British Raj - Knowledge

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the Indian Empire. From 1937 onwards, British India was divided into 17 administrations: the three Presidencies of Madras, Bombay and Bengal, and the 14 provinces of the United Provinces, Punjab, Bihar, the Central Provinces and Berar, Assam, the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP), Orissa, Sind, British Baluchistan, Delhi, Ajmer-Merwara, Coorg, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Panth Piploda. The Presidencies and the first eight provinces were each under a governor, while the latter six provinces were each under a chief commissioner. The viceroy directly governed the chief commissioner provinces through each respective chief commissioner, while the Presidencies and the provinces under governors were allowed greater autonomy under the Government of India Act. Each Presidency or province headed by a governor had either a provincial bicameral legislature (in the Presidencies, the United Provinces, Bihar and Assam) or a unicameral legislature (in the Punjab, Central Provinces and Berar, NWFP, Orissa and Sind). The governor of each presidency or province represented the Crown in his capacity, and was assisted by a ministers appointed from the members of each provincial legislature. Each provincial legislature had a life of five years, barring any special circumstances such as wartime conditions. All bills passed by the provincial legislature were either signed or rejected by the governor, who could also issue proclamations or promulgate ordinances while the legislature was in recess, as the need arose.

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productivity-led growth by using high-yielding variety seeds, chemical fertilizers and more intensive application of water. All these three inputs were subsidised by the state. The result was, on average, no long-term change in per capita income levels, though cost of living had grown higher. Agriculture was still dominant, with most peasants at the subsistence level. Extensive irrigation systems were built, providing an impetus for switching to cash crops for export and for raw materials for Indian industry, especially jute, cotton, sugarcane, coffee and tea. India's global share of GDP fell drastically from above 20% to less than 5% in the colonial period. Historians have been bitterly divided on issues of economic history, with the Nationalist school (following Nehru) arguing that India was poorer at the end of British rule than at the beginning and that impoverishment occurred because of the British.

2532:. Although the bills were authorised for legislative consideration by Edwin Montagu, they were done so unwillingly, with the accompanying declaration, "I loathe the suggestion at first sight of preserving the Defence of India Act in peacetime to such an extent as Rowlatt and his friends think necessary." In the ensuing discussion and vote in the Imperial Legislative Council, all Indian members voiced opposition to the bills. The Government of India was, nevertheless, able to use of its "official majority" to ensure passage of the bills early in 1919. However, what it passed, in deference to the Indian opposition, was a lesser version of the first bill, which now allowed extrajudicial powers, but for a period of exactly three years and for the prosecution solely of "anarchical and revolutionary movements", dropping entirely the second bill involving modification the 5942:, from India's hinterland could be transported more efficiently to ports, such as Bombay, for subsequent export to England. Likewise, finished goods from England, were transported back, just as efficiently, for sale in the burgeoning Indian markets. Massive railway projects were begun in earnest and government railway jobs and pensions attracted a large number of upper caste Hindus into the civil services for the first time. The Indian Civil Service was prestigious and paid well. It remained politically neutral. Imports of British cotton cloth captured more than half the Indian market in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Industrial production as it developed in European factories was unknown until the 1850s when the first cotton mills were opened in Bombay, posing a challenge to the cottage-based home production system based on family labour. 5326:, whose members were required, as one prerequisite of membership, to have spent at least ten years in India and to have done so no more than ten years before. Although the secretary of state formulated the policy instructions to be communicated to India, he was required in most instances to consult the Council, but especially so in matters relating to spending of Indian revenues. The Act envisaged a system of "double government" in which the Council ideally served both as a check on excesses in imperial policy-making and as a body of up-to-date expertise on India. However, the secretary of state also had special emergency powers that allowed him to make unilateral decisions, and, in reality, the Council's expertise was sometimes outdated. From 1858 until 1947, twenty-seven individuals served as Secretary of State for India and directed the 104: 2912: 2828: 11222:

gradually expanded its influence in South Asia, in the first instance through coastal trading posts at Surat, Madras and Calcutta. (The British) expanded their influence, winning political control of Bengal and Bihar after the Battle of Plassey in 1757. From here, the Company expanded its influence dramatically across the subcontinent. By 1857, it had direct control over much of the region. The great rebellion of that year, however, demonstrated the limitations of this commercial company's ability to administer these vast territories, and in 1858 the Company was effectively nationalized, with the British Crown assuming administrative control. Hence began the period known as the British Raj, which ended in 1947 with the partition of the subcontinent into the independent nation-states of India and Pakistan.

2761:(ICS), but it faced growing difficulties. Fewer and fewer young men in Britain were interested in joining, and the continuing distrust of Indians resulted in a declining base in terms of quality and quantity. By 1945 Indians were numerically dominant in the ICS and at issue was divided loyalty between the Empire and independence. The finances of the Raj depended on land taxes, and these became problematic in the 1930s. Epstein argues that after 1919 it became harder and harder to collect the land revenue. The Raj's suppression of civil disobedience after 1934 temporarily increased the power of the revenue agents but after 1937 they were forced by the new Congress-controlled provincial governments to hand back confiscated land. Again the outbreak of war strengthened them, in the face of the 8105: 25534: 1585:; small changes in the civil services; speeding up the operations of the secretariat; setting up a gold standard to ensure a stable currency; creation of a Railway Board; irrigation reform; reduction of peasant debts; lowering the cost of telegrams; archaeological research and the preservation of antiquities; improvements in the universities; police reforms; upgrading the roles of the Native States; a new Commerce and Industry Department; promotion of industry; revised land revenue policies; lowering taxes; setting up agricultural banks; creating an Agricultural Department; sponsoring agricultural research; establishing an Imperial Library; creating an Imperial Cadet Corps; new famine codes; and, indeed, reducing the smoke nuisance in Calcutta. 5234:(i.e. the presidencies and provinces), as they were not directly under British rule. The larger ones had treaties with Britain that specified which rights the princes had; in the smaller ones the princes had few rights. Within the princely states external affairs, defence and most communications were under British control. The British also exercised a general influence over the states' internal politics, in part through the granting or withholding of recognition of individual rulers. Although there were nearly 600 princely states, the great majority were very small and contracted out the business of government to the British. Some two hundred of the states had an area of less than 25 square kilometres (10 square miles). The last vestige of the 64: 2800: 2847: 1365: 5397: 2607: 11127:

system on the amalgam of Muslim, Hindu and English law which had been haphazardly administered in British courts. The fruits of the Bentinck era were significant. But they were only of general importance in so far as they went with the grain of social changes which were already gathering pace in India. The Bombay and Calcutta intelligentsia were taking to English education well before the Education Minute of 1836. Flowery Persian was already giving way in north India to the fluid and demotic Urdu. As for changes in the legal system, they were only implemented after the Rebellion of 1857 when communications improved and more substantial sums of money were made available for education.

2011:, a European woman, and ordinarily more problematic to imprison, was arrested in 1917. Now, as constitutional reform began to be discussed in earnest, the British began to consider how new moderate Indians could be brought into the fold of constitutional politics and, simultaneously, how the hand of established constitutionalists could be strengthened. However, since the Government of India wanted to ensure against any sabotage of the reform process by extremists, and since its reform plan was devised during a time when extremist violence had ebbed as a result of increased governmental control, it also began to consider how some of its wartime powers could be extended into peacetime. 2579: 3414: 2642: 7607: 136: 996: 1116: 1049: 11095:(modern day Uttar Pradesh) a highly technical form of Urdu was used in the Nastaliq script, by both Muslims and Hindus. The same was the case in the government offices. In the various other regions of India, local vernaculars were used as official language in the lower courts and in government offices. ... In certain parts South Asia, Urdu was written in several scripts. Kaithi was a popular script used for both Urdu and Hindi. By 1880, Kaithi was used as court language in Bihar. However, in 1881, Hindi in Devanagari script replaced Urdu in the Nastaliq script in Bihar. In Panjab, Urdu was written in Nastaliq, Devanagari, Kaithi, and Gurumukhi. 7835:

sports was a way for soldiers to "defend themselves from the magic of the land". Though the British had generally excluded Indians from their play during the time of Company rule, over time they began to see the inculcation of British sports among the native populace as a way of spreading British values. At the same time, some of the Indian elite began to move towards British sports as a way of adapting to British culture and thus helping themselves to rise up the ranks; later on, more Indians began to play British sports in an effort to beat the British at their own sports, as a way of proving that the Indians were equal to their colonisers.

3378: 14124:, into three periods. From the beginning of the seventeenth century to the middle of the eighteenth century the East India Company is a trading corporation, existing on the sufferance of the native powers and in rivalry with the merchant companies of Holland and France. During the next century, the Company acquires and consolidates its dominion, shares its sovereignty in increasing proportions with the Crown, and gradually loses its mercantile privileges and functions. After the mutiny of 1857 the remaining powers of the Company are transferred to the Crown, and then follows an era of peace in which India awakens to new life and progress." 7855: 1172:. It was now felt that traditions and customs in India were too strong and too rigid to be changed easily; consequently, no more British social interventions were made, especially in matters dealing with religion, even when the British felt very strongly about the issue (as in the instance of the remarriage of Hindu child widows). This was exemplified further in Queen Victoria's Proclamation released immediately after the rebellion. The proclamation stated that 'We disclaim alike our Right and Desire to impose Our Convictions on any of Our Subjects'; demonstrating official British commitment to abstaining from social intervention in India. 2377:, cautioned that the Government of India needed to be more responsive to Indian opinion. Towards the end of the year, after discussions with the government in London, he suggested that the British demonstrate their good faith—in light of the Indian war role—through a number of public actions, including awards of titles and honours to princes, granting of commissions in the army to Indians, and removal of the much-reviled cotton excise duty, but, most importantly, an announcement of Britain's future plans for India and an indication of some concrete steps. After more discussion, in August 1917, the new Liberal secretary of state for India, 3390: 2619: 1244: 3402: 2287:. Soon, under pressure from the Viceroy in Delhi who was anxious to maintain domestic peace during wartime, the provincial government rescinded Gandhi's expulsion order, and later agreed to an official enquiry into the case. Although the British planters eventually gave in, they were not won over to the farmers' cause, and thereby did not produce the optimal outcome of a Satyagraha that Gandhi had hoped for; similarly, the farmers themselves, although pleased at the resolution, responded less than enthusiastically to the concurrent projects of rural empowerment and education that Gandhi had inaugurated in keeping with his ideal of 1709: 1104: 5493:(£18,810 p.a.). He headed the Viceroy's Executive Council, each member of which had responsibility for a department of the central administration. From 1 April 1937, the position of Governor-General in Council, which the viceroy and governor-general concurrently held in the capacity of representing the Crown in relations with the Indian princely states, was replaced by the designation of "HM Representative for the Exercise of the Functions of the Crown in its Relations with the Indian States", or the "Crown Representative". The Executive Council was greatly expanded during the Second World War, and in 1947 comprised 14 1147:, had been hurriedly building an India which they envisaged to be on par with Britain itself in the quality and strength of its economic and social institutions. After the rebellion, they became more circumspect. Much thought was devoted to the causes of the rebellion and three main lessons were drawn. First, at a practical level, it was felt that there needed to be more communication and camaraderie between the British and Indians—not just between British army officers and their Indian staff but in civilian life as well. The Indian army was completely reorganised: units composed of the Muslims and Brahmins of the 7777: 1380: 4645:; the remaining approximately 500 states were dependents of the provincial governments of British India under a governor, lieutenant-governor, or chief commissioner (as the case might have been). A clear distinction between "dominion" and "suzerainty" was supplied by the jurisdiction of the courts of law: the law of British India rested upon the laws passed by the British Parliament and the legislative powers those laws vested in the various governments of British India, both central and local; in contrast, the courts of the Princely States existed under the authority of the respective rulers of those states. 1221: 1151:, who had formed the core of the rebellion, were disbanded. New regiments, like the Sikhs and Baluchis, composed of Indians who, in British estimation, had demonstrated steadfastness, were formed. From then on, the Indian army was to remain unchanged in its organisation until 1947. The 1861 Census had revealed that the English population in India was 125,945. Of these only about 41,862 were civilians as compared with about 84,083 European officers and men of the Army. In 1880, the standing Indian Army consisted of 66,000 British soldiers, 130,000 Natives, and 350,000 soldiers in the princely armies. 6021: 1937: 1872: 1895: 10978:

language of the ultimate ruling authority, English. For such purposes, Hindustani was equated with Urdu, as opposed to any geographically defined dialect of Hindi and was given official status through large parts of north India. Written in the Persian script with a largely Persian and, via Persian, an Arabic vocabulary, Urdu stood at the shortest distance from the previous situation and was easily attainable by the same personnel. In the wake of this official transformation, the British government began to make its first significant efforts on behalf of vernacular education.

2428:, and domiciled Europeans, in both provincial and Imperial legislative councils. The Montagu–Chelmsford reforms offered Indians the most significant opportunity yet for exercising legislative power, especially at the provincial level; however, that opportunity was also restricted by the still limited number of eligible voters, by the small budgets available to provincial legislatures, and by the presence of rural and special interest seats that were seen as instruments of British control. Its scope was unsatisfactory to the Indian political leadership, famously expressed by 1088: 3157: 1562: 2303:, where workers in an Indian-owned textile mill were distressed about their low wages. The satyagraha in Ahmedabad took the form of Gandhi fasting and supporting the workers in a strike, which eventually led to a settlement. In Kaira, in contrast, although the farmers' cause received publicity from Gandhi's presence, the satyagraha itself, which consisted of the farmers' collective decision to withhold payment, was not immediately successful, as the British authorities refused to back down. The agitation in Kaira gained for Gandhi another lifelong lieutenant in 3352: 1027: 1918: 1185: 1690: 2447: 3169: 1724: 1284:. Although famines were not new to the subcontinent, these were particularly severe, with tens of millions dying, and with many critics, both British and Indian, laying the blame at the doorsteps of the lumbering colonial administrations. There were also salutary effects: commercial cropping, especially in the newly canalled Punjab, led to increased food production for internal consumption. The railway network provided critical famine relief, notably reduced the cost of moving goods, and helped nascent Indian-owned industry. After, the 1337: 1128: 1778:, for example, had not only supported Cow Protection Societies in their agitation, but also—distraught at the 1871 Census's Muslim numbers—organized "reconversion" events for the purpose of welcoming Muslims back to the Hindu fold. In 1905, when Tilak and Lajpat Rai attempted to rise to leadership positions in the Congress, and the Congress itself rallied around the symbolism of Kali, Muslim fears increased. It was not lost on many Muslims, for example, that the rallying cry, "Bande Mataram", had first appeared in the novel 1201: 2381:, announced the British aim of "increasing association of Indians in every branch of the administration, and the gradual development of self-governing institutions, with a view to the progressive realisation of responsible government in India as an integral part of the British Empire". Although the plan envisioned limited self-government at first only in the provinces—with India emphatically within the British Empire—it represented the first British proposal for any form of representative government in a non-white colony. 1315: 1546: 3108: 1523: 1065: 13739:, General Auckinleck were advising that there was a real threat in 1946 of large-scale anti-British disorder amounting to even a well-organised rising aiming to expel the British by paralysing the administration. Quote:...it was clear to Attlee that everything depended on the spirit and reliability of the Indian Army:"Provided that they do their duty, armed insurrection in India would not be an insoluble problem. If, however, the Indian Army was to go the other way, the picture would be very different... 5482:, for more consultation with Indians, the Indians so appointed were from the landed aristocracy, often chosen for their loyalty, and far from representative. Even so, the "... tiny advances in the practice of representative government were intended to provide safety valves for the expression of public opinion, which had been so badly misjudged before the rebellion". Indian affairs now also came to be more closely examined in the British Parliament and more widely discussed in the British press. 3203: 2924: 5865:. With shipments of equipment and parts from Britain curtailed, maintenance became much more difficult; critical workers entered the army; workshops were converted to making munitions; the locomotives, rolling stock, and track of some entire lines were shipped to the Middle East. The railways could barely keep up with the increased demand. By the end of the war, the railways had deteriorated for lack of maintenance and were not profitable. In 1923, both GIPR and EIR were nationalised. 20336: 5745:(1839–1904) began his industrial career in 1877 with the Central India Spinning, Weaving, and Manufacturing Company in Bombay. While other Indian mills produced cheap coarse yarn (and later cloth) using local short-staple cotton and cheap machinery imported from Britain, Tata did much better by importing expensive longer-stapled cotton from Egypt and buying more complex ring-spindle machinery from the United States to spin finer yarn that could compete with imports from Britain. 7260: 2161: 20345: 2327: 2500:. To combat subversive acts in these regions, the committee unanimously recommended that the government use emergency powers akin to its wartime authority, which included the ability to try cases of sedition by a panel of three judges and without juries, exaction of securities from suspects, governmental overseeing of residences of suspects, and the power for provincial governments to arrest and detain suspects in short-term detention facilities and without trial. 2346: 5374: 10180: 6332: 23741: 6687: 5869:

welfare of European workers, and any Indian deaths were "either ignored or merely mentioned as a cold statistical figure." The government's Stores Policy required that bids on railway contracts be made to the India Office in London, shutting out most Indian firms. The railway companies purchased most of their hardware and parts in Britain. There were railway maintenance workshops in India, but they were rarely allowed to manufacture or repair locomotives.

3002:]. They neither intermarry nor interdine together and indeed they belong to two different civilizations which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions. Their aspects on life and of life are different ... To yoke together two such nations under a single state, one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority must lead to growing discontent and final destruction of any fabric that may be so built up for the government of such a state. 5675: 1612:, had been contemplated by various colonial administrations since the time of Lord William Bentinck, but was never acted upon. Though some considered it administratively felicitous, it was communally charged. It sowed the seeds of division among Indians in Bengal, transforming nationalist politics as nothing else before it. The Hindu elite of Bengal, among them many who owned land in East Bengal that was leased out to Muslim peasants, protested fervidly. 5792: 10138: 5784: 5776: 3235: 10166: 23751: 3227: 6272: 5270: 12481:, p. 260 A distinct group within the Calcutta Anushilan Samiti ... soon started action ... robbery to raise funds ... Attempts to assassinate oppressive officials ... became the main features of the revolutionary activities ... arrest of the entire Maniktala group ... dealt a great blow to such terrorist activities. In terms of direct gains, the terrorists achieved precious little; most of their attempts were either aborted or failed. 13754:, p. 330 Quote: "India had always been a minority interest in British public life; no great body of public opinion now emerged to argue that war-weary and impoverished Britain should send troops and money to hold it against its will in an empire of doubtful value. By late 1946 both Prime Minister and Secretary of State for India recognized that neither international opinion no their own voters would stand for any reassertion of the 2142:, traders, farmers, students, and lower-level government workers. Although they did not achieve the magnitude or character of a nationwide mass movement, the Home Rule leagues both deepened and widened organised political agitation for self-rule in India. The British authorities reacted by imposing restrictions on the Leagues, including shutting out students from meetings and banning the two leaders from travelling to certain provinces. 7517: 2504: 2030:, in 1915, whereupon an agreement was reached for Tilak's ousted group to re-enter the Congress. In the 1916 Lucknow session of the Congress, Tilak's supporters were able to push through a more radical resolution which asked for the British to declare that it was their "aim and intention ... to confer self-government on India at an early date". Soon, other such rumblings began to appear in public pronouncements: in 1917, in the 3101:. Bose's Indian National Army largely disintegrated during the subsequent fighting in Burma, with its remaining elements surrendering with the recapture of Singapore in September 1945. Bose died in August from third degree burns received after attempting to escape in an overloaded Japanese plane which crashed in Taiwan, which many Indians believe did not happen. Although Bose was unsuccessful, he roused patriotic feelings in India. 20326: 7563: 7392:'s troops consisting of the 9th Gurkha Rifles and 54th Sikhs massacred 379 to more than 1,500 unarmed peaceful civilians, and wounded over 1,200 other Indian civilians. Dyer was relieved of his command and told to resign, and widely condemned in both India and Britain. The level of casual brutality stunned the entire nation, resulting in a wrenching loss of faith of the general Indian public in the intentions of the United Kingdom. 2881: 6452: 5918: 6572: 1155:

territories guaranteed. At the same time, it was felt that the peasants, for whose benefit the large land reforms of the United Provinces had been undertaken, had shown disloyalty, by, in many cases, fighting for their former landlords against the British. Consequently, no more land reforms were implemented for the next 90 years: Bengal and Bihar were to remain the realms of large land holdings (unlike the Punjab and

7713:, were a part of the curricula. During the British Raj, Christian missionaries developed writing systems for Indian languages that previously did not have one. Christian missionaries in India also worked to increase literacy and also engaged in social activism, such as fighting against prostitution, championing the right of widowed women to remarry, and trying to stop early marriages for women. Among British women, 10152: 20316: 5610: 5884:

colonial purpose, local needs, capital, service, and private-versus-public interests, concluded that making the railways a creature of the state hindered success because railway expenses had to go through the same time-consuming and political budgeting process as did all other state expenses. Railway costs could therefore not be tailored to the current needs of the railways or of their passengers.

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the Mutiny. Since Dalhousie had embraced the technological change then rampant in Great Britain, India too saw the rapid development of all those technologies. Railways, roads, canals, and bridges were rapidly built in India, and telegraph links were equally rapidly established so that raw materials, such as cotton, from India's hinterland, could be transported more efficiently to ports, such as

6512: 6876: 3058:, Bihar, and western Bengal. The large wartime British Army presence crushed the movement in a little more than six weeks; nonetheless, a portion of the movement formed for a time an underground provisional government on the border with Nepal. In other parts of India, the movement was less spontaneous and the protest less intensive; however, it lasted sporadically into the summer of 1943. 7739:

administration of sub-divisions, universities and stock exchanges. One major change was the rejection of its former separate princely states. Metcalf shows that over the course of two centuries, British intellectuals and Indian specialists made the highest priority bringing peace, unity and good government to India. They offered many competing methods to reach the goal. For example,

3363:. In Punjab, where the new border lines divided the Sikh regions in half, there was much bloodshed; in Bengal and Bihar, where Gandhi's presence assuaged communal tempers, the violence was more limited. In all, somewhere between 250,000 and 500,000 people on both sides of the new borders, among both the refugee and resident populations of the three faiths, died in the violence. 6392: 5586:

resident in India, and for all British Indian subjects residing outside India. With the assent of the King-Emperor and after copies of a proposed enactment had been submitted to both houses of the British Parliament, the Viceroy could overrule the legislature and directly enact any measures in the perceived interests of British India or its residents if the need arose.

5761:, TISCO became the leading iron and steel producer in India, and "a symbol of Indian technical skill, managerial competence, and entrepreneurial flair". The Tata family, like most of India's big businessmen, were Indian nationalists but did not trust the Congress because it seemed too aggressively hostile to the Raj, too socialist, and too supportive of trade unions. 2412:

special interests they considered cooperative or useful. In particular, rural candidates, generally sympathetic to British rule and less confrontational, were assigned more seats than their urban counterparts. Seats were also reserved for non-Brahmins, landowners, businessmen, and college graduates. The principal of "communal representation", an integral part of the

2799: 6212: 2702:, prompting many Indians to return British awards and honours, to resign from the civil services, and to again boycott British goods. In addition, Gandhi reorganised the Congress, transforming it into a mass movement and opening its membership to even the poorest Indians. Although Gandhi halted the non-cooperation movement in 1922 after the violent 3274:

convictions, and the eventual remission of the sentences, created positive propaganda for the Congress, which only helped in the party's subsequent electoral victories in eight of the eleven provinces. The negotiations between the Congress and the Muslim League, however, stumbled over the issue of the partition. Jinnah proclaimed 16 August 1946,

5991:(supported by many scholars in India and the West) that the British were not in full control but instead were players in what was primarily an Indian play and in which their rise to power depended upon excellent co-operation with Indian elites. Marshall admits that much of his interpretation is still highly controversial among many historians. 3134: 2951:", demanding that, "the areas in which the Muslims are numerically in majority as in the North-Western and Eastern zones of India should be grouped to constitute independent states in which the constituent units shall be autonomous and sovereign." Although there were other important national Muslim politicians such as Congress leader 2071:, the League joined the Congress in the proposal for greater self-government that was campaigned for by Tilak and his supporters; in return, the Congress accepted separate electorates for Muslims in the provincial legislatures as well as the Imperial Legislative Council. In 1916, the Muslim League had anywhere between 500 and 800 2713:, charged with instituting constitutional reform in India, resulted in widespread protests throughout the country. Earlier, in 1925, non-violent protests of the Congress had resumed too, this time in Gujarat, and led by Patel, who organised farmers to refuse payment of increased land taxes; the success of this protest, the 13524:, pp. 305, 325": Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Bose were among those who, impatient with Gandhi's programmes and methods, looked upon socialism as an alternative for nationalistic policies capable of meeting the country's economic and social needs, as well as a link to potential international support. (p. 325) (p. 345)" 7730:

generations of officials produced a chaotic administration with minimal coherence. Instead of a confident state capable of acting as it chose, these historians find a psychologically embattled one incapable of acting except in the abstract, small scale, or short term. Meanwhile, Durba Ghosh offers an alternative approach.

3282:. The following day Hindu-Muslim riots broke out in Calcutta and quickly spread throughout British India. Although the Government of India and the Congress were both shaken by the course of events, in September, a Congress-led interim government was installed, with Jawaharlal Nehru as united India's prime minister. 2258:, while the last, by making Indians more self-reliant, would break the cycle of dependence that was perpetuating not only the direction and tenor of the British rule in India, but also the British commitment to it. At least until 1920, the British presence itself was not a stumbling block in Gandhi's conception of 1415:, who in their works had been presenting ancient India as a great civilisation. Irritation, on the other hand, came not just from incidents of racial discrimination at the hands of the British in India, but also from governmental actions like the use of Indian troops in imperial campaigns (e.g. in the 13741:

Quote:...Thus, Wavell concluded, if the army and the police "failed" Britain would be forced to go. In theory, it might be possible to revive and reinvigorate the services, and rule for another fifteen to twenty years, but:It is a fallacy to suppose that the solution lies in trying to maintain status

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In April 1900, the colonial government of the North-West Provinces and Oudh granted equal official status to both, Devanagari and Nastaliq scripts. However, Nastaliq remained the dominant script. During the 1920s, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi deplored the controversy and the evolving divergence between

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largely having been diminished in the process. During the Raj, soldiers would play British sports as a way of maintaining fitness, since the mortality rate for foreigners in India was high at the time, as well as to maintain a sense of Britishness; in the words of an anonymous writer, playing British

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promoted the English language. Zinkin argues that in the long-run, what matters most about the legacy of the Raj is the British political ideologies which the Indians took over after 1947, especially the belief in unity, democracy, the rule of law and a certain equality beyond caste and creed. Zinkin

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At independence and after the independence of India, the country has maintained such central British institutions as parliamentary government, one-person, one-vote and the rule of law through nonpartisan courts. It retained as well the institutional arrangements of the Raj such as the civil services,

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and the technological change ushered in by the industrial revolution had the effect of closely intertwining the economies of India and Great Britain. In fact many of the major changes in transport and communications (that are typically associated with Crown rule of India) had already begun before the

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After the Sepoy Rebellion in 1857, and subsequent Crown rule over India, the railways were seen as a strategic defense of the European population, allowing the military to move quickly to subdue native unrest and protect Britons. The railway thus served as a tool of the colonial government to control

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elected). The Council of State existed in five-year periods and the Legislative Assembly for three-year periods, though either could be dissolved earlier or later by the Viceroy. The Indian Legislature was empowered to make laws for all persons resident in British India including all British subjects

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With the promulgation of the Government of India Act 1935, the Council of India was abolished with effect from 1 April 1937 and a modified system of government enacted. The secretary of state for India represented the Government of India in the UK. He was assisted by a body of advisers numbering from

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remained head of the Government of India and now was more commonly called the viceroy on account of his secondary role as the Crown's representative to the nominally sovereign princely states; he was, however, now responsible to the secretary of state in London and through him to Parliament. A system

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members in Bengal in 1944, 200,000 in Punjab, and hundreds of thousands elsewhere. Jinnah now was well positioned to negotiate with the British from a position of power. Jinnah repeatedly warned that Muslims would be unfairly treated in an independent India dominated by the Congress. On 24 March 1940

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Montagu and Chelmsford presented their report in July 1918 after a long fact-finding trip through India the previous winter. After more discussion by the government and parliament in Britain, and another tour by the Franchise and Functions Committee for the purpose of identifying who among the Indian

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The first steps were taken toward self-government in British India in the late 19th century with the appointment of Indian counsellors to advise the British viceroy and the establishment of provincial councils with Indian members; the British subsequently widened participation in legislative councils

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served as Viceroy of India 1872–1876. Baring's major accomplishments came as an energetic reformer who was dedicated to upgrading the quality of government in the British Raj. He began large scale famine relief, reduced taxes, and overcame bureaucratic obstacles in an effort to reduce both starvation

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The earlier grammars and dictionaries made it possible for the British government to replace Persian with vernacular languages at the lower levels of the judicial and revenue administration in 1837, that is, to standardize and index terminology for official use and provide for its translation to the

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Effective from 1 April 1936, the Government of India Act created the new provinces of Sind (separated from the Bombay Presidency) and Orissa (separated from the Province of Bihar and Orissa). Burma and Aden became separate Crown Colonies under the Act from 1 April 1937, thereby ceasing to be part of

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in which the business of each government department (the "portfolio") was assigned to and became the responsibility of a single council member. Routine departmental decisions were made exclusively by the member, but important decisions required the consent of the governor-general and, in the absence

2935:, declared war on India's behalf without consulting Indian leaders, leading the Congress provincial ministries to resign in protest. The Muslim League, in contrast, supported Britain in the war effort and maintained its control of the government in three major provinces, Bengal, Sind and the Punjab. 2780:

The 1935 Act provided for more autonomy for Indian provinces, with the goal of cooling off nationalist sentiment. The act provided for a national parliament and an executive branch under the purview of the British government, but the rulers of the princely states managed to block its implementation.

2194:

and chose not to make any public pronouncements during the first year of his return, but instead spent the year travelling, observing the country at first hand, and writing. Earlier, during his South Africa sojourn, Gandhi, a lawyer by profession, had represented an Indian community, which, although

1623:

and the Boycott movement. The movement consisted of the boycott of foreign goods and also the social boycott of any Indian who used foreign goods. The Swadeshi movement consisted of the usage of natively produced goods. Once foreign goods were boycotted, there was a gap which had to be filled by the

1398:

By 1880, a new middle class had arisen in India and spread thinly across the country. Moreover, there was a growing solidarity among its members, created by the "joint stimuli of encouragement and irritation". The encouragement felt by this class came from its success in education and its ability to

17113:

The growth of the army in India also led to many army chaplains. After the change in the Charter in 1813, Anglican missionaries began to work across North India. The missionaries translated the Book of Common Prayer into various Indian languages. The first Anglican diocese was Calcutta in 1813, and

11126:

The use of Persian was abolished in official correspondence (1835); the government's weight was thrown behind English-medium education and Thomas Babington Macaulay's Codes of Criminal and Civil Procedure (drafted 1841–2, but not completed until the 1860s) sought to impose a rational, Western legal

11094:

The British used the Urdu language to effect a shift from the prior emphasis on the Persian language. In 1837, the British East India Company adopted Urdu in place of Persian as the co-official language in India, along with English. In the law courts in Bengal and the North-West Provinces and Oudh

6074:

In the urban and industrial areas ... cramped sites, the high values of land and the necessity for the worker to live in the vicinity of his work ... all tend to intensify congestion and overcrowding. In the busiest centres houses are built close together, eave touching eave, and frequently back to

5694:

Mike Davis writes that much of the economic activity in British India was for the benefit of the British economy and was carried out relentlessly through repressive British imperial policies and with negative repercussions for the Indian population. This is reified in India's large exports of wheat

5556:

The viceroy and governor-general was also the head of the bicameral Indian Legislature, consisting of an upper house (the Council of State) and a lower house (the Legislative Assembly). The viceroy was the head of the Council of State, while the Legislative Assembly, which was first opened in 1921,

2986:

The Congress was secular and strongly opposed to having any religious state. It insisted there was a natural unity to India, and repeatedly blamed the British for "divide and rule" tactics based on prompting Muslims to think of themselves as alien from Hindus. Jinnah rejected the notion of a united

2606: 2520:

million in revenue for the war. The increased taxes coupled with disruptions in both domestic and international trade had the effect of approximately doubling the index of overall prices in India between 1914 and 1920. Returning war veterans, especially in the Punjab, created a growing unemployment

5945:

Taxes in India decreased during the colonial period for most of India's population; with the land tax revenue claiming 15% of India's national income during Mughal times compared with 1% at the end of the colonial period. The percentage of national income for the village economy increased from 44%

5898:

The British Raj invested heavily in infrastructure, including canals and irrigation systems. The Ganges Canal reached 560 kilometres (350 miles) from Haridwar to Cawnpore (now Kanpur), and supplied thousands of kilometres of distribution canals. By 1900 the Raj had the largest irrigation system in

5883:

pouring its money and expertise into a very well-built system designed for military purposes (after the Rebellion of 1857), in the hope that it would stimulate industry. The system was overbuilt and too expensive for the small amount of freight traffic it carried. Christensen (1996), who looked at

5811:

The East India Company (and later the colonial government) encouraged new railway companies backed by private investors under a scheme that would provide land and guarantee an annual return of up to 5% during the initial years of operation. The companies were to build and operate the lines under a

5638:

rules prohibited women from saying their husband's name or having their photograph taken. An all-India census was conducted between 1868 and 1871, often using total numbers of females in a household rather than individual names. Select groups which the Raj reformers wanted to monitor statistically

2792:

Congress won victories in seven of the eleven provinces of British India. Congress governments, with wide powers, were formed in these provinces. The widespread voter support for the Indian National Congress surprised Raj officials, who previously had seen the Congress as a small elitist body. The

2411:

A greater number of Indians were now enfranchised, although, for voting at the national level, they constituted only 10% of the total adult male population, many of whom were still illiterate. In the provincial legislatures, the British continued to exercise some control by setting aside seats for

2137:

thousand each in a little over a year—and began to publish inexpensive newspapers. Their propaganda also turned to posters, pamphlets, and political-religious songs, and later to mass meetings, which not only attracted greater numbers than in earlier Congress sessions, but also entirely new social

1279:

The rush of technology was also changing the agricultural economy in India: by the last decade of the 19th century, a large fraction of some raw materials—not only cotton, but also some food-grains—were being exported to faraway markets. Many small farmers, dependent on the whims of those markets,

1266:

and the technological change ushered in by the industrial revolution, had the effect of closely intertwining the economies of India and Great Britain. In fact many of the major changes in transport and communications (that are typically associated with Crown Rule of India) had already begun before

3034:

million. In addition, heavy British spending on munitions produced in India (such as uniforms, rifles, machine-guns, field artillery, and ammunition) led to a rapid expansion of industrial output, such as textiles (up 16%), steel (up 18%), and chemicals (up 30%). Small warships were built, and an

2407:

system, whereby some areas like education, agriculture, infrastructure development, and local self-government became the preserve of Indian ministers and legislatures, and ultimately the Indian electorates, while others like irrigation, land-revenue, police, prisons, and control of media remained

1823:

was viceroy)—gave Indians limited roles in the central and provincial legislatures. Upper-class Indians, rich landowners and businessmen were favoured. The Muslim community was made a separate electorate and granted double representation. The goals were quite conservative but they did advance the

1154:

Second, it was also felt that both the princes and the large land-holders, by not joining the rebellion, had proved to be, in Lord Canning's words, "breakwaters in a storm". They too were rewarded in the new British Raj by being integrated into the British-Indian political system and having their

11557:

In part, the Mutiny was a reaction against this upheaval of traditional Indian society. The suppression of the Mutiny after a year of fighting was followed by the break-up of the East India Company, the exile of the deposed emperor and the establishment of the British Raj, and direct rule of the

11006:

In the government of northern India Persian ruled. Under the British Raj, Persian eventually declined, but, the administration remaining largely Muslim, the role of Persian was taken not by Hindi but by Urdu, known to the British as Hindustani. It was only as the Hindu majority in India began to

7582:

or law. About a third entered public administration, and another third became lawyers. The result was a very well educated professional state bureaucracy. By 1887 of 21,000 mid-level civil services appointments, 45% were held by Hindus, 7% by Muslims, 19% by Eurasians (European father and Indian

5851:

Most of the railway construction was done by Indian companies supervised by British engineers. The system was heavily built, using a broad gauge, sturdy tracks and strong bridges. By 1900 India had a full range of rail services with diverse ownership and management, operating on broad, metre and

5831:

formulated a plan to construct a network of trunk lines connecting the principal regions of India. Encouraged by the government guarantees, investment flowed in and a series of new rail companies was established, leading to rapid expansion of the rail system in India. Soon several large princely

5748:

In the 1890s, he launched plans to move into heavy industry using Indian funding. The Raj did not provide capital, but, aware of Britain's declining position against the US and Germany in the steel industry, it wanted steel mills in India. It promised to purchase any surplus steel Tata could not

5633:

courts and introduced a new penal code as well as new codes of civil and criminal procedure, based largely on English law. In the 1860s–1880s the Raj set up compulsory registration of births, deaths, and marriages, as well as adoptions, property deeds, and wills. The goal was to create a stable,

2038:

spoke of the expectations the war had generated in India, "I venture to say that the war has put the clock ... fifty years forward ... (The) reforms after the war will have to be such, ... as will satisfy the aspirations of her (India's) people to take their legitimate part in the

1457:

During its first 20 years, the Congress primarily debated British policy toward India. Its debates created a new Indian outlook that held Great Britain responsible for draining India of its wealth. Britain did this, the nationalists claimed, by unfair trade, by the restraint on indigenous Indian

7558:

English historian Peter Cain, has challenged Mantena, arguing that the imperialists truly believed that British rule would bring to the subjects the benefits of 'ordered liberty', thereby Britain could fulfil its moral duty and achieve its own greatness. Much of the debate took place in Britain

7553:

The central tenets of liberal imperialism were challenged as various forms of rebellion, resistance and instability in the colonies precipitated a broad-ranging reassessment....the equation of 'good government' with the reform of native society, which was at the core of the discourse of liberal

7486:

tehsil in North-West Frontier Province: When local villagers attempted to stop soldiers from arresting freedom fighter activists of the Khudai Khidmatgar movement, in the ensuing shooting an English police officer called Murphy was killed, three days later, a large force of troops attacked the

5868:

Headrick shows that until the 1930s, both the Raj lines and the private companies hired only European supervisors, civil engineers, and even operating personnel, such as locomotive engineers. The hard physical labor was left to the Indians. The colonial government was chiefly concerned with the

11258:

Between 1858, when the British East India Company transferred power to British Crown rule (the "British Raj"), and 1947, when India gained independence, English gradually developed into the language of government and education. It allowed the Raj to maintain control by creating an elite gentry

7729:

The old consensus among historians held that British imperial authority was quite secure from 1858 to World War II. Recently, however, this interpretation has been challenged. For example, Mark Condos and Jon Wilson argue that imperial authority was chronically insecure. Indeed, the anxiety of

1441:

on equal footing with British ones, that transformed the discontent into political action. On 28 December 1885, professionals and intellectuals from this middle-class — many educated at the new British-founded universities in Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras, and familiar with the ideas of British

1275:

development were borne by private investors, in India, it was the taxpayers—primarily farmers and farm-labourers—who endured the risks, which, in the end, amounted to £50 million. Despite these costs, very little skilled employment was created for Indians. By 1920, with the fourth largest

7535:

as an upward progression always leading to more liberty and more progress. Macaulay simultaneously was a leading reformer involved in transforming the educational system of India. He would base it on the English language so that India could join the mother country in a steady upward progress.

