1186:
770:
77:
551:
resident's real role varied enormously, depending upon the underlying relationship between the two parties and even upon the personalities of the
Resident and the ruler. Some residents were little more than observers and diplomats, others were seen as unwanted interlopers and were treated with hostility, while some won enough trust from the ruler that they were able to exercise great influence. In French protectorates, such as those of Morocco and Tunisia, the resident or resident general was the effective ruler of the territory. In 1887, when both
791:
1104:
799:
539:
3011:
139:
36:
1844:, lying between those larger states, British Residents were appointed 1906–1959 (interrupted by Japanese commander Masao Baba 6 January 1942 – 14 June 1945), afterwards only High Commissioners for the matters not transferred under autonomy (and 1971 self-government) until full independence went in force 1 January 1984. The administrative head of Sarawak's geographical Divisions was, however, titled as Resident.
3023:
1469:) on 27 May 1885. The Reich was represented there by the German Residents: Gustav Denhardt (b. 1856 – d. 1917; in office 8 April 1885 – 1 July 1890) and his deputy Clemens Andreas Denhardt (b. 1852 – d. 1928) until 1 July 1890 imperial Germany renounces its protectorate, ceding the Wituland to Great Britain which had on 18 June 1890 declared it a British protectorate).
1828:(in 1801 Province Wellesley on the mainland was added) and many Governors after 1805 (since 1826 as part of the Strait Settlements), only Resident Councillors were in office 1849–1941 (name Penang assumed in 1867); after four Japanese and since 1945 two British military governors, four Resident Commissioners 1946–1957, since then Malaysian-appointed "heads of state".
1790:, then John Crawfurd), the Governors of the Straits Settlements filled the post 1826 – 15 February 1942; after four Japanese Military Administrators and two Japanese Mayors, a British Military Administrator 12 September 1945 – 1 April 1946, then four British Governors and the second incumbent stayed on as first of two gubernatorial 'Heads of state' styled
646:, which since 1843 was under a British protectorate, after it became the Zulu "Native" Reserve or Zululand Province on 1 September 1879: two British Residents (William Douglas Wheelwright, 8 September 1879 to January 1880, then Sir Melmoth Osborn until 22 December 1882). Thereafter there were Resident Commissioners until Zululand was incorporated into the
1151:(under a single High Commissioner, till its 1976 dissolution, in Suva or Honoria), until the abolition of the post at the 1965 self-government grant as a territory in free association with New Zealand, having its cabinet (still under the British Crown, which after 1976 appoints a special King's/Queen's Representative, as well as a High Commissioner).
1566:), five incumbents from 1885 (18 July 1885 Portuguese Congo district created after 14 February 1885 confirmation by the Berlin Conference of the 1883 Portuguese protectorate over "Portuguese Congo") to 1899 (end of autonomy under the Governors of Congo district which had its seat in Cabinda since 1887)
1419:(present Burkina Faso), which has had its own Lieutenant governor (before) or Governor (after) and intermediately has been part of one or (carved up) more neighbouring French colonies, there has been one Résident-Superieur of "Upper Ivory Coast", 1 January 1938 – 29 July 1940, while it was part of the
1637:
Then there were various
British chief secretaries 1911–1936 and two federal secretaries until 31 January 1942; after three Japanese military governors, the British Governor (1 April 1946 – 1 February 1948) stayed on as first of four High Commissioners as de facto governor-general of the Federation of
918:
made a colony in full
British possession. The last of three British Political Agents since 1939 stayed on as first Resident since 1859, the last again staying on in 1932 as first Chief Commissioner; he was the only diplomatic representative to the various Arabian rulers who over time accepted British
518:
prime minister to a native ruler. In other respects, they acted as an ambassador of the government of the country they were posted to, but at a lower level, since they were protectorates or tributaries of
Western nations. Instead of being a representative to a single ruler, a resident could be posted
943:
s acted on behalf of the
British government: Nawab Foujdar Khan (1856 – April 1859), Ghulam Husain Khan Allizai (April 1859 – 1865), Bukhiar Khan (February 1864 – January 1868, acting), Attah Muhammad Khan Khagwani (January 1868 – 1878); then there were two more British Residents Louis Napoleon
550:
In some cases, the intertwining of the
European power with the traditional native establishment went so far that members of the native princely houses became residents, either in other states or even within their state, provided that they were unlikely ever to succeed as rulers of the state. A
901:
were assigned for the maintenance of the royal family, and were administered by a
British Resident, until in 1832 the whole area was annexed to British Residents were also posted in major states considered to be connected with India, neighbouring or on the sea route to it, notably:
2177:, government residents were appointed by the Government of South Australia from the establishment of the territory in 1864 until its transfer to the Australian Government on 1 January 1911. The last incumbent stayed on as first of six administrators; then again 1 February 1927
2011:
On occasion, residents were maintained, notably by former colonial powers, in territories in a transitional process to a new constitutional status, such as full independence. Such function could also be performed under another title, such as
Commissioner or High Commissioner.
1763:, since the acceptance of British protectorate as an confederated state instead of the Thai sovereignty (since the secession from Kedah) and were appointed again after Japanese and Thai occupation, until 1 April 1946 it joins the Malay Union (from 16 September 1963, Malaysia)
919:
protectorate, but since the 1935 legal separation from
British India was followed in 1937 by a reorganisation into an Eastern and a Western Aden Protectorate (based at Mukallah and Lahej; together covering all Yemen), the British Representatives in each were styled British
1770:, i.e. even before the 9 July 1909 exchange of Thai sovereignty for a British protectorate as unfederated Malay state, then Advisers 1919–1941 (overlap merely both titles for the same incumbent); after Japanese and Thai occupation, British Commissioners were appointed.
2153:. Government residents were appointed (at various times), at Augusta, Busselton, Carnarvon (Gascoyne District), Champion Bay (Geraldton), Derby (Kimberley District, later West Kimberley), Fremantle, Guildford, King George's Sound (Albany), Newcastle (Toodyay), the
1430:, where the local royal government was theoretically maintained, the resident at Phnom-Penh was the Resident-Superior, over the various Residents posted throughout Cambodia. The Resident-Superior of Cambodia answered to the Governor-General of Indochina, however.
