 1007: 965:17th century 849:Libya (1551) 673:16th century 641:15th century 557: 461: 432:Cap-Français 333:11 frigates 304: 265:Benoni Danks 243:Ralph Burton 152: 147:Belligerents 128: 56: 42:Part of the 29: 4292:Cuba portal 2706:Marlborough 2688:Plaza Vieja 2668:East Sussex 2664:Bayley Park 2652:Prize money 2605:San Antonio 2425:Marlborough 2271:the Bahamas 2142:West Indies 2092:West Indies 1998:Charles III 1987:Porto Bello 1948:prize money 1896:West Indies 1755:Agriculture 1724:(2015–2017) 1716:(1991–2000) 1708:(1975–1991) 1650:(1953–1959) 1637:(1917–1922) 1621:(1906–1909) 1607:(1902–1959) 1581:(1898–1902) 1561:(1895–1898) 1553:(1879–1880) 1545:(1868–1878) 1537:(1850–1851) 1523:(1607–1898) 1497:(1535–1821) 1474:(1511–1519) 1452:History of 1387:Guam (1898) 1173:Cuba (1762) 1141:Oran (1732) 949:Cuba (1596) 348:2 frigates 112: / 4316:Categories 4216:. Penguin. 4135:ABC-CLIO. 4007:0521807832 2912:References 2629:San Carlos 2613:San Jenaro 2339:boom chain 2328:militiamen 2224:Fort Royal 2180:to act as 2150:Martinique 2126:Lord Anson 2114:boom chain 2096:fortresses 2026:Royal Navy 1979:first-rate 1966:Background 1770:Healthcare 1721:Cuban thaw 1550:Little War 1006:St. Kitts 539:Vila Velha 442:Guadeloupe 100:82°22′29″W 97:23°05′47″N 4106:(Spanish) 2711:HMS 2697:HMS 2637:corvettes 2631:(80) and 2623:(74) and 2574:Aftermath 2549:Surrender 2432:Cambridge 2349:(64) and 2320:hurricane 2186:Louisiana 1929:surrender 1916:hurricane 1888:Caribbean 1760:Education 563:Nicaragua 350:2 sloops 339:1 cutter 335:4 sloops 2895:See also 2633:Santiago 2625:Soberano 2503:Gorham's 2465:General 2307:Matanzas 2220:Barbados 2216:Spithead 2182:pioneers 1944:military 1933:garrison 1902:nor the 1866:. After 1790:Religion 1733:Timeline 1443:a series 1441:Part of 552:Americas 452:Dominica 324:Strength 79:Location 3971:Sources 2786:Gallery 2772:Menorca 2768:Florida 2722:Velasco 2621:Infante 2617:América 2593:Aquilón 2440:malaria 2351:Neptuno 2178:Jamaica 2140:to the 2054:militia 2010:embargo 1912:disease 1904:Admiral 1886:in the 1853:British 1747:Topical 1684:(1959–) 1670:(1959–) 1658:(1958–) 1050:Chiloé 344:11,670 329:31,000 305:† 4271: 4242: 4220: 4206: 4188: 4169: 4153: 4139: 4124: 4086: 4071: 4050: 4036: 4004: 3985: 3784: 2713:Temple 2619:(60), 2615:(60), 2611:(70), 2607:(64), 2603:(70), 2599:(74), 2595:(74), 2536:(from 2418:Dragon 2347:Europa 2345:(64), 2292:Vauban 2034:Havana 1983:Vernon 1876:France 1860:Havana 1700:(1962) 1692:(1961) 1629:(1912) 1595:(1901) 1569:(1898) 1511:(1762) 1445:on the 585:Cavite 580:Manila 558:Havana 544:Marvão 518:Europe 462:Havana 301: 160: 125:Result 84:Havana 2641:Marte 2609:Tigre 2601:Reina 2528:with 2473:, by 2275:reefs 2267:miles 2260:Siege 2154:Haiti 1940:naval 1874:with 1868:Spain 524:Cádiz 191:Spain 4269:ISBN 4240:ISBN 4218:ISBN 4204:ISBN 4186:ISBN 4167:ISBN 4151:ISBN 4137:ISBN 4122:ISBN 4084:ISBN 4069:ISBN 4048:ISBN 4034:ISBN 4002:ISBN 3983:ISBN 3782:ISBN 2750:and 2704:HMS 2505:and 2442:and 2430:HMS 2428:and 2423:HMS 2416:HMS 2409:HMS 2343:Asia 2279:cays 1942:and 1847:The 1454:Cuba 71:Date 2682:by 2666:in 4318:: 3397:^ 3142:^ 2977:^ 2947:^ 2794:: 2762:, 2469:, 2421:, 2414:, 86:, 59:, 4277:. 4248:. 4194:. 4175:. 4157:. 4128:. 4092:. 4010:. 3991:. 3792:. 3790:. 2874:) 2540:) 1836:e 1829:t 1822:v 1052:· 1008:· 619:e 612:t 605:v 496:e 489:t 482:v 419:: 406:e 399:t 392:v 20:)

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Index