5990:

The East India Company inherited an onerous taxation system that took one-third of the produce of Indian cultivators. Instead of the Indian nationalist account of the British as alien aggressors, seizing power by brute force and impoverishing all of India, Marshall presents the interpretation

5986:

shows that recent scholarship has reinterpreted the view that the prosperity of the formerly benign Mughal rule gave way to poverty and anarchy. He argues the British takeover did not make any sharp break with the past, which largely delegated control to regional Mughal rulers and sustained a

3273:

of three senior officers of Bose's defeated Indian National Army who stood accused of treason. Now as the trials began, the Congress leadership, although ambivalent towards the INA, chose to defend the accused officers. The subsequent convictions of the officers, the public outcry against the

3069:

in the late 1920s and 1930s, had risen to become Congress President from 1938 to 1939. However, he was ousted from the Congress in 1939 following differences with the high command, and subsequently placed under house arrest by the British before escaping from India in early 1941. He turned to

3053:

in July 1942 demanding the immediate withdrawal of the British from India or face nationwide civil disobedience. On 8 August the Raj arrested all national, provincial and local Congress leaders, holding tens of thousands of them until 1945. The country erupted in violent demonstrations led by

11221:

As the (Mughal) empire began to decline in the mid-eighteenth century, some of these regional administrations assumed a greater degree of power. Amongst these ... was the East India Company, a British trading company established by Royal Charter of Elizabeth I of England in 1600. The Company

5432:

the Governor-General with the advice of the Council). The Company's system of "double government" had its critics, since, from the time of the system's inception, there had been intermittent feuding between the governor-general and his Council; still, the Act of 1858 made no major changes in

2995:

are not religions in the strict sense of the word, but are, in fact, different and distinct social orders and it is a dream that the Hindus and Muslims can ever evolve a common nationality ... The Hindu and Muslim belong to two different religions, philosophies, social customs and literature

2776:

was based on this act. However, it divided the electorate into 19 religious and social categories, e.g., Muslims, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Depressed Classes, Landholders, Commerce and Industry, Europeans, Anglo-Indians, etc., each of which was given separate representation in the Provincial

17170:

The three dioceses thus formed have been repeatedly subdivided, until in 1930 there were fourteen dioceses, the dates of their creation being as follows : Calcutta 1814; Madras 1835; Bombay 1837; Colombo 1845; Lahore 1877; Rangoon 1877; Travancore 1879; Chota Nagpur 1890; Lucknow 1893;

7591:

universities and colleges of higher education by 1911; they enrolled 36,000 students (over 90% men). By 1939 the number of institutions had doubled and enrolment reached 145,000. The curriculum followed classical British standards of the sort set by Oxford and Cambridge and stressed English

5449:

If the Government of India needed to enact new laws, the Councils Act allowed for a Legislative Council—an expansion of the Executive Council by up to twelve additional members, each appointed to a two-year term—with half the members consisting of British officials of the government (termed

2750:, in which thousands of Indians defied the tax on salt, by marching to the sea and making their own salt by evaporating seawater. Although, many, including Gandhi, were arrested, the British government eventually gave in, and in 1931 Gandhi travelled to London to negotiate new reform at the 5650:

attitudes. Their inheritance rights to own and manage property were curtailed; the new English laws were somewhat harsher. Court rulings restricted the rights of second wives and their children regarding inheritance. A woman had to belong to either a father or a husband to have any rights.

6075:

back .... Space is so valuable that, in place of streets and roads, winding lanes provide the only approach to the houses. Neglect of sanitation is often evidenced by heaps of rotting garbage and pools of sewage, whilst the absence of latrines enhance the general pollution of air and soil.

5807:

British India built a modern railway system in the late 19th century, which was the fourth largest in the world. At first the railways were privately owned and operated. They were run by British administrators, engineers and craftsmen. At first, only the unskilled workers were Indians.

5690:

All three sectors of the economy—agriculture, manufacturing, and services—accelerated in the postcolonial India. In agriculture a huge increase in production took place in the 1870s. The most important difference between colonial and postcolonial India was the use of land surplus with

4607:(5.) The expression "India" shall mean British India together with any territories of any native prince or chief under the suzerainty of Her Majesty exercised through the Governor-General of India, or through any governor or other officer subordinates to the Governor-General of India. 1765:

in 1871, which had for the first time estimated the populations in regions of the Muslim majority (for his part, Curzon's desire to court the Muslims of East Bengal had arisen from British anxieties ever since the 1871 census—and in light of the history of Muslims fighting them in the

2827: 4604:(4.) The expression "British India" shall mean all territories and places within Her Majesty's dominions which are for the time being governed by Her Majesty through the Governor-General of India or through any governor or other officer subordinates to the Governor-General of India. 7559:

itself, and the imperialists worked hard to convince the general population that the civilising mission was well under-way. This campaign served to strengthen imperial support at home, and thus, says Cain, to bolster the moral authority of the gentlemanly elites who ran the Empire.

1403:. It came too from Queen Victoria's proclamation of 1858 in which she had declared, "We hold ourselves bound to the natives of our Indian territories by the same obligation of duty which bind us to all our other subjects." Indians were especially encouraged when Canada was granted 5971:

and other top officials had ruined the Indian economy and society. Indian historian Rajat Kanta Ray (1998) continues this line of attack, saying the new economy brought by the British in the 18th century was a form of "plunder" and a catastrophe for the traditional economy of the

7548:

in Jamaica in 1865. The rhetoric continued but it became an alibi for British misrule and racism. No longer was it believed that the natives could truly make progress, instead, they had to be ruled by heavy hand, with democratic opportunities postponed indefinitely. As a result:

2793:

British separated Burma Province from British India in 1937 and granted the colony a new constitution calling for a fully elected assembly, with many powers given to the Burmese, but this proved to be a divisive issue as a ploy to exclude Burmese from any further Indian reforms.

5478:; this prompted Sir Charles Wood, the second secretary of state, to describe the Government of India as "a despotism controlled from home". Moreover, although the appointment of Indians to the Legislative Council was a response to calls after the 1857 rebellion, most notably by 10564:

1891 census: Includes all "Unitarians" (5 persons), "Theists" (47 persons), "Deists" (12 persons), "Atheists" (27 persons), "Freethinkers" (5 persons), "Agnostics" (69 persons), "Positivists" (2 persons), "No religion" (18 persons), and "Religion not Returned" (42,578 persons)

103: 11098:

Urdu and Hindi, exhorting the remerging of the two languages as Hindustani. However, Urdu continued to draw from Persian, Arabic, and Chagtai, while Hindi did the same from Sanskrit. Eventually, the controversy resulted in the loss of the official status of the Urdu language.

1487:

By 1905, a deep gulf opened between the moderates, led by Gokhale, who downplayed public agitation, and the new "extremists" who not only advocated agitation, but also regarded the pursuit of social reform as a distraction from nationalism. Prominent among the extremists was

11440:

The film opens with what is a lengthy prologue, contextualising the time and place through a detailed voice-over by Amitabh Bachchan. We are told that the year is 1893. This is significant as it was the height of the British Raj, a period of crown rule lasting from 1858 to

5820:(EIR) began to construct and operate lines near Bombay and Calcutta in 1853–54. The first passenger railway line in North India, between Allahabad and Kanpur, opened in 1859. Eventually, five British companies came to own all railway business in India, and operated under a 2283:, from Bihar, who would become a loyal supporter of Gandhi and go on to play a prominent role in the Indian independence movement. When Gandhi was ordered to leave by the local British authorities, he refused on moral grounds, setting up his refusal as a form of individual 1747:

in 1906 and to ask for separate electorates for Muslims. In conjunction, they demanded proportional legislative representation reflecting both their status as former rulers and their record of cooperating with the British. This led, in December 1906, to the founding of the

2681:

forbade public meetings and on Sunday 13 April 1919 fifty British Indian Army soldiers commanded by Dyer began shooting at an unarmed gathering of thousands of men, women, and children without warning. Casualty estimates vary widely, with the Government of India reporting

1955:

would prove to be a watershed in the imperial relationship between Britain and India. Shortly before the outbreak of war, the Government of India had indicated that they could furnish two divisions plus a cavalry brigade, with a further division in case of emergency. Some

1472:, poet, Sanskrit scholar, and a champion of the emancipation of Indian women, took up the cause of widow remarriage, especially of Brahmin widows, later converted to Christianity. By 1900 reform movements had taken root within the Indian National Congress. Congress member 11307:

During the British East India Company's domination of the Indian subcontinent (1757–1858) and the subsequent British Raj (1858–1947), it was Western-style education that came to be promoted by many as the base upon which a national and uniform education system should be

2578: 11931:, pp. 145–46: "The army took on the form which survived till independence... The Bengal army was completely recast... The Brahmin element from Uttar Pradesh, the core of the original mutiny, was heavily reduced and its place taken by Gurkhas, Sikhs, and Punjabis." 2772:, which authorised the establishment of independent legislative assemblies in all provinces of British India, the creation of a central government incorporating both the British provinces and the princely states, and the protection of Muslim minorities. The future 1968:. Their participation had a wider cultural fallout as news spread of how bravely soldiers fought and died alongside British soldiers, as well as soldiers from dominions like Canada and Australia. India's international profile rose during the 1920s, as it became a 3107: 1630:), upset at the prospect of Bengalis being outnumbered in the new Bengal province by Biharis and Oriyas, felt that Curzon's act was punishment for their political assertiveness. The pervasive protests against Curzon's decision took the form predominantly of the 6066:

Mortality rates fell in the 1920–1945 era, primarily due to biological immunisation. Other factors included rising incomes and better living conditions, improved nutrition, a safer and cleaner environment, and better official health policies and medical care.

1663:

magazine; it preached independence but within the bounds of peace as far as possible. Its goal was Passive Resistance. The unrest spread from Calcutta to the surrounding regions of Bengal when students returned home to their villages and towns. Some joined

2195:

small, was sufficiently diverse to be a microcosm of India itself. In tackling the challenge of holding this community together and simultaneously confronting the colonial authority, he had created a technique of non-violent resistance, which he labelled

91: 28276: 2641: 2694:

estimated three times the number of dead. Dyer was removed from duty but he became a celebrated hero in Britain among people with connections to the Raj. Historians consider the episode was a decisive step towards the end of British rule in India.

1760:

and returned to England, the League was in favour of his partition plan. The Muslim elite's position, which was reflected in the League's position, had crystallized gradually over the previous three decades, beginning with the revelations of the

5907:

By the 1870s the peasantry in the districts irrigated by the Ganges Canal were visibly better fed, housed and dressed than before; by the end of the century the new network of canals in the Punjab had produced an even more prosperous peasantry

27566: 2279:(for dyes) on a portion of their land and then selling it at below-market prices to the British planters who had leased them the land. Upon his arrival in the district, Gandhi was joined by other agitators, including a young Congress leader, 5856:

networks. In 1900, the government took over the GIPR network, while the company continued to manage it. During the First World War, the railways were used to transport troops and grain to the ports of Bombay and Karachi en route to Britain,

2618: 2075:

members and did not yet have the wider following among Indian Muslims that it enjoyed in later years; in the League itself, the pact did not have unanimous backing, having largely been negotiated by a group of "Young Party" Muslims from the

12590:, p. 174: Violence too could be ... repressed, partly because it was eschewed by the mainstream of educated politicians – despite the attraction to some of them of ... movements such as Bengal's Anusilan Samiti or Punjab's Ghadr Party. 10907:—Head-quarters of Simla District, Punjab, and the summer capital of the Government of India, situated on a transverse spur of the Central Himālayan system system, in 31° 6' N and 77° 10' E, at a mean elevation above sea-level of 7,084 feet. 2521:

crisis, and post-war inflation led to food riots in Bombay, Madras, and Bengal provinces, a situation that was made only worse by the failure of the 1918–19 monsoon and by profiteering and speculation. The global influenza epidemic and the

7699:, the London Missionary Society Hospital "pioneered improvements in the public health system for the treatment of diseases even before organised attempts were made by the colonial Madras Presidency, reducing the death rate substantially". 2112:

among Indians, and also to elevate the stature of the founders within the Congress itself. Besant, for her part, was also keen to demonstrate the superiority of this new form of organised agitation, which had achieved some success in the

1364: 2397:

legislative councils and repealed the Government of India's recourse to the "official majority" in unfavourable votes. Although departments like defence, foreign affairs, criminal law, communications, and income-tax were retained by the

2507:

Headlines about the Rowlatt Bills (1919) from a nationalist newspaper in India. Although all non-official Indians on the Legislative Council voted against the Rowlatt Bills, the government was able to force their passage by using its

2042:

The 1916 Lucknow Session of the Congress was also the venue of an unanticipated mutual effort by the Congress and the Muslim League, the occasion for which was provided by the wartime partnership between Germany and Turkey. Since the

7539:

Yale professor Karuna Mantena has argued that the civilising mission did not last long, for she says that benevolent reformers were the losers in key debates, such as those following the 1857 rebellion in India, and the scandal of

5486:

8–12 individuals, at least half of whom were required to have held office in India for a minimum of 10 years, and had not relinquished office earlier than two years prior to their appointment as advisers to the secretary of state.

3133: 92: 5987:

generally prosperous economy for the rest of the 18th century. Marshall notes the British went into partnership with Indian bankers and raised revenue through local tax administrators and kept the old Mughal rates of taxation.

2063:, and since the British and their allies were now in conflict with Turkey, doubts began to increase among some Indian Muslims about the "religious neutrality" of the British, doubts that had already surfaced as a result of the 5634:

usable public record and verifiable identities. However, there was opposition from both Muslim and Hindu elements who complained that the new procedures for census-taking and registration threatened to uncover female privacy.

2402:

and the central government in New Delhi, other departments like public health, education, land-revenue, local self-government were transferred to the provinces. The provinces themselves were now to be administered under a new

3377: 3014:

million Indians volunteered for military service in the British Army. They played a major role in numerous campaigns, especially in the Middle East and North Africa. Casualties were moderate (in terms of the world war), with

1774:—about Indian Muslims rebelling against the Crown). In the three decades since, Muslim leaders across northern India had intermittently experienced public animosity from some of the new Hindu political and social groups. The 5899:

the world. One success story was Assam, a jungle in 1840 that by 1900 had 1,600,000 hectares (4,000,000 acres) under cultivation, especially in tea plantations. In all, the amount of irrigated land rose eightfold. Historian

4618:

The terms "Indian Empire" and "Empire of India" (like the term "British Empire") were not used in legislation. The monarch was officially known as Empress or Emperor of India and the term was often used in Queen Victoria's

17114:

bishops from India were at the first Lambeth conference. In 1930 the Church of India, Burma and Ceylon became an independent Province and created its own Book of Common Prayer, which was translated into several languages.

2096:

of provinces like UP and Bihar more than the Muslim majorities of Punjab and Bengal; nonetheless, at the time, the "Lucknow Pact" was an important milestone in nationalistic agitation and was seen as such by the British.

2117:, over the political violence that had intermittently plagued the subcontinent during the years 1907–1914. The two Leagues focused their attention on complementary geographical regions: Tilak's in western India, in the 3300:

As independence approached, the violence between Hindus and Muslims in the provinces of Punjab and Bengal continued unabated. With the British army unprepared for the potential for increased violence, the new viceroy,

11403:

The rebellion was put down by the end of 1858. The British government passed the Government of India Act, and began direct Crown rule. This era was referred to as the British Raj (though in practice much remained the

16905: 5840:. The route mileage of this network increased from 1,349 to 25,495 kilometres (838 to 15,842 mi) between 1860 and 1890, mostly radiating inland from the three major port cities of Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta. 3258:. Although the mutinies were rapidly suppressed, they had the effect of spurring the new Labour government in Britain to action, and leading to the Cabinet Mission to India led by the secretary of state for India, 5548:

Until 1946, the viceroy held the portfolio for External Affairs and Commonwealth Relations, as well as heading the Political Department in his capacity as the Crown representative. Each department was headed by a

11141: 7709:(1881) are two examples of prominent church-affiliated educational institutions founded during the British Raj. Within educational institutions established during the British Raj, Christian texts, especially the 3413: 2846: 1708: 13766:, p. 212 Quote: "More importantly, though victorious in war, Britain had suffered immensely in the struggle. It simply did not possess the manpower or economic resources required to coerce a restive India." 7402:

in Uttar Pradesh: The official death toll of Indian farmers is shown minimal by the British historians whereas other estimates put the death toll in the hundreds, causing the nearby Sai River turn red from the

2092:, who was later to rise to leadership roles in both the League and the Indian independence movement. In later years, as the full ramifications of the pact unfolded, it was seen as benefiting the Muslim minority 1026: 20274:

Indian Christian Historiography from Below, from Above, and in Between India and the Indianness of Christianity: Essays on Understanding – Historical, Theological, and Bibliographical – in Honor of Robert Eric

3401: 1668:

emerging in Bengal at the time, some engaged in robberies to fund arms, and even attempted to take the lives of Raj officials. However, the conspiracies generally failed in the face of intense police work. The

17649: 1742:

The overwhelming, but predominantly Hindu, protest against the partition of Bengal and the fear in its wake of reforms favouring the Hindu majority, led the Muslim elite in India to meet with the new viceroy,

1048: 1936: 1220: 1871: 11582:

Company rule in India lasted effectively from the Battle of Plassey in 1757 until 1858, when following the 1857 Indian Rebellion, the British Crown assumed direct colonial rule of India in the new British

7450:

by the army, in which the civilian death toll was 20 according to official government sources and 400 by contemporary Indian sources. The shooting of unarmed people triggered protests across British India.

3168: 18731:

Bosma, Ulbe (2011), Emigration: Colonial circuits between Europe and Asia in the 19th and early 20th century, EGO – European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History, retrieved: 25 March 2021

14135:, Statutes of the Realm – Law – 1770 p. 211 (3) "Save as otherwise expressly provided in this Act, the law of British India and of the several parts thereof existing immediately before the appointed ..." 5958:

Historians continue to debate whether the long-term intention of British rule was to accelerate the economic development of India, or to distort and delay it. In 1780, the conservative British politician

1314: 1064: 10625: 6043:

Studies of India's population since 1881 have focused on such topics as total population, birth and death rates, growth rates, geographic distribution, literacy, the rural and urban divide, cities of a

3297:

for continuing to control an increasingly restless British India, decided to end British rule of India, and in early 1947 Britain announced its intention of transferring power no later than June 1948.

10723: 1336: 1561: 1296:

and programmes for famine prevention, were instituted. In one form or other, they would be implemented worldwide by the United Nations and the Food and Agricultural Organisation well into the 1970s.

5629:

Singha argues that after 1857 the colonial government strengthened and expanded its infrastructure via the court system, legal procedures, and statutes. New legislation merged the Crown and the old

2781:

These states remained under the full control of their hereditary rulers, with no popular government. To prepare for elections Congress built up its grass roots membership from 473,000 in 1935 to 4.5

1917: 5872:

After independence in 1947, forty-two separate railway systems, including thirty-two lines owned by the former Indian princely states, were amalgamated to form a single nationalised unit named the

5646:

Murshid argues that women were in some ways more restricted by the modernisation of the laws. They remained tied to the strictures of their religion, caste, and customs, but now with an overlay of

1689: 1723: 90: 27166: 20418:

The Year-book of the Imperial Institute of the United Kingdom, the colonies and India: a statistical record of the resources and trade of the colonial and Indian possessions of the British Empire

5362:). The size of the Advisory Council was reduced over the next half-century, but its powers remained unchanged. In 1907, for the first time, two Indians were appointed to the Council. They were 3242:

In January 1946, a number of mutinies broke out in the armed services, starting with that of RAF servicemen frustrated with their slow repatriation to Britain. The mutinies came to a head with

20455:

The Indian Annual Register: A digest of public affairs of India regarding the nation's activities in the matters, political, economic, industrial, educational, etc. during the period 1919–1947

19789: 3042:

in 1942 to secure Indian nationalists' co-operation in the war effort in exchange for a promise of independence as soon as the war ended. Top officials in Britain, most notably Prime Minister

11035:

Although the official languages of administration in India shifted from Persian to English and Urdu in 1837, Persian continued to be taught and read there through the early twentieth century.

15564: 5715:, increased dramatically, from approximately 1 million yards of cotton cloth in 1814 to 13 million in 1820, 995 million in 1870, to 2050 million by 1890. The British imposed " 1379: 5699:

million lives in the late 1870s, these exports remained unchecked. A colonial government committed to laissez-faire economics refused to interfere with these exports or provide any relief.

3758: 17710: 13391:, who believed in cooperating with the British to achieve eventual independence for the Indian nation. For details of various recruitment drives by Sir Sikandar between 1939 and 1942, see 2525:

of 1917 added to the general jitters; the former among the population already experiencing economic woes, and the latter among government officials, fearing a similar revolution in India.

1271:, for subsequent export to England. Likewise, finished goods from England, were transported back for sale in the burgeoning Indian markets. Unlike Britain, where the market risks for the 2022:

was released from prison and began to sound out other Congress leaders about possible reunification. That, however, had to wait until the demise of Tilak's principal moderate opponents,

1999:

had already been a concern in British India; consequently, in 1915, to strengthen its powers during what it saw was a time of increased vulnerability, the Government of India passed the

23728: 1894: 25388: 2612:

Poster advertising a Congress non-co-operation "Public Meeting" and a "Bonfire of Foreign Clothes" in Bombay, early 1920s, and expressing support for the "Karachi Khilafat Conference"

2179: 1624:

production of those goods in India itself. Bal Gangadhar Tilak said that the Swadeshi and Boycott movements are two sides of the same coin. The large Bengali Hindu middle-class (the

3389: 2408:

within the purview of the British governor and his executive council. The new Act also made it easier for Indians to be admitted into the civil services and the army officer corps.

1087: 10894: 1184: 10859: 5489:

The viceroy and governor-general of India, a Crown appointee, typically held office for five years though there was no fixed tenure, and received an annual salary of Rs. 250,800

4388: 1243: 28030: 18328: 1480:, which lobbied for legislative reform (for example, for a law to permit the remarriage of Hindu child widows), and whose members took vows of poverty, and worked among the 26782: 26182: 26029: 26011: 18936: 10087: 1545: 23539: 17897: 13762:, p. 418 Quote: "With a war weary army and people and a ravaged economy, Britain would have had to retreat; the Labour victory only quickened the process somewhat." 20169:

Nawaz, Rafida, and Syed Hussain Murtaza. "Impact of Imperial Discourses on Changing Subjectivities in Core and Periphery: A Study of British India and British Nigeria".

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Third, the British felt disenchanted with Indian reaction to social change. Until the rebellion, they had enthusiastically pushed through social reform, like the ban on

11537:

Quote: "Mill, who was himself employed by the British East India company from the age of seventeen until the British government assumed direct rule over India in 1858."

7536:

Macaulay took Burke's emphasis on moral rule and implemented it in actual school reforms, giving the British Empire a profound moral mission to "civilise the natives".

2238:, or "self-rule" for India based on three vital ingredients: solidarity between Indians of different faiths, but most of all between Hindus and Muslims; the removal of 28665: 14041: 1847:. However, the British authorities were able to crush violent rebels swiftly, partly because the mainstream of educated Indian politicians opposed violent revolution. 664: 646: 628: 614: 596: 582: 568: 539: 521: 17641: 7796:

noticeably. The most noticeable influence is the English language which emerged as the administrative and lingua franca of India and Pakistan (and which also greatly

16690: 7344:. Mass vaccination in India resulted in a major decline in smallpox mortality by the end of the 19th century. In 1849 nearly 13% of all Calcutta deaths were due to 16928: 10872:—Capital of the Indian Empire, situated in 22° 34' N and 88° 22' E, on the east or left bank of the Hooghly river, within the Twenty-four Parganas District, Bengal 1820: 1695: 1276:

railway network in the world and a history of 60 years of its construction, only ten per cent of the "superior posts" in the Indian Railways were held by Indians.

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served as India's delegates to the London Commonwealth Meeting, April 1945, and the U.N. San Francisco Conference on International Organisation, April–June 1945."

995: 25287: 13287: 7637:

stated, "It is not only our duty but is in our interest to promote the diffusion of Christianity as far as possible throughout the length and breadth of India".

1522: 859: 16894:"Residents remember Takkar martyrs of 1930.A monument has been built in order to praise the martyrs of the Takkar massacre", The News - Jang group, 29 May 2010. 8104: 2190:

to India. Already known in India as a result of his civil liberties protests on behalf of the Indians in South Africa, Gandhi followed the advice of his mentor

135: 28680: 21944: 20501: 7578:

Universities in Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras were established in 1857, just before the Rebellion. By 1890 some 60,000 Indians had matriculated, chiefly in the

6924: 6891: 6859: 3259: 3215: 15642: 7501:: troops fired 90 rounds on unarmed people who had assembled to hoist the flag of the Indian National Congress, killing 33 and wounding more than 100 people. 3156: 2221:, came to represent the twin pillar, with Truth, of Gandhi's unorthodox religious outlook on life. During the years 1907–1914, Gandhi tested the technique of 20183:

Parkash, Jai. "Major trends of historiography of revolutionary movement in India – Phase II". (PhD dissertation, Maharshi Dayanand University, 2013). online.

15248: 11981: 1465:

and widespread social unrest. Although appointed by a Liberal government, his policies were much the same as viceroys appointed by Conservative governments.

20176:

Nayak, Bhabani Shankar. "Colonial world of postcolonial historians: reification, theoreticism, and the neoliberal reinvention of tribal identity in India".

18771:

Carrington, Michael (May 2013), "Officers, Gentlemen, and Murderers: Lord Curzon's campaign against "collisions" between Indians and Europeans, 1899–1905",

13248: 10893:, vol. XXII, Published under the Authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1908, p. 260, 1677:

cloth, although more expensive and somewhat less comfortable than its Lancashire competitor, was worn as a mark of national pride by people all over India.

22398: 15113: 14751: 13809: 4889: 17770: 16345: 10858:, vol. IX, Published under the Authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1908, p. 260, 5428:) was each required to consult his advisory council; executive orders in Calcutta, for example, were issued in the name of "Governor-General-in-Council" ( 894:

The British Raj extended over almost all present-day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Myanmar, except for small holdings by other European nations such as

93: 28685: 28660: 21810: 4937: 4085: 3359:

The great majority of Indians remained in place with independence, but in border areas millions of people (Muslim, Sikh, and Hindu) relocated across the

2765:

movement the revenue collectors had to rely on military force and by 1946–47 direct British control was rapidly disappearing in much of the countryside.

930:(briefly from 1858 to 1867). Burma was separated from India and directly administered by the British Crown from 1937 until its independence in 1948. The 10642:

In August , the new viceroy, Lord Reading, declared his government's intention of retaining the Union Jack, with the Star of India as the flag for India

5437:

found the collective decision making of the Council to be too time-consuming for the pressing tasks ahead, so he requested the "portfolio system" of an

2007:

to imprison journalists without trial and to censor the press. It was under the Defence of India act that the Ali brothers were imprisoned in 1916, and

823:, was administered as an autonomous province until 1937, when it became a separate British colony, gaining its own independence in 1948. It was renamed 15499: 14177: 13153: 10750: 7679:

missionaries, for example, arrived in Calcutta in 1836 and by "the year 1880 there were over 31,200 Lutheran Christians spread out in 1,052 villages".

4319: 3805: 7290:

which started in China in the middle of the 19th century, eventually spread to all inhabited continents and killed 10 million Indians in India alone.

1407:

in 1867 and established an autonomous democratic constitution. Lastly, the encouragement came from the work of contemporaneous Oriental scholars like

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Rebellion. Since Dalhousie had embraced the technological revolution underway in Britain, India too saw rapid development of all those technologies.

4120: 1992: 13784: 5230:. There were 565 princely states when India and Pakistan became independent from Britain in August 1947. The princely states did not form a part of 28655: 26172: 26162: 16738: 16607: 15178:

Christensen, R. O. (September 1981). "The State and Indian Railway Performance, 1870–1920: Part I, Financial Efficiency and Standards of Service".

13215: 11629: 10057: 7653: 7634: 5400: 5335: 4522: 1200: 340: 23706:

Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the

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London paid most of the cost of the Indian Army, which had the effect of erasing India's national debt; it ended the war with a surplus of £1,300

1578: 19844:(I.B. Tauris, 2012) 315 pages; focus on Indian entrepreneurs who benefited from the Raj, but ultimately sided with the Indian National Congress. 12225:

Brennan, L. (1984). "The Development of the Indian Famine Codes: Personalities, Politics, and Policies". In Currey, Bruce; Hugo, Graeme (eds.).

2209:", by then a familiar technique of social protest, which he regarded as a practical strategy adopted by the weak in the face of superior force; 28670: 28218: 27639: 26127: 25798: 20751: 16386: 11063:

It was only in 1837 that Persian lost its position as official language of India to Urdu and to English in the higher levels of administration.

5126: 1996: 1836: 3035:

aircraft factory opened in Bangalore. The railway system, with 700,000 employees, was taxed to the limit as demand for transportation soared.

30:

This article is about the rule of India by the British Crown from 1858 to 1947. For the rule of the East India Company from 1757 to 1858, see

28650: 23271: 21815: 20472: 19168:, Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. pp. xxx, 1 map, 552. 18619:

Empire and Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780–1870 (Cambridge Studies in Indian History and Society)

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opened fire killing hundreds, death toll ranged from 1,500 to 4,500 people. A mass graveyard remains near Salanga Bazar at Rahmatganj, where

1144: 20384:

Editors, Charles Rivers (2016). The British Raj: The History and Legacy of Great Britain's Imperialism in India and the Indian subcontinent.

19097:

Hall-Matthews, David (November 2008), "Inaccurate Conceptions: Disputed Measures of Nutritional Needs and Famine Deaths in Colonial India",

977:, having fought wars with the British, subsequently signed treaties with them and were recognised by the British as independent states. The 26922: 25395: 24335: 24163: 24078: 23817: 23699: 23682: 23560: 19059:(2007), "The Great El Nino of 1789–93 and its Global Consequences: Reconstructing an Extreme Climate Even in World Environmental History", 18224: 17239:

Christians and Missionaries in India: Cross-cultural Communication Since 1500, with Special Reference to Caste, Conversion, and Colonialism

10358:

The proclamation for New Delhi to be the capital was made in 1911, but the city was inaugurated as the capital of the Raj in February 1931.

7831: 7465: 5184: 5029:

During the partition of Bengal (1905–1913), the new provinces of Assam and East Bengal were created as a Lieutenant-Governorship. In 1911,

2980: 2468:, and was tasked with investigating "revolutionary conspiracies", with the unstated goal of extending the government's wartime powers. The 1582: 16491: 3269:

Also in early 1946, new elections were called in India. Earlier, at the end of the war in 1945, the colonial government had announced the

2275:, near the Nepal border, where he was invited by a group of disgruntled tenant farmers who, for many years, had been forced into planting 2213:, on the other hand, was for him the "last resort of those strong enough in their commitment to truth to undergo suffering in its cause". 1280:

lost land, animals, and equipment to money-lenders. The latter half of the 19th century also saw an increase in the number of large-scale

27420: 27045: 23151: 21785: 16758: 11427: 11294: 11245: 10888: 10601: 10302: 7971: 7740: 7325:, while on assignment in the Deccan at Secunderabad, where the Centre for Tropical and Communicable Diseases is now named in his honour. 4989: 4654: 4565: 3383:

Two silver one rupee coins used in India during the British Raj, showing Victoria, Queen, 1862 (left) and Victoria, Empress, 1886 (right)

1492:, who attempted to mobilise Indians by appealing to an explicitly Hindu political identity, displayed, for example, in the annual public 943: 745: 741: 35: 12638: 11390: 11208: 10853: 10845: 5938:, roads, canals, and bridges were rapidly built in India and telegraph links equally rapidly established so that raw materials, such as 2252:. The first two, he felt, were essential for India to be an egalitarian and tolerant society, one befitting the principles of Truth and 981:

was established as a princely state after the Anglo-Sikkimese Treaty of 1861; however, the issue of sovereignty was left undefined. The

63: 28190: 27742: 26177: 26001: 22841: 22835: 21937: 21795: 21009: 20494: 16513: 7487:

village in retaliation, killing 70 and wounding another 150 people in the massacre. A monument has been built in the memory of victims.

5438: 4200: 3661: 2374: 2351: 969:

between 1793 and 1798, but for later periods the British governors reported to London, and it was not part of the Raj. The kingdoms of

19668:"India: British Imperial Power 1858–1947 (Indian nationalism and the British response, 1885–1920; Prelude to Independence, 1920–1947)" 17794: 16976:

Cain, Peter J. (2012). "Character, 'Ordered Liberty', and the Mission to Civilise: British Moral Justification of Empire, 1870–1914".

10684: 27795: 27612: 27496: 27276: 26968: 26039: 26024: 22897: 21830: 16305: 13042:

Epstein, Simon (May 1982). "District Officers in Decline: The Erosion of British Authority in the Bombay Countryside, 1919 to 1947".

12403: 10813: 10796: 5021: 3950: 2133:

that had hitherto been considered politically dormant by the Congress. Both leagues rapidly acquired new members—approximately thirty

7800:

the native South Asian languages) followed by the blend of native and gothic/sarcenic architecture. Similarly, the influence of the

7286:. Estimated deaths in India between 1817 and 1860 exceeded 15 million. Another 23 million died between 1865 and 1917. The 5994:

Studies suggest that from 1765 to 1938 around $ 45 trillion was stolen by the British as a result of their direct control of India.

28266: 28233: 24232: 21835: 20813: 18112:

The Cambridge History of India. Volume 6: The Indian Empire 1858–1918. With Chapters on the Development of Administration 1818–1858

17378: 15034:

Ian Derbyshire, 'The Building of India's Railways: The Application of Western Technology in the Colonial Periphery, 1850–1920', in

8080: 7830:

also popular in certain regions of the subcontinent) were cemented as part of South Asian culture during the British Raj, with the

7355:

directed his attention to establishing a systematic institution in Bombay for imparting medical knowledge to the natives. In 1860,

3656: 3305:, advanced the date for the transfer of power, allowing less than six months for a mutually agreed plan for independence. With the 2911: 2003:, which allowed it to intern politically dangerous dissidents without due process, and added to the power it already had under the 828: 25608: 14563:

Singha, Radhika (February 2003). "Colonial Law and Infrastructural Power: Reconstructing Community, Locating the Female Subject".

11802: 7583:

mother), and 29% by Europeans. Of the 1000 top-level civil services positions, almost all were held by Britons, typically with an

5442:

of such consent, required discussion by the entire Executive Council. This innovation in Indian governance was promulgated in the

2833:

A second-day cancellation of the series "Inauguration of New Delhi", 27 February 1931, commemorating the new city designed by Sir

1454:

as the first president. The membership consisted of a westernised elite, and no effort was made at this time to broaden the base.

28254: 26230: 25895: 25840: 25698: 24550: 21855: 21014: 20953: 17792:

Disappearance of Traditional games by the imitation of Colonial Culture through the Historical parameters of Cultural Colonialism

16412: 14217:: "The political history of the British in India begins in the eighteenth century with the French Wars in the Carnatic. (p. 471)" 12284: 10264:, declared the government's intention to retain this design as the flag of imperial India, a purpose it began to serve after 1861 4549:

abolished; ministerial responsibility within the United Kingdom for British relations with India and Pakistan transferred to the

4357: 2932: 17: 18918: 17679: 28690: 27516: 26623: 26400: 26072: 23822: 22745: 21805: 21758: 17889: 17242: 7805: 5757:(1859–1932), began constructing its plant at Jamshedpur in Bihar in 1908, using American technology, not British. According to 5735:, such that by 1870–1880 Indian producers were manufacturing only 25%–45% of local consumption. Deindustrialization of India's 5660: 4365: 3712: 3086:

in the captured regions, including those in Burma, the Philippines and Vietnam, and in addition, the Provisional Government of

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More than 500 Indian kingdoms and principalities existed during the 'British Raj' period (1858–1947) The rule is also called

5433:

governance. However, in the years immediately thereafter, which were also the years of post-rebellion reconstruction, Viceroy

27410: 27112: 26952: 26937: 26731: 26661: 24602: 24157: 23106: 21930: 21060: 20487: 20299: 20057: 20001: 19820: 19603: 19584: 19500: 19482: 19461: 19423: 19384: 19366: 19343: 19314: 19279: 19214: 19155: 19046: 18994: 18959: 18930: 18894: 18870: 18849: 18830: 18811: 18752: 18684: 18649: 18626: 18605: 18578: 18552: 18508: 18484: 18462: 18419: 18394: 18359: 18308: 18271: 18250: 18207: 18189: 18158: 18095: 18065: 18045: 18017: 17995: 17974: 17952: 17746: 17575: 17411: 17386: 17357: 17328: 17300: 17275: 17250: 17221: 17196: 17106: 17081: 17049: 16575: 16271: 15419: 15340:

Burra, Arudra (November 2010). "The Indian Civil Service and the nationalist movement: neutrality, politics and continuity".

15324: 15284: 15006: 14981: 14953: 14913: 14845: 14668: 14620: 14171: 14149: 13710: 13620: 13372: 13339: 12565: 12234: 11774: 11738: 11665: 11608: 11575: 11550: 11519: 11485: 11458: 11421: 11384: 11328: 11288: 11239: 11202: 11153: 11087: 11056: 11028: 10999: 10665: 10519: 10310: 10261: 4270: 3619: 2810: 1965: 1757: 1461: 24567: 20518: 19826: 19526: 18717: 18655: 18514: 18277: 18071: 17157: 16011: 15894: 14248: 14035: 11525: 28602: 28597: 28458: 28271: 28195: 27268: 26932: 25905: 25770: 23787: 23444: 23054: 22280: 14789:

Bahl, Vinay (October 1994). "The Emergence of Large-Scale Steel Industry in India Under British Colonial Rule, 1880–1907".

10884: 10385:

Outside northern India, the local vernaculars were used as official language in the lower courts and in government offices.

10210: 7630: 5976:. Ray accuses the British of depleting the food and money stocks and of imposing high taxes that helped cause the terrible 5550: 5498: 4499: 4412: 1969: 25585: 18323:(2 vol. 1989) 1235 pp. the fullest scholarly history of political and military events from a British top-down perspective; 16698: 14120:, 1909, Oxford University Press. p. 5. Quote: "The history of British India falls, as observed by Sir C. P. Ilbert in his 27286: 27117: 26539: 25560: 25555: 25055: 23384: 22166: 22051: 21886: 20531: 17453: 15538: 10114: 9847: 7592:

literature and European history. Nevertheless, by the 1920s the student bodies had become hotbeds of Indian nationalism.

4974: 4849: 3407:

Silver one rupee coins used in India during the British Raj, showing George V, King-Emperor, 1913 (left) and 1919 (right)

851: 16951: 16831: 16369: 16324: 14209:: "Before passing on to the political history of British India, which properly begins with the Anglo-French Wars in the 14070: 11614:

Quote: "British India, meanwhile, was itself the powerful 'metropolis' of its own colonial empire, 'the Indian empire'."

2983:, the British, over the next six years, were to increasingly see the League as the main representative of Muslim India. 2516:

million Indians had served in the armed services in either combatant or non-combatant roles, and India had provided £146

2307:, who had organised the farmers, and who too would go on to play a leadership role in the Indian independence movement. 27541: 27536: 27395: 26513: 26473: 25793: 25708: 25060: 23102: 17851: 17476: 17135: 17041: 16617: 15672: 12999:

Potter, David C. (January 1973). "Manpower Shortage and the End of Colonialism: The Case of the Indian Civil Service".

11892: 10220: 7333: 5331: 5273: 4290: 3472: 2416:, and more recently of the Congress-Muslim League Lucknow Pact, was reaffirmed, with seats being reserved for Muslims, 383: 371: 25900: 20349: 16782: 15051: 13412:

Roy, Kaushik (2009). "Military Loyalty in the Colonial Context: A Case Study of the Indian Army during World War II".

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To combat what it saw as a coming crisis, the government now drafted the Rowlatt committee's recommendations into two

28391: 27511: 27301: 27228: 26914: 26852: 26488: 25991: 25638: 24325: 23264: 22457: 21780: 21775: 19137: 14199: 11862: 11160:

Raj, the: British sovereignty in India before 1947 (also called, the British Raj). The word is from Hindi rāj 'reign'

11119: 8324: 7657: 7622: 6865: 5779:

The railway network of India in 1871, all major cities, Calcutta, Bombay and Madras, as well as Delhi, are connected.

5557:

was headed by an elected president (appointed by the Viceroy from 1921 to 1925). The Council of State consisted of 58

5434: 5277: 4996: 4455: 4003: 3540: 3443: 3309:, the end of the British rule in India in August 1947 saw the creation of two separate states of India and Pakistan. 3083: 3055: 2789: 2077: 1649:("Hail to the Mother"), which invoked a mother goddess, who stood variously for Bengal, India, and the Hindu goddess 1148: 1074: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 704: 327: 25613: 20330: 14838:

Indian Business and Nationalist Politics 1931–39: The Indigenous Capitalist Class and the Rise of the Congress Party

14730:

Paul Bairoch, "Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes", (1995: University of Chicago Press, Chicago) p. 89

8313: 2927:

The series of stamps, "Victory", issued by the Government of India to commemorate the allied victory in World War II

28116: 28111: 28104: 27727: 27697: 26802: 26767: 26544: 25962: 25758: 25575: 24870: 23137: 23124: 21790: 20703: 20194:

Stern, Philip J (2009). "History and Historiography of the English East India Company: Past, Present, and Future".