2068:(under British mandate); 26 May 1923 Transjordan formally separated from Palestine; 28 Feb 1928 Britain recognizes Transjordan mandate as independent, but maintains military and some financial control; 25 May 1946 proclamation of the Hashemite Kingdom (style
1489:(present Burundi): 15 November 1907 – June 1916, starting with the same as above; formally accredited to the native Mwami (King; on 8 October 1905 the Germans recognized the already ruling Mwezi IV Gisabo as "Sultan" of Burundi and its only supreme authority)
937:, not then among Sovereign monarchs): the first British Residents were Sir Alexander Burnes (1837 – 2 November 1841); William Hay McNaghten (7 August 1839 – 23 December 1841); Eldred Pottinger (December 1841 – 6 January 1842). After that, four native
1377:(7 April 1887 – 26 June 1888, Maurice Antoine Chauvot), there was a long list of Residents from 7 April 1887; since 3 October 1961, when both islands were joined as the Wallis & Futuna overseas territory, their successors were styled
1066:
became a federal republic of seven islands (Corfu, Cephalonia, Zante, Santa Maura, Ithaca, Cerigo, and Paxos), as a protectorate (nominally of the allied Powers; de facto UK protectorate; the highest office was the always-British
1455:(sultan) of Witu (on the Kenyan coast), ceded 25 square miles (65 km) of territory on 8 April 1885 to the brothers Clemens and Gustav Denhardt's "Tana Company", and the remainder of the Wituland became the German
1801:(Melaka), a former Dutch colony, seven consecutive British Residents were in office 1795–1818, followed by three Dutch governors; after the final inclusion in the British Strait Settlements, 1826, most were titled
1999:
the former Prime
Minister of Japan), all Japanese peers (new western-type styles, rendered as: Marquess/Duke or Viscount); the last stayed on as the first Governor-General after full annexation to Japan. See:
2040:
was appointed (although in 1949 Southern Cameroons was divided into two provinces: Bamenda, capital Bamenda, and Southern, capital Buea) until 1 October 1954 when British Cameroons became an autonomous part of
2035:
and the 20 July 1920 British Cameroons, League of Nations mandate; they continued in the 13 December 1946 created British Cameroons United Nations trust territory, until 31 December 1949; next a single
1027:, 1800–1804, 1805–1810, and 1840 (so twice interrupted by vacancy), then located with the African branch of the dynasty on the island of Unguja, since 1862 his role was handed over to a Political Agent
1604:, after the post of High Commissioner had been filled (1 July 1896 – 1 April 1946) by the governors of the Straits Settlements (see Singapore), Britain appointed the following residents-general:
2121:, then still an independent monarchy (afterwards absorbed into India as an additional constitutive state) where Britain had obtained a protectorate over the Maharaja in 1861, see above.
703:(established in 1701), since it became 1896 a British protectorate; on 23 June 1900 the Confederation was dissolved by UK protectorate authority, and on 26 September 1901 turned into
1172:(formally from 5 December 1950; in the meantime, the Indian representative was again styled Political Agent, the first incumbent being the former British Political Agent—India was a
986:
in August 1795 and occupying the island (completed on 16 February 1796), their only Resident there was Robert Andrews, 12 February 1796 – 12 October 1798, who was subordinate to the
1726:, since they exchanged Thai sovereignty for a British protectorate; since 1 July 1896 part of the Federated Malay States; after the Japanese occupation a single British Commissioner
1168:
had been under a British protectorate (1861 – 15 August 1947; the crown representative was styled Political Agent), became immediately afterward a protectorate of newly independent
1001:
archipelago since he formally accepted British protection on 16 December 1887 (informally since 1796, after the British took over Ceylon from the Dutch), but this office was filled
639:
until the definite establishment of British rule in Natal and its 1845 organization as an administrative entity, when the incumbent Shepstone was made Agent for the native tribes.
2149:, and the two titles were often used interchangeably. However, they also often directed the day-to-day activities of police, explorers, surveyors, customs officers and other
621:(superior to the new two provinces) for Edward John Gibbons (b. 1906 – d. 1990), who stayed on in October 1954 as the first Commissioner when it became an autonomous part of
494:– to the head of all permanent missions in any country, except as a temporary expression of down-graded relations or where representation was merely an interim arrangement.
519:
to more than one native state, or to a grouping of states which the European power decided for its convenience. This could create an artificial geographical unit, as in
1695:
1581:
until 1975, civil residents served from 1911 (withdrawal of the Portuguese military garrison) until 31 July 1961 (invasion of the fort by the Dahomey military forces)
1071:), until its 1 June 1864 incorporation into independent Greece, there were British residents, each posted with a local Prefect, on seven individual islands, notably:
1737:, a year after accepting British protectorate (never under Thailand), 1 July 1896 part of Federated Malay States; after the Japanese occupation British Commissioners
1708:
979:) in 1945–1948 (each group had been under a Superintendent from 1887/88 till 1922, then both jointly under a Resident Commissioner till the 1942 Japanese occupation)
1043:
Even in overseas territories occupied ('preventively' or conquered) to keep the French out of strategic trade and waters, residencies could be established, e.g. at
948:(1880); next came two Military Commanders (8 October 1879 – 11 August 1880) and until 1919 ten native British Agents, one of whom served two non-consecutive terms.
2045:; next two commissioners were appointed instead, until on 1 October 1961 Southern British Cameroons was incorporated into the Republic of Cameroon (the former
1684:
964:
631:
when the military party sent from Cape Colony to occupy Port Natal on behalf of Great Britain was recalled in 1839, a British Resident was appointed among the
1802:
1880:
959:(October 1796 – July 1797), and there were more discontinuous postings to that court, in the 19th century, never satisfactory to either party; after the
1201:, Dutch residents and lower ranks such as assistant residents were posted alongside a number of the many native princes in present Indonesia, compared
1666:
1512:
2138:, colonial administration and local government were sometimes controlled at the regional level, by government residents, under the direction of the
2102:, a former Italian colony, put under UN administration since 1946 prior to their unification as a Libyan kingdom, Britain maintained a Resident in
704:
1482:: 1906 – 15 November 1907 Werner von Grawert (d. 1918), formerly the last military district commander of Usumbura (the other district being Ujiji)
1680:, which accepted a British protectorate in 1888 and acceded in 1896 to the Federation; again British Commissioners after the Japanese occupation
1185:
1044:
2365:
2117:
In a later phase a former colony could itself appoint such Residents, as India did 5 December 1950 – 16 May 1975 in its Himalayan protectorate
738:
2023:(since 26 September 1914), Britain started appointing a long line of residents (some were district officer or senior district officer, others
798:
2064:), but in August 1920 the British create autonomous local administrations in Ajlun, Salt, and Karak—with limited success; 11 April 1921 the
2001:
1877:
559:
2269:
2230:
1381:'Administrator-superior', but the native dynasties remain; they represented the French government by the protectorate treaties with the
1570:
1247:
However the 'Jacobin' tradition of strict state authority didn't agree well with indirect rule, so often direct rule was preferred.
2502:
455:
Residents could also be posted to nations that had significant foreign influence. For instance, the British sent residents to the
2139:
1286:(posts at Assinié 1843–1870, and Grand Bassam, Fort Dabou 1853–1872, part of the Colony of Gorée and Dependencies in Senegal]):
203:
175:
1630:
2185:, until from 12 June 1931. Administrators were (and still are) appointed, even after 1978 when self-government was granted.
1869:, accredited with the Sultan: Residents-general 28 April 1912 – 2 March 1956 (first incumbent previously military governor)
2317:
1176:, still under the British crown, till 26 January 1950) until 16 May 1975, it was annexed as a constituent state of India.
1148:
1063:
506:. Some such residents were former military officers, rather than career diplomats, who resided in smaller self-governing
373:
182:
502:
Some official representatives of European colonial powers, while in theory diplomats, in practice exercised a degree of
920:
774:
156:
49:
769:
2158:
437:, usually reflecting the relatively low status of the states of origin and/or residency or else difficult relations.
240:
222:
120:
98:
63:
562:
asked for a British resident, seeing this as a desirable and effective form of protection. His request was refused.
91:
2967:
2398:
189:
17:
2076:); the 17 June 1946 formal independence from Britain finally ends the term of the last of four British Residents:
398:
required to take up permanent residence in another country. A representative of his government, he officially has
2996:
784:
591:, the second 'homeland' of the Omani dynasty, since 1913. From 1913 to 1961 the Residents were also the Sultan's
410:
1411:
This French title, meaning "Superior" (i.e. Senior) Resident, indicates that he had junior Residents under him.
1147:; the third and last incumbent stayed on as first Resident Commissioner since 1901, at the incorporation in the
2193:
1 March 1927 – 12 June 1931, while the Northern Territory was split, there were two consecutive incumbents for
878:
160:
733:(first to the British-installed ruling council of chiefs, later to the restored Oba), with the Emir of and in
171:
3059:
3049:
2194:
2083:
722:
718:
440:
On occasion, the resident minister's role could become extremely important, as when in 1806 the Bourbon king
806:
1974:(b. 1909 – d. 1995), staying on after being its Belgian last Governor (and Deputy Governor-General of the
2555:
2182:
1916:
1905:
1324:
1250:
Many were part of a white colonial hierarchy, rather than truly posted with a native ruler or chieftain.
490:
As international relations developed, it became customary to give the highest title of diplomatic rank –
472:
3026:
2984:
3054:
1715:
from the start of the British protectorate; again British Commissioners after the Japanese occupation
1039:(present Jordan) from April 1921 – 17 June 1946 four incumbents accredited to the Hashemite Emir/King
2974:
2619:
2360:
2252:
1532:
866:
662:
276:
85:
1883:
23 June 1885 – 31 August 1955; first incumbent was the last of the two previous Resident ministers
2727:
2438:
2422:
2377:
2310:
1817:
1756:, an confederated state; after Japanese and Thai occupation, British Commissioners were appointed
960:
700:
684:
665:
in 1848. In 1854 the British abandoned the Sovereignty, and the independent Boer republic of the
366:
321:
296:
149:
2491:
2411:
1959:(Belgium mainly used French in the colonies; the word in its other official language, Dutch, is
1749:, an unfederated state; after Japanese and Thai occupation, British Commissioners were appointed
1310:
12 November 1892 – 10 March 1893 Paul Alphonse Frédéric Heckman; thereafter it had its Governors
341:
316:
3064:
2822:
2065:
1926:(at Hanoi; subordinated to Annam until 1888) 1886–1950s (at least 1953)—but none in Cochinchina
1791:
1723:
1320:
1068:
1036:
826:
677:
480:
456:
441:
196:
102:
55:
1809:
took their place until the 1957 independence installed Malaysian Governors and Chief Ministers
1805:, except the period 1910–1920 reverting to the style Resident; after the Japanese occupation,
2459:
2178:
1806:
1673:
1623:
1616:
1120:
532:
449:
1342:
island, divided into eleven sultanates, some of which on occasion had the superior title of
982:
after five military governors since the East India Company started chasing the Dutch out of
2908:
2792:
2782:
2677:
2591:
2154:
1995:
Monarch (rendered as King or Emperor) 21 Dec 1905 – 1 Oct 1910 three incumbents (including
1643:
987:
968:
301:
2496:
1832:
On Northern Borneo, contrary to the Malay peninsula, no such officials were appointed, in
1661:
1885–1911 British Residents were appointed to the Sultans (until 1886 styled Maharaja) of
1274:
and the Gulf of Guinea Settlements; from 1886 subordinated to the Lieutenant Governors of
8:
2883:
2843:
2787:
2757:
2732:
2722:
2697:
2667:
2548:
2372:
2146:
2057:
1825:
1775:
945:
2513:
2508:
2224:
336:
331:
3014:
2941:
2903:
2898:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2853:
2817:
2712:
2687:
2682:
2626:
2543:
2523:
2303:
2174:
1559:
1473:
1416:
991:
890:
708:
528:
514:
and acted as political advisors to the ruler. A trusted resident could even become the
476:
359:
2518:
2098:
Also after World War II, and not only in former mandate territories; e.g. in parts of
2031:) in its zone from 1916, even before the 28 June 1919 formal division into French and
1016:), since 15 March 1816 exercising a de facto protectorate—the last staying on 1920 as
346:
2946:
2914:
2848:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2752:
2742:
2737:
2702:
2692:
2646:
2631:
2256:
2135:
2089:
August 1924 – March 1939 Henry Cox (from 1937, Charles Henry Cox) (b. 1880 – d. 1953)
2061:
2032:
1370:
1198:
1116:
1052:
911:
854:
790:
666:
445:
271:
1665:, an confederated state until 1946; thereafter the British crown was represented by
1638:
Malaya until independence on 31 August 1957 saw the creation of an elective federal
2979:
2863:
2797:
2717:
2707:
2662:
2641:
2614:
2606:
1971:
1787:
1609:
1103:
963:
there were two separate British Residents in a border zone of that country: in the
874:
614:
452:, the British Resident, authored (1812) a new and relatively liberal constitution.