19439: 15620: 15448: 8009: 7661: 7610: 4597: 4095: 3584: 2987:

India, and emphasised that religious communities were more basic than an artificial nationalism. He proclaimed the

1835:. He announced the capital would be moved from Calcutta to Delhi. This period saw an increase in the activities of 1796:, was aware that a new province with a Muslim majority would directly benefit Muslims aspiring to political power. 17539: 11988: 7336:, which provided legal provision for forcible confinement of people with leprosy in India. Under the direction of 3093:

Bose's effort, however, was short-lived. In mid-1944 the British Army first halted and then reversed the Japanese

2540:

aroused widespread indignation throughout India, and brought Gandhi to the forefront of the nationalist movement.

1581:(1899–1905), was unusually energetic in pursuit of efficiency and reform. His agenda included the creation of the 28491: 28301: 28126: 28062: 28035: 27281: 26973: 26772: 26716: 26019: 25950: 25930: 25735: 25688: 25663: 24268: 23812: 23353: 23084: 21922: 20943: 20933: 20898: 14529: 13240: 10964: 7706: 6070:

Severe overcrowding in the cities caused major public health problems, as noted in an official report from 1938:

5813: 5723:

barriers ranging from 30% to 70% on the importation of cotton yarn or prohibited it entirely. As a result of the

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One rupee coins showing George VI, King-Emperor, 1940 (left) and just before India's independence in 1947 (right)

2867: 15123: 13817: 3913:

Establishment of Provincial Legislative Councils in Burma and Punjab; the former a new Lieutenant Governorship.

3293:

government conscious that it had neither the mandate at home, the international support, nor the reliability of

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states built their own rail systems and the network spread to the regions that became the modern-day states of

5351: 4236: 4011: 3938: 3899: 3521: 3481: 2390: 2316: 1858: 1828: 1143:

had shaken the British enterprise in India, it had not derailed it. Until 1857, the British, especially under

20372: 16801: 14502: 5795:"The most magnificent railway station in the world", says the caption of the stereographic tourist picture of 5458:) and serving only in an advisory capacity. All laws enacted by Legislative Councils in India, whether by the 3078:, composed largely of Indian soldiers of the British Indian Army who had been captured by the Japanese in the 28386: 28249: 28011: 27805: 27722: 27561: 27311: 26987: 26947: 26691: 25603: 24684: 23457: 23221: 22972: 22413:. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003. 22310: 22242: 21876: 21845: 14090: 10771: 10215: 9932: 7956: 7748: 7702: 7395: 7241: 5359: 4573: 4550: 4508: 4424: 4107: 3995: 3785: 3743: 3682: 3625: 3207: 3010:

native troops, it expanded tenfold during the war, and small naval and air force units were created. Over two

2852:

A first-day cover issued on 1 April 1937 commemorating the separation of Burma from the British Indian Empire

1285: 20070:

Ellis, Catriona (2009). "Education for All: Reassessing the Historiography of Education in Colonial India".

15754:

Klein, Ira (1990). "Population growth and mortality in British India: Part II: The demographic revolution".

15488: 14514: 14487: 14161: 13122: 11492:

by 1909 the Government of India, reflecting on 50 years of Crown rule after the rebellion, could boast that

6036:

million by 1600 and remained nearly stationary until the 19th century. The population of the Raj reached 255

5917: 5416:

of "double government" had already been in place during the Company's rule in India from the time of Pitt's

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Mukherjee, Soumyen. "Origins of Indian Nationalism: Some Questions on the Historiography of Modern India".

19848:

O'Dell, Benjamin D (2014). "Beyond Bengal: Gender, Education, And The Writing Of Colonial Indian History".

16341: 14546: 14544: 13387:

Recruitment was especially active in the Punjab province of British India, under the leadership of Premier

8441: 8073: 7432: 7169: 5459: 5404: 5319: 5297: 5285: 5258: 4546: 4527: 4340: 4232: 4217: 4047:

million women are literate. Of those school-aged, 25% of the boys and 3% of the girls attend. There are 207

3929: 3830: 3527: 3317: 3243: 2769: 2743: 2569: 2394: 2386: 2336: 2031: 445: 431: 397: 352: 15093: 11824: 5553:

excepting the Railway Department, which was headed by a Chief Commissioner of Railways under a secretary.

4611:

In general, the term "British India" had been used (and is still used) to refer also to the regions under

2225:

in a number of protests on behalf of the Indian community in South Africa against the unjust racial laws.

2088:, who had embraced the Pan-Islamic cause; however, it did have the support of a young lawyer from Bombay, 1945:, seated, third from the left, supported the Lucknow Pact in 1916, ending the Muslim League-Congress rift. 1458:

industry, and by the use of Indian taxes to pay the high salaries of the British civil servants in India.

28453: 28143: 28001: 27858: 27489: 27484: 27296: 26842: 26686: 26666: 26395: 26147: 26034: 25381: 25201: 25115: 25010: 24925: 24842: 24340: 24212: 24067: 23674: 23340: 22190: 21742: 21129: 20778: 20291:

The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1947

19914:

Simmons, Colin (1985), "'De-Industrialization', Industrialization and the Indian Economy, c. 1850–1947",

19842:

The Indian Bourgeoisie: A Political History of the Indian Capitalist Class in the Early Twentieth Century

17591: 16742: 13776: 13207: 11625: 10204: 10042: 9912: 7815: 7752: 7314: 7135: 7120: 6954: 5817: 5812:

99-year lease, with the government having the option to buy them earlier. Two new railway companies, the

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The reigning British monarchs during the period of the British Raj, 1858–1947, in silver one-rupee coins.

3270: 3197: 3071: 1659: 20938: 20091:

Gilmartin, David (2015). "The Historiography of India's Partition: Between Civilization and Modernity".

19951:

Colonial Masculinity: The 'Manly Englishman' and the 'Effeminate Bengali' in the Late Nineteenth Century

14541: 3770:

Joint Anglo-Russian Boundary Commission appointed for the Afghan frontier. Russian attack on Afghans at

2942:

members, it grew rapidly once it became an organisation that reached out to the masses, reaching 500,000

2464:

In 1917, as Montagu and Chelmsford were compiling their report, a committee chaired by a British judge,

1588:

Trouble emerged for Curzon when he divided the largest administrative subdivision in British India, the

1443: 28614: 28550: 28087: 28055: 27976: 27455: 27316: 27238: 27107: 27092: 27055: 26942: 26837: 26797: 26554: 26523: 26432: 26110: 26065: 25996: 25743: 25348: 25263: 24852: 24750: 23412: 23189: 23163: 23060: 22829: 21477: 21029: 20746: 20741: 20407:

Indian Year-book for 1862: A review of social, intellectual, and religious progress in India and Ceylon

17805: 16283: 15797: 12073: 10724:"National Symbols under Colonial Domination: The Nationalization of the Indian Flag, March-August 1923" 10626:"National Symbols under Colonial Domination: The Nationalization of the Indian Flag, March-August 1923" 10605: 10395: 10257: 10092: 7883: 7718: 7692: 7050: 6015: 5708: 5598: 5355: 4950: 4737: 4628: 4420: 4404: 4175: 4018: 3486: 2739: 2354:, viceroy of India, who cautioned the British Government to be more responsive to Indian public opinion 2299:

district where land-owning farmers were protesting increased land-revenue and the other in the city of

2187: 2064: 1927: 1619:, which was a strategy set out by Lord Curzon to weaken the nationalist movement, Tilak encouraged the 1616: 1609: 1509: 1012: 25040: 7381:

This is the list of civilian massacre of Indians, in most cases unarmed peaceful crowds, by the army.

2167:(seated in carriage, on the right, eyes downcast, with black flat-top hat) receiving a big welcome in 28408: 28148: 27986: 27959: 27888: 27823: 27737: 27709: 27506: 27405: 27102: 26927: 26777: 26589: 26493: 26410: 26205: 26167: 26137: 25598: 25542: 25318: 25005: 24940: 24930: 24915: 24250: 24197: 24107: 23703:; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena. 23346: 23302: 23024: 22735: 22410: 22380: 22138: 21452: 21149: 21024: 20863: 20803: 18884: 17349: 17073: 15788:

Klein, "Population growth and mortality in British India: Part II: The demographic revolution", p. 42

15270: 13736: 13393:

Tarin, Omer; Dando, Neal (Autumn 2010). "Memoirs of the Second World War: Major Shaukat Hayat Khan".

10573: 10568:

1931 census: Includes all "No religion" (153 persons), "Indefinite Beliefs" (940 persons), "Chinese (

10062: 10022: 10012: 9487: 9081: 8430: 8302: 7688: 7606: 7528: 7385: 6627: 5946:

during Mughal times to 54% by the end of colonial period. India's per capita GDP decreased from 1990

5728: 5664: 5454:) and allowed to vote, and the other half, comprising Indians and domiciled Britons in India (termed 5412: 5381: 5254: 5033:

was reunited with Bengal, and the new provinces in the east became: Assam, Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.

4241: 4188: 3960: 3561: 3340:, staying on as its first governor-general came into being; with official ceremonies taking place in 2666: 2549: 2512:

With the end of World War I, there was also a change in the economic climate. By the end of 1919, 1.5

2399: 2366: 2000: 1477: 1373:, 1901, by Naoroji, Member, British Parliament (1892–1895), and Congress president (1886, 1893, 1906) 308: 71: 25140: 20120:

Major, Andrea (2011). "Tall tales and true: India, historiography and British imperial imaginings".

18336: 16390: 15235: 14944:

Hurd, John M. (1983). "Irrigation and Railways: Railways". In Kumar, Dharma; Desai, Meghnad (eds.).

13864:"Clemency" Canning: Charles John, 1st Earl Canning, Governor-General and Viceroy of India, 1856–1862 10376:

Urdu was also given official status in large parts of northern India, as were vernaculars elsewhere.

5501:), each of whom earned a salary of Rs. 66,000 p.a. (£4,950 p.a.). The portfolios in 1946–1947 were: 4637:

over 175 princely states, some of the largest and most important, was exercised (in the name of the

1717:, map of the British Indian Empire, 1909, showing the majority religions based on the Census of 1901 28592: 28077: 27933: 27908: 27677: 27306: 27258: 27248: 27208: 27198: 26832: 26787: 26747: 26721: 26701: 26478: 26427: 26385: 26266: 26250: 25890: 25815: 25462: 24760: 24740: 24705: 24658: 24612: 23964: 23780: 23527: 23235: 23182: 23090: 23048: 23012: 22966: 22581: 22230: 22172: 21737: 21712: 21249: 20948: 20928: 20788: 20648: 20606: 20226:

Whitehead, Clive (2005). "The historiography of British imperial education policy, Part I: India".

10692: 10561:

1872 census: Includes all "Others" (5,025,721 persons) and "Not Known" (425,175 persons) responses.

9947: 8861: 8701: 7571: 7479: 7105: 6028:

shows 69 million Muslims and 217 million Hindus out of a total population of 316 million.

6011: 5724: 5443: 5343: 5293: 5247: 4221: 4099: 3826: 3780:

Report of Public Services Commission of 1886–87, creation of the Imperial Civil Service (later the

3554: 3476: 3066: 2896: 2746:. Gandhi subsequently led an expanded movement of civil disobedience, culminating in 1930 with the 2691: 2625: 2477: 2413: 2304: 2155: 2015: 1981: 1812: 1801: 1733: 1593: 1451: 1447: 1389: 1324: 1305: 1237:), a year from completion, was closed to navigation in 1904 to increase irrigation during a famine. 1140: 1036: 764: 418: 14337: 13987:

The administration of the Marquis of Lansdowne as Viceroy and Governor-general of India, 1888–1894

13913: 12342: 3911:

in Bombay (1896), Bubonic plague in Calcutta (1898); riots in wake of plague prevention measures.

3865:

Fall of the rupee, resulting from the steady depreciation of silver currency worldwide (1873–93).

2488:. It presented its report in July 1918 and identified three regions of conspiratorial insurgency: 1115: 28587: 28180: 28168: 28138: 27800: 27747: 27521: 27291: 27243: 27134: 27097: 27087: 27082: 26827: 26752: 26676: 26152: 25668: 25501: 24638: 24330: 24313: 24303: 24278: 24122: 23848: 23744: 23576: 23451: 23419: 23400: 23066: 23018: 22960: 22669: 22613: 21989: 21457: 21427: 21164: 21144: 20979: 20888: 20611: 20601: 20591: 20581: 18799: 17188: 13991: 13388: 11683: 10756: 10696: 10052: 10017: 9852: 9632: 9181: 8733: 8662: 8066: 7801: 7672: 7337: 6901: 6025: 6007: 5787:

The railway network of India in 1909, when it was the fourth largest railway network in the world

4593: 4490: 4335: 4296: 4257: 3991: 3811: 3790: 3765: 3718: 3699: 3333: 3179: 3139: 2904: 2751: 2629: 2565: 1987:

At the onset of World War I, the reassignment of most of the British army in India to Europe and

1808:

and District Boards were created for local administration; they included elected Indian members.

1771: 1762: 1749: 1528: 1416: 1351: 19725:

Race, Sex, and Class under the Raj: Imperial Attitudes and Policies and Their Critics, 1793–1905

16010:(Supplement to Commerce Reports ed.). Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. p. 46. 11810: 7776: 7687:

with a focus on "education, health ministry, and evangelism". In the 1790s, Christians from the

2809:, three places to the right of Gandhi (to the viewer's left) at the 2nd Round Table Conference. 28645: 28535: 28175: 28131: 28006: 27938: 27928: 27893: 27531: 27526: 27375: 27188: 27183: 27129: 27050: 26820: 26815: 26792: 26628: 26115: 25868: 25863: 25850: 25805: 25673: 25358: 25273: 25120: 24832: 24765: 24633: 24582: 24514: 24414: 24404: 24202: 24137: 23944: 23873: 23215: 23196: 23072: 23036: 22808: 22796: 22695: 22575: 22563: 22451: 22406: 22394: 22025: 21682: 21592: 21587: 20828: 20767: 20659: 20586: 20576: 18670: 18635: 18614: 17962: 16487: 15230: 13364: 11764: 9967: 9942: 9892: 9832: 9417: 9353: 9151: 8367: 8242: 7854: 7765: 7649: 7601: 7579: 7567: 7490: 7436: 7418: 5420:. The governor-general in the capital, Calcutta, and the governor in a subordinate presidency ( 4944: 4620: 4392: 4330: 4246: 4213: 3463: 3121: 2968: 2703: 2118: 2004: 1408: 1404: 939: 589: 19964:

Tirthankar, Roy (2014), "Financing the Raj: the City of London and colonial India 1858–1940",

18452: 16565: 13702: 13610: 11598: 11448: 11411: 11318: 11276: 11229: 10610: 7359:

became one of the four recognised colleges for teaching courses leading to degrees (alongside

6855: 5597:

and subdivided into districts, which were the basic administrative units and each headed by a

5041:

In addition, there were a few minor provinces that were administered by a chief commissioner:

2361:

In 1916, in the face of new strength demonstrated by the nationalists with the signing of the

1827:

The partition of Bengal was rescinded in 1911 and announced at the Delhi Durbar at which King

1103: 28496: 28369: 28354: 28223: 28200: 27918: 27768: 27692: 27644: 27634: 27223: 27171: 27156: 26597: 26518: 26447: 26442: 26235: 26200: 26142: 26058: 25925: 25785: 25748: 25731: 25630: 25523: 25343: 25323: 25303: 25166: 25130: 25085: 25030: 24822: 24817: 24592: 24539: 24364: 24273: 24242: 24182: 24132: 23914: 23904: 23754: 23360: 22515: 22292: 22274: 22083: 22014: 21881: 21820: 21647: 21432: 21377: 21209: 21169: 20974: 20893: 20838: 20823: 20773: 20761: 20638: 20047: 19475:

Constructing Pakistan: Foundational Texts and the Rise of Muslim National Identity, 1857–1947

17565: 15597: 13968: 12649: 12278:

The New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. 11: Material Progress and World-Wide Problems, 1870–98

11565: 11475: 11374: 11192: 10602:"Question whether the flag of India (Union Viceroy) should be flown by unofficial persons..." 10236: 10143: 10002: 9972: 9837: 9792: 9622: 9261: 9251: 9221: 8953: 8933: 8794: 8163: 8125: 8029: 7999: 7785: 7521: 7428: 7364: 7356: 7287: 7264: 7199: 7090: 7042: 6003: 5977: 5712: 5618: 5385: 5367: 5132: 4828: 4612: 4478: 4345: 4306: 4251: 4209: 4171: 4022: 3631: 3565: 3550: 3508: 2863: 2773: 2446: 2421: 2370: 2191: 2023: 1988: 1805: 1767: 1637: 1473: 1169: 863: 820: 768: 603: 544: 31: 24494: 20363: 20267:

The Historiography of the British Empire-Commonwealth: Trends, Interpretations and Resources

19996:, New Cambridge History of India, vol. III.3, Cambridge University Press, p. 109, 19356: 18844:, (Cambridge Studies in Indian History & Society). Cambridge University Press. pp. 316, 18806:, (Cambridge Studies in Indian History & Society). Cambridge University Press. pp. 400, 18346:(1953). Asia and Western dominance, 1498–1945, by K.M. Panikkar. London: G. Allen and Unwin. 18129: 16517: 15469:

Rajat Kanta Ray, "Indian Society and the Establishment of British Supremacy, 1765–1818", in

15274: 13929: 13758:, even if there had been the men, money, and administrative machinery with which to do so." 13742:

quo. We have no longer the resources, nor the necessary prestige or confidence in ourselves.

13356: 12437:

Ranbir Vohra, The Making of India: A Historical Survey (Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, Inc, 1997), 120

10700: 7309:

Fevers ranked as one of the leading causes of death in India in the 19th century. Britain's

7302:

against cholera and bubonic plague. In 1925 the Plague Laboratory in Bombay was renamed the

6020: 4615:

in India from 1600 to 1858. The term has also been used to refer to the "British in India".

1784:

in which Hindus had battled their Muslim oppressors. Lastly, the Muslim elite, and among it

1756:. Although Curzon, by now, had resigned his position over a dispute with his military chief 28281: 28016: 27954: 27923: 27913: 27873: 27868: 27607: 27546: 27400: 27193: 27176: 26653: 25620: 25328: 25247: 25211: 25161: 25020: 24945: 24730: 24607: 24399: 24174: 24152: 24147: 24112: 24054: 23665: 23483: 23396: 23330: 23308: 23209: 23169: 23078: 23042: 22980: 22905: 22593: 22328: 22322: 22316: 21732: 21687: 21622: 21567: 21512: 21397: 21302: 21259: 21214: 21134: 21034: 20878: 20783: 20633: 18880: 17791: 13331: 13325: 13123:"Politics, Intelligence and Elections in Late Colonial India: Congress and the Raj in 1937" 11691: 11166: 10819: 10231: 10199: 10082: 9937: 9922: 9867: 9508: 7827: 7545: 7249: 5844:

India as they were "an essential strategic, defensive, subjugators and administrative 'tool

4495: 3982: 3781: 3731: 3459: 3455: 3313: 3075: 3074:

for help in gaining India's independence by force. With Japanese support, he organised the

2900: 2777:

Legislative Assemblies. A voter could cast a vote only for candidates in his own category.

2758: 2522: 2485: 2481: 2151: 2081: 2035: 1977: 1699: 1421: 1400: 800: 575: 20214:

Stern, Philip J. "Early Eighteenth-Century British India: Antimeridian or antemeridiem?".

18716:, Studies in the Social Sciences, vol. V, Iowa City: The University, pp. 79–81, 16302: 15317:

Lines of the Nation: Indian Railway Workers, Bureaucracy, and the Intimate Historical Self

7797: 957:, which was referred to coastal regions and northern part of the island at that time (now 902:. This area is very diverse, containing the Himalayan mountains, fertile floodplains, the 831:

was also part of British India at the inception of the British Raj, and became a separate

8: 28572: 28565: 28560: 28359: 28296: 28286: 28082: 28050: 28021: 27415: 27370: 27334: 27253: 27060: 27037: 26810: 26633: 26405: 26314: 25970: 25940: 25917: 25885: 25716: 25653: 25516: 25506: 25353: 25298: 25135: 25125: 25110: 25100: 25065: 24995: 24910: 24880: 24827: 24544: 24298: 24293: 24192: 24187: 23954: 23909: 23868: 23773: 23144: 22947: 22854: 22802: 22689: 22677: 22657: 22645: 22557: 22348: 22260: 21717: 21662: 21547: 21542: 21437: 21417: 21342: 21139: 21119: 21114: 21109: 21084: 20923: 20339: 19877:

Roy, Tirthankar (Summer 2002), "Economic History and Modern India: Redefining the Link",

16539: 15798:

Waterfield, Henry; Great Britain India Office Statistics AND Commerce Department (1872).

11376:

Understanding the Victorians: Politics, Culture and Society in Nineteenth-Century Britain

10536: 10225: 9862: 9590: 9437: 9131: 9111: 8523: 8471: 7809: 7793: 7781: 7641: 7618: 7453: 7360: 7348:. Between 1868 and 1907, there were approximately 4.7 million deaths from smallpox. 7002: 6970: 5893: 5821: 5732: 5417: 5227: 4482: 4460: 4438: 4430: 4384: 4275: 4205: 4183: 4155: 3883: 3449: 3351: 3294: 3211: 3143: 3079: 3062: 3050: 3046:, did not support the Cripps Mission and negotiations with the Congress soon broke down. 2960: 2952: 2875: 2735: 2698:

In 1920, after the British government refused to back down, Gandhi began his campaign of

2089: 2085: 2019: 1961: 1942: 1489: 1328: 1320: 1289: 1070: 927: 903: 749: 725: 712: 653: 190: 25835: 20389: 19738:

Derbyshire, I. D. (1987), "Economic Change and the Railways in North India, 1860–1914",

18804:

Imperial Power and Popular Politics: Class, Resistance and the State in India, 1850–1950

17967:

Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire (The New Cambridge History of India)

13985: 13907: 11705: 11259:

schooled in British mores, primed to participate in public life, and loyal to the Crown.

10655: 3278:, with the stated goal of highlighting, peacefully, the demand for a Muslim homeland in 2018:, organised political activity by the Congress had remained fragmented until 1914, when 28516: 28501: 28468: 28418: 28381: 28158: 28121: 27991: 27898: 27853: 27848: 27687: 27672: 27651: 27581: 27556: 27501: 27390: 27385: 27380: 27077: 26577: 26452: 26422: 26375: 26342: 26157: 25763: 25648: 25570: 25550: 25511: 25252: 25075: 25070: 25035: 25015: 24990: 24985: 24980: 24975: 24970: 24955: 24950: 24895: 24802: 24648: 24519: 24409: 24389: 24345: 24288: 24283: 24260: 24227: 24217: 24207: 24089: 23390: 23372: 23312: 23203: 22929: 22891: 22867: 22848: 22739: 22286: 22212: 22178: 22077: 22057: 21983: 21901: 21747: 21667: 21597: 21582: 21492: 21482: 21392: 21382: 21367: 21352: 21332: 21307: 21179: 21124: 20848: 20818: 20713: 20693: 20643: 20541: 20467: 20243: 20137: 20108: 20027: 19981: 19939: 19931: 19896: 19865: 19763: 19755: 19720:(4th ed. 1952), 677 pp. thorough scholarly coverage; focus on 20th century down to 1939 19647: 19639: 19563: 19546:

Satya, Laxman D. (2008). "British Imperial Railways in Nineteenth Century South Asia".

19513: 19470: 19259: 19251: 19125: 19114: 19086: 18788: 18442: 18292: 16993: 16464: 16439: 16067: 16037: 15979: 15950: 15920: 15862: 15832: 15803: 15771: 15717: 15357: 15195: 14886: 14878: 14861:

I. D. Derbyshire (1987). "Economic Change and the Railways in North India, 1860–1914".

14806: 14701: 14697: 14580: 14318: 13477: 13429: 13145: 13067: 13059: 13024: 13016: 12951: 12420: 10956: 10948: 10067: 9927: 9907: 9552: 9161: 9071: 8841: 8831: 8764: 8713: 8419: 8335: 8049: 7989: 7303: 5964: 5929:

In the second half of the 19th century, both the direct administration of India by the

5736: 5640: 5630: 5281: 5239: 5190: 4537: 4400: 4379: 4163: 3933: 3890: 3665: 3604: 3306: 3193: 3175: 2972: 2714: 2206: 2101: 1976:

in 1920 and participated, under the name "Les Indes Anglaises" (British India), in the

1785: 923: 784: 772: 635: 459: 200: 20462: 20457: 16416: 12281: 28555: 28545: 28540: 28443: 28428: 28163: 28045: 28040: 27903: 27883: 27878: 27790: 27785: 27602: 27551: 27362: 27161: 27025: 26726: 26380: 25935: 25858: 25580: 25565: 25278: 25268: 25231: 25105: 25090: 24965: 24935: 24905: 24900: 24875: 24812: 24807: 24797: 24668: 24617: 24504: 24499: 24222: 23858: 23843: 23750: 23336: 22954: 22919: 22651: 22539: 22487: 22481: 22465: 22304: 22298: 22248: 22218: 22148: 21891: 21722: 21707: 21607: 21502: 21462: 21387: 21292: 21264: 21224: 21049: 20833: 20793: 20756: 20718: 20698: 20688: 20571: 20561: 20295: 20247: 20207: 20141: 20083: 20053: 20031: 19997: 19985: 19943: 19816: 19777:

edited by Peter N. Stearns, (vol. 1, 2001), pp. 515–521. online emphasis on Raj.

19767: 19651: 19599: 19580: 19555: 19496: 19478: 19457: 19419: 19380: 19362: 19352: 19339: 19331: 19310: 19275: 19263: 19210: 19204: 19173: 19151: 19133: 19118: 19090: 19042: 18990: 18955: 18926: 18890: 18866: 18845: 18826: 18807: 18792: 18748: 18680: 18645: 18622: 18601: 18574: 18548: 18504: 18480: 18458: 18415: 18408: 18390: 18355: 18304: 18296: 18267: 18246: 18203: 18185: 18154: 18091: 18061: 18041: 18035: 18013: 17991: 17970: 17948: 17859: 17742: 17671: 17571: 17508: 17407: 17382: 17353: 17324: 17296: 17271: 17246: 17217: 17192: 17131: 17102: 17077: 17045: 16997: 16613: 16571: 16469: 16267: 15775: 15668: 15572: 15415: 15361: 15320: 15280: 15244: 15215: 15199: 15036:

Technology and the Raj: Western Technology and Technical Transfers to India 1700–1947

15002: 14977: 14949: 14909: 14890: 14841: 14810: 14664: 14616: 14584: 14357: 14322: 14310: 14167: 14145: 13706: 13695: 13616: 13481: 13433: 13368: 13357: 13335: 13149: 13071: 13028: 12561: 12424: 12230: 11958: 11941:

Ernst, W. (1996). "European Madness and Gender in Nineteenth-century British India".

11770: 11734: 11661: 11651: 11604: 11571: 11546: 11545:, Oxford World's Classics: Authors in Context, Oxford University Press, p. 160, 11515: 11481: 11454: 11417: 11380: 11324: 11284: 11235: 11198: 11149: 11115: 11083: 11052: 11024: 10995: 10960: 10940: 10731: 10672:

The standard of the Viceroy...served as the official flag of British India after 1861

10661: 10633: 10411:(reigned January to December 1936), did not issue any Indian currency under his name. 10185: 10077: 10047: 9957: 9952: 9897: 9842: 9672: 9562: 9541: 9497: 9467: 9171: 9101: 9091: 9061: 8543: 8505: 8385: 8137: 7761: 7684: 7444: 7414: 7352: 7291: 7010: 6974: 6946: 6090: 5796: 5479: 5425: 5421: 5242:

authority prior to the advent of British Raj was finally abolished and seized by the

4896: 4788: 4744: 4710: 4396: 3467: 3395:

Silver one rupee coins showing Edward VII, King-Emperor, 1903 (left) and 1908 (right)

3337: 3325: 3321: 3302: 3290: 3275: 3043: 2988: 2976: 2948: 2533: 2493: 2469: 2454: 2122: 2114: 2044: 2027: 1973: 1789: 1620: 1589: 1536: 1513: 1438: 1385: 1355: 1207: 1040: 978: 966: 847: 792: 557: 113: 83: 20112: 19869: 19667: 19577:

Community and Consensus in Islam: Muslim Representation in Colonial India, 1860–1947

16152: 15829:"Report on the census of British India, taken on the 17th February 1881 ..., Vol. 2" 11982:"'Send the Mild Hindoo:' The Simultaneous Expansion of British Suffrage and Empire∗" 1127: 28483: 28438: 28433: 28333: 28306: 28153: 27964: 27838: 27833: 27828: 27778: 27667: 27622: 27443: 27352: 27124: 27002: 26997: 26992: 26982: 26711: 26671: 26602: 26304: 26132: 26122: 26092: 25484: 25294: 25258: 25176: 25000: 24770: 24715: 24678: 24653: 24643: 24577: 24529: 24459: 24454: 24449: 24444: 24439: 24429: 24424: 24117: 23863: 23707: 23640: 23632: 23624: 23552: 23463: 23431: 23318: 23118: 23030: 22815: 22341: 22334: 22236: 22121: 22066: 21911: 21825: 21702: 21672: 21652: 21627: 21617: 21557: 21467: 21412: 21407: 21297: 21219: 21044: 20999: 20984: 20908: 20883: 20853: 20616: 20556: 20235: 20203: 20129: 20100: 20079: 20019: 19973: 19923: 19886: 19857: 19747: 19629: 19454:

England's Debt to India: A Historical Narrative of Britain's Fiscal Policy in India

19400: 19243: 19130:

The tentacles of progress: technology transfer in the age of imperialism, 1850–1940

19106: 19076: 19068: 18780: 17500: 16985: 16943: 16459: 16451: 15763: 15709: 15632: 15407: 15349: 15240: 15187: 14870: 14798: 14756: 14693: 14656: 14572: 14349: 14300: 13469: 13421: 13321: 13137: 13051: 13008: 12943: 12412: 11950: 10932: 10277:

also had their own banners, ceremonially presented to them during Queen Victoria's

10260:

badge, was officially referred to as the "Flag of India," and in 1921 the Viceroy,

10072: 10007: 9977: 9962: 9917: 9902: 9887: 9857: 9752: 9447: 9231: 9141: 9020: 9010: 8963: 8892: 8871: 8461: 8451: 8290: 8225: 7928: 7541: 7406: 7341: 7248:, in which 1.25 to 10 million Indians perished. Recent research, including work by 7075: 7026: 7014: 6897: 5389: 5323: 4966: 4473: 4469: 4434: 4134: 4016:

Inauguration of agricultural banking with Cooperative Credit Societies Act of 1904

3977: 3692: 3673: 3490: 3329: 3147: 2956: 2916: 2884: 2806: 2725: 2710: 2670: 2557: 2249: 1885: 1840: 1832: 1729: 1665: 1532: 1347: 1094: 970: 962: 780: 687: 230: 185: 117: 21952: 20010:

Tomlinson, Brian Roger (October 1975), "India and the British Empire, 1880–1935",

19375:

Moore, Robin J. (2001a), "Imperial India, 1858–1914", in Porter, Andrew N. (ed.),

19325:

Women of the Raj: The Mothers, Wives, and Daughters of the British Empire in India

19234:

Klein, Ira (July 2000), "Materialism, Mutiny and Modernization in British India",

18765: 17567:

Going Global: Transnational Perspectives on Globalization, Language, and Education

15859:"Census of India, 1891. General tables for British provinces and feudatory states" 14775: 14305: 14288: 11114:. New Cambridge History of India series. Cambridge University Press. p. 122. 7946: 7256:, argue that famines in India were made more severe by British policies in India. 4364:

Burma administered independently after 1937 with creation of new cabinet position

2738:: "complete independence"), or Purna Swarajya. The declaration was drafted by the 28582: 28506: 28448: 28413: 28094: 28072: 27996: 27773: 26897: 26892: 26882: 26875: 26643: 26498: 26483: 26309: 26192: 25693: 25457: 25445: 25171: 24920: 24890: 24885: 24745: 24735: 24700: 24690: 24673: 24509: 24464: 24379: 24097: 24072: 23919: 23660: 23437: 23366: 23157: 23096: 22935: 22619: 22521: 22224: 21860: 21850: 21752: 21657: 21602: 21517: 21497: 21317: 21287: 21282: 21239: 21229: 21194: 21189: 21154: 21079: 21004: 20843: 20566: 20440: 20429: 20416: 20410: 20289: 20133: 19977: 19810: 19702: 19540: 19530: 19523: 19443: 19036: 19018: 18984: 18970: 18860: 18711: 18674: 18639: 18540: 18534: 18498: 18384: 18261: 18179: 18055: 18005: 17985: 17809: 17798: 17763:"Batting for the British Empire: how Victorian cricket was more than just a game" 17736: 17642:"What India was crazy about: Hockey first, Cricket later, Football, Kabaddi now?" 17151: 16989: 16722: 16373: 16328: 16309: 16290: 16071: 16063: 16041: 16033: 16005: 15983: 15975: 15954: 15946: 15924: 15916: 15888: 15866: 15858: 15836: 15828: 15807: 15799: 15473:: vol. 2, "The Eighteenth Century" ed. by P. J. Marshall, (1998), pp. 508–29 15353: 14210: 14074: 13887: 13862: 13187: 12555: 12451: 12288: 11687: 11655: 11509: 10777: 10274: 10171: 9530: 9519: 9477: 9457: 9375: 9342: 8923: 8851: 8811: 8723: 8683: 8645: 8563: 7714: 7710: 7664:

being built in 1847. By 1930, the Church of India, Burma and Ceylon had fourteen

7498: 7475: 7447: 7410: 7237: 7006: 6885: 5968: 5161: 4624: 4532: 4416: 4167: 3815: 3639: 3571: 3504: 3263: 3219: 3117: 2747: 2652: 2280: 1952: 1469: 1281: 1191: 1164: 1032: 153: 125: 25825: 18862:

India under Morley and Minto: politics behind revolution, repression and reforms

15095:

Appletons' annual cyclopaedia and register of important events of the year: 1862

14908:. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. pp. 1–19. 12938:

Sayer, Derek (May 1991). "British Reaction to the Amritsar Massacre 1919–1920".

12557:

India under Morley and Minto: politics behind revolution, repression and reforms

4663:

provinces that were administered either by a governor or a lieutenant-governor.

28609: 28577: 28523: 28473: 28463: 28364: 28185: 28067: 27843: 26978: 26706: 26696: 26508: 26417: 26370: 26365: 26337: 26294: 26289: 26225: 25830: 25820: 25590: 25496: 25313: 25095: 25080: 25045: 24785: 24780: 24663: 24597: 24469: 24127: 24102: 24007: 23924: 23878: 23545: 23533: 23378: 22994: 22923: 22912: 22701: 22663: 22569: 22533: 22527: 22493: 22031: 21954: 21692: 21642: 21632: 21612: 21577: 21537: 21522: 21244: 21174: 21159: 21099: 21089: 20918: 20808: 20678: 20653: 20628: 20526: 20479: 20066:

Durant, Will (2011, reprint). The case for India. New York: Simon and Schuster.

20023: 19891: 19634: 19404: 19226:(2015), wide-ranging scholarly survey excerpt; also published as Khan, Yasmin. 19072: 18707: 18448: 18432: 18343: 18316: 18238: 16540:"Punjab disturbances, April 1919; compiled from the Civil and military gazette" 16455: 15767: 15697: 15399: 15191: 15059: 14969: 14802: 14760: 14648: 14576: 14132: 14019: 13612:

His Majesty's Opponent: Subhas Chandra Bose and India's Struggle against Empire

13473: 12416: 11314: 10781: 10346: 10338: 10290: 10194: 9740: 9692: 9386: 9364: 9332: 9310: 9271: 9201: 9191: 9051: 8784: 8594: 8096: 8039: 7873: 7846: 7295: 6986: 6507: 5983: 5880: 5837: 5828: 5683: 5314:

in the provincial governments in the presidencies (and later in the provinces).

5222:

A Princely State, also called a Native State or an Indian State, was a British

5217: 5155: 4902: 4862: 4700: 4588: 4569: 4503: 4465: 4442: 3956: 3908: 3894: 3859:

Railways, roads, and irrigation works begun in Burma. Border between Burma and

3846: 3836: 3775: 3669: 3498: 3360: 3202: 3113: 3098: 3094: 3039: 2964: 2871: 2814: 2465: 2450: 2239: 2164: 1881: 1272: 1055: 954: 931: 855: 776: 753: 249: 223: 149: 20239: 20104: 19927: 19861: 19751: 19247: 19110: 18784: 18216:

Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra; Raychaudhuri, Hemchandra; Datta, Kalikinkar (1950),

18088:

India 1885–1947: The Unmaking of an Empire (Seminar Studies in History Series)

17703:"How India came to love cricket, favored sport of its colonial British rulers" 17445: 15523:

P.J. Marshall (1998). "The British in Asia: Trade to Dominion, 1700–1765", in

14972:(2001). "The pattern of railway development in India". In Kerr, Ian J. (ed.). 14874: 14163:

Poor Relations: The Making of a Eurasian Community in British India, 1773–1833

13055: 13012: 10992:

A Dictionary of Languages: The definitive reference to more than 400 languages

10936: 5593:

Each province or presidency comprised a number of divisions, each headed by a

3348:

on 15 August. This was done so that Mountbatten could attend both ceremonies.

1850: 1571:, 1909, showing "Mother India" with her progeny and the slogan "Vande Mataram" 28639: 28511: 28374: 28099: 27617: 27576: 26904: 26860: 26757: 26332: 26271: 26240: 26220: 26215: 25658: 24960: 24725: 24720: 24142: 24000: 23959: 23939: 23586: 23406: 22587: 22471: 21637: 21562: 21527: 21487: 21402: 21372: 21362: 21347: 21234: 21204: 21184: 20913: 20442:

The Cyclopedia of India: biographical, historical, administrative, commercial

19559: 19056: 17863: 17512: 16883: 16787: 16632: 16366: 16321: 15576: 15565:"Independence Day: How the British pulled off a $ 45 trillion heist in India" 14361: 14314: 14115:

Imperial Gazetteer of India, volume IV, published under the authority of the

14067: 12947: 10944: 10735: 10637: 10433: 10345:, not of the British Raj, i.e. the British Indian Empire, which included the 10342: 9662: 9602: 9427: 8821: 8774: 8754: 8628: 8611: 8573: 8553: 8488: 8272: 8262: 8252: 8195: 7747:

into the sort of English landlords that controlled local affairs in England.

7494: 7440: 7389: 5973: 5950:

550 in 1700 to $ 520 by 1857, although it later increased to $ 618, by 1947.

5930: 5742: 5720: 5711:

in 1813, the importation into India of British manufactured goods, including

5647: 5347: 5235: 5231: 5071: 5002: 4958: 4766: 4463:

becomes, at 2.5 million men, the largest all-volunteer force in history.

4091: 3820: 3279: 2923: 2838: 2834: 2678: 2497: 2425: 2378: 2332: 2291:. The following year Gandhi launched two more Satyagrahas—both in his native 1877: 1654: 1645: 1596:

and the Hindu-majority province of West Bengal (present-day Indian states of

1437:(1883), a legislative measure that had proposed putting Indian judges in the 1263: 1259: 1156: 1132: 1120: 1108: 911: 526: 109: 24489: 20435:

Statistical abstract relating to British India, from 1895 to 1896 to 1904–05

15489:"Impact of British Rule on India: Economic, Social and Cultural (1757–1857)" 14353: 14142:

Mapping an Empire: The Geographical Construction of British India, 1765–1843

13171:

Empire, politics and the creation of the 1935 India Act: last act of the Raj

11884: 7587:

degree. The government, often working with local philanthropists, opened 186

2393:) was passed in December 1919. The new Act enlarged both the provincial and 1412: 27627: 27597: 27144: 26607: 26324: 26210: 25810: 25775: 25050: 24572: 24534: 24434: 24017: 23616: 23324: 22885: 22879: 22860: 22625: 22360: 22267: 22206: 22200: 21840: 21727: 21357: 21322: 21312: 21254: 21054: 20958: 20868: 20858: 20623: 20551: 20536: 20150:

The Origins of Modern Historiography in India: Antiquarianism and Philology

19183: 18494: 18472: 18403: 18031: 17268:

The Proceedings of the 21st Annual History of Medicine Days Conference 2012

16473: 15944: 14116: 11962: 11766:

The Indian encyclopaedia: biographical, historical, religious ..., Volume 6

10569: 10278: 10157: 9782: 9772: 9652: 9642: 9572: 9407: 9397: 9281: 9211: 8993: 8913: 8533: 8397: 8345: 8213: 7913: 7903: 7819: 7532: 7259: 7244:, in which 6.1 million to 10.39 million Indians perished and the 6447: 5960: 5853: 5754: 5622: 5377: 5327: 5223: 4870: 4542: 4373: 4369: 4179: 4138: 4130: 3969: 3677: 3125: 3082:. As the war turned against them, the Japanese came to support a number of 2938:

While the Muslim League had been a small elite group in 1927 with only 1300

2730: 2656: 2561: 2529: 2429: 2362: 2172: 2160: 2105: 2068: 2008: 1923: 1862: 1844: 1293: 1017: 986: 935: 492: 20335: 19596:

Region and Partition: Bengal, Punjab and the Partition of the Subcontinent

14289:"علم الإشارة في سورة الفاتحة من خلال تفسير معارف القرآن للکاندهلوي نموذجا" 11954: 11854: 7562: 3748:

Repeal of import duties on cotton and of most tariffs. Railway extension.