555:
and gold prospectors of all nationalities were overrunning his country, the Swazi
538:
2962:
2893:
2767:
2571:
2417:
2046:
1677:
1639:
1080:
1013:
846:
651:
556:
511:
430:
286:
1945:
later downgraded (under Hué) to Residents-superior 16 May 1889 – 15 October 1945
1289:
1871–1885 Arthur Verdier (to 1878 Warden of the French Flag) (b. 1835 – d. 1898)
1155:
2888:
2858:
2747:
2596:
2244:
2150:
1992:
1840:
as there were white rulers or governors; but to the still sovereign Sultans of
1745:
1909–41 British Advisers replaced the Thai king's Advisers in the sultanate of
1601:
1518:
1506:
1221:
1084:
934:
898:
882:
862:
818:
779:
754:
734:
632:
571:
468:
460:
810:
27:
Government official required to take up permanent residence in another country
3043:
2772:
2762:
2471:
2466:
2219:
1975:
1967:
1821:
1741:
A similar position, under another title, was held in the other Malay states:
1707:
1888–1938 British Residents were appointed to the Sultans (until 1882 styled
1543:
1497:
1390:
1339:
1319:, in the Indian Ocean, several Residents were posted with the various native
1108:
1017:
886:
802:
746:
607:
503:
434:
403:
291:
1389:(Wallis island, 5 April 1887; 27 November 1887 administratively attached to
2275:. Government of South Australia. 12 November 1863. pp. 275 and 278–279
2103:
1996:
1837:
1699:
1654:
1457:
1343:
1279:
1190:
1144:
1112:
930:
838:
758:
658:
647:
507:
414:
311:
2295:
2015:
Thus after World War I, there were residents in some mandate territories:
1794:, his Malay successor also becoming the first President after independence
1364:
island) from 1886; then 1889–1912 filled by the above residents of Anjouan
1098:
1005:
by the colonial Governors until 4 February 1948, abolished on 26 July 1965
2991:
2838:
2672:
1439:
In the German colonies, the title was also Resident; the post was called
1420:
1267:
1202:
1133:
1129:
1088:
926:
858:
822:
524:
2234:. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 183.
1786:, after two separate British Residents (7 February 1819 – December 1822
1278:), where in 1842 France had declared protectorates over the Kingdoms of
2920:
2393:
2248:
1970:(cfr. German above; there were Belgian Residents ): 1960 – 1 July 1962
1887:
1767:
1072:
870:
834:
730:
657:
in 1845 the resident 'north of the Orange River chose his residency at
491:
266:
2482:
1585:
955:(died 1799) was the first British Resident to the King of independent
326:
2936:
2601:
2326:
2162:
2107:
1783:
1734:
1669:
until the Japanese occupation, and finally by Commissioners 1945–1948
1524:
1213:
1140:
952:
726:
636:
418:
399:
2049:), the northern part was already united with Nigeria on 1 June 1961.
2019:
after the French and British occupation of the former German colony
1824:
had yet been ceded to the British by the Sultan of Kedah), then two
1361:
1298:
9 March 1890 – 14 June 1890 Jean Joseph Étienne Octave Péan (acting)
138:
2636:
2330:
1939:
1753:
1730:
1539:
1462:
1448:
1427:
1386:
1173:
1165:
998:
850:
688:
603:
588:
575:
484:
395:
2165:), Port Leschenault (Bunbury), Wyndham (East Kimberley) and York.
2092:
March 1939 – 17 June 1946 Alec Seath Kirkbride (b. 1897 – d. 1978)
1694:
1875–1889 additional British Residents were also appointed to the
1143:
since the 1888 establishment of the British protectorate over the
617:(part of the former German Kamerun), since 1916, in 1949 restyled
2145:
The main responsibility of a government resident was the role of
2079:
April 1921 – 21 November 1921 Albert Abramson (b. 1876 – d. 19..)
2042:
2020:
1901:
1873:
1866:
1833:
1798:
1578:
1452:
1382:
1350:
1328:
1323:
on major islands; they were all three subordinated to the French
1316:
1225:
1209:
1048:
842:
830:
750:
643:
622:
543:
1759:
1909–1941 British Advisers replaced Thai ones with the Rajas of
1752:
1903–41 British Advisers replaced Thai ones in the sultanate of
1057:
2777:
2403:
2223:
2118:
2111:
2073:
2053:
1923:
1909:
1841:
1813:
1760:
1712:
1688:
1662:
1612:(b. 1850 – d. 1946; from 1897, Sir Frank Athelstane Swettenham)
1563:
1493:
1486:
1479:
1398:
1275:
1161:
1076:
983:
976:
972:
742:
712:
592:
463:
as an autonomous state (1704–1831) in the north of present-day
281:
2099:
2069:
1988:
1746:
1719:
1683:
1883–1895 additional British Residents were appointed to the
1653:
There were specific residents accredited in most constituent
1574:
1394:
1354:
1332:
1295:
1886 – 9 March 1890 Marcel Treich Leplène (b. 1860 – d. 1890)
1283:
1271:
1217:
1169:
1156:
Residents in protectorates of decolonised Commonwealth states
1092:
1009:
956:
939:
915:
894:
696:
599:
861:; to the Maharaja Sena Sahib Subah of the Mahratta state of
527:. Similar positions could carry alternative titles, such as
1930:
1229:
1128:
in the period before British sovereignty was declared over
1024:
907:
825:. Often they were appointed to a single state, as with the
673:
552:
464:
1676:(state's elective ruler) of the nine member-confederation
1393:) and on 16 February 1888 with the two kingdoms on Futuna—
725:
and after their joining Nigeria protectorate, notably in
409:
A resident usually heads an administrative area called a
2110:
17 September 1949 – 24 December 1951, and France one in
1766:
1904–25 British Agents were appointed to the Sultans of
1240:
France also maintained residents, the French word being
606:, after the British took over the protectorate from the
1595:
1099:
Residents on (British and dominion) ocean island states
1270:(from 1881 subordinated to the Superior Commandant of
821:– in major states or groups of states—in the days of
2124:
1820:
for the British East India Company (1786–1799; only
1331:
island protectorate (itself constituting the native
994:
appointed Governors as it was made a separate colony
595:. There were Consuls and Consuls-general until 1963.
1586:
Residents-general (and their subordinate residents)
163:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
471:sultans reasserted control over it (1831) and its
1012:since 1802, accredited to the Hindu Kings (title
565:
3041:
1942:Residents-general 12 August 1885 – 16 May 1889;
1552:
1301:14 June 1890 – 1892 Jean Auguste Henri Desailles
971:(each several tribal states, usually ruled by a
1224:; another was posted with the Sultan of and on
2251:commemorates his name; Cox also figures among
1729:1875–1941 British Residents to the Sultans of
1718:1874–1941 British Residents to the Sultans of
1590:
1373:, after a single French Representative styled
1307:1892 – 12 November 1892 Julien Voisin (acting)
1262:A single post of resident was also created in
2311:
2106:April 1949 – 24 December 1951 and another in
1292:1885–1886 Charles Bour -Commandant-particular
1058:Residents in (British) European protectorates
944:Cavagnari (24 July 1879 – 3 September 1879),
433:for the head of a mission ranking just below
367:
1982:
1434:
1357:(sole Sultan): only two incumbents 188x–189x
1235:
497:
2325:
2002:List of Japanese Residents-General of Korea
1646:(since 16 September 1961 with the addition
1180:
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2318:
2304:
483:in 1815, the British posted a resident to
374:
360:
2291:
2006:
1132:and a lieutenant-governor was appointed,
817:British residents were posted in various
813:as the first European envoys ever in 1868
707:, so since 1902 his place was taken by a
241:Learn how and when to remove this message
223:Learn how and when to remove this message
121:Learn how and when to remove this message
2270:"The Northern Territory Act 1863 No. 23"
2218:
2214:
2212:
2210:
1919:(also at Hué) 1886–1950s (at least 1953)
1184:
1102:
797:
789:
768:
570:The residents of the governments of the
537:
654:as British Zululand on 1 December 1897.
578:to a variety of protectorates include:
429:This full style occurred commonly as a
14:
3042:
1136:from 10 May 1833 till 28 January 1840.
889:was taken under the protection of the
581:
2503:Conseiller chargé des investissements
2299:
2207:
2168:
1500:overseeing an area of 32,200 km;
1404:
610:, which had itself posted a Resident.
424:
3022:
2188:
2129:
1596:British Malay states and possessions
764:
161:adding citations to reliable sources
132:
70:
29:
1912:(at Hué) 11 June 1884 – 9 May 1889
1702:, another major member principality
1451:: Ahmed ibn Fumo Bakari, the first
1149:British Western Pacific Territories
1064:United States of the Ionian Islands
990:(see British India), afterward the
933:of 21 guns (the highest rank among
24:
2142:(i.e. the "Governor in Council").
2056:was part since 12 May 1920 of the
1904:& Laos: Residents-general for
1571:Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá
794:The British Residency at Hyderabad
661:, which became the capital of the
402:which are often seen as a form of
90:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
3076:
2125:Government residents in Australia
1253:
1189:The house of a Dutch resident in
805:receives Dutch Minister-Resident
723:and Southern Nigeria Protectorate
84:This includes a list of general
45:This article has multiple issues.
3021:
3010:
3009:
1212:, there were Dutch residents at
914:), the only part of present-day
137:
75:
34:
2997:Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy
542:The French resident general of
487:to handle their affairs there.
413:. "Resident" may also refer to
148:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
2262:
2238:
2082:21 November 1921 – April 1924
1890:: 28 April 1886 – 31 July 1897
1123:looking on, on 7 October 1900.
1062:Since on 5 November 1815, the
853:; to the restored Maharaja of
566:British and dominion residents
13:
1:
2200:
2084:Harry St. John Bridger Philby
1933:September 1895 – 5 April 1945
1778:, under direct British rule:
1691:, a major member principality
1553:Portuguese colonial residents
841:; to the Maharaja Sindhia of
837:; to the Maharaja Gaekwad of
809:and French Minister-Resident
719:Northern Nigeria Protectorate
2992:Twin towns and sister cities
2181:was Government Resident for
2058:British mandate of Palestine
1894:
1577:), a country that was named
1119:, with the British Resident
1051:, an island returned to the
807:Dirk de Graeff van Polsbroek
777:with his son in the Nawab's
7:
1610:Frank Athelstane Swettenham
1600:At the "national" level of
1591:British resident (-general)
1115:annexation proclamation to
910:(while subordinated to the
783:with British Resident, Sir
10:
3081:
2985:Plenipotentiary Conference
2255:: see the now-discredited
2072:) of Transjordan (present
1954:
1948:several regional RĂ©sidents
1304:1892 Éloi Bricard (acting)
1020:till the 1923 emancipation
845:; to the Nizam al-Mulk of
753:, with the Emir of and in
3005:
2955:
2929:
2831:
2655:
2584:
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2536:
2480:
2447:
2431:
2386:
2353:
2344:
2337:
2114:1950 – 24 December 1951.