3366: 2051:, had also sporadically claimed guardianship of the Islamic holy sites of 1732:, a founder of the Muslim League, was to also become the president of the 1258:

In the second half of the 19th century, both the direct administration of

1054:

The proclamation to the "Princes, Chiefs, and People of India", issued by

763:

This system of governance was instituted on 28 June 1858, when, after the

28528: 27732: 27347: 27342: 27070: 26887: 26870: 26762: 26357: 26299: 26281: 26245: 25452: 25440: 25420: 24791: 24587: 24479: 24474: 24394: 23985: 23969: 23733: 23229: 23130: 22941: 22445: 22160: 22154: 21447: 21327: 21019: 20798: 19302: 19188:

The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan

18223:

Majumdar, R. C. ed. (1970). British paramountcy and Indian renaissance. (

18175: 18027: 16440:"Smallpox and Vaccination in British India During the Last Seventy Years" 15411: 14745: 14660: 12462: 12401:

McLane, John R. (July 1965). "The Decision to Partition Bengal in 1905".

10549: 10429: 10425: 10408: 9762: 9722: 9121: 8983: 8973: 7893: 7511: 7310: 7253: 5922: 5862: 5858: 5339: 5006: 4866: 4798: 4754: 4227: 3903: 3854: 3850: 3724: 2537: 2473: 2458: 2441: 1909: 1905: 1816: 1597: 1434: 1399:

avail itself of the benefits of that education such as employment in the

919: 915: 907: 899: 836: 816: 812: 740:

in contemporaneous usage and included areas directly administered by the

621: 285: 20428:(26 vol, 1908–31), highly detailed description of all of India in 1901. 20344: 19567: 19493:

The Indian Princes and their States (The New Cambridge History of India)

19436: 17617:"Cricket, curry and cups of tea: India's influence on Victorian Britain" 17446:"Ideology and Empire in Eighteenth-Century India: the British in Bengal" 16947: 15735:

Khan, J.H. (2004). "Population growth and demographic change in India".

15525:

The Oxford History of the British Empire: vol. 2, The Eighteenth Century

15440: 14129:

The Statutes: From the Twentieth Year of King Henry the Third to the ...

11600:

Britain's Oceanic Empire: Atlantic and Indian Ocean Worlds, C. 1550–1850

7804:

and culture can be seen on Britain, too; for example, many Indian words

5824:

scheme. Further, there was no government regulation of these companies.

5373: 5284:

from 1852 to 1855; he shaped British education policy in India, and was

2543: 1551:

Congress moderate Sir Surendranath Banerjee led the opposition with the

811:

gained independence from Pakistan. At the inception of the Raj in 1858,

27571: 27463: 26865: 26549: 26347: 25643: 25533: 25425: 25404: 24837: 24775: 24694: 23934: 23899: 23006: 22987: 22730: 22509: 22128: 22045: 21697: 21472: 21422: 21337: 20989: 20873: 20708: 20360:

The lion and the tiger: the rise and fall of the British Raj, 1600–1947

19900: 19620:

Tinker, Hugh (October 1968), "India in the First World War and after",

19449: 18303:, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. xxxiii, 372, 18151:

The Lion and the Tiger: The Rise and Fall of the British Raj, 1600–1947

18060:, vol. III (Revised ed.), New Delhi: Lotus Press, p. 2, 16906:"Vidurashwatha Massacre, the Forgotten Jallianwala Bagh of South India" 15721: 15312: 14705: 13425: 10539:" (140,422 persons), and "Other Christian" (135,462 persons) responses. 10526:" (349,863 persons), and "Other Hindu" (206,117,326 persons) responses. 10504: 10489: 10474: 10459: 10444: 10322: 9712: 9612: 9322: 7680: 6123: 5947: 5791: 5750: 5716: 5674: 5363: 4970: 4906: 4750: 4634: 3973: 3643: 3494: 3162:

Newly arrived Indian troops on the quayside in Singapore, November 1941

2762: 2597: 2326: 2284: 2197: 1780: 1775: 1744: 1430: 1227: 808: 261: 19935: 19759: 19699:

Tilak and Gokhale: revolution and reform in the making of modern India

19643: 19255: 19081: 17504: 16331:– Medical History of British India, National Library of Scotland 2007. 14882: 13957:, (Dec 1960) 10#12 pp. 821–30, and (Jan 1961) 11#1 pp. 56–64 13460:

Gupta, Shyam Ratna (January 1972). "New Light on the Cripps Mission".

13063: 13020: 12955: 12367:

Tilak and Gokhale: revolution and reform in the making of modern India

11416:, Auteur (now an imprint of Liverpool University Press), p. 221, 10952: 10920: 10515:" (418,789 persons), and "Other Hindu" (18,898,884 persons) responses. 6686: 5783: 5775: 4010:

Systemisation of preservation and restoration of ancient monuments by

3234: 3142:(left) seconding the 1940 Lahore Resolution of the Muslim League with 3054:

students and later by peasant political groups, especially in Eastern

2345: 2339:, also known as the Montford Reforms or the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms 2264:; rather, it was the inability of Indians to create a modern society. 1299: 1194:, the fourth largest in the world. Railway construction began in 1853. 27065: 25491: 25373: 25196: 25186: 24755: 24062: 23949: 23652: 22505: 22254: 22038: 21677: 21572: 21532: 21507: 21442: 21104: 21094: 20994: 19038:

Hindu Nationalism and the Language of Politics in Late Colonial India

18598:

Colonialism in an Indian Hinterland: The Central Provinces, 1820–1920

15118: 14684:

Peter Robb (November 1981). "British Rule and Indian "Improvement"".

13838:

Ian Talbot and Gurharpal Singh, The Partition of India (2009), passim

13201: 13199: 13197: 13141: 10523: 10512: 10508: 10500: 10493: 10485: 10478: 10470: 10463: 10455: 10448: 10440: 10421: 10306: 9682: 7784:

at a match. Cricket, a British-origin sport, has been described as a

7648:

chaplains in India. Following the arrival of the Church of England's

7399: 5269: 5243: 5077: 4922: 4914: 4806: 4762: 4714: 4638: 4142:

King George V announces creation of new city of New Delhi to replace

3345: 3286: 3226: 3087: 2300: 2268: 2248:—the boycott of manufactured foreign goods and the revival of Indian 2109: 2067:

in 1911, a decision that was seen as ill-disposed to Muslims. In the

2060: 2014:

After the 1906 split between the moderates and the extremists in the

1680: 1626: 1499: 1252:, the Liberal Viceroy of India, who instituted the Famine Code. 1880. 958: 721: 297: 170: 26638: 19163: 18925:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 400, pp. 108–146, 17672:"World Cup 2022: How football fever is gripping cricket-crazy India" 17321:

Imperialism as Diaspora: Race, Sexuality, and History in Anglo-India

17171:

Tinnevelly 1896; Nagpur 1903; Dornakal 1912; Assam 1915; Nasik 1929.

16664: 16158: 16003: 15713: 15637: 11175:

raj: (often cap; in India) rule, esp. the British rule prior to 1947

7516: 6271: 5609: 4578:

India during the British Raj was made up of two types of territory:

3729:

Local Government Acts extend self-government from towns to country.

2655:

after the non-co-operation movement. Standing, fourth from right is

2503: 2178: 34:. For British directly-ruled administrative divisions in India, see 27468: 26503: 25753: 25479: 25469: 25333: 25216: 25206: 25025: 24524: 23796: 23580: 23495: 22774: 22726: 22475: 22402: 22388: 22384: 22354: 22142: 21039: 20683: 19172: 17527:

Hindu Nationalists in India: the rise of the Bharatiya Janata Party

16857: 16809: 14259: 14244: 14229: 13797:

portal to educational sources available in the India Office Records

13235: 13233: 10835:

Interpretation Act 1889 (52 & 53 Vict. c. 63), s. 18.

10535:

1941 census: Includes all "Indian Christian" (6,040,665 persons), "

10032: 8943: 8408: 8185: 8175: 7744: 7676: 7645: 7614: 7584: 7469: 7345: 7283: 6331: 6327: 6207: 6060: 6032:

The population of the territory that became the British Raj was 100

5719:" on India, while continental Europe and the United States erected 5614: 5308: 4722: 4143: 4126: 3964: 3945:

Financial Reform Act of 1899; Gold Reserve Fund created for India.

3630:

Gaikwad of Baroda dethroned for misgovernment; dominions passed to

3545: 3247: 2880: 2674: 2244: 1995:, to worry about the "risks involved in denuding India of troops". 1632: 1493: 982: 804: 788: 273: 164: 19307:

Britain and Indian Nationalism: The Imprint of Ambiguity 1929–1942

17291:

Carpenter, Joel; Glanzer, Perry L.; Lantinga, Nicholas S. (2014).

16691:"Raebarali Munshiganj Massacre which reminded of Jallianwala Bagh" 14086: 13889:

John Laird Mair Lawrence, a viceroy of India, by William St. Clair

13194: 12448:

Swadeshi movement: The beginnings of student unrest in South India

6451: 2813:

is two places to Gandhi's right. Foreground, fourth from left, is

2768:

In 1935, after the Round Table Conferences, Parliament passed the

1288:, The Indian Famine Commission report was issued in 1880, and the 25878: 25873: 25226: 25181: 25156: 24710: 24419: 24037: 23990: 23929: 23853: 23807: 23489: 22822: 22782: 22375: 22132: 22091: 21199: 20325: 19148:

Britain's Declining Empire: The Road to Decolonisation, 1918–1968

17266:

Lucyk, Kelsey; Loewenau, Aleksandra; Stahnisch, Frank W. (2017).

14204:. Vol. II. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1908. pp. 463, 470. 13208:"From Empire to Independence: The British Raj in India 1858–1947" 11885:"Maldives | History, Points of Interest, Location, & Tourism" 11626:"From Empire to Independence: The British Raj in India 1858–1947" 11021:

Making History in Iran: Education, Nationalism, and Print Culture

9241: 8146: 7823: 7696: 7665: 7425:

is commemorated annually on 27 January in the memory of victims.

7329: 7322: 7318: 7299: 7018: 6978: 6682: 6567: 6387: 5963:

raised the issue of India's position: he vehemently attacked the

5935: 5467: 5463: 4962: 4834: 4802: 4718: 4659:

At the turn of the 20th century, British India consisted of eight

4642: 3840: 3771: 3341: 3255: 2593: 2432:

as something "unworthy of England to offer and India to accept".

2404: 2292: 2168: 2139: 2130: 2121:, and Besant's in the rest of the country, but especially in the 1793: 1388:, lawyer, businessman, and president of the sixth session of the 824: 210: 18243:

The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire, 400 pp.

16739:"The Salanga Massacre of 1922: Bangladesh's forgotten bloodbath" 14597:

Tazeen M. Murshid, "Law and Female Autonomy in Colonial India",

14287:

Ahmed, Waqas; Khan, Muhammad Hayat; Ul Haq, Sami (1 June 2022).

13271:

India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy

13230: 12193: 12191: 6571: 5695:

to Britain: despite a major famine that claimed between 6 and 10

1984:, the war led to calls for greater self-government for Indians. 1930:

in 1912 four years before she founded an Indian Home Rule League

1419:) and the attempts to control the vernacular press (e.g. in the 906:, a long coastline, tropical dry forests, arid uplands, and the 26050: 25430: 25308: 25221: 24484: 24384: 24027: 23883: 23499: 22874: 22639: 22417: 22019: 20723: 20315: 19796:

Gendering Colonial India: Reforms, Print, Caste and Communalism

18301:

A Concise History of Modern India (Cambridge Concise Histories)

18153:, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. xiii, 280, 15857:

Baines, Jervoise Athelstane; India Census Commissioner (1891).

15856: 14538:, pp. 104–105, 108, "India – Government and Constitution". 12208: 12206: 10577: 9041: 7483: 7282:

thousand British troops and countless Indians died during this

7275: 7150: 6056: 5939: 5800: 5635: 5475: 5471: 5226:

in India with an indigenous nominal Indian ruler, subject to a

4918: 4910: 4874: 4389:

Mediterranean, Middle East and African theatres of World War II

3967:

as a national gallery of Indian antiquities, art, and history.

3735: 3685:: 5.25 million dead; reduced relief offered at expense of 3251: 2721: 2648: 2589: 2489: 2276: 2260: 2254: 2234: 2214: 2056: 1980:

in Antwerp. Back in India, especially among the leaders of the

1605: 1481: 1343: 1268: 1211: 974: 832: 720:, 'reign', 'rule' or 'government') was the rule of the British 121: 19228:

The Raj at War: A People's History Of India's Second World War

18571:

Shameful Flight: The Last Years of the British Empire in India

18547:(7th ed.), Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 18114:(1932) 660 pp. online edition; also published as vol 5 of the 16642: 15435: 15433: 15431: 15216:"Water in British India: the making of a 'colonial hydrology'" 11364: 11231:

The Rise of English: Global Politics and the Power of Language

6040:

million according to the first census taken in 1881 of India.

4667:

Areas and populations (excluding the dependent Native States)

4303:

Indian Constitutional Round Table Conferences, London, 1930–32

2104:

were founded within the Indian National Congress by Tilak and

25474: 25435: 23765: 23000: 22722: 22194: 19433:

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18909:

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18701:

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17969:, Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press. pp. 248, 16858:"ANP to honour Hathi Khel massacre victims today - Newspaper" 16759:"The Salanga Massacre of 1922: History needs to be preserved" 16130: 16128: 16126: 16124: 16034:"Census of India 1931. Vol. 1, India. Pt. 2, Imperial tables" 15949:. Calcutta, Supt. Govt. Print., India, 1913. pp. 37–42. 13769: 13578: 12188: 10580:)" (150,240 persons), and "Others" (1,065 persons) responses. 10334: 7461: 7457: 7154: 6267: 6052: 5833: 5679: 4794: 4758: 4706: 3999: 3686: 3320:), with Muhammad Ali Jinnah as the governor-general; and the 3065:, who had been a leader of the younger, radical, wing of the 2818: 2417: 2296: 2272: 2126: 2052: 1753: 1673:

boycott movement cut imports of British textiles by 25%. The

1601: 947: 796: 693: 20368:

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19379:, vol. III, Oxford University Press, pp. 422–446, 19199:(1986) excerpt and text search, focus on officials in London 19166:

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18904:

Anglo-Indian Attitudes: The Mind of the Indian Civil Service

17802: 14511:, pp. 133–34, "India – Currency, Weights and Measures". 12203: 11511:

Sovereignty and the Responsibility to Protect: A New History

10548:

1881 census: Includes all "Tribal" (6,426,511 persons) and "

7374: 6511: 3740:

Famine Code promulgated in 1883 by the Government of India.

3006:

While the regular Indian army in 1939 included about 220,000

2335:, the secretary of state for India, whose report led to the 1636:("buy Indian") campaign led by two-time Congress president, 1001:

The British Raj and surrounding countries are shown in 1909.

965:. These coastal regions were temporarily administered under 27:

British colonial rule on the Indian subcontinent (1858–1947)

28228: 25191: 24032: 24022: 24012: 23995: 22551: 18745:

Oxford History of the British Empire: The Twentieth Century

18441:(1936) covers Raj 1910–35 pp. 80–84, 282–291, 455–464 17440: 17438: 17436: 15945:

Edward Albert Gait, Sir; India Census Commissioner (1911).

15428: 15038:

ed, Roy Macleod and Deepak Kumar (London: Sage, 1995), 203.

14817: 14040:. Vol. I. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1909. p. 449. 11023:, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, pp. 24–25, 9702: 3860: 1851:

1914–1918: First World War, Lucknow Pact, Home Rule leagues

1650: 1175: 194: 19392:

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18823:

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16188: 16176: 16140: 16121: 16085: 15893:. The story of nations. G. P. Putnam's sons. p. 355. 15483: 15481: 15479: 15159: 15074: 14526:, pp. 106–107, "India – Government and Constitution". 14499:, pp. 103–105, "India – Government and Constitution". 14338:"Art and Politics: British Patronage in Delhi (1803–1857)" 13515: 12982: 12980: 12926:

The Amritsar Massacre: The Untold Story of One Fateful Day

10831: 10829: 10420:

1872 census: Includes all "Hindu" (187,937,450 persons), "

3746:. Creation of indigenous schools, especially for Muslims. 3723:

Repeal of Vernacular Press Act of 1878. Compromise on the

3289:

exhausted by the recently concluded World War II, and the

2373:, that the war would likely last longer, the new viceroy, 1792:, who hosted the League's first meeting in his mansion in 1643:

The rallying cry for both types of protest was the slogan

748:, and areas ruled by indigenous rulers, but under British 696: 20157:

Writing India, 1757–1990: The Literature of British India

18215: 18138:(6 vol 1914) online vol 2 on Asia pp. 1–328 on India 16389:. Smallpoxhistory.ucl.ac.uk. 18 July 2006. Archived from 16061: 15098:. New York: D. Appleton & Company. 1863. p. 690. 14746:"Tata, Jamshed Nasarwanji [Jamsetji] (1839–1904)" 14613:

A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present

13905: 13590: 13395:

Durbar: Journal of the Indian Military Historical Society

12636: 12264: 11731:

A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present

11644: 7570:, established in 1857, is one of the three oldest modern 7238:

India experienced some of the worst famines ever recorded

6391: 6047:

million, and the three cities with populations over eight

5474:, required the final assent of the secretary of state in 5300:

made changes in the governance of India at three levels:

4039:

million in British India. About 170,000 are Europeans. 15

2998: 2673:

public garden in the predominantly Sikh northern city of

2472:

comprised four British and two Indian members, including

895: 140:

The British Raj in relation to the British Empire in 1909

20387: 19416:

Oxford History of the British Empire: Nineteenth Century

18676:

Forgotten Wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia

17433: 17290: 16488:"Smallpox – some unknown heroes in smallpox eradication" 16224: 14948:. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 751. 14599:

Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh: Humanities

13849:

Vishnu's crowded temple: India since the Great Rebellion

13556: 13554: 12593: 11707:

The Geography of British India, Political & Physical

11660:, London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, p. xxx, 10801:. Calcutta: Manomohan Library. pp. 27, 55, 59, 144. 7863:, distributed by the British Information Services (1942) 7760:

sees this not just in the Congress party but also among

7533:

presented his Whiggish interpretation of English history

6849: 5569:

nominated), while the Legislative Assembly comprised 141

4559: 2931:

With the outbreak of World War II in 1939, the viceroy,

2724:, the Indian National Congress, under the presidency of 2717:, brought Gandhi back into the fold of active politics. 2310: 1468:

Social reform was in the air by the 1880s. For example,

1018:

1858–1868: rebellion aftermath, critiques, and responses

20052:. Routledge reprint of 1930 first edition. p. 11. 19224:

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18923:

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17890:"'The Revenge of Plassey': Football in the British Raj" 17491:

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16212: 15997: 15476: 14927: 14925: 13953:

Briton Martin, Jr. "The Viceroyalty of Lord Dufferin",

13090: 12977: 11697: 11597:

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11323:(3 ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 393, 10826: 7695:, began doing missionary work in the Indian Empire. In 5296:(usually called the Indian Mutiny by the British), the 4641:) by the central government of British India under the 4300:

Appointment of Royal Commission of Indian Labour, 1929

3367:

Timeline of major events, legislation, and public works

736:. The region under British control was commonly called 19782:

The Economic History of India under early British Rule

18037:

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14976:. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 83–85. 13966: 13566: 13493: 13491: 13359:

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11792:, 1926, Chapter X:Transition to British administration 11040: 10609:. PR_000000603614. Repository II. 1936. Archived from 10394:

Seated l. to r. are: Jiddhu Krisnamurthi, Besant, and

10367:

English was the language of the courts and government.

6925:

Timeline of major famines in India during British rule

6892:

Timeline of major famines in India during British rule

6860:

Timeline of major famines in India during British rule

2955:, and influential regional Muslim politicians such as 27277:

Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D)

23605: 22738:. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the 20400: 19206:

The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan

18742: 18641:

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18354:, Harlow and London: Pearson Longmans. pp. xvi, 163, 18245:, Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press., 18126:

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17987:

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17314: 17312: 17284: 17156:. Bennett, Coleman & Company. 1940. p. 455. 15917:"Census of India 1901. Vol. 1A, India. Pt. 2, Tables" 15276:

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14553:, p. 108, "India – Government and Constitution". 13635: 13551: 11977:

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11975:

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11266: 10812:

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10325:

of the Emperor exercised through the Viceroy of India

6211: 5727:

Britain, India's most significant industrial sector,

5599:

district magistrate, collector or deputy commissioner

3187: 2544:

1919–1939: Jallianwala, non-cooperation, GOI Act 1935

2228:

Also, during his time in South Africa, in his essay,

705: 19394:

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18842:

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18171:(5 vol 1999–2001), with numerous articles on the Raj 17945:

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17564:

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16516:. Grantmedicalcollege-jjhospital.org. Archived from 16109: 16097: 15976:"Census of India 1921. Vol. 1, India. Pt. 2, Tables" 15138: 14922: 14743:

Brown, F. H.; Tomlinson, B. R. (23 September 2004).

13990:. Office of the Supdt. of Government Print. p. 13735:, p. 106 Quote: By the end of 1945, he and the 10877: 10133: 2267:

Gandhi made his political debut in India in 1917 in

2217:

or "non-violence", which formed the underpinning of

690: 245:• 1858–1876 (Queen); 1876–1901 (Queen-Empress) 20445:(1908) business history, biographies, illustrations 20370:

The Oxford handbook of Indian foreign policy (2015)

19510:

The Proudest Day: India's Long Road to Independence

18952:

Empire and Islam: Punjab and the Making of Pakistan

16164: 15046: 15044: 15001:. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. p. 149. 14017: 13909:

A life of the Earl of Mayo, fourth viceroy of India

13539: 13527: 13488: 13102: 11499: 11477:

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11112:

Indian Society and the making of the British Empire

10912: 10660:. Delhi: B.R. Publishing Corporation. p. 110. 4530:of the British Parliament enacted on 18 July 1947. 4104:

Appointment of Indian Factories Commission in 1909.

3943:

Return of the bubonic plague, 1 million deaths

3691:Creation of Famine Commission of 1878–80 under Sir 1346:, December 28, 1885. Third row (middle) (l. to r.) 1300:

1880s–1890s: middle class, Indian National Congress

715: 108:Political subdivisions of the British Raj in 1909. 27125:Governors, Lieutenant Governors and Administrators 19786:The Economic History of India in the Victorian Age 18913:, June 1982, 32#6 pp. 43–48, covers 1858–1947 18407: 17309: 17259: 17230: 15441:"Britain in India, Ideology and Economics to 1900" 15025:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 96. 14744: 13983: 13928: 13694: 11855:"Sikkim | History, Map, Capital, & Population" 11657:Constitutional relations between Britain and India 11283:, Oxford University Press, pp. 213–227, 222, 11103: 10983: 7768:, which specifically emphasises Hindu traditions. 7321:, finally proved in 1898 that mosquitoes transmit 5707:With the end of the state-granted monopoly of the 5601:; in 1947, British India comprised 230 districts. 4008:Reorganisation of Indian Universities Act (1904). 3951:Department (now Ministry) of Commerce and Industry 3810:Strengthening of NW Frontier defence. Creation of 3246:in Bombay in February 1946, followed by others in 2632:, collecting clothes to be burnt as a part of the 1681:1870s–1906: Muslim social movements, Muslim League 989:from 1887 to 1965, but not part of British India. 783:). It lasted until 1947, when the British Raj was 28666:Former British colonies and protectorates in Asia 20218:21.2 (2020), pp. 1–26, focus on C.A. Bayly, 18743:Brown, Judith M.; Louis, Wm. Roger, eds. (2001), 18600:, Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. xiii, 374, 18122:The British in India: A Social History of the Raj 17366: 17176: 17063: 17061: 15598:"Did the British loot India? - History Reclaimed" 14897: 14270: 14268: 13602: 13205: 12831: 12829: 12827: 12825: 12823: 12821: 12819: 12817: 12815: 12802: 12800: 12798: 12796: 12794: 12792: 12790: 12788: 12750: 12748: 12746: 12744: 12731: 12729: 12727: 12725: 12691: 12689: 12687: 12674: 12672: 12670: 12620: 12618: 12616: 12614: 12612: 12610: 7456:on 24 August 1930 at the Spin Tangi village near 4600:adopted the following definitions in Section 18: 2453:, the British judge under whose chairmanship the 2369:, and the realisation, after the disaster in the 28637: 20509: 18565:(4 vol. 2005) comprehensive coverage by scholars 18457:, New Delhi and London: Penguin Books. pp. 298, 18372:(2006) excerpt and text search, covers 1599–1947 18167:Louis, William Roger, and Judith M. Brown, eds. 18090:, Harlow and London: Pearson Longmans. pp. 160, 17237:Frykenberg, Robert Eric; Low, Alaine M. (2003). 15041: 14860: 13926: 13860: 13692: 13320: 12879: 12877: 12875: 12553: 11191:Hirst, Jacqueline Suthren; Zavros, John (2011), 10657:Military Flags of India: From the Earliest Times 7683:began arriving in India in 1783 and established 7635:Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury 7554:empire, would be subject to mounting scepticism. 5980:, which killed a third of the people of Bengal. 4324:New Delhi inaugurated as capital of India, 1931. 4027:Census of 1901 gives the total population at 294 3120:(centre-left) on their way to meet the viceroy, 2706:, the movement revived again, in the mid-1920s. 2182:Gandhi at the time of the Kheda Satyagraha, 1918 1964:took part in the war, primarily in Iraq and the 1496:festivals that he inaugurated in western India. 19773:Chaudhuri, Nupur. "Imperialism and Gender." in 18010:Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy 17563: 17426:Joshua Ehrlich, "Anxiety, Chaos, and the Raj." 17337: 16882:Civilian Jihad: Non-violent Struggle, Democrat 16783:"An almost forgotten part of our glorious past" 16248: 15947:"Census of India, 1911. Vol. 1., Pt. 2, Tables" 15880: 14840:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 160–66. 14286: 13652: 13650: 13503: 13354: 11596: 11281:The Oxford Handbook of the History of Education 11182: 11148:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 2005. 10921:"Colonial Knowledge and the Fate of Hindustani" 7808:the English language, and also the adoption of 7294:, who mainly worked in India, became the first 5725:less expensive imports from more industrialized 4014:with Indian Ancient Monument Preservation Act. 3886:(from Presidency System to the four Commands). 3595:Major extension of railways, roads, and canals 2596:, on 21 September 1921, Gandhi had adopted the 2480:, the present and future Chief Justices of the 2385:population could vote in future elections, the 1698:, the viceroy who replaced Curzon in 1906. The 1093:An 1887 souvenir portrait of Queen Victoria as 728:, lasting from 1858 to 1947. It is also called 19709: 18533:(1934) 690 pages; scholarly survey, 1599–1933 18291: 17270:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 237. 17058: 16757:Kabir Topu, Ahmed Humayun (19 February 2021). 16648: 16567:The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer 15696: 14742: 14441: 14265: 13901: 13899: 13763: 13497: 13130:Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 12812: 12785: 12760: 12741: 12722: 12684: 12667: 12639:"Olympic Games Antwerp. 1920: Official Report" 12607: 12260: 12258: 12212: 12197: 11783: 11379:, London and New York: Routledge, p. 68, 11279:, in Rury, John L.; Tamura, Eileen H. (eds.), 11051:, Leiden and Boston: BRILL, pp. 253–254, 10815:India's Spokesman: From Speeches and Addresses 10232:Star of India flag used during the British Raj 7755:and the Orientalists promoted Sanskrit, while 6085:Religious groups in British India (1872−1941) 3452:(contemporaneously and hereafter Indian Army) 2757:In local terms, British control rested on the 2145: 942:were theoretically princely states as well as 775:was transferred to the Crown in the person of 28681:States and territories disestablished in 1947 26066: 25389: 23781: 23265: 21938: 20495: 20045: 19910:... 3rd ed. Calcutta: M.C. Sarkar & Sons. 19289:Science and the Raj: A Study of British India 19230:(2015) a major, comprehensive scholarly study 19178:, vol. IV, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1909 19164:Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III (1907), 19096: 18954:. University of California Press. 258 pages. 18143:Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India 18057:Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 17942: 17701:Love, Adam; Dzikus, Lars (26 February 2020). 17318: 17236: 17183:Abraham, William J.; Kirby, James E. (2009). 17029: 16718: 16716: 16563: 16004:United States Department of Commerce (1924). 15319:. Columbia University Press. pp. 25–28. 15111: 14903: 14425: 14423: 14421: 14419: 13854: 13584: 13509: 12973:. Vol. 13, no. 10. pp. 666–76. 12969:Bond, Brian (October 1963). "Amritsar 1919". 12872: 12712: 12710: 12708: 12706: 12704: 12478: 11762: 11049:Tracing the Boundaries between Hindi and Urdu 10115: 8074: 7792:The British colonisation of India influenced 7751:proposed to deal directly with the peasants. 7617:of the Bishop of Calcutta, who served as the 5953: 1657:never went beyond the law when he edited the 910:. In addition, at various times, it included 484:4,993,650 km (1,928,060 sq mi) 23700:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 23683:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 23561:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 20258:(1999), vol. 5 in William Roger Louis, eds. 20039: 19958:European Women and the Second British Empire 19803:Empire and Sexuality: The British Experience 19594:Talbot, Ian; Singh, Gurharpal, eds. (1999), 18798: 18531:Rise and Fulfilment of British Rule in India 18225:The History and Culture of the Indian People 17928:Allan, J., T. Wolseley Haig, H. H. Dodwell. 17406:. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 231. 17372: 17182: 16978:Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 16544:Lahore Civil and Military Gazette Press 1921 15700:(19 April 1943). "The population of India". 15539:"How Britain stole $ 45 trillion from India" 14755:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 13977: 13885: 13647: 12896: 12894: 12892: 12862: 12860: 12858: 12856: 12603:. Calcutta: Govt of India. 1923. p. 74. 12534: 12532: 12530: 12505: 12503: 12501: 12499: 12138: 12136: 12042: 11514:, University of Chicago Press, p. 120, 11073: 11071: 10838: 7332:patients. The central government passed the 5739:was even more extensive during this period. 3609:Assassination of Lord Mayo in the Andamans. 3124:, on 13 October 1939, after the outbreak of 2915:Subhas Chandra Bose (second from left) with 1702:of 1909 allowed separate Muslim electorates. 819:was added in 1886, and the resulting union, 20409:(1863), ed. by John Murdoch online edition 20216:Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History 19815:, vol. 2, Cambridge University Press, 19593: 18669: 18634: 17738:Nation at Play: A History of Sport in India 17540:"The unifying power of South Asian cricket" 17395: 17295:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 103. 16802:"Peshawar: Qissa Khwani martyrs remembered" 16557: 16387:"Other histories of smallpox in South Asia" 16303:Infectious Diseases: Plague Through History 16284:The 1832 Cholera Epidemic in New York State 16260: 16055: 16026: 15968: 15938: 15909: 15850: 15821: 15791: 15213: 15177: 14615:. Cambridge University Press. p. 267. 13970:The life of the Marquis of Dufferin and Ava 13896: 13814:Nationalarchives.gov.uk Classroom Resources 13596: 12326:Historical Dictionary of the British Empire 12255: 12178: 12176: 12174: 11912: 11910: 11733:. Cambridge University Press. p. 247. 11728: 11603:, Cambridge University Press, p. 106, 11007:assert itself that Hindi came into its own. 10994:. A & C Black Publishers. p. 248. 10407:The only other emperor during this period, 5759:The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 5505:External Affairs and Commonwealth Relations 5338:(1874–1878; later British prime minister), 5318:In London, it provided for a cabinet-level 4655:Presidencies and provinces of British India 4629:the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire 4566:Presidencies and provinces of British India 3814:consisting of regiments contributed by the 3589:Creation of Department of Agriculture (now 2742:, which included Gandhi, Nehru, Patel, and 1960:million Indian and British soldiers of the 944:presidencies and provinces of British India 36:Presidencies and provinces of British India 28686:States and territories established in 1858 28661:Bangladesh and the Commonwealth of Nations 26073: 26059: 25396: 25382: 23788: 23774: 23272: 23258: 21945: 21931: 21010:Hindustan Socialist Republican Association 20502: 20488: 19963: 19847: 19808: 19737: 19520:The History of British India: A Chronology 18916: 18770: 18370:The history of British India: a chronology 18321:The British Conquest and Dominion of India 18234:(2010), a concise historical encyclopaedia 18134:Herbertson, A.J. and O.J.R. Howarth. eds. 18012:, Oxford University Press. pp. xiii, 474, 17700: 17119: 17090: 16756: 16713: 16367:Leprosy – Medical History of British India 16236: 16194: 16182: 16146: 16134: 16091: 15667:(Delhi: B.R. Publishing Corporation 2010) 15621:"Glimpses of Indian Historical Demography" 14683: 14416: 14240: 14238: 14225: 14223: 14028: 13920: 13686: 13448:The history of British India: a chronology 13392: 12780:India's Bismarck, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel 12701: 12549: 12547: 12391:Moore, "Imperial India, 1858–1914", p. 435 10925:Comparative Studies in Society and History 10256:The Viceroy's Union Jack banner, with the 10122: 10108: 8081: 8067: 4623:and Prorogation Speeches. In addition, an 4613:the rule of the British East India Company 4326:Indian Workmen's Compensation Act of 1933 3574:annexed and incorporated into India 1869" 2857: 2669:or "Amritsar massacre", took place in the 2478:Diwan Bahadur Sir C. V. Kumaraswami Sastri 2232:, (1909), Gandhi formulated his vision of 1819:was the secretary of state for India, and 1323:(1829–1912), who proposed the idea of the 134: 102: 27287:Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) 27167:Fundamental rights, principles and duties 20287: 20225: 20090: 20012:Indian Economic and Social History Review 20009: 19991: 19890: 19633: 19628:(4, 1918–19: From War to Peace): 89–107, 19336:The Aftermath of Revolt: India, 1857–1870 19080: 18820: 18431:(3rd ed.) the Raj section was written by 18326: 18259: 18026: 17343: 17067: 16778: 16776: 16463: 16159:Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III 1907 15756:Indian Economic and Social History Review 15636: 15374: 15234: 14835: 14791:Indian Economic and Social History Review 14635: 14550: 14535: 14523: 14508: 14496: 14304: 14274: 13615:, Harvard University Press, p. 320, 12986: 12889: 12853: 12841: 12527: 12496: 12472: 12404:Indian Economic and Social History Review 12312: 12142: 12133: 12123: 12112: 11194:Religious Traditions in Modern South Asia 11146:The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable 11068: 10653: 7375:Massacres of Indian civilians by the army 3182:in North Africa in November/December 1941 2677:. After days of unrest Brigadier-General 2435: 2242:from Indian society; and the exercise of 1640:, and involved boycott of British goods. 961:) was ceded to Britain in 1802 under the 862:. India was a participating state in the 28676:Pakistan and the Commonwealth of Nations 27229:Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) 22744:Legitimacy of territorial establishment 20260:The Oxford History of the British Empire 20188:Historians of India, Pakistan and Ceylon 19775:Encyclopedia of European Social History, 19732:A New Economic History of Colonial India 19579:, Cambridge University Press. pp. 272., 19490: 19124: 19020:The Viceroyalty of Lord Ripon, 1880–1884 18237: 18169:The Oxford History of the British Empire 17592:"How India changed the English language" 17379:Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture 17346:The Future of Christian Mission in India 17319:Crane, Ralph; Mohanram, Radhika (2013). 17211: 17185:The Oxford Handbook of Methodist Studies 17144: 17070:The Future of Christian Mission in India 17035: 16903: 16609:Mariners, Merchants and the Military Too 16007:Trade and Economic Review for 1922 No.34 15665:Glimpses of Indian Historical Demography 15618: 15471:The Oxford History of the British Empire 15398: 15165: 15080: 15021:Barbara D Metcalf and Thomas R Metcalf, 14962: 14823: 14647: 14260:Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. 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Even so, when it was passed, the new 2171:in 1916 after his return to India from 1592:, into the Muslim-majority province of 1442:political philosophers, especially the 465:took effect Midnight, 14–15 August 1947 14: 28638: 27517:Securities and Exchange Board of India 26624:National Geological Monuments of India 25403: 23823:List of current non-sovereign monarchs 23729:Historical flags of the British Empire 23713:Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985 20190:(1961), reviews the older scholarship. 19994:The Economy of Modern India, 1860–1970 19829:from the original on 23 September 2023 19809:Kumar, Dharma; Desai, Meghnad (1983), 19619: 19574: 19435:(2016). wide-ranging scholarly survey 19413: 19374: 19269: 18939:from the original on 23 September 2023 18720:from the original on 23 September 2023 18402: 18280:from the original on 22 September 2023 18197: 18074:from the original on 23 September 2023 17930:The Cambridge Shorter History of India 17730: 17728: 17490: 17401: 17243:William B. 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Vol. 1, India" 15886: 15251:from the original on 23 September 2023 15107: 15105: 14562: 14429: 14398: 14386: 14335: 14180:from the original on 23 September 2023 13759: 13159:from the original on 15 September 2018 12998: 12912: 12538: 12509: 12400: 12353: 12339:Pandita Ramabai: the story of her life 11528:from the original on 23 September 2023 11430:from the original on 23 September 2023 11393:from the original on 23 September 2023 11297:from the original on 23 September 2023 11248:from the original on 23 September 2023 11211:from the original on 23 September 2023 7263:Child who starved to death during the 5771:Rail transport in India § History 5661:Economy of India under the British Raj 5253:The princely states were grouped into 4366:Secretary of State for India and Burma 4035:million in the princely states and 232 3558:Creation of Department of Irrigation. 3355:Muslim refugees in the Tomb of Humayun 3230:Percentage of Hindus by district, 1909 2991:, stating at Lahore on 23 March 1940: 2647:Staff and students, National College, 2039:administration of their own country." 1035:, one of the principal leaders of the 889: 756:. The region was sometimes called the 28671:India and the Commonwealth of Nations 28327: 27441: 27317:Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) 27282:Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) 27023: 26575: 26090: 26054: 25377: 24053: 23769: 23604: 23516: 23253: 22762: 22434: 22109: 22002: 21926: 20483: 20193: 20164:Sydney Studies in Society and Culture 20159:(1996) on fiction written in English. 20119: 20069: 19545: 19399: 19298:(1903) excerpt and text search 128 pp 19274:, BiblioBazaar, LLC, pp. 13–14, 19233: 19182: 19055: 19034: 19016: 18982: 18879: 18713:Some Aspects of British Rule in India 18613: 18595: 18588: 18493: 18471: 18447: 18349: 18200:India And South Asia: A Short History 18004: 17961: 17713:from the original on 31 December 2022 17404:A Short World History of Christianity 17125: 17096: 16605: 16590: 16415:. Vigyanprasar.gov.in. 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For Gandhi, 2186:The year 1915 also saw the return of 2080:(UP), most prominently, two brothers 1880:, the first Indian to be awarded the 1815:, known as the Morley-Minto Reforms ( 953:Among other countries in the region, 926:(briefly from 1884 to 1898), and the 829:Chief Commissioner's Province of Aden 815:was already a part of British India; 28651:1858 establishments in British India 20178:Journal of Asian and African Studies 19879:The Journal of Economic Perspectives 19598:, Oxford University Press. pp. 420, 19469: 19418:, Oxford University Press. pp. 800, 19377:Oxford History of the British Empire 19202: 19145: 18747:, Oxford University Press. pp. 800, 18706: 18529:Thompson, Edward, and G.T. Garratt. 18382: 18263:A History of Modern India, 1480–1950 18148: 17990:. 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Singh, 17402:Mullin, Robert Bruce (2014). 17344:Kanjamala, Augustine (2014). 17068:Kanjamala, Augustine (2014). 16741:, by Shahnawaz Khan Chandan, 15404:The World Economy Volumes 1–2 14653:The World Economy Volumes 1–2 14306:10.51665/al-duhaa.003.01.0186 13697:Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography 11450:A Dictionary of World History 11275:Vanderven, Elizabeth (2019), 10757:Archibald Constable & Co. 10587: 10216:Legislatures of British India 9287: 9026: 8999: 8898: 8877: 8800: 8739: 8668: 8651: 8634: 8617: 8600: 8579: 8494: 8477: 8231: 7957:Portuguese East India Company 7660:(CIBC) was erected, with its 7396:Munshiganj Raebareli massacre 5997: 5887: 5466:or by the provincial ones in 5360:1946 Cabinet Mission to India 5342:(1905–1910; initiator of the 5307:in the central government in 5050:(and present day territories) 4681:(and present-day territories) 4668: 4574:Subdivisions of British India 4551:Commonwealth Relations Office 4523:Viscount Mountbatten of Burma 4509:1946 Cabinet Mission to India 4425:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 4328:Indian Factories Act of 1934 4256:Indian Passport Act of 1920: 4184:Battle of Galliopoli, 1915–16 4150:Indian Factories Act of 1911 4055:million Muslims, along with 9 3996:Ceded and Conquered Provinces 3888:Pamir agreement Russia, 1895 3786:Indian Administrative Service 3707:8 June 1880 – 3208:1946 Cabinet Mission to India 2903:and an important ally of the 1928:Theosophists in Adyar, Madras 1231: 27292:Enforcement Directorate (ED) 27113:State legislative assemblies 27024: 26953:States and union territories 26662:Biogeographic classification 23828:List of monarchy referendums 21959:British Overseas Territories 21553:Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari 20829:Chauri Chaura incident, 1922 20511:Indian independence movement 20173:2.2 (2021): 114–130. online. 20171:Perennial Journal of History 20134:10.1080/09584935.2011.594257 20093:The Journal of Asian Studies 19978:10.1080/00076791.2013.828424 19906:Sarkar, J. (2013, reprint). 19666:Wolpert, Stanley A. (2007), 19537:Who Was Who in British India 19414:Porter, Andrew, ed. (2001), 19270:Koomar, Roy Basanta (2009), 19209:, Yale U. Press, 250 pages, 19061:The Medieval History Journal 18921:, in Marshall, P. J. (ed.), 18679:, Harvard University Press, 18644:, Harvard University Press, 18569:Wolpert, Stanley A. (2006), 18454:A History of India, Volume 2 18377:Who Was Who in British India 18218:An advanced history of India 18124:(2018); expanded edition of 17099:Anglican Baptismal Liturgies 16990:10.1080/03086534.2012.724239 15354:10.1080/14662043.2010.522032 15212:for the historiography, see 15052:"History of Indian Railways" 14776:UK public library membership 14018:H. Caldwell Lipsett (1903). 11373:Steinback, Susie L. (2012), 11347:Mughal Empire ... 1526–1858 11167:"RAJ definition and meaning" 11047:Everaert, Christine (2010), 10496:" (6,388 persons) responses. 10481:" (5,504 persons) responses. 10466:" (4,050 persons) responses. 10451:" (1,147 persons) responses. 8442:Northern Black Polished Ware 7743:recommended turning Bengali 7544:'s brutal repression of the 7505: 7466:North-West Frontier Province 7433:North West Frontier Province 6026:1921 census of British India 5848:" for the Imperial Project. 5460:Imperial Legislative Council 5405:Secretary of State for India 5320:Secretary of State for India 5298:Government of India Act 1858 5286:Secretary of State for India 5185:North West Frontier Province 4547:Secretary of State for India 4528:Indian Independence Act 1947 4341:Government of India Act 1935 4233:Government of India Act 1919 4218:Sinai and Palestine campaign 4160:Western Front, Belgium, 1914 4135:Emperor and Empress of India 4102:(also Minto–Morley Reforms) 4025:under a Lieutenant-Governor. 3930:North-West Frontier Province 3831:Imperial Legislative Council 3636:Indian Councils Act of 1874 3614:3 May 1872 – 3597:Indian Councils Act of 1870 3526:Viceroy dies prematurely in 3454:Construction begins (1860): 3318:Islamic Republic of Pakistan 2981:North West Frontier Province 2770:Government of India Act 1935 2744:Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari 2570:Government of India Act 1935 2387:Government of India Act 1919 2337:Government of India Act 1919 2032:Imperial Legislative Council 1583:North-West Frontier Province 1327:in a letter to graduates of 805:Islamic Republic of Pakistan 398:Imperial Legislative Council 150:Imperial political structure 7: 28459:Water supply and sanitation 27442: 27224:Border Security Force (BSF) 26969:National monuments of India 26091: 23675:British Antarctic Territory 23385:Western Pacific Territories 23279: 21743:Virendranath Chattopadhyaya 21130:Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty 19908:Economics of British India 19710:Economic and social history 19477:, Oxford University Press, 19396:, (2001b), pp. 231–242 19197:The India Office, 1880–1910 19132:, Oxford University Press, 18739:(1991), scholarly biography 18573:, Oxford University Press, 18479:, Oxford University Press, 18439:The Reign of King George V, 18429:The Oxford History of India 18040:(2nd ed.), Routledge, 16514:"Sir JJ Group of Hospitals" 14686:The Economic History Review 13984:Sir George Forrest (1894). 13737:Commander-in-Chief of India 13414:Journal of Military History 11979:Garden City, NY: Doubleday 11474:Fair, C. Christine (2014), 11228:Salomone, Rosemary (2022), 10773:The King and Queen in India 10722:Virmani, Arundhati (1999). 10624:Virmani, Arundhati (1999). 10518:1941 census: Includes all " 10499:1931 census: Includes all " 10484:1921 census: Includes all " 10469:1911 census: Includes all " 10439:1891 census: Includes all " 10205:Glossary of the British Raj 10038:Influence on Southeast Asia 7838: 7644:led to the arrival of many 7315:Presidency General Hospital 6888:the scope of other articles 6079: 5912: 5818:East Indian Railway Company 5764: 5751:Tata Iron and Steel Company 5702: 5107:Andaman and Nicobar Islands 5101:Andaman and Nicobar Islands 5046: 4955:Islamabad Capital Territory 4857:Central Provinces and Berar 4677: 4500:UK General Election of 1945 4413:East African campaign, 1940 4409:Second Battle of El Alamein 3987:British expedition to Tibet 3947:Punjab Land Alienation Act 3891:The Chitral Campaign (1895) 3867:Indian Prisons Act of 1894 3601:Andaman and Nicobar Islands 3429: 3426: 3312:On 15 August 1947, the new 3198:Interim Government of India 2459:stricter anti-sedition laws 2146:1915–1918: return of Gandhi 2108:, respectively, to promote 1802:Indian Councils Act of 1892 1666:local political youth clubs 1433:'s partial reversal of the 950:as their unit of currency. 716: 224:British Colonial Government 10: 28707: 27512:Central Statistical Office 27118:State legislative councils 27093:Union Council of Ministers 26025:Inventions and discoveries 25997:Sino-Indian border dispute 25744:Human rights in South Asia 25530: 23413:Gilbert and Ellice Islands 22830:British Arctic Territories 22110: 22003: 21478:Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi 21030:Indian Independence League 20747:Partition of Bengal (1947) 20742:Partition of Bengal (1905) 20449:The Indian Year Book: 1914 20049:India and the Simon Report 20024:10.1177/001946467501200401 19892:10.1257/089533002760278749 19635:10.1177/002200946800300407 19491:Ramusack, Barbara (2004), 19073:10.1177/097194580701000203 19017:Gopal, Sarvepalli (1953), 18983:Gopal, Sarvepalli (1976), 18967:Curzon: Imperial Statesman 18917:Fieldhouse, David (1996), 18859:Das, Manmath Nath (1964). 18673:; Harper, Timothy (2007), 18638:; Harper, Timothy (2005), 18350:Peers, Douglas M. (2006), 18327:Oldenburg, Philip (2007), 18260:Markovits, Claude (2004), 17921: 17852:"Why Indians love cricket" 17293:Christian Higher Education 16649:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 16606:Jones, Phillip E. (2011). 16456:10.1177/003591574503800318 16438:Rogers, L (January 1945). 16342:"Biography of Ronald Ross" 16036:. 1931. pp. 513–519. 15768:10.1177/001946469002700102 15619:Romaniuk, Anatole (2014). 15192:10.1177/002252668100200201 15023:A Concise History of India 14836:Markovits, Claude (1985). 14803:10.1177/001946469403100401 14577:10.1177/025764300301900105 14442:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 14140:Edney, Matthew H. (1997). 14062:Ernest Hullo, "India", in 13764:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 13498:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 13474:10.1177/097492847202800106 13286:. University of Columbia. 13284:"Muslim Case for Pakistan" 12467:The lives of Sri Aurobindo 12417:10.1177/001946466400200302 12213:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 12198:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 12074:"East India Proclamations" 11943:Social History of Medicine 10778:Bennett, Coleman & Co. 10770:Reed, Sir Stanley (1912). 10749:Morison, Theodore (1899). 10606:National Archives of India 10503:" (219,300,645 persons), " 10492:" (467,578 persons), and " 10488:" (216,260,620 persons), " 10477:" (243,445 persons), and " 10473:" (217,337,943 persons), " 10458:" (207,050,557 persons), " 10454:1901 census:Includes all " 10443:" (207,688,724 persons), " 10436:" (913 persons) responses. 10432:" (347,994 persons), and " 10396:Charles Webster Leadbeater 10303:presidencies and provinces 8420:Black and Red ware culture 7693:Baptist Missionary Society 7668:across the Indian Empire. 7599: 7509: 7246:Indian famine of 1899–1900 7185:Indian famine of 1899–1900 6863: 6853: 6016:Demographics of Bangladesh 6001: 5954:Economic impact of the Raj 5891: 5827:In 1854, Governor-General 5768: 5709:East India Trading Company 5658: 5654: 5356:Frederick Pethick-Lawrence 5352:Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms 5215: 5015:(110,000 sq mi) 4931:(140,000 sq mi) 4883:(100,000 sq mi) 4843:(170,000 sq mi) 4815:(120,000 sq mi) 4775:(150,000 sq mi) 4652: 4563: 4512:Indian Elections of 1946. 4405:First Battle of El Alamein 4237:Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms 4133:in 1911: commemoration as 4121:Lord Hardinge of Penshurst 3959:(1901); dedication of the 3939:Indian famine of 1899–1900 3900:Indian famine of 1896–1897 3853:between British India and 3825:British Parliament passes 3697:Indian Forest Act of 1878 3191: 2967:of the landlord-dominated 2861: 2740:Congress Working Committee 2547: 2439: 2391:Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms 2317:Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms 2314: 2188:Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi 2149: 2119:southern Bombay presidency 1856: 1839:, which included Bengal's 1510:Partition of Bengal (1905) 1507: 1303: 1107:Eden Gardens, Calcutta by 1033:Lakshmibai, Rani of Jhansi 1013:History of the British Raj 1010: 1006: 29: 28482: 28392:Medical colleges in India 28347: 28343: 28323: 28242: 28211: 27947: 27816: 27756: 27708: 27660: 27590: 27542:Foreign exchange reserves 27537:Foreign direct investment 27507:Economic Advisory Council 27477: 27454: 27450: 27437: 27361: 27333: 27267: 27254:Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB) 27216: 27207: 27152: 27143: 27036: 27032: 27019: 26961: 26913: 26851: 26740: 26652: 26634:Sacred mountains of India 26616: 26588: 26584: 26571: 26532: 26461: 26356: 26323: 26280: 26259: 26206:Indus Valley Civilisation 26191: 26103: 26099: 26086: 26010: 25984: 25961: 25916: 25849: 25784: 25730: 25707: 25629: 25541: 25411: 25240: 25149: 24863: 24626: 24560: 24372: 24363: 24259: 24241: 24173: 24088: 24046: 23978: 23892: 23836: 23803: 23724: 23693: 23653:Commonwealth of Australia 23611: 23600: 23571: 23523: 23512: 23478: 23285: 23249: 23055:Newfoundland and Labrador 22769: 22758: 22736:League of Nations mandate 22717: 22441: 22430: 22411:Lancaster House Agreement 22381:League of Nations mandate 22370: 22116: 22105: 22009: 21998: 21965: 21869: 21768: 21653:Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi 21453:Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi 21273: 21150:Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar 21070: 21025:Indian Home Rule movement 20967: 20864:Fourteen Points of Jinnah 20804:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 20732: 20669: 20517: 20379:Simon Report (1930) vol 1 20288:Steinberg, S. H. (1947). 20240:10.1080/00467600500065340 20105:10.1017/s0021911814001685 20040:Historiography and memory 19928:10.1017/s0026749x00007745 19862:10.1017/S1060150314000138 19752:10.1017/s0026749x00009197 19529:23 September 2023 at the 19442:23 September 2023 at the 19272:The Labor Revolt in India 19248:10.1017/S0026749X00003656 19111:10.1017/S0026749X07002892 18919:"For Richer, for Poorer?" 18886:Late Victorian Holocausts 18785:10.1017/S0026749X12000686 18699:Bayly, Christopher Alan. 18427:Smith, Vincent A. (1958) 18198:Ludden, David E. (2002), 17894:LSE International History 17803:https://dergipark.org.tr/ 17350:Wipf and Stock Publishers 17074:Wipf and Stock Publishers 16785:, by Pradip Kumar Dutta, 16413:"Feature Story: Smallpox" 16372:10 September 2007 at the 16327:10 September 2007 at the 16293:, By G. William Beardslee 14875:10.1017/s0026749x00009197 14089:. World Digital Library. 13935:. Oxford University Press 13927:Sarvepalli Gopal (1953). 13861:Michael Maclagan (1963). 13693:Sarvepalli Gopal (1976). 13056:10.1017/S0026749X00015286 13013:10.1017/S0026749X00004388 12554:Manmath Nath Das (1964). 11357:British Raj ... 1858–1947 11171:Collins Online Dictionary 11078:Dhir, Krishna S. (2022). 10937:10.1017/S0010417500018661 10795:Dutt, Rama-Natha (1912). 10522:" (48,813,180 persons), " 10462:" (92,419 persons), and " 10447:" (39,952 persons), and " 8431:Painted Grey Ware culture 8303:Indus Valley Civilisation 7724: 7689:London Missionary Society 7529:Thomas Babington Macaulay 7386:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 7242:Great Famine of 1876–1878 7064: 7040: 7000: 6968: 6944: 6117: 6114: 6111: 6108: 6105: 6102: 6099: 6096: 6089: 5665:Economic history of India 5613:Elephant Carriage of the 5382:Governor-General of India 5238:in Delhi which was under 4983:(97,000 sq mi) 4731:(50,000 sq mi) 4678:Province of British India 4242:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 4189:Defence of India Act 1915 4176:Battle of Ctesiphon, 1915 3976:(in absentia) proclaimed 3683:Great Famine of 1876–1878 3672:(in absentia) proclaimed 3626:Bihar famine of 1873–1874 3562:Imperial Forestry Service 2720:At its annual session in 2704:incident at Chauri Chaura 2667:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 2550:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 2001:Defence of India Act 1915 1715:1909 Prevailing Religions 1478:Servants of India Society 1429:It was, however, Viceroy 1286:Great Famine of 1876–1878 760:, though not officially. 498: 488: 478: 473: 469: 456: 441: 428: 415: 411: 403: 393: 389: 377: 367:• 1858–1859 (first) 365: 361: 351: 347: 333: 323:• 1858–1862 (first) 321: 317: 307: 303: 291: 279: 267: 255: 243: 239: 229: 219: 209: 178: 160: 145: 133: 101: 78: 59: 54: 47: 27678:Multi Commodity Exchange 27297:Intelligence Bureau (IB) 25992:Indo-Pakistani conflicts 23965:Self-proclaimed monarchy 23183:Turks and Caicos Islands 22490:(protectorate) 1907–1949 22435: 22062:(integrated into the UK) 21892:Indian annexation of Goa 21738:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 21250:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 21015:Indian National Congress 20814:Non-cooperation movement 19616:(Hardinge Simpole, 2008) 19575:Shaikh, Farzana (1989), 18950:Gilmartin, David. 1988. 18821:Chatterji, Joya (1993), 18800:Chandavarkar, Rajnarayan 18737:Gandhi: Prisoner of Hope 18379:(1998), covers 1599–1947 18054:Chhabra, G. S. (2005) , 17797:26 November 2022 at the 17481:(1995), pp. 10–12, 34–35 17036:Buchanan, Colin (2015). 16927:Mantena, Karuna (2010). 16591:Dolly, Sequeria (2021). 16344:. The Nobel Foundation. 15978:. 1921. pp. 39–44. 15919:. 1901. pp. 57–62. 15279:. Macmillan. p. 9. 14999:Railways in Modern India 14974:Railways in Modern India 14073:23 February 2021 at the 13867:. Macmillan. p. 212 13355:D. N. Panigrahi (2004). 13121:Muldoon, Andrew (2009). 11508:Glanville, Luke (2013), 11351:Aurengzeb ... 1658–1707 11019:Vejdani, Farzin (2015), 10919:Lelyveld, David (1993). 10693:National Maritime Museum 10243: 9082:Gurjara-Pratihara Empire 9062:Eastern Chalukya Kingdom 8663:Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire 7826:in recent decades, with 7719:converts to Christianity 7671:Missionaries from other 7443:of the unarmed civilian 7236:During the British Raj, 7170:Indian famine of 1896–97 7106:Rajputana famine of 1869 6012:Demographics of Pakistan 5925:Sappers and Miners, 1896 5581:others nominated and 102 5444:Indian Councils Act 1861 5358:(1945–1947; head of the 5294:Indian Rebellion of 1857 5246:in the aftermath of the 4506:becoming prime minister. 4100:Indian Councils Act 1909 3924:Lord Curzon of Kedleston 3827:Indian Councils Act 1892 3555:Rajputana famine of 1869 3477:Indian Councils Act 1861 3470:passed into law in 1860. 3067:Indian National Congress 2895:, was the first elected 2805:British prime minister, 2692:Indian National Congress 2634:non-cooperation movement 2626:Indian National Congress 2365:and the founding of the 2305:Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel 2156:Kheda Satyagraha of 1918 2115:Irish home rule movement 2016:Indian National Congress 2005:Indian Press Act of 1910 1982:Indian National Congress 1813:Indian Councils Act 1909 1734:Indian National Congress 1594:Eastern Bengal and Assam 1448:Indian National Congress 1390:Indian National Congress 1325:Indian National Congress 1306:Indian National Congress 1141:Indian Rebellion of 1857 946:until 1947 and used the 765:Indian Rebellion of 1857 293:• 1936–1947 (last) 215:Indians, British Indians 27522:Enforcement Directorate 26983:Indian-origin religions 26974:National parks of India 26783:Highest point by states 26545:Economic liberalisation 25799:Archaeological cultures 24233:Vatican City (Holy See) 23466:1919–1942 and 1945–1968 23291:18th and 19th centuries 23107:Queen Charlotte Islands 23067:North-Western Territory 23039:1665–1674 and 1702–1776 22642:1781–1784 and 1795–1819 22307:1923–1965 and 1979–1980 21990:Commonwealth of Nations 21897:Indian Independence Act 21483:Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan 21458:Jatindra Mohan Sengupta 21428:Dukkipati Nageswara Rao 21165:Kandukuri Veeresalingam 21145:Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai 20980:All-India Muslim League 20934:Royal Air Force strikes 20899:Round table conferences 20889:Chittagong armoury raid 20779:Hindu–German Conspiracy 20762:Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy 20532:Porto Grande de Bengala 20148:Mantena, Rama Sundari. 