1983:Japanese (original title)
1859:
1847:
1435:German colonial residents
1236:French colonial residents
699:, with the rulers of the
498:Pseudo-colonial residents
2975:Parliamentary delegation
2854:Diplomatic accreditation
2620:African Diplomatic Corps
2361:Permanent representative
1696:Undang Luak Sungai Ujong
1533:German South-West Africa
1379:Administrateur supérieur
1181:Dutch colonial residents
1023:with the Imam/Sultan of
931:entitled to a gun salute
737:, to the jointly ruling
717:in various parts of the
663:Orange River Sovereignty
277:Permanent representative
2423:Deputy chief of mission
2378:Resident representative
2231:Encyclopædia Britannica
1929:Residents-superior for
1922:Residents-Superior for
1915:Residents-Superior for
1709:Bendahara Seri Maharaja
1346:): November 1886 – 1912
961:Third Anglo-Burmese War
885:power in 1803, and the
869:; to the (Maha)Raja of
865:; to the (Maha)Raja of
701:Asanteman Confederation
297:Deputy chief of mission
105:more precise citations.
2869:Diplomatic credentials
2292:Sources and references
2066:Emirate of Transjordan
2007:Postcolonial residents
1876:, accredited with the
1822:Prince of Wales Island
1816:(Pinang), after three
1807:Resident Commissioners
1792:yang di-pertuan negara
1724:Pangkor Treaty of 1874
1631:Arthur Henderson Young
1423:colony: Edmond Louveau
1397:(also called Alo) and
1335:or Mawuti sultanate):
1194:
1124:
1091:(Leucada/Lefkada) and
1069:Lord High Commissioner
877:in Udaipur. Even when
814:
795:
787:
602:, in the Sultanate of
547:
481:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
475:(governor). After the
2460:Resident commissioner
2432:Bilateral-subnational
2179:Robert Hunter Weddell
1674:Yang Di Pertuan Besar
1624:William Thomas Taylor
1617:William Hood Treacher
1188:
1106:
997:to the Sultan of the
873:; to the Maharana of
849:; to the Maharaja of
801:
793:
772:
541:
533:resident commissioner
523:in some parts of the
450:Lord William Bentinck
3060:Gubernatorial titles
3050:Obsolete occupations
2592:Apostolic nunciature
2492:Agricultural attaché
1991:, accredited to the
1987:In the protectorate
1826:Lieutenant-governors
1685:Yang Di-Pertuan Muda
1644:Yang Dipertuan Agong
988:presidency of Madras
969:Southern Shan States
965:Northern Shan States
857:, after the fall of
749:), with the Emir of
635:and other tribes in
628:in Southern Africa:
587:In the Sultanate of
400:diplomatic functions
342:Agricultural attaché
157:improve this article
2884:Diplomatic immunity
2844:Consular assistance
2373:Ambassador-at-large
2253:historians of chess
2147:Resident Magistrate
2086:(b. 1885 – d. 1960)
1852:The French word is
1803:Resident Councillor
1776:Straits Settlements
1633:(b. 1854 – d. 1938)
1626:(b. 1848 – d. 1931)
1619:(b. 1849 – d. 1919)
1608:1 July 1896 – 1901
946:Henry Lepel-Griffin
893:, the districts of
757:, with the Emir of
745:(a vassal state in
582:Residents in Africa
396:government official
172:"Resident minister"
2942:Letter of credence
2904:Diplomatic uniform
2899:Diplomatic service
2879:Diplomatic illness
2874:Diplomatic history
2627:Diplomatic mission
2544:Diplomatic courier
2524:Trade commissioner
2387:Bilateral-national
2175:Northern Territory
2169:Northern Territory
2140:Colonial Secretary
1722:as written in the
1535:(present Namibia)
1474:German East Africa
1461:(Protectorate) of
1406:Résident supérieur
1195:
1125:
921:Political officers
891:East India Company
815:
796:
788:
709:Chief Commissioner
548:
477:Congress of Vienna
425:Resident ministers
417:, the chief of an
3037:
3036:
2947:Letter of protest
2915:Persona non grata
2849:Consular immunity
2647:Exclusive mandate
2580:
2579:
2532:
2531:
2497:Chargé de mission
2448:Bilateral-insular
2412:Chargé d'affaires
2399:High commissioner
2257:Cox-Forbes theory
2195:Central Australia
2189:Central Australia
2136:Western Australia
2134:In the Colony of
2130:Western Australia
2062:high commissioner
2060:(under a British
2033:British Cameroons
1961:Resident-generaal
1881:Residents-general
1672:1888–1941 to the
1375:chargé de mission
1371:Wallis and Futuna
1353:island) with the
1199:Dutch East Indies
1107:Governor-General
1053:Dutch East Indies
912:Bombay Presidency
833:, the capital of
765:Residents in Asia
667:Orange Free State
446:Kingdom of Naples
421:operations base.