20122:Contemporary South Asia 19672:Encyclopædia Britannica 19514:Archive.org, borrowable 19035:Gould, William (2004), 18971:excerpt and text search 18535:excerpt and text search 18410:Modern India, 1885–1947 18130:Excerpt and text search 17479:: Ideologies of the Raj 17189:Oxford University Press 17097:Tovey, Phillip (2017). 17024:Indian Tales of the Raj 15831:. 1881. pp. 9–18. 15214:D'Souza, Rohan (2006). 15058:. IRFCA. Archived from 14354:10.11588/ao.2016.0.8820 14336:Kumari, Savita (2016). 13597:Bayly & Harper 2007 13389:Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan 12452:excerpt and text search 12287:18 October 2017 at the 11753:Marshall (2001), p. 384 11684:Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar 11680:India Executive Council 11447:Wright, Edmund (2015), 11080:The Wonder That Is Urdu 10697:Royal Museums Greenwich 9182:Western Chalukya Empire 8325:Mature Harappan culture 7673:Christian denominations 7338:Mountstuart Elphinstone 7136:Great Famine of 1876–78 7121:Bihar famine of 1873–74 6008:Demographics of Myanmar 5577:nominated officials, 13 5520:Industries and Supplies 5511:Food and transportation 4594:Interpretation Act 1889 4491:Battle of Monte Cassino 4372:separated off from the 4336:Indian Military Academy 4297:Indian Forest Act, 1927 4258:British Indian passport 4222:Battle of Megiddo, 1918 4108:Department of Education 3992:North-Western Provinces 3849:. Establishment of the 3812:Imperial Service Troops 3791:University of Allahabad 3766:Third Anglo-Burmese War 3719:Second Anglo-Afghan War 3700:Second Anglo-Afghan War 3591:Ministry of Agriculture 3448:1858 reorganisation of 3180:Western Desert Campaign 3146:(right) presiding, and 3140:Chaudhari Khaliquzzaman 2905:All India Muslim League 2858:1939–1945: World War II 2752:Round Table Conferences 2566:Round Table Conferences 2065:reunification of Bengal 1772:Second Anglo-Afghan War 1763:Census of British India 1750:All-India Muslim League 1452:Womesh Chunder Bonerjee 1417:Second Anglo-Afghan War 1206:Stereographic image of 640:Somaliland Protectorate 446:Indian Independence Act 432:Government of India Act 179:Official languages 18:British Empire in India 28492:Arts and entertainment 28127:Science and technology 28063:Information technology 27743:Government initiatives 26639:Sacred rivers of India 26629:Sacred groves of India 26183:Science and technology 26012:Science and technology 24515:Islands of Refreshment 23945:Legitimacy (political) 23216:West Indies Federation 22405:) and continued as an 21988:Current member of the 21683:Syama Prasad Mukherjee 21588:Purushottam Das Tandon 20954:Praja Mandala movement 20768:The Indian Sociologist 20396:, major primary source 20394:. The Clarendon press. 20329:Quotations related to 20186:Philips, Cyril H. ed. 20046:Andrews, C.F. (2017). 19723:Ballhatchet, Kenneth. 18865:. G. Allen and Unwin. 18561:Wolpert, Stanley, ed. 18545:A New History of India 18389:, Palgrave Macmillan, 17128:The Religions of India 17126:Dalal, Roshen (2014). 17022:Zareer Masani (1988). 16564:Nigel Collett (2006). 16308:17 August 2008 at the 16195:Kumar & Desai 1983 16183:Kumar & Desai 1983 16147:Kumar & Desai 1983 16092:Kumar & Desai 1983 15663:Parameswara Krishnan, 14904:R.R. Bhandari (2005). 14761:10.1093/ref:odnb/36421 13363:. Routledge. pp. 12948:10.1093/past/131.1.130 12560:. G. Allen and Unwin. 12229:. Springer Dordrecht. 11809:. 2008. Archived from 11803:"Nepal: Cultural life" 11704:Smith, George (1882). 11413:Studying Indian Cinema 11349:Akbar I ... 1556–1605 10752:Imperial Rule in India 10507:" (990,233 persons), " 10428:" (398,409 persons), " 10301:A quasi-federation of 10088:Science and technology 8472:Three Crowned Kingdoms 8314:Early Harappan culture 8129:(2,500,000–250,000 BC) 7789: 7766:Bharatiya Janata Party 7650:Church Mission Society 7626: 7602:Protestantism in India 7575: 7568:University of Calcutta 7556: 7525: 7491:Vidurashwatha massacre 7437:vehicle-ramming attack 7419:Indian Imperial Police 7298:to develop and deploy 7272:first cholera pandemic 7267: 7051:Agra famine of 1837–38 6029: 5926: 5910: 5804: 5788: 5780: 5687: 5626: 5523:Works, Mines and Power 5514:Transport and Railways 5408: 5393: 5330:; these included: Sir 5289: 4631:, was set up in 1878. 4609: 4421:Syria–Lebanon campaign 4393:North African campaign 4358:Marquess of Linlithgow 4331:Royal Indian Air Force 4247:Third Anglo-Afghan War 4071:million Jains, and 8.4 4051:million Hindus, and 63 3961:Victoria Memorial Hall 3666:Chief Commissionership 3605:Chief Commissionership 3489:, financial member of 3464:University of Calcutta 3356: 3239: 3231: 3223: 3049:Congress launched the 3004: 2928: 2920: 2908: 2728:, issued a demand for 2509: 2461: 2436:1917–1919: Rowlatt Act 2183: 2175: 1997:Revolutionary violence 1806:Municipal Corporations 1409:Monier Monier-Williams 1136: 1124: 1112: 1037:Great Uprising of 1857 940:Persian Gulf Residency 590:Persian Gulf Residency 201:Other Indian languages 28449:Socio-economic issues 28397:Law colleges in India 28387:Universities in India 27635:Reserve Bank of India 26438:Independence movement 26236:Indo-Parthian Kingdom 25891:Religious persecution 25749:Religious nationalism 25609:European and Eurasian 25413:Countries and regions 24326:Saint Kitts and Nevis 23915:Criticism of monarchy 23905:Abolition of monarchy 23138:Saint Kitts and Nevis 22409:state until the 1979 22015:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 21907:Political integration 21648:Shyamji Krishna Varma 21433:Gopal Krishna Gokhale 21378:Bhupendra Kumar Datta 21210:Rettamalai Srinivasan 21170:Mahadev Govind Ranade 20975:All India Kisan Sabha 20939:Coup d'état of Yanaon 20839:Qissa Khwani massacre 20824:Coolie-Begar movement 20639:Second Anglo-Sikh War 20323:at Wikimedia Commons 19539:(1998); 5000 entries 19512:(W. W. Norton, 1999) 19358:Ideologies of the Raj 19323:MacMillan, Margaret. 19203:Khan, Yasmin (2007), 19146:Hyam, Ronald (2007), 18840:Copland, Ian (2002), 18596:Baker, David (1993), 18563:Encyclopedia of India 18105:India: A Re-Statement 18086:Copland, Ian (2001), 17808:1 August 2019 at the 17430:63.3 (2020): 777–787. 16639:, Viking 1988, p. 166 15887:Frazer, R.W. (1897). 14064:Catholic Encyclopedia 13886:William Ford (1887). 13777:"Indian Independence" 13609:Bose, Sugata (2011), 12313:Bose & Jalal 2004 11710:. London: John Murray 11110:Bayly, C. A. (1988). 10613:on 23 September 2024. 10341:of the Government of 10305:directly governed by 10237:British North America 10144:British Empire portal 9991:Specialised histories 9262:Kalachuris of Kalyani 9252:Kalachuris of Tripuri 8934:Western Ganga Kingdom 8862:Indo-Sassanid Kingdom 8812:Western Satrap Empire 8795:Indo-Parthian Kingdom 8785:Indo-Scythian Kingdom 8336:Late Harappan culture 8097:History of South Asia 8030:British rule in Burma 8000:Company rule in India 7802:South Asian languages 7779: 7707:St. Stephen's College 7703:Christ Church College 7609: 7600:Further information: 7565: 7551: 7522:University of Lucknow 7519: 7429:Qissa Khwani massacre 7357:Grant Medical College 7288:Third plague pandemic 7265:Bengal famine of 1943 7262: 7200:Bengal famine of 1943 7091:Orissa famine of 1866 7043:Company Rule in India 6940:Deaths (in millions) 6900:and help introduce a 6023: 6004:Demographics of India 5978:Bengal famine of 1770 5920: 5905: 5794: 5786: 5778: 5677: 5659:Further information: 5612: 5399: 5376: 5368:Syed Hussain Bilgrami 5336:Marquess of Salisbury 5322:and a fifteen-member 5272: 4602: 4479:Bengal famine of 1943 4346:Reserve Bank of India 4338:established in 1932. 4278:established in 1922. 4254:established in 1920. 4252:University of Rangoon 4214:Fall of Baghdad, 1917 4210:Mesopotamian campaign 4172:Mesopotamian campaign 4063:million Christians, 2 4031:million, including 62 4023:East Bengal and Assam 3806:Marquess of Lansdowne 3784:(ICS), and today the 3566:Indian Forest Service 3551:Orissa famine of 1866 3546:Anglo-Bhutan Duar War 3541:Sir John Lawrence, Bt 3509:Indian Police Service 3507:, later known as the 3354: 3285:Later that year, the 3260:Lord Pethick Lawrence 3237: 3229: 3216:Lord Pethick Lawrence 3205: 2993: 2969:Punjab Unionist Party 2926: 2914: 2883: 2864:India in World War II 2651:, founded in 1921 by 2506: 2449: 2371:Mesopotamian campaign 2192:Gopal Krishna Gokhale 2181: 2163: 2024:Gopal Krishna Gokhale 1638:Surendranath Banerjee 1608:). Curzon's act, the 1482:untouchable community 1474:Gopal Krishna Gokhale 1450:. The 70 men elected 1170:Lord William Bentinck 1130: 1118: 1106: 922:(from 1886 to 1937), 918:(from 1858 to 1937), 914:(from 1858 to 1937), 860:San Francisco in 1945 545:Company rule in India 32:Company rule in India 27723:Economic development 27567:Voluntary guidelines 27562:Industrial licensing 26692:Environmental issues 26474:Non-Aligned Movement 26251:Seleucid–Mauryan war 26040:Traditional medicine 24158:United Arab Emirates 23666:Realm of New Zealand 23664:(transferred to the 23651:(transferred to the 23484:Realm of New Zealand 23085:Prince Edward Island 22963:1671–1816, 1833–1960 21733:Veeran Sundaralingam 21688:Tara Rani Srivastava 21623:Sahajanand Saraswati 21513:Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi 21398:Chandra Shekhar Azad 21303:Alluri Sitarama Raju 21260:Vitthal Ramji Shinde 21215:Sahajanand Saraswati 21135:Gopal Ganesh Agarkar 21035:Indian National Army 20879:Dharasana Satyagraha 20784:Champaran Satyagraha 20634:First Anglo-Sikh War 20228:History of Education 20155:Moor-Gilbert, Bart. 19916:Modern Asian Studies 19697:Wolpert, Stanley A. 19690:Wolpert, Stanley A. 19294:Lipsett, Chaldwell. 19236:Modern Asian Studies 19195:Kaminsky, Arnold P. 19099:Modern Asian Studies 18989:, Harvard U. Press, 18773:Modern Asian Studies 18703:. (Routledge, 2016). 18414:, Delhi: Macmillan, 18383:Robb, Peter (2002), 18333:Encarta Encyclopedia 18202:, Oxford: Oneworld, 18149:Judd, Denis (2004), 18103:Coupland, Reginald. 17935:Bandhu, Deep Chand. 17678:. 19 November 2022. 17153:The Indian Year Book 16612:. P. J. Publishing. 15412:10.1787/456125276116 14863:Modern Asian Studies 14661:10.1787/456125276116 14611:Baten, Jörg (2016). 14133:Robert Harry Drayton 13327:The Idea of Pakistan 13044:Modern Asian Studies 13001:Modern Asian Studies 12365:Stanley A. Wolpert, 11813:on 24 November 2015. 11729:Baten, Jörg (2016). 11692:V. T. Krishnamachari 11541:Pykett, Lyn (2006), 11410:Ahmed, Omar (2015), 10511:" (5,378 persons), " 10424:" (1,147 persons), " 10200:Direct colonial rule 9509:Ahmadnagar Sultanate 9311:Late medieval period 9222:Eastern Ganga Empire 8954:Vishnukundina Empire 8020:British Raj in India 7662:St. Paul's Cathedral 7611:St. Paul's Cathedral 7546:Morant Bay rebellion 7493:on 25 April 1938 at 7435:: In this armoured 7431:on 23 April 1930 in 7342:smallpox vaccination 5749:otherwise sell. The 5344:Minto–Morley Reforms 5248:Sepoy Mutiny of 1857 5064:Chief administrative 4693:Chief administrative 4496:British Labour Party 4146:as capital of India. 3983:Francis Younghusband 3793:established in 1887 3782:Indian Civil Service 3744:Education Commission 3732:University of Punjab 3460:University of Madras 3456:University of Bombay 3314:Dominion of Pakistan 3090:, presided by Bose. 3076:Indian National Army 2975:of the pro-Congress 2759:Indian Civil Service 2523:Bolshevik Revolution 2486:High Court of Madras 2482:High Court of Bombay 2414:Minto–Morley Reforms 2205:was different from " 2152:Champaran Satyagraha 2125:and in regions like 2036:Madan Mohan Malaviya 1978:1920 Summer Olympics 1837:revolutionary groups 1824:elective principle. 1700:Minto-Morley Reforms 1422:Vernacular Press Act 1401:Indian Civil Service 1131:Bombay buildings by 734:Direct rule in India 576:Dominion of Pakistan 128:are shown in yellow. 27485:Ministry of Finance 26489:Indo-Pakistani wars 26433:Partition of Bengal 25971:South Asian studies 25497:South Asian regions 25354:Trinidad and Tobago 25241:Commonwealth realms 25126:United Baltic Duchy 24269:Antigua and Barbuda 24261:Commonwealth realms 23955:Order of succession 23697:Since 2009 part of 23589:of April–June 1982. 23176:Trinidad and Tobago 22790:Antigua and Barbuda 22690:Straits Settlements 21718:V. K. Krishna Menon 21663:Subhas Chandra Bose 21548:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 21543:Mohammad Ali Jauhar 21438:Govind Ballabh Pant 21418:Dayananda Saraswati 21343:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 21140:Gopal Hari Deshmukh 21120:Dhondo Keshav Karve 21115:Dayananda Saraswati 21110:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 21085:A. Vaidyanatha Iyer 20598:Anglo-Maratha Wars 19956:Strobel, Margaret. 19471:Raja, Masood Ashraf 19431:Raghavan, Srinath. 19126:Headrick, Daniel R. 19009:Gopal, Sarvepalli. 18975:Gopal, Sarvepalli. 18293:Metcalf, Barbara D. 18232:The A to Z of India 18110:Dodwell H. H., ed. 17474:Thomas R. Metcalf, 17076:. pp. 117–19. 16948:10.3917/hp.011.0002 16836:The Express Tribune 16723:"Salanga Day today" 16289:13 May 2015 at the 16221:, pp. 263–281. 16066:. pp. 97–101. 15377:, pp. 105, 108 15156:Derbyshire, 157-67. 15062:on 25 November 2012 14122:Government of India 13892:. pp. 186–253. 13820:on 14 February 2015 12924:Nick Lloyd (2011). 11994:on 25 February 2009 11955:10.1093/shm/9.3.357 11564:Lowe, Lisa (2015), 11467:Crown rule in India 10226:Subsidiary alliance 9591:Early modern period 9438:Vijayanagara Empire 9418:Chitradurga Kingdom 9112:Bhauma-Kara Kingdom 8524:Shaishunaga dynasty 7810:South Asian cuisine 7794:South Asian culture 7782:Indian cricket team 7780:A supporter of the 7654:Diocese of Calcutta 7642:British Indian Army 7454:Spin Tangi massacre 7361:Elphinstone College 7003:Maratha Confederacy 6971:Maratha Confederacy 6955:Great Bengal Famine 6930: 6086: 5894:Irrigation in India 5822:profit maximization 5228:subsidiary alliance 5205:Chief Commissioner 5179:Chief Commissioner 5150:Chief Commissioner 5127:British Baluchistan 5121:Chief Commissioner 5095:Chief Commissioner 5022:Lieutenant-Governor 4990:Lieutenant-Governor 4938:Governor-in-Council 4850:Lieutenant-Governor 4822:Governor-in-Council 4782:Lieutenant-Governor 4674: 4625:order of knighthood 4439:Battle of Singapore 4431:Battle of Hong Kong 4276:University of Delhi 4019:Partition of Bengal 3863:finalised in 1893. 3450:British Indian Army 3361:newly drawn borders 3336:, and the viceroy, 3264:Sir Stafford Cripps 3220:Sir Stafford Cripps 3212:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 3116:(centre-right) and 3080:Battle of Singapore 3063:Subhas Chandra Bose 3051:Quit India Movement 2973:Abd al-Ghaffar Khan 2961:Krishak Praja Party 2876:Quit India Movement 2736:Hindustani language 2584:Gandhi with Besant 2389:(also known as the 2138:groups such as non- 2090:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 2020:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 1962:British Indian Army 1943:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 1617:Partition of Bengal 1610:Partition of Bengal 1490:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 1329:Calcutta University 1321:Allan Octavian Hume 1290:Indian Famine Codes 1214:, completed in 1888 1123:(photo 1850s-1870s) 1111:(photo 1850s-1870s) 1071:Sir Syed Ahmed Khan 928:Straits Settlements 904:Indo-Gangetic Plain 890:Geographical extent 787:into two sovereign 730:Crown rule in India 726:Indian subcontinent 658:Straits Settlements 379:• 1947 (last) 335:• 1947 (last) 28454:Standard of living 28144:Telecommunications 27661:Financial services 27582:Atmanirbhar Bharat 27502:Finance Commission 26667:Biosphere reserves 26423:Bengal Renaissance 26411:Commander-in-Chief 26376:East India Company 25405:South Asian topics 22849:Cape Breton Island 22740:Anglo-Iraqi Treaty 22582:Unfederated States 22397:Southern Rhodesia 21984:Commonwealth realm 21902:Partition of India 21748:Yashwantrao Holkar 21713:V. O. Chidamabaram 21668:Subramania Bharati 21598:Rahul Sankrityayan 21583:Pritilata Waddedar 21493:Shri Krishna Singh 21393:C. Rajagopalachari 21383:Bidhan Chandra Roy 21368:Bhavabhushan Mitra 21353:Begum Hazrat Mahal 21308:Annapurna Maharana 21180:Muthulakshmi Reddy 21125:G. Subramania Iyer 20819:Christmas Day Plot 20694:Indian nationalism 20644:Sannyasi rebellion 20542:East India Company 20473:1919–1947 editions 20254:Winks, Robin, ed. 20166:13 (2014). online. 19949:Sinha, Mrinalini. 19794:Gupta, Charu, ed. 19740:Population Studies 19692:Jinnah of Pakistan 19406:Discovery of India 19353:Metcalf, Thomas R. 19332:Metcalf, Thomas R. 19067:(1&2): 75–98, 18671:Bayly, Christopher 18636:Bayly, Christopher 18615:Bayly, Christopher 18589:Specialised topics 18500:A History of India 18477:A History of India 18386:A History of India 18297:Metcalf, Thomas R. 17648:. 14 August 2017. 17428:Historical Journal 16957:on 19 October 2017 16936:Histoire@Politique 16669:District Raebareli 15861:. pp. 87–95. 15802:. pp. 50–54. 15702:Far Eastern Survey 15571:. 15 August 2023. 15569:The Economic Times 14565:Studies in History 14277:, pp. 386–409 14004:Michael Edwardes, 13585:Bandyopadhyay 2004 13510:Bandyopadhyay 2004 13426:10.1353/jmh.0.0233 13269:Ramachandra Guha, 13087:, pp. 40, 156 12940:Past & Present 12493:, pp. 273–274 12479:Bandyopadhyay 2004 12446:V. Sankaran Nair, 12378:Michael Edwardes, 12276:F.H. Hinsley, ed. 12027:, pp. 150–151 12015:, pp. 149–150 11652:Mansergh, Nicholas 10728:Past & Present 10630:Past & Present 10273:The rulers of the 10207:(Hindi-Urdu words) 10068:Partition of India 9933:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 9881:Regional histories 9826:National histories 9713:Travancore Kingdom 9683:Thondaiman Kingdom 9553:Golkonda Sultanate 9162:Somavamshi Kingdom 9132:Rashtrakuta Empire 9072:Rashidun Caliphate 8994:Kabul Shahi Empire 8842:Nagas of Padmavati 8765:Indo-Greek Kingdom 8705:(230 BC – AD 1206) 8398:Vedic Civilisation 8346:Vedic Civilisation 8243:Ahar-Banas culture 8050:Partition of India 7790: 7762:Hindu nationalists 7734:Ideological impact 7640:The growth of the 7627: 7576: 7572:state universities 7526: 7478:on 28 May 1930 at 7334:Lepers Act of 1898 7304:Haffkine Institute 7268: 6922: 6898:discuss this issue 6084: 6030: 5965:East India Company 5927: 5805: 5789: 5781: 5729:textile production 5688: 5641:female infanticide 5631:East India Company 5627: 5409: 5407:from 1874 to 1878. 5394: 5290: 5288:from 1859 to 1866. 5282:East India Company 5191:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 5059:Population in 1901 4890:Chief Commissioner 4738:Chief Commissioner 4688:Population in 1901 4666: 4598:British Parliament 4538:Partition of India 4401:Operation Crusader 4320:Earl of Willingdon 4164:German East Africa 4021:; new province of 3934:Chief Commissioner 3882:Reorganisation of 3430:Presiding Viceroy 3357: 3307:partition of India 3240: 3232: 3224: 3194:Partition of India 3176:Operation Crusader 2929: 2921: 2909: 2817:representing the " 2715:Bardoli Satyagraha 2679:Reginald E.H. Dyer 2510: 2462: 2295:—one in the rural 2207:passive resistance 2184: 2176: 1137: 1125: 1113: 1058:on 1 November 1858 924:British Somaliland 773:East India Company 460:Partition of India 353:Secretary of State 28633: 28632: 28629: 28628: 28625: 28624: 28319: 28318: 28315: 28314: 27864:Jammu and Kashmir 27490:Finance ministers 27433: 27432: 27429: 27428: 27421:Women in politics 27396:Political parties 27329: 27328: 27325: 27324: 27135:Chief Secretaries 27108:State governments 27103:Cabinet Secretary 27056:Foreign relations 27015: 27014: 27011: 27010: 26567: 26566: 26563: 26562: 26555:COVID-19 pandemic 26428:Political reforms 26048: 26047: 25951:Traditional games 25936:South Asian Games 25524:General geography 25371: 25370: 25367: 25366: 25056:Piedmont-Sardinia 24808:Sip Song Chau Tai 24618:Thirteen Colonies 24359: 24358: 23763: 23762: 23720: 23719: 23596: 23595: 23528:Providence Island 23508: 23507: 23473: 23472: 23341:Western Australia 23309:Van Diemen's Land 23245: 23244: 23222:Associated States 22920:Columbia District 22754: 22753: 22608:Manila and Cavite 22426: 22425: 22305:Southern Rhodesia 22299:South-West Africa 22249:Northern Rhodesia 22161:Cape of Good Hope 22101: 22100: 21978:Current territory 21920: 21919: 21887:Republic of India 21723:Vallabhbhai Patel 21708:Ubaidullah Sindhi 21608:Ram Prasad Bismil 21503:M. Bhaktavatsalam 21463:Jatindra Nath Das 21388:Bipin Chandra Pal 21323:Babu Kunwar Singh 21293:Achyut Patwardhan 21050:Khudai Khidmatgar 20894:Gandhi–Irwin Pact 20834:Kakori conspiracy 20794:Rowlatt Committee 20757:Direct Action Day 20719:Swadeshi movement 20699:Khilafat Movement 20689:Hindu nationalism 20649:Rebellion of 1857 20572:Anglo-Mysore Wars 20562:Battle of Plassey 20319:Media related to 20301:978-0-230-27076-3 20220:Imperial Meridian 20059:978-1-315-44498-7 20003:978-0-521-36230-6 19840:Lockwood, David. 19822:978-0-521-22802-2 19658:Voigt, Johannes. 19605:978-0-19-579051-1 19586:978-0-521-36328-0 19535:Riddick, John F. 19518:Riddick, John F. 19502:978-0-521-03989-5 19484:978-0-19-547811-2 19463:978-0-559-80001-6 19425:978-0-19-924678-6 19401:Nehru, Jawaharlal 19386:978-0-19-924678-6 19368:978-0-521-58937-6 19345:978-81-85054-99-5 19316:978-0-521-89261-2 19281:978-1-113-34966-8 19216:978-0-300-12078-3 19157:978-0-521-86649-1 19057:Grove, Richard H. 19048:978-1-139-45195-6 19023:, Oxford U. Press 18996:978-0-674-47310-2 18960:978-0-520-06249-8 18932:978-0-521-00254-7 18896:978-1-85984-739-8 18872:978-0-04-954002-6 18851:978-0-521-89436-4 18832:978-0-521-52328-8 18813:978-0-521-59692-3 18754:978-0-19-924679-3 18735:Brown, Judith M. 18686:978-0-674-02153-2 18651:978-0-674-01748-1 18628:978-0-521-66360-1 18607:978-0-19-563049-7 18580:978-0-19-539394-1 18554:978-0-19-516677-4 18510:978-1-4443-2351-1 18486:978-0-19-565446-2 18464:978-0-14-013836-8 18421:978-0-333-90425-1 18396:978-0-230-34549-2 18375:Riddick, John F. 18368:Riddick, John F. 18361:978-0-582-31738-3 18310:978-0-521-68225-1 18273:978-1-84331-004-4 18252:978-0-521-00254-7 18230:Mansingh, Surjit 18209:978-1-85168-237-9 18191:978-0-521-45754-5 18181:Eclipse of Empire 18160:978-0-19-280358-0 18141:James, Lawrence. 18097:978-0-582-38173-5 18067:978-81-89093-08-2 18047:978-0-415-30787-1 18019:978-0-19-873113-9 17997:978-0-307-27028-3 17976:978-0-521-38650-0 17954:978-81-250-2596-2 17748:978-0-231-53993-7 17577:978-1-4438-6761-0 17505:10.1080/714041289 17413:978-1-61164-551-4 17388:978-0-8028-4900-7 17359:978-1-63087-485-8 17330:978-1-78138-563-0 17302:978-1-4674-4039-4 17277:978-1-4438-6928-7 17252:978-0-8028-3956-5 17223:978-0-567-66246-0 17198:978-0-19-160743-1 17108:978-1-78622-020-2 17083:978-1-62032-315-1 17051:978-1-4422-5016-1 16701:on 16 August 2022 16577:978-1-85285-575-8 16444:Proc. R. Soc. Med 16272:978-0-385-72027-4 16233:, pp. 13–14. 16209:, pp. 79–81. 16072:saoa.crl.28215532 16042:saoa.crl.25793234 15984:saoa.crl.25394121 15955:saoa.crl.25393779 15925:saoa.crl.25352838 15867:saoa.crl.25318666 15837:saoa.crl.25057654 15808:saoa.crl.25057647 15600:. 2 November 2022 15421:978-92-64-02261-4 15326:978-0-231-14002-7 15286:978-0-374-53080-8 15008:978-0-19-564828-7 14983:978-0-19-564828-7 14955:978-0-521-22802-2 14915:978-81-230-1254-4 14847:978-0-511-56333-1 14826:, p. 291–92. 14774:(Subscription or 14670:978-92-64-02261-4 14638:, pp. 337–80 14622:978-1-107-50718-0 14389:, pp. 422–46 14342:Art of the Orient 14173:978-0-7007-0425-5 14151:978-0-226-18488-3 13712:978-0-674-47310-2 13671:, pp. 170–71 13659:, pp. 172–73 13622:978-0-674-04754-9 13563:, pp. 31–31. 13512:, pp. 418–20 13500:, pp. 206–07 13446:John F. Riddick, 13374:978-1-280-04817-3 13341:978-0-8157-1502-3 12989:, pp. 373–74 12886:, pp. 195–96 12838:, pp. 205–07 12809:, pp. 203–04 12769:, pp. 216–17 12757:, pp. 210–13 12738:, pp. 214–15 12698:, pp. 200–01 12681:, pp. 201–02 12655:on 7 October 2018 12627:, pp. 197–98 12567:978-0-04-954002-6 12236:978-94-009-6395-5 12051:, pp. 147–48 11776:978-81-7755-257-7 11740:978-1-107-50718-0 11667:978-0-11-580016-0 11624:Kaul, Chandrika. 11610:978-1-107-02014-6 11577:978-0-8223-7564-7 11552:978-0-19-284034-9 11521:978-0-226-07708-6 11487:978-0-19-989270-9 11460:978-0-19-968569-1 11423:978-1-80034-738-0 11386:978-0-415-77408-6 11330:978-0-521-51430-9 11290:978-0-19-934003-3 11241:978-0-19-062561-0 11204:978-0-415-44787-4 11155:978-0-19-860981-0 11089:978-81-208-4301-1 11058:978-90-04-17731-4 11030:978-0-8047-9153-3 11001:978-0-7136-7841-3 10667:978-81-7646-742-1 10307:the British Crown 10186:Bangladesh portal 10132: 10131: 9817: 9816: 9811: 9810: 9731: 9730: 9633:Thanjavur Kingdom 9581: 9580: 9542:Bijapur Sultanate 9498:Deccan sultanates 9376:Tughlaq Sultanate 9323:Ghaznavid Dynasty 9301: 9300: 9172:Chaulukya Kingdom 9102:Mallabhum kingdom 9092:Umayyad Caliphate 8832:Bharshiva Dynasty 8728:(200 BC – AD 300) 8718:(230 BC – AD 220) 8714:Satavahana Empire 8692: 8691: 8688:(247 BC – AD 224) 8544:Macedonian Empire 8518:(450 BC – AD 489) 8506:Achaemenid Empire 8376: 8375: 8281: 8280: 8204: 8203: 8154: 8153: 8138:Madrasian culture 8091: 8090: 8058: 8057: 7965: 7964: 7922: 7921: 7753:Sir William Jones 7445:Khudai Khidmatgar 7313:, working in the 7292:Waldemar Haffkine 7230: 7229: 7215:Total (1765–1947) 6947:Bengal Presidency 6919: 6918: 6847: 6846: 6795:Total population 5797:Victoria Terminus 5713:finished textiles 5648:British Victorian 5480:Sayyid Ahmad Khan 5439:Executive Council 5418:India Act of 1784 5411:In Calcutta, the 5334:(1859–1866), the 5209: 5208: 5194: 5165: 5136: 5110: 5081: 5051: 5027: 5026: 5010: 4978: 4926: 4878: 4838: 4810: 4770: 4726: 4711:Arunachal Pradesh 4682: 4557: 4556: 4397:Operation Compass 4333:created in 1932. 4307:Gandhi–Irwin Pact 4106:Establishment of 4043:million men and 1 3713:Marquess of Ripon 3664:established as a 3564:in 1867 (now the 3480:Establishment of 3468:Indian Penal Code 3344:on 14 August and 3338:Louis Mountbatten 3326:Republic of India 3322:Dominion of India 3303:Louis Mountbatten 3287:British Exchequer 3276:Direct Action Day 3044:Winston Churchill 2989:Two-Nation Theory 2977:Khudai Khidmatgar 2949:Lahore Resolution 2897:Premier of Bengal 2819:Depressed Classes 2785:million in 1939. 2534:Indian Penal Code 2494:Bombay presidency 2470:Rowlatt Committee 2455:Rowlatt Committee 2422:Indian Christians 2367:Home Rule leagues 2123:Madras Presidency 2102:Home Rule Leagues 2100:During 1916, two 2028:Pherozeshah Mehta 1974:League of Nations 1843:and the Punjab's 1790:Khwaja Salimullah 1621:Swadeshi movement 1537:Bengal Presidency 1514:Swadeshi movement 1439:Bengal Presidency 1356:Pherozeshah Mehta 1208:Victoria Terminus 1041:Doctrine of lapse 979:Kingdom of Sikkim 967:Madras Presidency 848:League of Nations 839:in 1937 as well. 797:Republic of India 678: 677: 674: 673: 670: 669: 562:Dominion of India 550: 549: 341:Louis Mountbatten 269:• 1910–1936 257:• 1901–1910 94: 84:God Save the King 16:(Redirected from 28698: 28588:Physical culture 28409:Ethnic relations 28345: 28344: 28325: 28324: 28307:Mumbai Consensus 27859:Himachal Pradesh 27748:Numbering system 27738:Green revolution 27613:Historical Forex 27452: 27451: 27439: 27438: 27411:Scheduled groups 27214: 27213: 27150: 27149: 27034: 27033: 27021: 27020: 27003:Tourism in India 26998:History of India 26993:Culture of India 26603:Geology of India 26586: 26585: 26573: 26572: 26504:Naxal Insurgency 26499:White Revolution 26494:Green Revolution 26101: 26100: 26088: 26087: 26075: 26068: 26061: 26052: 26051: 25946:Physical culture 25841:Former countries 25836:Contemporary era 25536: 25398: 25391: 25384: 25375: 25374: 25295:Irish Free State 25061:Poland–Lithuania 24370: 24369: 24321:Papua New Guinea 24051: 24050: 23790: 23783: 23776: 23767: 23766: 23753: 23743: 23742: 23708:Antarctic Treaty 23669: 23656: 23641:Falkland Islands 23633:Tristan da Cunha 23625:Ascension Island 23602: 23601: 23553:Falkland Islands 23514: 23513: 23482:Now part of the 23354:Pitcairn Islands 23319:Auckland Islands 23288: 23287: 23274: 23267: 23260: 23251: 23250: 23236:Windward Islands 23190:Vancouver Island 22967:MassachusettsBay 22836:British Columbia 22760: 22759: 22576:Federated States 22432: 22431: 22342:Tristan da Cunha 22311:Southern Nigeria 22243:Northern Nigeria 22122:Ascension Island 22107: 22106: 22063: 22000: 21999: 21974:Former territory 21971: 21947: 21940: 21933: 21924: 21923: 21912:Simla Conference 21703:Tiruppur Kumaran 21673:Subramaniya Siva 21628:Sangolli Rayanna 21618:Rash Behari Bose 21558:Nagnath Naikwadi 21468:Jawaharlal Nehru 21413:Dadabhai Naoroji 21408:Chittaranjan Das 21298:A. K. Fazlul Huq 21220:Savitribai Phule 21045:Khaksar movement 21000:Berlin Committee 20985:Anushilan Samiti 20949:Independence Day 20909:Aundh Experiment 20884:Vedaranyam March 20789:Kheda Satyagraha 20774:Singapore Mutiny 20557:Portuguese India 20504: 20497: 20490: 20481: 20480: 20422: 20395: 20347: 20338: 20328: 20318: 20305: 20265:Winks, Robin W. 20251: 20211: 20202:(4): 1146–1180. 20145: 20116: 20087: 20063: 20034: 20006: 19988: 19972:(6): 1024–1026, 19966:Business History 19946: 19903: 19894: 19873: 19837: 19836: 19834: 19780:Dutt, Romesh C. 19770: 19703:full text online 19686: 19685: 19683: 19654: 19637: 19612:Thatcher, Mary. 19608: 19589: 19571: 19505: 19487: 19466: 19428: 19410: 19389: 19371: 19348: 19319: 19284: 19266: 19219: 19191: 19179: 19169: 19160: 19142: 19121: 19105:(6): 1189–1212, 19093: 19084: 19051: 19031: 19030: 19028: 19006: 19005: 19003: 18965:Gilmour, David. 18947: 18946: 18944: 18899: 18876: 18854: 18835: 18816: 18795: 18757: 18728: 18727: 18725: 18696: 18695: 18693: 18666: 18665: 18663: 18631: 18610: 18583: 18557: 18541:Wolpert, Stanley 18525: 18524: 18522: 18489: 18467: 18437:Somervell, D.C. 18424: 18413: 18399: 18364: 18340: 18335:, archived from 18313: 18288: 18287: 18285: 18266:, Anthem Press, 18255: 18220: 18212: 18194: 18163: 18120:Gilmour, David. 18100: 18082: 18081: 18079: 18050: 18022: 18006:Brown, Judith M. 18001: 17979: 17957: 17910: 17909: 17907: 17905: 17896:. 20 July 2020. 17886: 17880: 17879: 17877: 17875: 17848: 17842: 17841: 17839: 17837: 17818: 17812: 17789: 17783: 17782: 17780: 17778: 17759: 17753: 17752: 17732: 17723: 17722: 17720: 17718: 17707:The Conversation 17698: 17692: 17691: 17689: 17687: 17668: 17662: 17661: 17659: 17657: 17638: 17632: 17631: 17629: 17627: 17613: 17607: 17606: 17604: 17602: 17588: 17582: 17581: 17561: 17555: 17554: 17552: 17550: 17536: 17530: 17523: 17517: 17516: 17488: 17482: 17472: 17466: 17465: 17463: 17461: 17442: 17431: 17424: 17418: 17417: 17399: 17393: 17392: 17370: 17364: 17363: 17341: 17335: 17334: 17316: 17307: 17306: 17288: 17282: 17281: 17263: 17257: 17256: 17234: 17228: 17227: 17209: 17203: 17202: 17180: 17174: 17173: 17167: 17165: 17148: 17142: 17141: 17123: 17117: 17116: 17094: 17088: 17087: 17065: 17056: 17055: 17033: 17027: 17020: 17014: 17008: 17002: 17001: 16973: 16967: 16966: 16964: 16962: 16956: 16950:. Archived from 16933: 16924: 16918: 16917: 16915: 16913: 16901: 16895: 16892: 16886: 16884:Maria J. Stephan 16880: 16874: 16873: 16871: 16869: 16864:. 24 August 2016 16854: 16848: 16847: 16845: 16843: 16838:. 24 August 2016 16828: 16822: 16821: 16819: 16817: 16812:on 10 April 2018 16798: 16792: 16780: 16771: 16770: 16768: 16766: 16761:. The Daily Star 16754: 16748: 16736: 16730: 16720: 16711: 16710: 16708: 16706: 16687: 16681: 16680: 16678: 16676: 16661: 16652: 16646: 16640: 16630: 16624: 16623: 16603: 16597: 16596: 16588: 16582: 16581: 16561: 16555: 16554: 16552: 16550: 16536: 16530: 16529: 16527: 16525: 16520:on 20 April 2012 16510: 16504: 16503: 16501: 16499: 16484: 16478: 16477: 16467: 16435: 16429: 16428: 16426: 16424: 16409: 16403: 16402: 16400: 16398: 16393:on 16 April 2012 16383: 16377: 16364: 16358: 16357: 16355: 16353: 16338: 16332: 16319: 16313: 16312:, sciencemag.org 16300: 16294: 16281: 16275: 16264: 16258: 16252: 16246: 16240: 16234: 16228: 16222: 16216: 16210: 16204: 16198: 16192: 16186: 16180: 16174: 16168: 16162: 16156: 16150: 16144: 16138: 16132: 16119: 16113: 16107: 16101: 16095: 16089: 16083: 16082: 16080: 16078: 16059: 16053: 16052: 16050: 16048: 16030: 16024: 16023: 16021: 16019: 16001: 15995: 15994: 15992: 15990: 15972: 15966: 15965: 15963: 15961: 15942: 15936: 15935: 15933: 15931: 15913: 15907: 15906: 15904: 15902: 15884: 15878: 15877: 15875: 15873: 15854: 15848: 15847: 15845: 15843: 15825: 15819: 15818: 15816: 15814: 15795: 15789: 15786: 15780: 15779: 15751: 15745: 15744: 15732: 15726: 15725: 15694: 15688: 15683:Kingsley Davis, 15681: 15675: 15661: 15655: 15654: 15652: 15650: 15640: 15616: 15610: 15609: 15607: 15605: 15594: 15588: 15587: 15585: 15583: 15561: 15555: 15554: 15552: 15550: 15534: 15528: 15521: 15515: 15514: 15512: 15510: 15504: 15493: 15485: 15474: 15467: 15461: 15460: 15458: 15456: 15437: 15426: 15425: 15396: 15390: 15384: 15378: 15372: 15366: 15365: 15337: 15331: 15330: 15309: 15303: 15297: 15291: 15290: 15267: 15261: 15260: 15258: 15256: 15238: 15220: 15210: 15204: 15203: 15175: 15169: 15168:, p. 81–82. 15163: 15157: 15154: 15148: 15142: 15136: 15135: 15133: 15131: 15122:. Archived from 15109: 15100: 15099: 15090: 15084: 15083:, p. 78–79. 15078: 15072: 15071: 15069: 15067: 15048: 15039: 15032: 15026: 15019: 15013: 15012: 14994: 14988: 14987: 14966: 14960: 14959: 14941: 14935: 14929: 14920: 14919: 14901: 14895: 14894: 14858: 14852: 14851: 14833: 14827: 14821: 14815: 14814: 14786: 14780: 14779: 14771: 14769: 14767: 14748: 14740: 14731: 14728: 14722: 14716: 14710: 14709: 14681: 14675: 14674: 14645: 14639: 14633: 14627: 14626: 14608: 14602: 14595: 14589: 14588: 14560: 14554: 14548: 14539: 14533: 14527: 14521: 14512: 14506: 14500: 14494: 14485: 14475: 14469: 14463: 14457: 14451: 14445: 14439: 14433: 14427: 14414: 14408: 14402: 14396: 14390: 14384: 14378: 14377: 14375: 14373: 14333: 14327: 14326: 14308: 14284: 14278: 14272: 14263: 14257: 14251: 14242: 14233: 14227: 14218: 14213:, ... (p. 463)" 14205: 14196: 14190: 14189: 14187: 14185: 14155: 14109: 14103: 14102: 14100: 14098: 14083: 14077: 14060: 14054: 14053: 14051: 14049: 14032: 14026: 14025: 14015: 14009: 14002: 13996: 13995: 13981: 13975: 13974: 13964: 13958: 13951: 13945: 13944: 13942: 13940: 13934: 13924: 13918: 13917: 13903: 13894: 13893: 13883: 13877: 13876: 13874: 13872: 13858: 13852: 13845: 13839: 13836: 13830: 13829: 13827: 13825: 13806: 13800: 13799: 13794: 13792: 13773: 13767: 13749: 13743: 13730: 13724: 13723: 13721: 13719: 13700: 13690: 13684: 13678: 13672: 13666: 13660: 13654: 13645: 13639: 13633: 13632: 13631: 13629: 13606: 13600: 13594: 13588: 13582: 13576: 13570: 13564: 13558: 13549: 13543: 13537: 13531: 13525: 13519: 13513: 13507: 13501: 13495: 13486: 13485: 13457: 13451: 13444: 13438: 13437: 13409: 13403: 13402: 13385: 13379: 13378: 13362: 13352: 13346: 13345: 13322:Stephen P. Cohen 13318: 13312: 13306: 13300: 13299: 13297: 13295: 13280: 13274: 13267: 13261: 13260: 13258: 13256: 13237: 13228: 13227: 13225: 13223: 13203: 13192: 13191:. 12 April 1937. 13180: 13174: 13168: 13166: 13164: 13158: 13142:10.7202/044403ar 13127: 13118: 13112: 13106: 13100: 13094: 13088: 13082: 13076: 13075: 13039: 13033: 13032: 12996: 12990: 12984: 12975: 12974: 12966: 12960: 12959: 12935: 12929: 12922: 12916: 12910: 12904: 12898: 12887: 12881: 12870: 12864: 12851: 12845: 12839: 12833: 12810: 12804: 12783: 12778:Balraj Krishna, 12776: 12770: 12764: 12758: 12752: 12739: 12733: 12720: 12714: 12699: 12693: 12682: 12676: 12665: 12664: 12662: 12660: 12654: 12648:. Archived from 12643: 12634: 12628: 12622: 12605: 12604: 12597: 12591: 12585: 12579: 12578: 12576: 12574: 12551: 12542: 12536: 12525: 12519: 12513: 12507: 12494: 12488: 12482: 12476: 12470: 12460: 12454: 12444: 12438: 12435: 12429: 12428: 12398: 12392: 12389: 12383: 12376: 12370: 12363: 12357: 12351: 12345: 12335: 12329: 12322: 12316: 12315:, pp. 80–81 12310: 12304: 12298: 12292: 12274: 12268: 12262: 12253: 12247: 12241: 12240: 12222: 12216: 12210: 12201: 12195: 12186: 12180: 12169: 12163: 12157: 12151: 12145: 12140: 12131: 12121: 12115: 12106: 12100: 12099: 12097: 12095: 12089: 12078: 12070: 12064: 12058: 12052: 12046: 12040: 12034: 12028: 12022: 12016: 12010: 12004: 12003: 12001: 11999: 11993: 11987:. Archived from 11986: 11973: 11967: 11966: 11938: 11932: 11926: 11920: 11914: 11905: 11904: 11902: 11900: 11881: 11875: 11874: 11872: 11870: 11851: 11845: 11844: 11842: 11840: 11821: 11815: 11814: 11799: 11793: 11787: 11781: 11780: 11760: 11754: 11751: 11745: 11744: 11726: 11720: 11719: 11717: 11715: 11701: 11695: 11677: 11676: 11674: 11648: 11642: 11641: 11639: 11637: 11621: 11615: 11613: 11594: 11588: 11585: 11560: 11536: 11535: 11533: 11503: 11497: 11494: 11470: 11443: 11437: 11435: 11406: 11400: 11398: 11368: 11362: 11359: 11339: 11337: 11310: 11304: 11302: 11270: 11264: 11261: 11255: 11253: 11224: 11218: 11216: 11186: 11180: 11177: 11162: 11136: 11130: 11129: 11107: 11101: 11100: 11075: 11066: 11065: 11044: 11038: 11037: 11016: 11010: 11009: 10987: 10981: 10980: 10974: 10972: 10916: 10910: 10909: 10904: 10902: 10881: 10875: 10874: 10869: 10867: 10842: 10836: 10833: 10824: 10823: 10809: 10803: 10802: 10792: 10786: 10785: 10767: 10761: 10760: 10746: 10740: 10739: 10730:(164): 169–197. 10719: 10713: 10712: 10710: 10708: 10699:. Archived from 10681: 10675: 10674: 10651: 10645: 10644: 10632:(164): 169–197. 10621: 10615: 10614: 10598: 10581: 10574:Ancestor Worship 10559: 10553: 10546: 10540: 10533: 10527: 10418: 10412: 10405: 10399: 10392: 10386: 10383: 10377: 10374: 10368: 10365: 10359: 10356: 10350: 10332: 10326: 10319: 10313: 10299: 10293: 10287: 10281: 10271: 10265: 10254: 10188: 10183: 10182: 10181: 10174: 10169: 10168: 10167: 10160: 10155: 10154: 10153: 10146: 10141: 10140: 10139: 10124: 10117: 10110: 10073:Pakistan studies 9913:Himachal Pradesh 9753:Portuguese India 9749: 9748: 9745: 9703:Sikh Confederacy 9599: 9598: 9595: 9448:Bengal Sultanate 9387:Sayyid Sultanate 9365:Khalji Sultanate 9354:Mamluk Sultanate 9319: 9318: 9315: 9296: 9292: 9289: 9232:Kakatiya Kingdom 9142:Paramara Kingdom 9035: 9031: 9028: 9004: 9001: 8944:Kamarupa Kingdom 8907: 8903: 8900: 8893:Kalabhras Empire 8886: 8882: 8879: 8805: 8802: 8789:(50 BC – AD 400) 8769:(180 BC – AD 10) 8748: 8744: 8741: 8710: 8709: 8706: 8677: 8673: 8670: 8656: 8653: 8639: 8636: 8622: 8619: 8605: 8602: 8588: 8584: 8581: 8499: 8496: 8482: 8479: 8462:Haryanka dynasty 8452:Pradyota dynasty 8394: 8393: 8390: 8299: 8298: 8295: 8236: 8233: 8226:Anarta tradition 8222: 8221: 8218: 8186:Mehrgarh culture 8176:Bhirrana culture 8172: 8171: 8168: 8167:(10,800–3300 BC) 8134: 8133: 8130: 8120: 8119: 8107: 8093: 8092: 8083: 8076: 8069: 7986: 7985: 7979: 7978: 7943: 7942: 7936: 7935: 7929:Portuguese India 7870: 7869: 7859:Map of colonial 7857: 7843: 7842: 7590: 7464:district of the 7448:freedom fighters 7407:Salanga massacre 7281: 7240:, including the 7027:Doji bara famine 7015:Northern Circars 6931: 6921: 6914: 6911: 6905: 6878: 6877: 6870: 6689: 6574: 6514: 6454: 6394: 6334: 6274: 6214: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6126: 6087: 6083: 6050: 6046: 6039: 6035: 5967:, claiming that 5921:The Queen's Own 5847: 5836:, Rajasthan and 5698: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5496: 5492: 5413:governor-general 5392:under Crown rule 5390:viceroy of India 5324:Council of India 5276:(1800–1885) was 5274:Sir Charles Wood 5188: 5159: 5130: 5104: 5075: 5054:Total area in km 5049: 5044: 5043: 5000: 4997:United Provinces 4967:Himachal Pradesh 4948: 4900: 4860: 4832: 4792: 4748: 4704: 4680: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4665: 4662: 4621:Queen's Speeches 4545:and position of 4487:Italian campaign 4474:Battle of Imphal 4470:Battle of Kohima 4452:21 February 1947 4435:Battle of Malaya 4090:Creation of the 4082:23 November 1910 4074: 4070: 4067:million Sikhs, 1 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4004:United Provinces 3978:Emperor of India 3949:Inauguration of 3928:Creation of the 3920:18 November 1905 3759:Earl of Dufferin 3755:10 December 1888 3742:Creation of the 3709:13 December 1884 3693:Richard Strachey 3689:80 million. 3674:Empress of India 3560:Creation of the 3518:20 November 1863 3491:Council of India 3444:Viscount Canning 3424: 3423: 3416: 3404: 3392: 3380: 3330:Jawaharlal Nehru 3262:, and including 3171: 3159: 3148:Liaquat Ali Khan 3136: 3110: 3056:United Provinces 3033: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3013: 3009: 2957:A. K. Fazlul Huq 2953:Ab'ul Kalam Azad 2945: 2941: 2917:Heinrich Himmler 2899:, leader of the 2885:A. K. Fazlul Huq 2849: 2830: 2807:Ramsay MacDonald 2802: 2784: 2726:Jawaharlal Nehru 2711:Simon Commission 2689: 2686:dead, with 1,100 2685: 2671:Jallianwala Bagh 2644: 2621: 2609: 2588:to a meeting in 2581: 2558:Simon Commission 2519: 2515: 2348: 2329: 2250:cottage industry 2136: 2078:United Provinces 2074: 1959: 1939: 1920: 1897: 1886:Chakwal District 1874: 1841:Anushilan Samiti 1833:Emperor of India 1730:Hakim Ajmal Khan 1726: 1711: 1692: 1567:Tamil magazine, 1564: 1548: 1533:Viceroy of India 1525: 1382: 1367: 1348:Dadabhai Naoroji 1339: 1317: 1282:famines in India 1246: 1236: 1233: 1223: 1203: 1190:The 1909 map of 1187: 1095:Empress of India 1090: 1067: 1051: 1029: 998: 963:Treaty of Amiens 781:Empress of India 719: 708: 703: 702: 699: 698: 695: 692: 666: 665: 648: 647: 630: 629: 616: 615: 598: 597: 584: 583: 570: 569: 554: 553: 541: 540: 523: 522: 516: 515: 500: 499: 448: 419:Indian Rebellion 343: 174:(1911/1931–1947) 138: 106: 96: 95: 72:Governor-General 66: 45: 44: 21: 28706: 28705: 28701: 28700: 28699: 28697: 28696: 28695: 28636: 28635: 28634: 28621: 28593:Public holidays 28478: 28424:Life expectancy 28339: 28338: 28311: 28238: 28207: 28112:Pharmaceuticals 27943: 27812: 27752: 27718:COVID-19 impact 27704: 27656: 27586: 27473: 27446: 27425: 27357: 27321: 27263: 27203: 27199:District Courts 27139: 27130:Chief Ministers 27028: 27007: 26957: 26909: 26847: 26821:Western coastal 26816:Eastern coastal 26803:Mountain passes 26736: 26722:Protected areas 26648: 26644:Stones of India 26612: 26580: 26559: 26528: 26514:Space programme 26484:Sino-Indian War 26479:Five-Year Plans 26457: 26352: 26319: 26310:Delhi Sultanate 26276: 26267:Middle kingdoms 26260:Middle Kingdoms 26255: 26187: 26095: 26082: 26079: 26049: 26044: 26006: 25980: 25957: 25912: 25845: 25816:Middle kingdoms 25780: 25771:Stock exchanges 25726: 25703: 25659:Cultural sphere 25625: 25537: 25528: 25407: 25402: 25372: 25363: 25288:princely states 25236: 25172:Kingdom of Fiji 25145: 24891:Austria-Hungary 24859: 24622: 24556: 24355: 24341:Solomon Islands 24255: 24237: 24169: 24084: 24042: 23974: 23920:Democratization 23888: 23832: 23799: 23794: 23764: 23759: 23716: 23689: 23663: 23661:Ross Dependency 23650: 23607: 23592: 23567: 23519: 23504: 23474: 23469: 23425: 23420:Solomon Islands 23367:North Australia 23347:South Australia 23303:New South Wales 23281: 23278: 23241: 22961:Leeward Islands 22765: 22750: 22713: 22620:Muscat and Oman 22437: 22422: 22366: 22112: 22097: 22061: 22005: 21994: 21969: 21961: 21951: 21921: 21916: 21877:Cabinet Mission 21865: 21769:British leaders 21764: 21753:Yogendra Shukla 21658:Siraj ud-Daulah 21613:Rani Lakshmibai 21603:Rajendra Prasad 21593:R. Venkataraman 21538:Mithuben Petit‎ 21518:Mahadaji Shinde 21498:Lala Lajpat Rai 21333:Bahadur Shah II 21318:Ashfaqulla Khan 21288:Accamma Cherian 21283:Abul Kalam Azad 21275: 21269: 21240:Syed Ahmad Khan 21230:Sister Nivedita 21195:Pandita Ramabai 21190:Niralamba Swami 21155:J. B. Kripalani 21080:Ashfaqulla Khan 21072: 21066: 21005:Ghadar Movement 20963: 20844:Flag Satyagraha 20752:Revolutionaries 20734: 20728: 20671: 20665: 20567:Battle of Buxar 20513: 20508: 20415: 20403: 20312: 20310:Further reading 20302: 20284: 20196:History Compass 20072:History Compass 20060: 20042: 20037: 20004: 19832: 19830: 19823: 19712: 19707: 19681: 19679: 19606: 19587: 19531:Wayback Machine 19503: 19485: 19464: 19444:Wayback Machine 19426: 19387: 19369: 19346: 19317: 19287:Kumar, Deepak. 19282: 19217: 19158: 19140: 19049: 19026: 19024: 19001: 18999: 18997: 18942: 18940: 18933: 18897: 18889:, Verso Books, 18873: 18852: 18833: 18814: 18764:(1906) 495 pp. 18760:Buckland, C.E. 18755: 18723: 18721: 18708:Bose, Sudhindra 18691: 18689: 18687: 18661: 18659: 18652: 18629: 18608: 18591: 18586: 18581: 18555: 18520: 18518: 18511: 18487: 18465: 18449:Spear, Percival 18422: 18397: 18362: 18344:Panikkar, K. M. 18311: 18283: 18281: 18274: 18253: 18239:Marshall, P. J. 18210: 18192: 18161: 18098: 18077: 18075: 18068: 18048: 18020: 17998: 17977: 17955: 17939:(2003), 405 pp. 17932:(1934), 996 pp. 17924: 17919: 17914: 17913: 17903: 17901: 17888: 17887: 17883: 17873: 17871: 17850: 17849: 17845: 17835: 17833: 17820: 17819: 17815: 17810:Wayback Machine 17799:Wayback Machine 17790: 17786: 17776: 17774: 17761: 17760: 17756: 17749: 17733: 17726: 17716: 17714: 17699: 17695: 17685: 17683: 17670: 17669: 17665: 17655: 17653: 17640: 17639: 17635: 17625: 17623: 17615: 17614: 17610: 17600: 17598: 17590: 17589: 17585: 17578: 17562: 17558: 17548: 17546: 17538: 17537: 17533: 17524: 17520: 17495:(Book Review). 17489: 17485: 17473: 17469: 17459: 17457: 17444: 17443: 17434: 17425: 17421: 17414: 17400: 17396: 17389: 17371: 17367: 17360: 17352:. p. 120. 17342: 17338: 17331: 17317: 17310: 17303: 17289: 17285: 17278: 17264: 17260: 17253: 17245:. p. 127. 17235: 17231: 17224: 17210: 17206: 17199: 17181: 17177: 17163: 17161: 17150: 17149: 17145: 17138: 17124: 17120: 17109: 17095: 17091: 17084: 17066: 17059: 17052: 17044:. p. 117. 17034: 17030: 17021: 17017: 17009: 17005: 16974: 16970: 16960: 16958: 16954: 16931: 16925: 16921: 16911: 16909: 16902: 16898: 16893: 16889: 16881: 16877: 16867: 16865: 16856: 16855: 16851: 16841: 16839: 16830: 16829: 16825: 16815: 16813: 16800: 16799: 16795: 16781: 16774: 16764: 16762: 16755: 16751: 16737: 16733: 16721: 16714: 16704: 16702: 16689: 16688: 16684: 16674: 16672: 16663: 16662: 16655: 16647: 16643: 16631: 16627: 16620: 16604: 16600: 16589: 16585: 16578: 16562: 16558: 16548: 16546: 16538: 16537: 16533: 16523: 16521: 16512: 16511: 16507: 16497: 16495: 16486: 16485: 16481: 16436: 16432: 16422: 16420: 16419:on 5 March 2012 16411: 16410: 16406: 16396: 16394: 16385: 16384: 16380: 16374:Wayback Machine 16365: 16361: 16351: 16349: 16340: 16339: 16335: 16329:Wayback Machine 16320: 16316: 16310:Wayback Machine 16301: 16297: 16291:Wayback Machine 16282: 16278: 16265: 16261: 16253: 16249: 16241: 16237: 16229: 16225: 16217: 16213: 16205: 16201: 16193: 16189: 16185:, pp. 530. 16181: 16177: 16169: 16165: 16157: 16153: 16145: 16141: 16135:Fieldhouse 1996 16133: 16122: 16114: 16110: 16102: 16098: 16090: 16086: 16076: 16074: 16060: 16056: 16046: 16044: 16032: 16031: 16027: 16017: 16015: 16002: 15998: 15988: 15986: 15974: 15973: 15969: 15959: 15957: 15943: 15939: 15929: 15927: 15915: 15914: 15910: 15900: 15898: 15885: 15881: 15871: 15869: 15855: 15851: 15841: 15839: 15827: 15826: 15822: 15812: 15810: 15796: 15792: 15787: 15783: 15752: 15748: 15733: 15729: 15714:10.2307/3022159 15695: 15691: 15682: 15678: 15662: 15658: 15648: 15646: 15638:10.25336/p6hw3r 15631:(3–4): 248–51. 15617: 15613: 15603: 15601: 15596: 15595: 15591: 15581: 15579: 15563: 15562: 15558: 15548: 15546: 15537:Hickel, Jason. 15535: 15531: 15522: 15518: 15508: 15506: 15502: 15491: 15487: 15486: 15477: 15468: 15464: 15454: 15452: 15439: 15438: 15429: 15422: 15400:Maddison, Angus 15397: 15393: 15385: 15381: 15373: 15369: 15338: 15334: 15327: 15310: 15306: 15298: 15294: 15287: 15268: 15264: 15254: 15252: 15236:10.1.1.629.7369 15223:History Compass 15218: 15211: 15207: 15176: 15172: 15164: 15160: 15155: 15151: 15143: 15139: 15129: 15127: 15126:on 16 July 2008 15110: 15103: 15092: 15091: 15087: 15079: 15075: 15065: 15063: 15050: 15049: 15042: 15033: 15029: 15020: 15016: 15009: 14995: 14991: 14984: 14970:Thorner, Daniel 14967: 14963: 14956: 14942: 14938: 14930: 14923: 14916: 14902: 14898: 14859: 14855: 14848: 14834: 14830: 14822: 14818: 14787: 14783: 14773: 14765: 14763: 14741: 14734: 14729: 14725: 14717: 14713: 14682: 14678: 14671: 14649:Maddison, Angus 14646: 14642: 14634: 14630: 14623: 14609: 14605: 14596: 14592: 14561: 14557: 14549: 14542: 14534: 14530: 14522: 14515: 14507: 14503: 14495: 14488: 14476: 14472: 14464: 14460: 14452: 14448: 14440: 14436: 14428: 14417: 14409: 14405: 14397: 14393: 14385: 14381: 14371: 14369: 14334: 14330: 14285: 14281: 14273: 14266: 14258: 14254: 14243: 14236: 14228: 14221: 14198: 14197: 14193: 14183: 14181: 14174: 14152: 14110: 14106: 14096: 14094: 14085: 14084: 14080: 14075:Wayback Machine 14061: 14057: 14047: 14045: 14034: 14033: 14029: 14024:. R.A. Everett. 14016: 14012: 14003: 13999: 13982: 13978: 13965: 13961: 13952: 13948: 13938: 13936: 13925: 13921: 13904: 13897: 13884: 13880: 13870: 13868: 13859: 13855: 13846: 13842: 13837: 13833: 13823: 13821: 13808: 13807: 13803: 13790: 13788: 13775: 13774: 13770: 13750: 13746: 13740: 13731: 13727: 13717: 13715: 13713: 13691: 13687: 13679: 13675: 13667: 13663: 13655: 13648: 13640: 13636: 13627: 13625: 13623: 13607: 13603: 13595: 13591: 13583: 13579: 13571: 13567: 13559: 13552: 13544: 13540: 13532: 13528: 13520: 13516: 13508: 13504: 13496: 13489: 13462:India Quarterly 13458: 13454: 13445: 13441: 13410: 13406: 13386: 13382: 13375: 13353: 13349: 13342: 13319: 13315: 13307: 13303: 13293: 13291: 13282: 13281: 13277: 13268: 13264: 13254: 13252: 13239: 13238: 13231: 13221: 13219: 13204: 13195: 13183:"Sword For Pen" 13181: 13177: 13162: 13160: 13156: 13125: 13119: 13115: 13107: 13103: 13095: 13091: 13083: 13079: 13040: 13036: 12997: 12993: 12985: 12978: 12967: 12963: 12942:(131): 130–64. 12936: 12932: 12923: 12919: 12911: 12907: 12899: 12890: 12882: 12873: 12865: 12854: 12846: 12842: 12834: 12813: 12805: 12786: 12777: 12773: 12765: 12761: 12753: 12742: 12734: 12723: 12715: 12702: 12694: 12685: 12677: 12668: 12658: 12656: 12652: 12646:LA84 Foundation 12641: 12635: 12631: 12623: 12608: 12599: 12598: 12594: 12586: 12582: 12572: 12570: 12568: 12552: 12545: 12537: 12528: 12520: 12516: 12508: 12497: 12489: 12485: 12477: 12473: 12461: 12457: 12445: 12441: 12436: 12432: 12399: 12395: 12390: 12386: 12377: 12373: 12364: 12360: 12352: 12348: 12337:Helen S. Dyer, 12336: 12332: 12323: 12319: 12311: 12307: 12299: 12295: 12289:Wayback Machine 12275: 12271: 12263: 12256: 12248: 12244: 12237: 12223: 12219: 12211: 12204: 12196: 12189: 12181: 12172: 12164: 12160: 12152: 12148: 12141: 12134: 12122: 12118: 12111:, p. 259, 12107: 12103: 12093: 12091: 12087: 12076: 12072: 12071: 12067: 12059: 12055: 12047: 12043: 12035: 12031: 12023: 12019: 12011: 12007: 11997: 11995: 11991: 11984: 11980: 11974: 11970: 11939: 11935: 11927: 11923: 11915: 11908: 11898: 11896: 11883: 11882: 11878: 11868: 11866: 11853: 11852: 11848: 11838: 11836: 11823: 11822: 11818: 11801: 11800: 11796: 11788: 11784: 11777: 11761: 11757: 11752: 11748: 11741: 11727: 11723: 11713: 11711: 11702: 11698: 11688:Firoz Khan Noon 11672: 11670: 11668: 11649: 11645: 11635: 11633: 11622: 11618: 11611: 11595: 11591: 11578: 11563: 11553: 11540: 11531: 11529: 11522: 11507: 11504: 11500: 11488: 11473: 11461: 11446: 11433: 11431: 11424: 11409: 11396: 11394: 11387: 11372: 11369: 11365: 11356: 11354: 11352: 11350: 11348: 11346: 11335: 11333: 11331: 11315:Lapidus, Ira M. 11313: 11300: 11298: 11291: 11274: 11271: 11267: 11251: 11249: 11242: 11227: 11214: 11212: 11205: 11190: 11187: 11183: 11165: 11156: 11140: 11137: 11133: 11122: 11108: 11104: 11096: 11090: 11076: 11069: 11059: 11045: 11041: 11031: 11017: 11013: 11002: 10988: 10984: 10970: 10968: 10917: 10913: 10900: 10898: 10883: 10882: 10878: 10865: 10863: 10844: 10843: 10839: 10834: 10827: 10810: 10806: 10793: 10789: 10768: 10764: 10755:. Westminster: 10747: 10743: 10720: 10716: 10706: 10704: 10703:on 24 July 2022 10683: 10682: 10678: 10668: 10652: 10648: 10622: 10618: 10600: 10599: 10595: 10590: 10585: 10584: 10567: 10566: 10563: 10562: 10560: 10556: 10547: 10543: 10534: 10530: 10520:Scheduled Caste 10517: 10516: 10498: 10497: 10483: 10482: 10468: 10467: 10453: 10452: 10438: 10437: 10419: 10415: 10406: 10402: 10393: 10389: 10384: 10380: 10375: 10371: 10366: 10362: 10357: 10353: 10347:Princely States 10333: 10329: 10320: 10316: 10300: 10296: 10288: 10284: 10275:Princely states 10272: 10268: 10255: 10251: 10246: 10241: 10184: 10179: 10177: 10172:Pakistan portal 10170: 10165: 10163: 10156: 10151: 10149: 10142: 10137: 10135: 10128: 10099: 10098: 10097: 9992: 9984: 9983: 9982: 9882: 9874: 9873: 9872: 9827: 9819: 9818: 9813: 9812: 9746: 9743: 9741:Colonial states 9733: 9732: 9623:Madurai Kingdom 9596: 9593: 9583: 9582: 9531:Bidar Sultanate 9520:Berar sultanate 9488:Ladakh Kingdom 9478:Gajapati Empire 9458:Garhwal Kingdom 9343:Delhi Sultanate 9316: 9313: 9303: 9302: 9294: 9290: 9272:Chutiya Kingdom 9242:Zamorin Kingdom 9033: 9029: 9021:Maukhari Empire 9011:Chalukya Empire 9002: 8964:Maitraka Empire 8905: 8901: 8884: 8880: 8872:Vakataka Empire 8852:Sasanian Empire 8803: 8746: 8742: 8724:Kuninda Kingdom 8707: 8704: 8702:Middle Kingdoms 8694: 8693: 8684:Parthian Empire 8675: 8671: 8654: 8637: 8620: 8603: 8586: 8582: 8497: 8480: 8391: 8388: 8378: 8377: 8296: 8293: 8283: 8282: 8234: 8219: 8216: 8206: 8205: 8196:Edakkal culture 8169: 8166: 8156: 8155: 8147:Soanian culture 8131: 8128: 8117: 8087: 8040:Princely states 7980: 7976: 7975: 7974: 7937: 7933: 7932: 7931: 7864: 7841: 7774: 7772:Cultural impact 7736: 7727: 7715:zenana missions 7604: 7598: 7596:Missionary work 7588: 7514: 7508: 7499:Bombay Province 7476:Takkar massacre 7415:Bengal Province 7411:Raiganj Upazila 7377: 7311:Sir Ronald Ross 7279: 7233: 7231: 7209: 7194: 7179: 7164: 7145: 7130: 7115: 7100: 7085: 7060: 7036: 6996: 6964: 6929: 6928: 6915: 6909: 6906: 6904:to the article. 6895: 6890:, specifically 6879: 6875: 6868: 6862: 6854:Main articles: 6852: 6093: 6082: 6048: 6044: 6037: 6033: 6018: 6002:Main articles: 6000: 5969:Warren Hastings 5956: 5915: 5896: 5890: 5874:Indian Railways 5845: 5816:(GIPR) and the 5773: 5767: 5705: 5696: 5672: 5670:Economic trends 5667: 5657: 5607: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5494: 5267: 5220: 5214: 5212:Princely states 5198: 5187: 5169: 5162:Kodagu district 5158: 5140: 5129: 5114: 5103: 5085: 5074: 5065: 5061:(in thousands) 5060: 5055: 5048: 5039: 5037:Minor provinces 5014: 5013:280,000 km 4999: 4982: 4981:250,000 km 4951:Punjab Province 4947: 4930: 4929:370,000 km 4899: 4882: 4881:270,000 km 4859: 4842: 4841:440,000 km 4831: 4814: 4813:320,000 km 4791: 4774: 4773:390,000 km 4747: 4730: 4729:130,000 km 4703: 4694: 4689: 4679: 4671: 4660: 4657: 4651: 4649:Major provinces 4589:Princely States 4576: 4564:Main articles: 4562: 4541: 4536: 4533:Radcliffe Award 4531: 4518: 4511: 4507: 4494: 4481: 4477: 4464: 4456:Viscount Wavell 4451: 4441: 4429:Indian Army in 4428: 4417:Anglo-Iraqi War 4383: 4382:to India, 1942. 4380:Cripps' mission 4378: 4376: 4368:, and with the 4363: 4353: 4343: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4315: 4301: 4299: 4286: 4279: 4271:Earl of Reading 4266: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4231: 4225: 4201:Lord Chelmsford 4196: 4186: 4168:Battle of Tanga 4153: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4141: 4116: 4105: 4103: 4098: 4094: 4081: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4026: 4017: 4015: 4009: 4007: 3990: 3981: 3968: 3954: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3937: 3919: 3912: 3907: 3898: 3889: 3887: 3873: 3866: 3864: 3858: 3844: 3834: 3824: 3823:leased in 1899 3819: 3816:princely states 3802:11 October 1894 3801: 3794: 3789: 3779: 3769: 3764: 3754: 3747: 3741: 3739: 3734:established in 3730: 3728: 3722: 3708: 3698: 3696: 3690: 3681: 3668: 3652: 3640:Prince of Wales 3637: 3635: 3629: 3620:Lord Northbrook 3615: 3608: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3581:8 February 1872 3580: 3572:Nicobar Islands 3569: 3559: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3537:12 January 1869 3536: 3517: 3505:Imperial Police 3502: 3485: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3466: 3453: 3439: 3420: 3417: 3408: 3405: 3396: 3393: 3384: 3381: 3369: 3218:; far right is 3206:Members of the 3200: 3190: 3183: 3172: 3163: 3160: 3151: 3137: 3128: 3122:Lord Linlithgow 3118:Rajendra Prasad 3111: 3031: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3007: 2959:of the leftist 2943: 2939: 2933:Lord Linlithgow 2893:Tiger of Bengal 2887:, known as the 2878: 2860: 2853: 2850: 2841: 2831: 2822: 2803: 2782: 2748:Salt Satyagraha 2700:non-cooperation 2687: 2683: 2663: 2660: 2653:Lala Lajpat Rai 2645: 2636: 2622: 2613: 2610: 2601: 2582: 2572: 2546: 2517: 2513: 2474:Sir Basil Scott 2444: 2438: 2375:Lord Chelmsford 2359: 2358: 2357: 2356: 2355: 2352:Lord Chelmsford 2349: 2341: 2340: 2330: 2319: 2313: 2281:Rajendra Prasad 2158: 2148: 2134: 2072: 1970:founding member 1957: 1953:First World War 1949: 1946: 1940: 1931: 1926:shown with the 1921: 1912: 1898: 1889: 1875: 1865: 1853: 1740: 1737: 1727: 1718: 1712: 1703: 1693: 1683: 1590:Bengal Province 1575: 1572: 1565: 1556: 1549: 1540: 1526: 1516: 1508:Main articles: 1506: 1470:Pandita Ramabai 1405:dominion status 1396: 1393: 1383: 1374: 1368: 1359: 1340: 1331: 1318: 1308: 1302: 1292:, the earliest 1256: 1253: 1247: 1238: 1234: 1224: 1215: 1204: 1195: 1192:Indian Railways 1188: 1178: 1101: 1098: 1091: 1082: 1073:founder of the 1068: 1059: 1052: 1043: 1030: 1020: 1015: 1009: 1002: 999: 985:were a British 983:Maldive Islands 892: 864:Summer Olympics 852:founding member 754:princely states 706: 689: 685: 663: 657: 645: 639: 627: 613: 608:Colony of Burma 607: 595: 581: 567: 561: 538: 530: 520: 481: 462: 449: 444: 434: 421: 380: 368: 339: 336: 328:Charles Canning 324: 294: 282: 270: 258: 246: 205: 173: 169: 167: 154:Princely States 141: 129: 126:Princely states 97: 89: 74: 68: 67: 50: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 28704: 28694: 28693: 28688: 28683: 28678: 28673: 28668: 28663: 28658: 28653: 28648: 28631: 28630: 28627: 28626: 28623: 28622: 28620: 28619: 28618: 28617: 28607: 28606: 28605: 28595: 28590: 28585: 28580: 28575: 28570: 28569: 28568: 28558: 28553: 28548: 28543: 28538: 28533: 28532: 28531: 28521: 28520: 28519: 28509: 28504: 28499: 28494: 28488: 28486: 28480: 28479: 28477: 28476: 28471: 28466: 28461: 28456: 28451: 28446: 28441: 28436: 28431: 28426: 28421: 28416: 28411: 28406: 28405: 28404: 28399: 28394: 28389: 28379: 28378: 28377: 28367: 28362: 28357: 28351: 28349: 28341: 28340: 28337: 28336: 28329: 28321: 28320: 28317: 28316: 28313: 28312: 28310: 28309: 28304: 28299: 28294: 28289: 28284: 28282:Income Tax Act 28279: 28274: 28269: 28264: 28259: 28258: 28257: 28246: 28244: 28240: 28239: 28237: 28236: 28231: 28226: 28221: 28215: 28213: 28209: 28208: 28206: 28205: 28204: 28203: 28198: 28193: 28188: 28183: 28178: 28173: 28172: 28171: 28156: 28151: 28146: 28141: 28136: 28135: 28134: 28124: 28119: 28117:Pulp and paper 28114: 28109: 28108: 28107: 28105:Iron and Steel 28102: 28092: 28091: 28090: 28085: 28080: 28075: 28065: 28060: 28059: 28058: 28048: 28043: 28038: 28033: 28028: 28027: 28026: 28025: 28024: 28019: 28014: 28009: 27994: 27989: 27984: 27979: 27974: 27969: 27968: 27967: 27962: 27951: 27949: 27945: 27944: 27942: 27941: 27936: 27931: 27926: 27921: 27916: 27911: 27906: 27901: 27896: 27891: 27889:Madhya Pradesh 27886: 27881: 27876: 27871: 27866: 27861: 27856: 27851: 27846: 27841: 27836: 27831: 27826: 27824:Andhra Pradesh 27820: 27818: 27814: 27813: 27811: 27810: 27809: 27808: 27803: 27798: 27788: 27783: 27782: 27781: 27771: 27766: 27760: 27758: 27754: 27753: 27751: 27750: 27745: 27740: 27735: 27730: 27728:Liberalisation 27725: 27720: 27714: 27712: 27706: 27705: 27703: 27702: 27701: 27700: 27695: 27685: 27680: 27675: 27670: 27664: 27662: 27658: 27657: 27655: 27654: 27649: 27648: 27647: 27642: 27632: 27631: 27630: 27625: 27620: 27615: 27610: 27605: 27594: 27592: 27588: 27587: 27585: 27584: 27579: 27574: 27569: 27564: 27559: 27554: 27549: 27544: 27539: 27534: 27529: 27524: 27519: 27514: 27509: 27504: 27499: 27494: 27493: 27492: 27481: 27479: 27475: 27474: 27472: 27471: 27466: 27460: 27458: 27448: 27447: 27435: 27434: 27431: 27430: 27427: 27426: 27424: 27423: 27418: 27413: 27408: 27403: 27398: 27393: 27388: 27383: 27378: 27373: 27367: 27365: 27359: 27358: 27356: 27355: 27350: 27345: 27339: 27337: 27331: 27330: 27327: 27326: 27323: 27322: 27320: 27319: 27314: 27309: 27304: 27299: 27294: 27289: 27284: 27279: 27273: 27271: 27265: 27264: 27262: 27261: 27256: 27251: 27246: 27241: 27236: 27231: 27226: 27220: 27218: 27211: 27205: 27204: 27202: 27201: 27196: 27191: 27186: 27181: 27180: 27179: 27169: 27164: 27159: 27153: 27147: 27141: 27140: 27138: 27137: 27132: 27127: 27122: 27121: 27120: 27115: 27105: 27100: 27098:Civil Services 27095: 27090: 27088:Prime Minister 27085: 27083:Vice President 27080: 27075: 27074: 27073: 27068: 27058: 27053: 27048: 27042: 27040: 27030: 27029: 27017: 27016: 27013: 27012: 27009: 27008: 27006: 27005: 27000: 26995: 26990: 26985: 26979:Nature worship 26976: 26971: 26965: 26963: 26959: 26958: 26956: 26955: 26950: 26948:Municipalities 26945: 26940: 26935: 26930: 26925: 26919: 26917: 26911: 26910: 26908: 26907: 26902: 26901: 26900: 26895: 26885: 26880: 26879: 26878: 26868: 26863: 26857: 26855: 26849: 26848: 26846: 26845: 26840: 26835: 26830: 26825: 26824: 26823: 26818: 26813: 26805: 26800: 26795: 26790: 26785: 26780: 26775: 26773:Extreme points 26770: 26765: 26760: 26755: 26750: 26744: 26742: 26738: 26737: 26735: 26734: 26729: 26724: 26719: 26717:National parks 26714: 26709: 26704: 26699: 26694: 26689: 26684: 26679: 26677:Climate change 26674: 26669: 26664: 26658: 26656: 26650: 26649: 26647: 26646: 26641: 26636: 26631: 26626: 26620: 26618: 26614: 26613: 26611: 26610: 26605: 26600: 26594: 26592: 26582: 26581: 26569: 26568: 26565: 26564: 26561: 26560: 26558: 26557: 26552: 26547: 26542: 26536: 26534: 26530: 26529: 26527: 26526: 26521: 26516: 26511: 26509:Smiling Buddha 26506: 26501: 26496: 26491: 26486: 26481: 26476: 26471: 26465: 26463: 26459: 26458: 26456: 26455: 26450: 26445: 26440: 26435: 26430: 26425: 26420: 26415: 26414: 26413: 26403: 26398: 26393: 26388: 26386:1857 rebellion 26383: 26378: 26373: 26371:Princely state 26368: 26362: 26360: 26354: 26353: 26351: 26350: 26345: 26343:European trade 26340: 26335: 26329: 26327: 26321: 26320: 26318: 26317: 26312: 26307: 26302: 26297: 26292: 26290:Medieval India 26286: 26284: 26278: 26277: 26275: 26274: 26269: 26263: 26261: 26257: 26256: 26254: 26253: 26248: 26243: 26238: 26233: 26228: 26226:Yavana Kingdom 26223: 26218: 26213: 26208: 26203: 26197: 26195: 26189: 26188: 26186: 26185: 26180: 26175: 26173:Paper currency 26170: 26165: 26160: 26155: 26150: 26145: 26140: 26135: 26130: 26125: 26119: 26118: 26113: 26107: 26105: 26097: 26096: 26084: 26083: 26078: 26077: 26070: 26063: 26055: 26046: 26045: 26043: 26042: 26037: 26032: 26027: 26022: 26016: 26014: 26008: 26007: 26005: 26004: 25999: 25994: 25988: 25986: 25982: 25981: 25979: 25978: 25973: 25967: 25965: 25959: 25958: 25956: 25955: 25954: 25953: 25943: 25938: 25933: 25928: 25922: 25920: 25914: 25913: 25911: 25910: 25909: 25908: 25903: 25898: 25888: 25883: 25882: 25881: 25876: 25871: 25866: 25855: 25853: 25847: 25846: 25844: 25843: 25838: 25833: 25828: 25823: 25818: 25813: 25808: 25803: 25802: 25801: 25790: 25788: 25782: 25781: 25779: 25778: 25773: 25768: 25767: 25766: 25761: 25756: 25746: 25740: 25738: 25728: 25727: 25725: 25724: 25722:Climate change 25719: 25713: 25711: 25705: 25704: 25702: 25701: 25696: 25691: 25686: 25681: 25676: 25671: 25666: 25661: 25656: 25651: 25646: 25641: 25635: 25633: 25627: 25626: 25624: 25623: 25618: 25617: 25616: 25611: 25606: 25601: 25593: 25588: 25583: 25578: 25573: 25568: 25563: 25558: 25553: 25547: 25545: 25539: 25538: 25531: 25529: 25527: 25526: 25521: 25520: 25519: 25514: 25509: 25504: 25494: 25489: 25488: 25487: 25477: 25472: 25467: 25466: 25465: 25460: 25455: 25450: 25449: 25448: 25433: 25428: 25423: 25417: 25415: 25409: 25408: 25401: 25400: 25393: 25386: 25378: 25369: 25368: 25365: 25364: 25362: 25361: 25356: 25351: 25346: 25341: 25336: 25331: 25326: 25321: 25316: 25311: 25306: 25301: 25292: 25276: 25271: 25266: 25261: 25256: 25250: 25244: 25242: 25238: 25237: 25235: 25234: 25229: 25224: 25219: 25214: 25209: 25204: 25199: 25194: 25189: 25184: 25179: 25174: 25169: 25164: 25159: 25153: 25151: 25147: 25146: 25144: 25143: 25138: 25133: 25128: 25123: 25118: 25113: 25108: 25103: 25098: 25093: 25088: 25083: 25078: 25073: 25068: 25063: 25058: 25053: 25048: 25046:Ottoman Empire 25043: 25038: 25033: 25028: 25023: 25018: 25013: 25008: 25006:Kartli-Kakheti 25003: 24998: 24993: 24988: 24983: 24978: 24973: 24968: 24963: 24958: 24953: 24948: 24943: 24938: 24933: 24928: 24923: 24918: 24913: 24908: 24903: 24898: 24893: 24888: 24883: 24878: 24873: 24867: 24865: 24861: 24860: 24858: 24857: 24845: 24840: 24835: 24830: 24825: 24820: 24815: 24810: 24805: 24800: 24795: 24788: 24783: 24778: 24773: 24768: 24763: 24758: 24753: 24748: 24743: 24738: 24733: 24728: 24723: 24718: 24713: 24708: 24703: 24698: 24688: 24681: 24676: 24671: 24666: 24661: 24656: 24651: 24646: 24641: 24636: 24630: 24628: 24624: 24623: 24621: 24620: 24615: 24610: 24605: 24600: 24595: 24590: 24585: 24580: 24575: 24570: 24564: 24562: 24558: 24557: 24555: 24554: 24547: 24542: 24537: 24532: 24527: 24522: 24517: 24512: 24507: 24502: 24497: 24492: 24487: 24482: 24477: 24472: 24467: 24462: 24457: 24452: 24447: 24442: 24437: 24432: 24427: 24422: 24417: 24415:Central Africa 24412: 24407: 24402: 24397: 24392: 24387: 24382: 24376: 24374: 24367: 24361: 24360: 24357: 24356: 24354: 24353: 24351:United Kingdom 24348: 24343: 24338: 24333: 24328: 24323: 24318: 24317: 24316: 24311: 24301: 24296: 24291: 24286: 24281: 24276: 24271: 24265: 24263: 24257: 24256: 24254: 24253: 24247: 24245: 24239: 24238: 24236: 24235: 24230: 24225: 24220: 24215: 24210: 24205: 24200: 24195: 24190: 24185: 24179: 24177: 24171: 24170: 24168: 24167: 24160: 24155: 24150: 24145: 24140: 24135: 24130: 24125: 24120: 24115: 24110: 24105: 24100: 24094: 24092: 24086: 24085: 24083: 24082: 24075: 24070: 24065: 24059: 24057: 24048: 24044: 24043: 24041: 24040: 24035: 24030: 24025: 24020: 24015: 24010: 24008:Prince regnant 24005: 24004: 24003: 23993: 23988: 23982: 23980: 23976: 23975: 23973: 23972: 23967: 23962: 23957: 23952: 23947: 23942: 23937: 23932: 23927: 23925:Decolonization 23922: 23917: 23912: 23907: 23902: 23896: 23894: 23890: 23889: 23887: 23886: 23881: 23879:Personal union 23876: 23871: 23866: 23861: 23856: 23851: 23849:Constitutional 23846: 23840: 23838: 23834: 23833: 23831: 23830: 23825: 23820: 23815: 23810: 23804: 23801: 23800: 23793: 23792: 23785: 23778: 23770: 23761: 23760: 23758: 23757: 23747: 23737: 23731: 23725: 23722: 23721: 23718: 23717: 23715: 23714: 23711: 23704: 23694: 23691: 23690: 23688: 23687: 23679: 23671: 23658: 23645: 23637: 23629: 23621: 23612: 23609: 23608: 23598: 23597: 23594: 23593: 23591: 23590: 23583: 23572: 23569: 23568: 23566: 23565: 23557: 23549: 23543: 23537: 23534:Willoughbyland 23531: 23524: 23521: 23520: 23510: 23509: 23506: 23505: 23503: 23502: 23492: 23486: 23479: 23476: 23475: 23471: 23470: 23468: 23467: 23461: 23455: 23448: 23441: 23435: 23428: 23426: 23424: 23423: 23416: 23410: 23404: 23394: 23388: 23382: 23376: 23370: 23364: 23358: 23350: 23344: 23334: 23328: 23322: 23316: 23306: 23299: 23296: 23295: 23292: 23286: 23283: 23282: 23277: 23276: 23269: 23262: 23254: 23247: 23246: 23243: 23242: 23240: 23239: 23233: 23227: 23226: 23225: 23213: 23207: 23201: 23197:Virgin Islands 23193: 23187: 23179: 23173: 23167: 23164:South Carolina 23161: 23155: 23148: 23141: 23134: 23128: 23122: 23116: 23110: 23100: 23094: 23088: 23082: 23076: 23070: 23064: 23061:North Carolina 23058: 23052: 23046: 23040: 23034: 23028: 23022: 23016: 23010: 23004: 22998: 22995:Mosquito Coast 22992: 22984: 22978: 22977: 22976: 22964: 22958: 22951: 22945: 22939: 22933: 22927: 22924:Oregon Country 22917: 22913:Cayman Islands 22909: 22903: 22902: 22901: 22895: 22889: 22883: 22871: 22864: 22858: 22852: 22846: 22845: 22844: 22833: 22827: 22819: 22812: 22806: 22800: 22793: 22786: 22779: 22770: 22767: 22766: 22756: 22755: 22752: 22751: 22749: 22748: 22742: 22733: 22718: 22715: 22714: 22712: 22711: 22705: 22702:Trucial States 22699: 22693: 22687: 22681: 22675: 22674: 22673: 22661: 22655: 22649: 22643: 22637: 22636: 22635: 22623: 22617: 22611: 22605: 22599: 22598: 22597: 22591: 22585: 22579: 22567: 22561: 22555: 22549: 22543: 22537: 22531: 22525: 22519: 22513: 22497: 22491: 22485: 22479: 22469: 22463: 22462: 22461: 22449: 22442: 22439: 22438: 22428: 22427: 22424: 22423: 22421: 22420: 22414: 22395:Self-governing 22392: 22378: 22371: 22368: 22367: 22365: 22364: 22358: 22352: 22346: 22338: 22332: 22326: 22320: 22314: 22308: 22302: 22296: 22290: 22284: 22278: 22272: 22264: 22258: 22252: 22246: 22240: 22234: 22228: 22222: 22216: 22210: 22204: 22198: 22188: 22182: 22176: 22170: 22167:Central Africa 22164: 22158: 22152: 22146: 22136: 22126: 22117: 22114: 22113: 22103: 22102: 22099: 22098: 22096: 22095: 22089: 22088: 22087: 22081: 22072: 22071: 22070: 22055: 22052:Ionian Islands 22049: 22043: 22035: 22029: 22023: 22010: 22007: 22006: 21996: 21995: 21993: 21992: 21986: 21980: 21975: 21972: 21966: 21963: 21962: 21955:British Empire 21950: 21949: 21942: 21935: 21927: 21918: 21917: 21915: 21914: 21909: 21904: 21899: 21894: 21889: 21884: 21879: 21873: 21871: 21867: 21866: 21864: 21863: 21858: 21853: 21848: 21843: 21838: 21833: 21828: 21823: 21818: 21813: 21808: 21803: 21798: 21793: 21788: 21783: 21778: 21772: 21770: 21766: 21765: 21763: 21762: 21755: 21750: 21745: 21740: 21735: 21730: 21725: 21720: 21715: 21710: 21705: 21700: 21695: 21693:Tarak Nath Das 21690: 21685: 21680: 21675: 21670: 21665: 21660: 21655: 21650: 21645: 21643:Shuja-ud-Daula 21640: 21635: 21633:Sarojini Naidu 21630: 21625: 21620: 21615: 21610: 21605: 21600: 21595: 21590: 21585: 21580: 21578:Prafulla Chaki 21575: 21570: 21565: 21560: 21555: 21550: 21545: 21540: 21535: 21530: 21525: 21523:Mahatma Gandhi 21520: 21515: 21510: 21505: 21500: 21495: 21490: 21485: 21480: 21475: 21470: 21465: 21460: 21455: 21450: 21445: 21440: 21435: 21430: 21425: 21420: 21415: 21410: 21405: 21400: 21395: 21390: 21385: 21380: 21375: 21370: 21365: 21360: 21355: 21350: 21345: 21340: 21335: 21330: 21325: 21320: 21315: 21310: 21305: 21300: 21295: 21290: 21285: 21279: 21277: 21271: 21270: 21268: 21267: 21262: 21257: 21252: 21247: 21245:Vakkom Moulavi 21242: 21237: 21232: 21227: 21222: 21217: 21212: 21207: 21202: 21197: 21192: 21187: 21182: 21177: 21175:Mahatma Gandhi 21172: 21167: 21162: 21160:Jyotirao Phule 21157: 21152: 21147: 21142: 21137: 21132: 21127: 21122: 21117: 21112: 21107: 21102: 21100:B. R. Ambedkar 21097: 21092: 21090:Ayya Vaikundar 21087: 21082: 21076: 21074: 21068: 21067: 21065: 21064: 21057: 21052: 21047: 21042: 21037: 21032: 21027: 21022: 21017: 21012: 21007: 21002: 20997: 20992: 20987: 20982: 20977: 20971: 20969: 20965: 20964: 20962: 20961: 20956: 20951: 20946: 20941: 20936: 20931: 20926: 20921: 20919:Cripps Mission 20916: 20911: 20906: 20901: 20896: 20891: 20886: 20881: 20876: 20871: 20866: 20861: 20856: 20851: 20846: 20841: 20836: 20831: 20826: 20821: 20816: 20811: 20809:Noakhali riots 20806: 20801: 20796: 20791: 20786: 20781: 20776: 20771: 20764: 20759: 20754: 20749: 20744: 20738: 20736: 20730: 20729: 20727: 20726: 20721: 20716: 20711: 20706: 20701: 20696: 20691: 20686: 20681: 20675: 20673: 20672:and ideologies 20667: 20666: 20664: 20663: 20656: 20654:Radcliffe Line 20651: 20646: 20641: 20636: 20631: 20629:Vellore Mutiny 20626: 20621: 20620: 20619: 20614: 20609: 20604: 20596: 20595: 20594: 20589: 20584: 20579: 20569: 20564: 20559: 20554: 20549: 20544: 20539: 20534: 20529: 20523: 20521: 20515: 20514: 20507: 20506: 20499: 20492: 20484: 20478: 20477: 20476: 20475: 20470: 20465: 20452: 20446: 20438: 20432: 20430:online edition 20423: 20413: 20402: 20399: 20398: 20397: 20385: 20382: 20376: 20366: 20354:at Wiktionary 20311: 20308: 20307: 20306: 20300: 20283: 20280: 20279: 20278: 20270: 20263: 20256:Historiography 20252: 20234:(3): 315–329. 20223: 20212: 20191: 20184: 20181: 20174: 20167: 20160: 20153: 20146: 20128:(3): 331–332. 20117: 20088: 20078:(2): 363–375. 20067: 20064: 20058: 20041: 20038: 20036: 20035: 20018:(4): 337–380, 20007: 20002: 19989: 19961: 19954: 19947: 19922:(3): 593–622, 19911: 19904: 19885:(3): 109–130, 19874: 19856:(3): 535–551. 19845: 19838: 19821: 19806: 19801:Hyam, Ronald. 19799: 19792: 19778: 19771: 19746:(3): 521–545, 19735: 19728: 19721: 19716:Anstey, Vera. 19713: 19711: 19708: 19706: 19705: 19695: 19688: 19663: 19656: 19617: 19610: 19604: 19591: 19585: 19572: 19543: 19533: 19516: 19506: 19501: 19488: 19483: 19467: 19462: 19446: 19429: 19424: 19411: 19397: 19390: 19385: 19372: 19367: 19349: 19344: 19328: 19321: 19315: 19299: 19292: 19285: 19280: 19267: 19242:(3): 545–580, 19231: 19222:Khan, Yasmin. 