388:resident minister
384:
383:
317:Chargé d'affaires
307:Resident minister
272:High commissioner
251:
250:
243:
233:
232:
225:
207:
131:
130:
123:
68:
16:(Redirected from
3072:
3055:Diplomatic ranks
3025:
3024:
3013:
3012:
2864:Diplomatic cable
2642:Protecting power
2615:Diplomatic corps
2556:Foreign minister
2549:King's Messenger
2514:Military attaché
2509:Cultural attaché
2351:
2350:
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2242:
2236:
2235:
2227:
2225:"Resident"
2216:
2038:special resident
1972:Jean-Paul Harroy
1854:Résident-général
1788:William Farquhar
1667:General Advisers
1208:For example, in
775:Mubarak Ali Khan
619:Special Resident
615:British Cameroon
512:tributary states
504:indirect control
461:Baghdad province
394:for short, is a
376:
369:
362:
337:Cultural attaché
332:Military attaché
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92:inline citations
79:
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18:British Resident
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2963:Development aid
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2925:
2894:Diplomatic rank
2827:
2651:
2632:High commission
2576:
2572:Diplomatic rank
2560:
2528:
2519:Science attaché
2476:
2443:
2427:
2418:Head of mission
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2183:North Australia
2171:
2151:public servants
2132:
2127:
2047:French Cameroun
2029:senior resident
2025:deputy resident
2009:
1985:
1957:
1897:
1862:
1850:
1818:Superintendents
1678:Negeri Sembilan
1640:paramount ruler
1598:
1593:
1588:
1555:
1540:Schuckmannsburg
1437:
1409:
1259:
1238:
1183:
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1101:
1060:
1031:And elsewhere:
1014:Maharajadhiraja
935:princely states
881:had broken the
819:princely states
767:
741:and Balogun of
669:was established
598:In present-day
584:
568:
557:paramount chief
529:political agent
500:
459:Beys who ruled
431:diplomatic rank
427:
380:
351:
347:Science attaché
287:Head of mission
247:
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97:Please help to
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2896:
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2889:Diplomatic law
2886:
2881:
2876:
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2861:
2859:Diplomatic bag
2856:
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2612:
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2599:
2597:Consular corps
2594:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2568:
2566:
2565:Classification
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2552:
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2540:
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2530:
2529:
2527:
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2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2499:
2494:
2488:
2486:
2481:By portfolio (
2478:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2451:
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2445:
2444:
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2401:
2390:
2388:
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2369:
2368:
2366:United Nations
2357:
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2348:
2339:
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2334:
2323:
2322:
2315:
2308:
2300:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2261:
2237:
2222:, ed. (1911).
2220:Chisholm, Hugh
2205:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2190:
2187:
2170:
2167:
2159:Camden Harbour
2155:North District
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2096:
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2094:
2093:
2090:
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2008:
2005:
1984:
1981:
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1956:
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1670:
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1622:1904–1910 Sir
1620:
1613:
1602:British Malaya
1597:
1594:
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1589:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1567:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1538:A resident of
1529:
1528:
1527:
1523:A resident of
1521:
1517:A resident of
1515:
1511:A resident of
1507:German Kamerun
1503:
1502:
1501:
1492:A resident of
1490:
1485:A resident of
1483:
1478:A resident of
1470:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1424:
1408:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1358:
1347:
1325:administrators
1313:
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1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1258:
1252:
1237:
1234:
1222:Deli sultanate
1203:to Regentschap
1182:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1137:
1121:Walter Gudgeon
1100:
1097:
1075:(Kephalonia),
1059:
1056:
1041:
1040:
1029:
1028:
1021:
1006:
995:
980:
949:
923:
887:Mughal emperor
766:
763:
762:
761:
755:Muri (Nigeria)
715:
705:Ashanti Colony
693:
692:
691:
681:
670:
655:
640:
626:
611:
596:
583:
580:
572:United Kingdom
567:
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74:
69:
43:
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33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3077:
3066:
3065:Spies by role
3063:
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3058:
3056:
3053:
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3047:
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2799:
2796:
2794:
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2779:
2776:
2774:
2773:Paradiplomacy
2771:
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2756:
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2728:Full-spectrum
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2472:Agent-general
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2018:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2004:
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1998:
1994:
1990:
1977:
1976:Belgian Congo
1973:
1969:
1968:Ruanda-Urundi
1966:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1925:
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1918:
1914:
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1907:
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1648:bagi Malaysia
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1544:Caprivi Strip
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1498:Lake Victoria
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1391:New Caledonia
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1349:On Ndzuwani (
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1344:Sultani tribe
1341:
1340:Grande Comore
1338:On Ngazidja (
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1264:CĂ´te d'Ivoire
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1109:Lord Ranfurly
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823:British India
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803:Emperor Meiji
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579:
577:
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546:in the 1930s.
545:
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525:Indian Empire
522:
517:
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508:protectorates
505:
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479:restored the
478:
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404:indirect rule
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174: –
173:
169:
168:Find sources:
162:
158:
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151:
146:This article
144:
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41:
32:
31:
19:
3027:
3015:
2956:Other topics
2913:
2823:Wolf warrior
2607:
2501:
2454:
2410:
2354:Multilateral
2277:. Retrieved
2264:
2240:
2229:
2192:
2172:
2144:
2133:
2116:
2104:Tripolitania
2097:
2037:
2028:
2024:
2014:
2010:
1997:Hirobumi Ito
1986:
1960:
1958:
1853:
1851:
1831:
1773:
1740:
1700:Sungai Ujong
1655:Malay states
1652:
1647:
1636:
1599:
1573:(in present
1562:(in present
1467:Deutsch-Witu
1466:
1458:Schutzgebiet
1456:
1440:
1438:
1410:
1405:
1378:
1374:
1263:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1241:
1239:
1207:
1196:
1191:Central Java
1164:, where the
1145:Cook Islands
1113:Cook Islands
1095:(Zakynthos)
1061:
1042:
1030:
1002:
938:
929:, a kingdom
816:
778:
676:Republic of
659:Bloemfontein
648:crown colony
618:
569:
549:
520:
515:
501:
489:
467:, until the
454:
442:Ferdinand IV
439:
428:
415:resident spy
408:
391:
387:
385:
312:Papal legate
306:
252:
237:
219:
213:October 2014
210:
200:
193:
186:
179:
167:
155:Please help
150:verification
147:
117:
111:October 2014
108:
89:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
2839:Appeasement
2537:Other roles
2245:Cox's Bazar
1900:In present
1733:during the
1698:(ruler) of
1687:(ruler) of
1421:Ivory Coast
1417:Upper Volta
1385:(ruler) of
1329:the Mayotte
1268:Ivory Coast
1134:James Busby
1130:New Zealand
1117:Queen Makea
1089:Santa Maura
1079:(Kythira),
1037:Transjordan
927:Afghanistan
859:Tipu Sultan
811:LĂ©on Roches
785:John Hadley
680:at Pretoria
521:Residency X
103:introducing
3044:Categories
2921:Soft power
2793:Preventive
2783:Pilgrimage
2678:Commercial
2394:Ambassador
2345:Diplomatic
2249:Bangladesh
2201:References
1888:Madagascar
1768:Terengganu
1629:1910–1911
1615:1901–1904
1441:Residentur
1360:On Mwali (
1321:sultanates
1111:reads the
1073:Cephalonia
1003:ex officio
871:Travancore
747:Yorubaland
731:Benin City
492:ambassador
267:Ambassador
183:newspapers
86:references
50:improve it
2937:Exequatur
2930:Documents
2788:Ping-pong
2758:Migration
2733:Guerrilla
2723:Freelance
2698:Debt-trap
2668:Checkbook
2602:Consulate
2331:diplomats
2327:Diplomacy
2163:Roebourne
2108:Cyrenaica
1895:Indochina
1878:Basha Bey
1784:Singapore
1735:Klang War
1525:Ngaundere
1214:Palembang
1141:Rarotonga
953:Hiram Cox
879:Lord Lake
847:Hyderabad
727:Edo state
687:chief at
683:with the
678:Transvaal
637:Kaffraria
576:dominions
560:Umbandine
444:fled his
419:espionage
411:residency
258:Diplomats
101:this by
56:talk page
3016:Category
2968:Agencies
2909:Protocol
2818:Track II
2713:Economic
2688:Culinary
2683:Cultural
2673:Coercive
2637:Legation
2608:De facto
2455:Resident
2052:Present
1940:Cambodia
1754:Kelantan
1731:Selangor
1542:for the
1496:west of
1463:Wituland
1449:Wituland
1428:Cambodia
1256:résident
1242:résident
1174:dominion
1166:Maharaja
999:Maldives
967:and the
851:Jhalawar
827:Resident
689:Bulawayo
685:Matabele
589:Zanzibar
574:and the
516:de facto
485:Florence
392:resident
302:Minister
3028:Commons
2813:Stadium
2808:Shuttle
2803:Science
2753:Medical
2743:Hostage
2738:Gunboat
2703:Digital
2693:Defence
2610:embassy
2585:Offices
2483:Attaché
2173:In the
2043:Nigeria
2021:Kamerun
1955:Belgian
1902:Vietnam
1874:Tunisia
1867:Morocco
1834:Sarawak
1799:Malacca
1774:In the
1642:styled
1579:Dahomey
1569:In the
1560:Cabinda
1453:mfalume
1351:Anjouan
1317:Comoros
1315:On the
1266:, i.e.
1226:Ternate
1210:Sumatra
1197:In the
1193:c. 1905
1049:Sumatra
883:Maratha
867:Manipur
843:Gwalior
831:Lucknow
751:Illorin
672:in the
644:KwaZulu
623:Nigeria
544:Morocco
469:Ottoman
457:Mameluk
327:Attaché
197:scholar
99:improve
2980:Summit
2832:Topics
2798:Public
2778:Parley
2718:Energy
2708:Dollar
2663:Caviar
2439:Consul
2404:Nuncio
2279:18 May
2119:Sikkim
2112:Fezzan
2074:Jordan
2054:Jordan
1993:Choson
1924:Tonkin
1910:Tonkin
1860:Africa
1848:French
1842:Brunei
1814:Penang
1761:Perlis
1713:Pahang
1689:Jelebu
1663:Johore
1564:Angola
1494:Bukoba
1487:Urundi
1480:Ruanda
1399:Sigave
1362:Mohéli
1276:Guinea
1254:Style
1162:Sikkim
1081:Ithaca
1077:Cerigo
984:Ceylon
977:Sawbwa
973:Saopha
951:Capt.
863:Nagpur
855:Mysore
839:Baroda
780:Durbar
773:Nawab
743:Ibadan
735:Bauchi
713:Kumasi
593:vizier
448:, and
322:Consul
282:Nuncio
199:
192:
185:
178:
170:
88:, but
2768:Panda
2656:Types
2467:Envoy
2338:Roles
2273:(PDF)
2100:Libya
2070:Malik
1989:Korea
1917:Annam
1906:Annam
1838:Sabah
1747:Kedah
1720:Perak
1711:) of
1575:Benin
1513:Garua
1387:'Uvea
1355:Phany
1333:Maore
1284:Sanwi
1280:Nzima
1272:Gabon
1218:Medan
1216:, at
1170:India
1093:Zante
1085:Paxos
1018:Envoy
1010:Nepal
957:Burma
940:Vakil
916:Yemen
899:Hisar
895:Delhi
875:Mewar
697:Ghana
652:Natal
633:Fingo
600:Kenya
553:Boers
435:envoy
390:, or
292:Envoy
204:JSTOR
190:books
2748:Iron
2329:and
2281:2019
1931:Laos
1836:and
1519:Mora
1395:Tu`a
1282:and
1230:Bali
1045:Laye
1025:Oman
992:HEIC
908:Aden
897:and
835:Oudh
759:Nupe
739:bale
674:Boer
604:Witu
531:and
510:and
473:Wali
465:Iraq
176:news
2763:New
2247:in
2027:or
1938:In
1886:On
1872:In
1865:In
1812:In
1797:In
1782:in
1650:).
1558:In
1531:in
1505:in
1472:in
1447:in
1426:In
1415:In
1383:Tui
1369:On
1327:of
1220:in
1139:at
1047:on
1035:in
1008:in
925:in
906:in
829:in
729:at
711:at
695:in
650:of
642:In
613:In
159:by
3046::
2228:.
2209:^
2197:.
1963:)
1856:.
1657::
1443:.
1244:.
1232:.
1205:.
1087:,
1083:,
721:,
535:.
406:.
386:A
59:.
2485:)
2319:e
2312:t
2305:v
2283:.
2259:.
2161:/
2157:(
1978:)
1908:-
1546:.
1465:(
975:=
625:.
375:e
368:t
361:v
244:)
238:(
226:)
220:(
215:)
211:(
201:·
194:·
187:·
180:·
153:.
124:)
118:(
113:)
109:(
95:.
66:)
62:(
20:)
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