19220: 19215: 19200: 19193: 19180: 19170: 19161: 19156: 19143: 19138: 19122: 19094: 19053: 19047: 19032: 19014: 19007: 18995: 18980: 18973: 18963: 18948: 18931: 18914: 18907: 18902:Dewey, Clive. 18900: 18895: 18877: 18871: 18856: 18850: 18837: 18831: 18818: 18812: 18796: 18779:(3): 780–819, 18768: 18758: 18753: 18740: 18733: 18729: 18704: 18697: 18685: 18667: 18650: 18632: 18627: 18611: 18606: 18592: 18590: 18587: 18585: 18584: 18579: 18566: 18559: 18553: 18537: 18527: 18509: 18491: 18485: 18469: 18463: 18445: 18435: 18433:Percival Spear 18425: 18420: 18400: 18395: 18380: 18373: 18366: 18360: 18347: 18341: 18339:on 24 May 2024 18324: 18317:Moon, Penderel 18314: 18309: 18289: 18272: 18257: 18251: 18235: 18228: 18221: 18213: 18208: 18195: 18190: 18172: 18165: 18159: 18146: 18139: 18132: 18118: 18108: 18101: 18096: 18083: 18066: 18051: 18046: 18024: 18018: 18002: 17996: 17981: 17975: 17959: 17953: 17940: 17933: 17925: 17923: 17920: 17918: 17915: 17912: 17911: 17881: 17843: 17813: 17784: 17754: 17747: 17724: 17693: 17663: 17633: 17608: 17583: 17576: 17556: 17531: 17518: 17483: 17467: 17432: 17419: 17412: 17394: 17387: 17381:. p. 60. 17365: 17358: 17336: 17329: 17308: 17301: 17283: 17276: 17258: 17251: 17229: 17222: 17204: 17197: 17191:. p. 93. 17175: 17143: 17137:978-8184753967 17136: 17118: 17107: 17089: 17082: 17057: 17050: 17028: 17015: 17003: 16968: 16919: 16896: 16887: 16875: 16849: 16823: 16793: 16772: 16749: 16744:The Daily Star 16731: 16727:The Daily Star 16712: 16682: 16653: 16651:, p. 169. 16641: 16625: 16619:978-0956554949 16618: 16598: 16583: 16576: 16556: 16531: 16505: 16479: 16430: 16404: 16378: 16359: 16333: 16314: 16295: 16276: 16259: 16247: 16235: 16223: 16211: 16199: 16197:, p. 531. 16187: 16175: 16163: 16161:, p. 488. 16151: 16149:, p. 529. 16139: 16137:, p. 132. 16120: 16108: 16096: 16094:, p. 528. 16084: 16054: 16025: 15996: 15967: 15937: 15908: 15879: 15849: 15820: 15790: 15781: 15746: 15727: 15698:Kingsley Davis 15689: 15676: 15673:978-8176466387 15656: 15611: 15589: 15556: 15529: 15516: 15475: 15462: 15427: 15420: 15391: 15379: 15375:Tomlinson 1993 15367: 15332: 15325: 15304: 15292: 15285: 15271:Gilmour, David 15262: 15205: 15170: 15158: 15149: 15137: 15101: 15085: 15073: 15040: 15027: 15014: 15007: 14989: 14982: 14961: 14954: 14936: 14921: 14914: 14896: 14853: 14846: 14828: 14816: 14781: 14732: 14723: 14711: 14676: 14669: 14640: 14636:Tomlinson 1975 14628: 14621: 14603: 14590: 14555: 14551:Steinberg 1947 14540: 14536:Steinberg 1947 14528: 14524:Steinberg 1947 14513: 14509:Steinberg 1947 14501: 14497:Steinberg 1947 14486: 14480:, p. 72, 14470: 14458: 14446: 14434: 14432:, pp. 426 14415: 14403: 14401:, pp. 424 14391: 14379: 14328: 14279: 14275:Markovits 2004 14264: 14252: 14234: 14219: 14191: 14172: 14150: 14104: 14078: 14066:(1910) vol. 7 14055: 14027: 14010: 13997: 13976: 13959: 13946: 13919: 13895: 13878: 13853: 13840: 13831: 13801: 13768: 13744: 13725: 13711: 13685: 13673: 13661: 13646: 13644:, p. 345. 13634: 13621: 13601: 13589: 13587:, p. 427. 13577: 13565: 13550: 13548:, p. 313. 13538: 13536:, p. 297. 13526: 13514: 13502: 13487: 13452: 13439: 13420:(2): 497–529. 13404: 13380: 13373: 13347: 13340: 13313: 13301: 13275: 13262: 13229: 13193: 13175: 13113: 13101: 13099:, p. 394. 13089: 13077: 13050:(3): 493–518. 13034: 12991: 12987:Markovits 2004 12976: 12961: 12930: 12917: 12905: 12888: 12871: 12852: 12840: 12811: 12784: 12771: 12759: 12740: 12721: 12700: 12683: 12666: 12629: 12606: 12592: 12580: 12566: 12543: 12526: 12514: 12495: 12483: 12471: 12455: 12439: 12430: 12393: 12384: 12371: 12358: 12346: 12330: 12317: 12305: 12293: 12269: 12254: 12242: 12235: 12217: 12202: 12200:, p. 126. 12187: 12170: 12158: 12146: 12143:Oldenburg 2007 12132: 12124:Oldenburg 2007 12116: 12113:Oldenburg 2007 12101: 12065: 12053: 12041: 12029: 12017: 12005: 11968: 11933: 11921: 11906: 11876: 11846: 11816: 11794: 11782: 11775: 11755: 11746: 11739: 11721: 11696: 11666: 11643: 11616: 11609: 11589: 11587: 11586: 11576: 11561: 11551: 11543:Wilkie Collins 11538: 11520: 11498: 11496: 11495: 11486: 11471: 11459: 11444: 11422: 11407: 11385: 11363: 11361: 11360: 11329: 11311: 11289: 11265: 11263: 11262: 11240: 11225: 11203: 11181: 11179: 11178: 11163: 11154: 11131: 11120: 11102: 11088: 11067: 11057: 11039: 11029: 11011: 11000: 10982: 10931:(4): 665–682. 10911: 10876: 10837: 10825: 10822:. p. 251. 10804: 10787: 10782:Times of India 10762: 10741: 10714: 10676: 10666: 10646: 10616: 10592: 10591: 10589: 10586: 10583: 10582: 10554: 10541: 10528: 10413: 10400: 10387: 10378: 10369: 10360: 10351: 10339:summer capital 10327: 10314: 10294: 10282: 10266: 10248: 10247: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10239: 10234: 10229: 10223: 10218: 10213: 10208: 10202: 10197: 10195:Colonial India 10191: 10190: 10189: 10175: 10161: 10147: 10130: 10129: 10127: 10126: 10119: 10112: 10104: 10101: 10100: 10096: 10095: 10090: 10085: 10080: 10075: 10070: 10065: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10045: 10040: 10035: 10030: 10025: 10020: 10015: 10010: 10005: 10000: 9994: 9993: 9990: 9989: 9986: 9985: 9981: 9980: 9975: 9970: 9965: 9960: 9955: 9950: 9945: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9925: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9884: 9883: 9880: 9879: 9876: 9875: 9871: 9870: 9865: 9860: 9855: 9850: 9845: 9840: 9835: 9829: 9828: 9825: 9824: 9821: 9820: 9815: 9814: 9809: 9808: 9805: 9799: 9798: 9795: 9789: 9788: 9785: 9779: 9778: 9775: 9769: 9768: 9765: 9759: 9758: 9755: 9747: 9739: 9738: 9735: 9734: 9729: 9728: 9725: 9719: 9718: 9715: 9709: 9708: 9705: 9699: 9698: 9695: 9693:Maratha Empire 9689: 9688: 9685: 9679: 9678: 9675: 9673:Sikkim Kingdom 9669: 9668: 9665: 9663:Marava Kingdom 9659: 9658: 9655: 9649: 9648: 9645: 9639: 9638: 9635: 9629: 9628: 9625: 9619: 9618: 9615: 9609: 9608: 9605: 9597: 9589: 9588: 9585: 9584: 9579: 9578: 9575: 9569: 9568: 9565: 9563:Keladi Kingdom 9559: 9558: 9555: 9548: 9547: 9544: 9537: 9536: 9533: 9526: 9525: 9522: 9515: 9514: 9511: 9504: 9503: 9500: 9494: 9493: 9490: 9484: 9483: 9480: 9474: 9473: 9470: 9468:Mysore Kingdom 9464: 9463: 9460: 9454: 9453: 9450: 9444: 9443: 9440: 9434: 9433: 9430: 9424: 9423: 9420: 9414: 9413: 9410: 9404: 9403: 9400: 9398:Lodi Sultanate 9393: 9392: 9389: 9382: 9381: 9378: 9371: 9370: 9367: 9360: 9359: 9356: 9349: 9348: 9345: 9339: 9338: 9335: 9333:Ghurid Dynasty 9329: 9328: 9325: 9317: 9309: 9308: 9305: 9304: 9299: 9298: 9284: 9278: 9277: 9274: 9268: 9267: 9264: 9258: 9257: 9254: 9248: 9247: 9244: 9238: 9237: 9234: 9228: 9227: 9224: 9218: 9217: 9214: 9208: 9207: 9204: 9202:Hoysala Empire 9198: 9197: 9194: 9192:Lohara Kingdom 9188: 9187: 9184: 9178: 9177: 9174: 9168: 9167: 9164: 9158: 9157: 9154: 9148: 9147: 9144: 9138: 9137: 9134: 9128: 9127: 9124: 9118: 9117: 9114: 9108: 9107: 9104: 9098: 9097: 9094: 9088: 9087: 9084: 9078: 9077: 9074: 9068: 9067: 9064: 9058: 9057: 9054: 9052:Tibetan Empire 9048: 9047: 9044: 9038: 9037: 9023: 9017: 9016: 9013: 9007: 9006: 8996: 8990: 8989: 8986: 8980: 8979: 8976: 8970: 8969: 8966: 8960: 8959: 8956: 8950: 8949: 8946: 8940: 8939: 8936: 8930: 8929: 8926: 8924:Kadamba Empire 8920: 8919: 8916: 8910: 8909: 8895: 8889: 8888: 8874: 8868: 8867: 8864: 8858: 8857: 8854: 8848: 8847: 8844: 8838: 8837: 8834: 8828: 8827: 8824: 8818: 8817: 8814: 8808: 8807: 8797: 8791: 8790: 8787: 8781: 8780: 8777: 8771: 8770: 8767: 8761: 8760: 8757: 8751: 8750: 8736: 8730: 8729: 8726: 8720: 8719: 8716: 8708: 8700: 8699: 8696: 8695: 8690: 8689: 8686: 8680: 8679: 8665: 8659: 8658: 8648: 8646:Pallava Empire 8642: 8641: 8631: 8625: 8624: 8614: 8608: 8607: 8597: 8591: 8590: 8576: 8570: 8569: 8566: 8564:Seleucid India 8560: 8559: 8556: 8550: 8549: 8546: 8540: 8539: 8536: 8530: 8529: 8526: 8520: 8519: 8516: 8512: 8511: 8508: 8502: 8501: 8491: 8489:Maha Janapadas 8485: 8484: 8474: 8468: 8467: 8464: 8458: 8457: 8454: 8448: 8447: 8444: 8437: 8436: 8433: 8426: 8425: 8424:(1300–1000 BC) 8422: 8415: 8414: 8411: 8404: 8403: 8400: 8392: 8384: 8383: 8380: 8379: 8374: 8373: 8370: 8363: 8362: 8361:(2000–1600 BC) 8359: 8352: 8351: 8348: 8342: 8341: 8340:(1900–1300 BC) 8338: 8331: 8330: 8329:(2600–1900 BC) 8327: 8320: 8319: 8318:(3300–2600 BC) 8316: 8309: 8308: 8307:(3300–1300 BC) 8305: 8297: 8294:(3300–1300 BC) 8289: 8288: 8285: 8284: 8279: 8278: 8275: 8269: 8268: 8267:(1600–1300 BC) 8265: 8259: 8258: 8255: 8249: 8248: 8247:(3000–1500 BC) 8245: 8239: 8238: 8228: 8220: 8217:(3500–1500 BC) 8212: 8211: 8208: 8207: 8202: 8201: 8200:(5000–3000 BC) 8198: 8192: 8191: 8190:(7000–3300 BC) 8188: 8182: 8181: 8180:(7570–6200 BC) 8178: 8170: 8162: 8161: 8158: 8157: 8152: 8151: 8149: 8143: 8142: 8140: 8132: 8124: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8112: 8109: 8108: 8100: 8099: 8089: 8088: 8086: 8085: 8078: 8071: 8063: 8060: 8059: 8056: 8055: 8052: 8046: 8045: 8042: 8036: 8035: 8032: 8026: 8025: 8022: 8016: 8015: 8012: 8006: 8005: 8002: 7996: 7995: 7992: 7982: 7981: 7970: 7967: 7966: 7963: 7962: 7959: 7953: 7952: 7949: 7939: 7938: 7927: 7924: 7923: 7920: 7919: 7916: 7910: 7909: 7906: 7900: 7899: 7896: 7890: 7889: 7886: 7880: 7879: 7876: 7874:Austrian India 7866: 7865: 7858: 7850: 7849: 7847:Colonial India 7840: 7837: 7818:(particularly 7816:British sports 7773: 7770: 7735: 7732: 7726: 7723: 7597: 7594: 7510:Main article: 7507: 7504: 7503: 7502: 7488: 7473: 7451: 7426: 7404: 7393: 7376: 7373: 7365:Deccan College 7296:microbiologist 7228: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7211: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7196: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7181: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7166: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7147: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7132: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7117: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7102: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7087: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7071: 7070: 7062: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7047: 7046: 7038: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7023: 7022: 6998: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987:Chalisa famine 6983: 6982: 6966: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6951: 6950: 6942: 6941: 6938: 6935: 6923: 6920: 6917: 6916: 6882: 6880: 6873: 6851: 6848: 6845: 6844: 6841: 6838: 6835: 6832: 6829: 6826: 6823: 6820: 6817: 6814: 6811: 6808: 6805: 6802: 6799: 6796: 6792: 6791: 6788: 6785: 6782: 6779: 6776: 6773: 6770: 6767: 6764: 6761: 6758: 6755: 6752: 6749: 6746: 6743: 6739: 6738: 6735: 6732: 6729: 6726: 6723: 6720: 6717: 6714: 6711: 6708: 6705: 6702: 6699: 6696: 6693: 6690: 6679: 6678: 6675: 6672: 6669: 6666: 6663: 6660: 6657: 6654: 6651: 6648: 6645: 6642: 6639: 6636: 6633: 6630: 6624: 6623: 6620: 6617: 6614: 6611: 6608: 6605: 6602: 6599: 6596: 6593: 6590: 6587: 6584: 6581: 6578: 6575: 6564: 6563: 6560: 6557: 6554: 6551: 6548: 6545: 6542: 6539: 6536: 6533: 6530: 6527: 6524: 6521: 6518: 6515: 6508:Zoroastrianism 6504: 6503: 6500: 6497: 6494: 6491: 6488: 6485: 6482: 6479: 6476: 6473: 6470: 6467: 6464: 6461: 6458: 6455: 6444: 6443: 6440: 6437: 6434: 6431: 6428: 6425: 6422: 6419: 6416: 6413: 6410: 6407: 6404: 6401: 6398: 6395: 6384: 6383: 6380: 6377: 6374: 6371: 6368: 6365: 6362: 6359: 6356: 6353: 6350: 6347: 6344: 6341: 6338: 6335: 6324: 6323: 6320: 6317: 6314: 6311: 6308: 6305: 6302: 6299: 6296: 6293: 6290: 6287: 6284: 6281: 6278: 6275: 6264: 6263: 6260: 6257: 6254: 6251: 6248: 6245: 6242: 6239: 6236: 6233: 6230: 6227: 6224: 6221: 6218: 6215: 6204: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6120: 6119: 6116: 6113: 6110: 6107: 6104: 6101: 6098: 6095: 6081: 6078: 6077: 6076: 5999: 5996: 5984:P. J. Marshall 5955: 5952: 5914: 5911: 5892:Main article: 5889: 5886: 5881:British Empire 5838:Andhra Pradesh 5829:Lord Dalhousie 5769:Main article: 5766: 5763: 5704: 5701: 5684:Queen Victoria 5671: 5668: 5656: 5653: 5606: 5603: 5546: 5545: 5542: 5539: 5538:Communications 5536: 5533: 5530: 5527: 5524: 5521: 5518: 5515: 5512: 5509: 5506: 5401:Lord Salisbury 5388:and the first 5316: 5315: 5312: 5305: 5292:Following the 5266: 5263: 5218:Princely state 5216:Main article: 5213: 5210: 5207: 5206: 5203: 5200: 5195: 5181: 5180: 5174: 5171: 5166: 5156:Coorg Province 5152: 5151: 5145: 5142: 5137: 5123: 5122: 5119: 5116: 5111: 5097: 5096: 5090: 5087: 5082: 5068: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5038: 5035: 5025: 5024: 5019: 5016: 5011: 4993: 4992: 4987: 4984: 4979: 4941: 4940: 4935: 4932: 4927: 4903:Andhra Pradesh 4893: 4892: 4887: 4884: 4879: 4863:Madhya Pradesh 4853: 4852: 4847: 4844: 4839: 4825: 4824: 4819: 4816: 4811: 4785: 4784: 4779: 4776: 4771: 4741: 4740: 4735: 4732: 4727: 4697: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4683: 4653:Main article: 4650: 4647: 4570:Princely state 4561: 4558: 4555: 4554: 4540:, August 1947 4535:, August 1947 4525: 4520: 4519:15 August 1947 4514: 4513: 4504:Clement Attlee 4458: 4453: 4447: 4446: 4443:Burma campaign 4360: 4355: 4354:1 October 1943 4349: 4348: 4322: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4293: 4288: 4282: 4281: 4273: 4268: 4262: 4261: 4203: 4198: 4192: 4191: 4125:Visit of King 4123: 4118: 4112: 4111: 4088: 4083: 4077: 4076: 3957:Queen Victoria 3926: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3909:Bubonic plague 3895:Tirah campaign 3880: 3875: 3874:6 January 1899 3869: 3868: 3847:The Great Game 3845:High point of 3837:princely state 3835:Revolution in 3829:, opening the 3808: 3803: 3797: 3796: 3778:in full play. 3776:The Great Game 3761: 3756: 3750: 3749: 3715: 3710: 3704: 3703: 3670:Queen Victoria 3659: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3646:, in 1875–76. 3632:a child prince 3622: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3587: 3582: 3576: 3575: 3543: 3538: 3532: 3531: 3524: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3499:paper currency 3446: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3418: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3375: 3373: 3368: 3365: 3334:prime minister 3214:. Far left is 3189: 3186: 3185: 3184: 3173: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3154: 3152: 3138: 3131: 3129: 3114:Mahatma Gandhi 3112: 3105: 3099:Burma Campaign 3095:U-Go offensive 3040:Cripps mission 2965:Fazl-i-Hussain 2872:Cripps Mission 2859: 2856: 2855: 2854: 2851: 2844: 2842: 2832: 2825: 2823: 2815:B. R. Ambedkar 2804: 2797: 2790:1937 elections 2662: 2661: 2646: 2639: 2637: 2623: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2604: 2602: 2583: 2576: 2573: 2545: 2542: 2466:Sidney Rowlatt 2451:Sidney Rowlatt 2437: 2434: 2350: 2343: 2342: 2331: 2324: 2323: 2322: 2321: 2320: 2312: 2309: 2240:untouchability 2165:Mahatma Gandhi 2147: 2144: 2045:Turkish Sultan 1948: 1947: 1941: 1934: 1932: 1922: 1915: 1913: 1899: 1892: 1890: 1884:, hailed from 1882:Victoria Cross 1876: 1869: 1866: 1852: 1849: 1758:Lord Kitchener 1739: 1738: 1728: 1721: 1719: 1713: 1706: 1704: 1694: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1615:Following the 1574: 1573: 1566: 1559: 1557: 1550: 1543: 1541: 1527: 1520: 1517: 1505: 1498: 1395: 1394: 1384: 1377: 1375: 1369: 1362: 1360: 1352:W. C. Bonerjee 1341: 1334: 1332: 1319: 1312: 1309: 1301: 1298: 1273:infrastructure 1255: 1254: 1248: 1241: 1239: 1225: 1218: 1216: 1205: 1198: 1196: 1189: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1145:Lord Dalhousie 1100: 1099: 1092: 1085: 1083: 1069: 1062: 1060: 1056:Queen Victoria 1053: 1046: 1044: 1031: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1011:Main article: 1008: 1005: 1004: 1003: 1000: 993: 932:Trucial States 891: 888: 856:United Nations 807:). Later, the 793:Union of India 777:Queen Victoria 742:United Kingdom 676: 675: 672: 671: 668: 667: 660: 650: 649: 642: 632: 631: 624: 622:Colony of Aden 618: 617: 610: 600: 599: 592: 586: 585: 578: 572: 571: 564: 551: 548: 547: 542: 534: 533: 524: 512: 511: 506: 496: 495: 490: 486: 485: 482: 479: 476: 475: 471: 470: 467: 466: 463: 457: 454: 453: 450: 442: 439: 438: 435: 429: 426: 425: 422: 416: 413: 412: 409: 408: 405: 401: 400: 395: 391: 390: 387: 386: 381: 378: 375: 374: 372:Edward Stanley 369: 366: 363: 362: 359: 358: 355: 349: 348: 345: 344: 337: 334: 331: 330: 325: 322: 319: 318: 315: 314: 311: 305: 304: 301: 300: 295: 292: 289: 288: 283: 280: 277: 276: 271: 268: 265: 264: 259: 256: 253: 252: 247: 244: 241: 240: 237: 236: 233: 227: 226: 221: 217: 216: 213: 207: 206: 204: 203: 198: 188: 182: 180: 176: 175: 162: 158: 157: 147: 143: 142: 139: 131: 130: 107: 99: 98: 87: 76: 75: 69: 61: 60: 57: 56: 52: 51: 48: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 28703: 28692: 28689: 28687: 28684: 28682: 28679: 28677: 28674: 28672: 28669: 28667: 28664: 28662: 28659: 28657: 28654: 28652: 28649: 28647: 28646:British India 28644: 28643: 28641: 28616: 28613: 28612: 28611: 28608: 28604: 28601: 28600: 28599: 28596: 28594: 28591: 28589: 28586: 28584: 28581: 28579: 28576: 28574: 28571: 28567: 28564: 28563: 28562: 28559: 28557: 28554: 28552: 28549: 28547: 28544: 28542: 28539: 28537: 28534: 28530: 28527: 28526: 28525: 28522: 28518: 28515: 28514: 28513: 28510: 28508: 28505: 28503: 28500: 28498: 28495: 28493: 28490: 28489: 28487: 28485: 28481: 28475: 28472: 28470: 28467: 28465: 28462: 28460: 28457: 28455: 28452: 28450: 28447: 28445: 28442: 28440: 28437: 28435: 28432: 28430: 28427: 28425: 28422: 28420: 28417: 28415: 28412: 28410: 28407: 28403: 28400: 28398: 28395: 28393: 28390: 28388: 28385: 28384: 28383: 28380: 28376: 28373: 28372: 28371: 28368: 28366: 28363: 28361: 28358: 28356: 28353: 28352: 28350: 28346: 28342: 28335: 28331: 28330: 28326: 28322: 28308: 28305: 28303: 28300: 28298: 28297:Insurance Act 28295: 28293: 28290: 28288: 28287:Companies Act 28285: 28283: 28280: 28278: 28275: 28273: 28270: 28268: 28265: 28263: 28260: 28256: 28253: 28252: 28251: 28248: 28247: 28245: 28241: 28235: 28232: 28230: 28227: 28225: 28222: 28220: 28217: 28216: 28214: 28210: 28202: 28199: 28197: 28194: 28192: 28189: 28187: 28184: 28182: 28179: 28177: 28174: 28170: 28167: 28166: 28165: 28162: 28161: 28160: 28157: 28155: 28152: 28150: 28147: 28145: 28142: 28140: 28137: 28133: 28132:Biotechnology 28130: 28129: 28128: 28125: 28123: 28120: 28118: 28115: 28113: 28110: 28106: 28103: 28101: 28098: 28097: 28096: 28093: 28089: 28086: 28084: 28081: 28079: 28076: 28074: 28071: 28070: 28069: 28066: 28064: 28061: 28057: 28054: 28053: 28052: 28049: 28047: 28044: 28042: 28039: 28037: 28036:Entertainment 28034: 28032: 28029: 28023: 28020: 28018: 28015: 28013: 28010: 28008: 28005: 28004: 28003: 28000: 27999: 27998: 27995: 27993: 27990: 27988: 27985: 27983: 27980: 27978: 27975: 27973: 27970: 27966: 27963: 27961: 27958: 27957: 27956: 27953: 27952: 27950: 27946: 27940: 27937: 27935: 27934:Uttar Pradesh 27932: 27930: 27927: 27925: 27922: 27920: 27917: 27915: 27912: 27910: 27907: 27905: 27902: 27900: 27897: 27895: 27892: 27890: 27887: 27885: 27882: 27880: 27877: 27875: 27872: 27870: 27867: 27865: 27862: 27860: 27857: 27855: 27852: 27850: 27847: 27845: 27842: 27840: 27837: 27835: 27832: 27830: 27827: 27825: 27822: 27821: 27819: 27815: 27807: 27804: 27802: 27799: 27797: 27794: 27793: 27792: 27789: 27787: 27784: 27780: 27777: 27776: 27775: 27772: 27770: 27767: 27765: 27762: 27761: 27759: 27755: 27749: 27746: 27744: 27741: 27739: 27736: 27734: 27731: 27729: 27726: 27724: 27721: 27719: 27716: 27715: 27713: 27711: 27707: 27699: 27696: 27694: 27691: 27690: 27689: 27686: 27684: 27681: 27679: 27676: 27674: 27671: 27669: 27666: 27665: 27663: 27659: 27653: 27650: 27646: 27643: 27641: 27638: 27637: 27636: 27633: 27629: 27626: 27624: 27621: 27619: 27618:Digital rupee 27616: 27614: 27611: 27609: 27606: 27604: 27601: 27600: 27599: 27596: 27595: 27593: 27589: 27583: 27580: 27578: 27577:Make in India 27575: 27573: 27570: 27568: 27565: 27563: 27560: 27558: 27555: 27553: 27550: 27548: 27545: 27543: 27540: 27538: 27535: 27533: 27532:Foreign trade 27530: 27528: 27527:External debt 27525: 27523: 27520: 27518: 27515: 27513: 27510: 27508: 27505: 27503: 27500: 27498: 27495: 27491: 27488: 27487: 27486: 27483: 27482: 27480: 27476: 27470: 27467: 27465: 27462: 27461: 27459: 27457: 27453: 27449: 27445: 27440: 27436: 27422: 27419: 27417: 27414: 27412: 27409: 27407: 27404: 27402: 27399: 27397: 27394: 27392: 27389: 27387: 27384: 27382: 27379: 27377: 27374: 27372: 27369: 27368: 27366: 27364: 27360: 27354: 27351: 27349: 27346: 27344: 27341: 27340: 27338: 27336: 27332: 27318: 27315: 27313: 27310: 27308: 27305: 27303: 27300: 27298: 27295: 27293: 27290: 27288: 27285: 27283: 27280: 27278: 27275: 27274: 27272: 27270: 27266: 27260: 27257: 27255: 27252: 27250: 27247: 27245: 27242: 27240: 27237: 27235: 27232: 27230: 27227: 27225: 27222: 27221: 27219: 27215: 27212: 27210: 27206: 27200: 27197: 27195: 27192: 27190: 27189:Chief Justice 27187: 27185: 27184:Supreme Court 27182: 27178: 27175: 27174: 27173: 27170: 27168: 27165: 27163: 27160: 27158: 27155: 27154: 27151: 27148: 27146: 27142: 27136: 27133: 27131: 27128: 27126: 27123: 27119: 27116: 27114: 27111: 27110: 27109: 27106: 27104: 27101: 27099: 27096: 27094: 27091: 27089: 27086: 27084: 27081: 27079: 27076: 27072: 27069: 27067: 27064: 27063: 27062: 27059: 27057: 27054: 27052: 27051:Energy policy 27049: 27047: 27044: 27043: 27041: 27039: 27035: 27031: 27027: 27022: 27018: 27004: 27001: 26999: 26996: 26994: 26991: 26989: 26986: 26984: 26980: 26977: 26975: 26972: 26970: 26967: 26966: 26964: 26960: 26954: 26951: 26949: 26946: 26944: 26941: 26939: 26936: 26934: 26931: 26929: 26926: 26924: 26921: 26920: 26918: 26916: 26912: 26906: 26903: 26899: 26896: 26894: 26891: 26890: 26889: 26886: 26884: 26881: 26877: 26874: 26873: 26872: 26869: 26867: 26864: 26862: 26859: 26858: 26856: 26854: 26850: 26844: 26841: 26839: 26836: 26834: 26831: 26829: 26826: 26822: 26819: 26817: 26814: 26812: 26811:Indo-Gangetic 26809: 26808: 26806: 26804: 26801: 26799: 26796: 26794: 26791: 26789: 26786: 26784: 26781: 26779: 26776: 26774: 26771: 26769: 26766: 26764: 26761: 26759: 26756: 26754: 26751: 26749: 26746: 26745: 26743: 26739: 26733: 26730: 26728: 26725: 26723: 26720: 26718: 26715: 26713: 26710: 26708: 26705: 26703: 26700: 26698: 26695: 26693: 26690: 26688: 26685: 26683: 26680: 26678: 26675: 26673: 26670: 26668: 26665: 26663: 26660: 26659: 26657: 26655: 26651: 26645: 26642: 26640: 26637: 26635: 26632: 26630: 26627: 26625: 26622: 26621: 26619: 26615: 26609: 26606: 26604: 26601: 26599: 26596: 26595: 26593: 26591: 26587: 26583: 26579: 26574: 26570: 26556: 26553: 26551: 26548: 26546: 26543: 26541: 26538: 26537: 26535: 26531: 26525: 26522: 26520: 26519:The Emergency 26517: 26515: 26512: 26510: 26507: 26505: 26502: 26500: 26497: 26495: 26492: 26490: 26487: 26485: 26482: 26480: 26477: 26475: 26472: 26470: 26467: 26466: 26464: 26460: 26454: 26451: 26449: 26446: 26444: 26441: 26439: 26436: 26434: 26431: 26429: 26426: 26424: 26421: 26419: 26416: 26412: 26409: 26408: 26407: 26404: 26402: 26399: 26397: 26394: 26392: 26389: 26387: 26384: 26382: 26379: 26377: 26374: 26372: 26369: 26367: 26364: 26363: 26361: 26359: 26355: 26349: 26346: 26344: 26341: 26339: 26336: 26334: 26331: 26330: 26328: 26326: 26322: 26316: 26313: 26311: 26308: 26306: 26303: 26301: 26298: 26296: 26293: 26291: 26288: 26287: 26285: 26283: 26279: 26273: 26270: 26268: 26265: 26264: 26262: 26258: 26252: 26249: 26247: 26244: 26242: 26241:Kushan Empire 26239: 26237: 26234: 26232: 26229: 26227: 26224: 26222: 26219: 26217: 26216:Mahajanapadas 26214: 26212: 26209: 26207: 26204: 26202: 26199: 26198: 26196: 26194: 26190: 26184: 26181: 26179: 26176: 26174: 26171: 26169: 26166: 26164: 26161: 26159: 26156: 26154: 26151: 26149: 26146: 26144: 26141: 26139: 26136: 26134: 26131: 26129: 26126: 26124: 26121: 26120: 26117: 26114: 26112: 26109: 26108: 26106: 26102: 26098: 26094: 26089: 26085: 26076: 26071: 26069: 26064: 26062: 26057: 26056: 26053: 26041: 26038: 26036: 26033: 26031: 26028: 26026: 26023: 26021: 26018: 26017: 26015: 26013: 26009: 26003: 26000: 25998: 25995: 25993: 25990: 25989: 25987: 25983: 25977: 25974: 25972: 25969: 25968: 25966: 25964: 25960: 25952: 25949: 25948: 25947: 25944: 25942: 25939: 25937: 25934: 25932: 25929: 25927: 25924: 25923: 25921: 25919: 25915: 25907: 25904: 25902: 25899: 25897: 25894: 25893: 25892: 25889: 25887: 25884: 25880: 25877: 25875: 25872: 25870: 25867: 25865: 25862: 25861: 25860: 25857: 25856: 25854: 25852: 25848: 25842: 25839: 25837: 25834: 25832: 25829: 25827: 25824: 25822: 25819: 25817: 25814: 25812: 25809: 25807: 25804: 25800: 25797: 25796: 25795: 25792: 25791: 25789: 25787: 25783: 25777: 25774: 25772: 25769: 25765: 25762: 25760: 25757: 25755: 25752: 25751: 25750: 25747: 25745: 25742: 25741: 25739: 25737: 25733: 25729: 25723: 25720: 25718: 25715: 25714: 25712: 25710: 25706: 25700: 25697: 25695: 25692: 25690: 25687: 25685: 25682: 25680: 25677: 25675: 25672: 25670: 25667: 25665: 25662: 25660: 25657: 25655: 25652: 25650: 25647: 25645: 25642: 25640: 25639:Architecture‎ 25637: 25636: 25634: 25632: 25628: 25622: 25619: 25615: 25612: 25610: 25607: 25605: 25602: 25600: 25597: 25596: 25595:Other groups 25594: 25592: 25589: 25587: 25586:Tibeto-Burman 25584: 25582: 25579: 25577: 25574: 25572: 25569: 25567: 25564: 25562: 25559: 25557: 25556:Austroasiatic 25554: 25552: 25549: 25548: 25546: 25544: 25543:Ethnic groups 25540: 25535: 25525: 25522: 25518: 25515: 25513: 25510: 25508: 25505: 25503: 25500: 25499: 25498: 25495: 25493: 25490: 25486: 25483: 25482: 25481: 25478: 25476: 25473: 25471: 25468: 25464: 25461: 25459: 25456: 25454: 25451: 25447: 25444: 25443: 25442: 25439: 25438: 25437: 25434: 25432: 25429: 25427: 25424: 25422: 25419: 25418: 25416: 25414: 25410: 25406: 25399: 25394: 25392: 25387: 25385: 25380: 25379: 25376: 25360: 25357: 25355: 25352: 25350: 25347: 25345: 25342: 25340: 25337: 25335: 25332: 25330: 25327: 25325: 25322: 25320: 25317: 25315: 25312: 25310: 25307: 25305: 25302: 25300: 25296: 25293: 25290: 25289: 25284: 25280: 25277: 25275: 25272: 25270: 25267: 25265: 25262: 25260: 25257: 25254: 25251: 25249: 25246: 25245: 25243: 25239: 25233: 25230: 25228: 25225: 25223: 25220: 25218: 25215: 25213: 25210: 25208: 25205: 25203: 25200: 25198: 25195: 25193: 25190: 25188: 25185: 25183: 25180: 25178: 25175: 25173: 25170: 25168: 25167:Easter Island 25165: 25163: 25160: 25158: 25155: 25154: 25152: 25148: 25142: 25139: 25137: 25134: 25132: 25129: 25127: 25124: 25122: 25119: 25117: 25114: 25112: 25109: 25107: 25104: 25102: 25099: 25097: 25094: 25092: 25089: 25087: 25084: 25082: 25079: 25077: 25074: 25072: 25069: 25067: 25064: 25062: 25059: 25057: 25054: 25052: 25049: 25047: 25044: 25042: 25039: 25037: 25034: 25032: 25029: 25027: 25024: 25022: 25019: 25017: 25014: 25012: 25009: 25007: 25004: 25002: 24999: 24997: 24994: 24992: 24989: 24987: 24984: 24982: 24979: 24977: 24974: 24972: 24969: 24967: 24964: 24962: 24959: 24957: 24954: 24952: 24949: 24947: 24944: 24942: 24939: 24937: 24934: 24932: 24929: 24927: 24924: 24922: 24919: 24917: 24914: 24912: 24909: 24907: 24904: 24902: 24899: 24897: 24894: 24892: 24889: 24887: 24884: 24882: 24879: 24877: 24874: 24872: 24869: 24868: 24866: 24862: 24855: 24854: 24849: 24846: 24844: 24841: 24839: 24836: 24834: 24831: 24829: 24826: 24824: 24821: 24819: 24816: 24814: 24811: 24809: 24806: 24804: 24801: 24799: 24796: 24794: 24793: 24789: 24787: 24784: 24782: 24779: 24777: 24774: 24772: 24769: 24767: 24764: 24762: 24759: 24757: 24754: 24752: 24749: 24747: 24744: 24742: 24739: 24737: 24734: 24732: 24729: 24727: 24724: 24722: 24719: 24717: 24714: 24712: 24709: 24707: 24706:Jabal Shammar 24704: 24702: 24699: 24696: 24692: 24689: 24687: 24686: 24682: 24680: 24677: 24675: 24672: 24670: 24667: 24665: 24662: 24660: 24657: 24655: 24652: 24650: 24647: 24645: 24642: 24640: 24637: 24635: 24632: 24631: 24629: 24625: 24619: 24616: 24614: 24611: 24609: 24606: 24604: 24601: 24599: 24596: 24594: 24591: 24589: 24586: 24584: 24581: 24579: 24576: 24574: 24571: 24569: 24566: 24565: 24563: 24559: 24553: 24552: 24548: 24546: 24543: 24541: 24538: 24536: 24533: 24531: 24528: 24526: 24523: 24521: 24518: 24516: 24513: 24511: 24508: 24506: 24503: 24501: 24498: 24496: 24493: 24491: 24488: 24486: 24483: 24481: 24478: 24476: 24473: 24471: 24468: 24466: 24463: 24461: 24458: 24456: 24453: 24451: 24448: 24446: 24443: 24441: 24438: 24436: 24433: 24431: 24428: 24426: 24423: 24421: 24418: 24416: 24413: 24411: 24408: 24406: 24403: 24401: 24398: 24396: 24393: 24391: 24388: 24386: 24383: 24381: 24378: 24377: 24375: 24371: 24368: 24366: 24362: 24352: 24349: 24347: 24344: 24342: 24339: 24337: 24334: 24332: 24329: 24327: 24324: 24322: 24319: 24315: 24312: 24310: 24307: 24306: 24305: 24302: 24300: 24297: 24295: 24292: 24290: 24287: 24285: 24282: 24280: 24277: 24275: 24272: 24270: 24267: 24266: 24264: 24262: 24258: 24252: 24249: 24248: 24246: 24244: 24240: 24234: 24231: 24229: 24226: 24224: 24221: 24219: 24216: 24214: 24211: 24209: 24206: 24204: 24201: 24199: 24198:Liechtenstein 24196: 24194: 24191: 24189: 24186: 24184: 24181: 24180: 24178: 24176: 24172: 24166: 24165: 24161: 24159: 24156: 24154: 24151: 24149: 24146: 24144: 24141: 24139: 24136: 24134: 24131: 24129: 24126: 24124: 24121: 24119: 24116: 24114: 24111: 24109: 24106: 24104: 24101: 24099: 24096: 24095: 24093: 24091: 24087: 24081: 24080: 24076: 24074: 24071: 24069: 24066: 24064: 24061: 24060: 24058: 24056: 24052: 24049: 24045: 24039: 24036: 24034: 24031: 24029: 24026: 24024: 24021: 24019: 24016: 24014: 24011: 24009: 24006: 24002: 24001:Queen regnant 23999: 23998: 23997: 23994: 23992: 23989: 23987: 23984: 23983: 23981: 23977: 23971: 23968: 23966: 23963: 23961: 23960:Republicanism 23958: 23956: 23953: 23951: 23948: 23946: 23943: 23941: 23940:Head of state 23938: 23936: 23933: 23931: 23928: 23926: 23923: 23921: 23918: 23916: 23913: 23911: 23908: 23906: 23903: 23901: 23898: 23897: 23895: 23891: 23885: 23882: 23880: 23877: 23875: 23874:Non-sovereign 23872: 23870: 23867: 23865: 23862: 23860: 23857: 23855: 23852: 23850: 23847: 23845: 23842: 23841: 23839: 23835: 23829: 23826: 23824: 23821: 23819: 23816: 23814: 23811: 23809: 23806: 23805: 23802: 23798: 23791: 23786: 23784: 23779: 23777: 23772: 23771: 23768: 23756: 23752: 23748: 23746: 23738: 23735: 23732: 23730: 23727: 23726: 23723: 23712: 23709: 23705: 23702: 23701: 23696: 23695: 23692: 23685: 23684: 23680: 23677: 23676: 23672: 23667: 23662: 23659: 23654: 23649: 23646: 23643: 23642: 23638: 23635: 23634: 23630: 23627: 23626: 23622: 23619: 23618: 23614: 23613: 23610: 23603: 23599: 23588: 23587:Falklands War 23584: 23582: 23578: 23574: 23573: 23570: 23563: 23562: 23558: 23555: 23554: 23550: 23547: 23544: 23541: 23538: 23535: 23532: 23529: 23526: 23525: 23522: 23518:South America 23515: 23511: 23501: 23497: 23493: 23491: 23487: 23485: 23481: 23480: 23477: 23465: 23462: 23459: 23456: 23453: 23449: 23446: 23442: 23439: 23436: 23433: 23430: 23429: 23427: 23421: 23417: 23414: 23411: 23408: 23407:Union Islands 23405: 23402: 23398: 23395: 23392: 23389: 23386: 23383: 23380: 23377: 23374: 23371: 23368: 23365: 23362: 23359: 23356: 23355: 23351: 23348: 23345: 23342: 23338: 23335: 23332: 23329: 23326: 23323: 23320: 23317: 23314: 23310: 23307: 23304: 23301: 23300: 23298: 23297: 23293: 23290: 23289: 23284: 23275: 23270: 23268: 23263: 23261: 23256: 23255: 23252: 23248: 23237: 23234: 23231: 23228: 23223: 23220: 23219: 23217: 23214: 23211: 23208: 23205: 23202: 23199: 23198: 23194: 23191: 23188: 23185: 23184: 23180: 23177: 23174: 23171: 23168: 23165: 23162: 23159: 23156: 23153: 23149: 23146: 23142: 23139: 23135: 23132: 23129: 23126: 23123: 23120: 23119:Rupert's Land 23117: 23114: 23111: 23108: 23104: 23101: 23098: 23095: 23092: 23089: 23086: 23083: 23080: 23079:Paulet affair 23077: 23074: 23071: 23068: 23065: 23062: 23059: 23056: 23053: 23050: 23047: 23044: 23041: 23038: 23035: 23032: 23029: 23026: 23025:New Hampshire 23023: 23020: 23017: 23014: 23013:New Brunswick 23011: 23008: 23005: 23002: 22999: 22996: 22993: 22990: 22989: 22985: 22982: 22979: 22974: 22971: 22970: 22968: 22965: 22962: 22959: 22956: 22952: 22949: 22946: 22943: 22940: 22937: 22934: 22931: 22928: 22925: 22921: 22918: 22915: 22914: 22910: 22907: 22904: 22899: 22896: 22893: 22890: 22887: 22884: 22881: 22878: 22877: 22876: 22872: 22869: 22865: 22862: 22859: 22856: 22853: 22850: 22847: 22843: 22840: 22839: 22837: 22834: 22831: 22828: 22825: 22824: 22820: 22817: 22813: 22810: 22807: 22804: 22801: 22798: 22794: 22791: 22787: 22784: 22780: 22777: 22776: 22772: 22771: 22768: 22764:North America 22761: 22757: 22747: 22743: 22741: 22737: 22734: 22732: 22728: 22724: 22720: 22719: 22716: 22709: 22706: 22703: 22700: 22697: 22694: 22691: 22688: 22685: 22684:South Vietnam 22682: 22679: 22676: 22671: 22668: 22667: 22665: 22662: 22659: 22656: 22653: 22650: 22647: 22644: 22641: 22638: 22633: 22630: 22629: 22627: 22624: 22621: 22618: 22615: 22612: 22609: 22606: 22603: 22600: 22595: 22592: 22589: 22586: 22583: 22580: 22577: 22574: 22573: 22571: 22568: 22565: 22562: 22559: 22556: 22553: 22550: 22547: 22544: 22541: 22538: 22535: 22532: 22529: 22526: 22523: 22520: 22517: 22514: 22511: 22507: 22503: 22502: 22498: 22495: 22492: 22489: 22486: 22483: 22480: 22477: 22473: 22470: 22467: 22464: 22459: 22456: 22455: 22453: 22450: 22447: 22444: 22443: 22440: 22433: 22429: 22419: 22415: 22412: 22408: 22404: 22400: 22396: 22393: 22390: 22386: 22382: 22379: 22377: 22373: 22372: 22369: 22362: 22359: 22356: 22353: 22350: 22347: 22344: 22343: 22339: 22336: 22333: 22330: 22327: 22324: 22321: 22318: 22315: 22312: 22309: 22306: 22303: 22300: 22297: 22294: 22291: 22288: 22285: 22282: 22279: 22276: 22273: 22270: 22269: 22265: 22262: 22259: 22256: 22253: 22250: 22247: 22244: 22241: 22238: 22235: 22232: 22229: 22226: 22223: 22220: 22217: 22214: 22211: 22208: 22205: 22202: 22199: 22196: 22192: 22189: 22186: 22183: 22180: 22177: 22174: 22171: 22168: 22165: 22162: 22159: 22156: 22153: 22150: 22147: 22144: 22140: 22137: 22134: 22130: 22127: 22124: 22123: 22119: 22118: 22115: 22108: 22104: 22093: 22090: 22085: 22082: 22079: 22076: 22075: 22073: 22068: 22065: 22064: 22059: 22056: 22053: 22050: 22047: 22044: 22041: 22040: 22036: 22033: 22030: 22027: 22024: 22021: 22017: 22016: 22012: 22011: 22008: 22001: 21997: 21991: 21987: 21985: 21981: 21979: 21976: 21973: 21968: 21967: 21964: 21960: 21956: 21948: 21943: 21941: 21936: 21934: 21929: 21928: 21925: 21913: 21910: 21908: 21905: 21903: 21900: 21898: 21895: 21893: 21890: 21888: 21885: 21883: 21880: 21878: 21875: 21874: 21872: 21868: 21862: 21859: 21857: 21854: 21852: 21849: 21847: 21844: 21842: 21839: 21837: 21834: 21832: 21829: 21827: 21824: 21822: 21819: 21817: 21814: 21812: 21809: 21807: 21804: 21802: 21799: 21797: 21794: 21792: 21789: 21787: 21784: 21782: 21779: 21777: 21774: 21773: 21771: 21767: 21761: 21760: 21756: 21754: 21751: 21749: 21746: 21744: 21741: 21739: 21736: 21734: 21731: 21729: 21726: 21724: 21721: 21719: 21716: 21714: 21711: 21709: 21706: 21704: 21701: 21699: 21696: 21694: 21691: 21689: 21686: 21684: 21681: 21679: 21676: 21674: 21671: 21669: 21666: 21664: 21661: 21659: 21656: 21654: 21651: 21649: 21646: 21644: 21641: 21639: 21638:Satyapal Dang 21636: 21634: 21631: 21629: 21626: 21624: 21621: 21619: 21616: 21614: 21611: 21609: 21606: 21604: 21601: 21599: 21596: 21594: 21591: 21589: 21586: 21584: 21581: 21579: 21576: 21574: 21571: 21569: 21566: 21564: 21563:Nana Fadnavis 21561: 21559: 21556: 21554: 21551: 21549: 21546: 21544: 21541: 21539: 21536: 21534: 21531: 21529: 21528:Mangal Pandey 21526: 21524: 21521: 21519: 21516: 21514: 21511: 21509: 21506: 21504: 21501: 21499: 21496: 21494: 21491: 21489: 21488:Khudiram Bose 21486: 21484: 21481: 21479: 21476: 21474: 21471: 21469: 21466: 21464: 21461: 21459: 21456: 21454: 21451: 21449: 21446: 21444: 21441: 21439: 21436: 21434: 21431: 21429: 21426: 21424: 21421: 21419: 21416: 21414: 21411: 21409: 21406: 21404: 21403:Chetram Jatav 21401: 21399: 21396: 21394: 21391: 21389: 21386: 21384: 21381: 21379: 21376: 21374: 21373:Bhikaiji Cama 21371: 21369: 21366: 21364: 21363:Bharathidasan 21361: 21359: 21356: 21354: 21351: 21349: 21348:Basawon Singh 21346: 21344: 21341: 21339: 21336: 21334: 21331: 21329: 21326: 21324: 21321: 21319: 21316: 21314: 21311: 21309: 21306: 21304: 21301: 21299: 21296: 21294: 21291: 21289: 21286: 21284: 21281: 21280: 21278: 21272: 21266: 21263: 21261: 21258: 21256: 21253: 21251: 21248: 21246: 21243: 21241: 21238: 21236: 21235:Sri Aurobindo 21233: 21231: 21228: 21226: 21223: 21221: 21218: 21216: 21213: 21211: 21208: 21206: 21205:Ram Mohan Roy 21203: 21201: 21198: 21196: 21193: 21191: 21188: 21186: 21185:Narayana Guru 21183: 21181: 21178: 21176: 21173: 21171: 21168: 21166: 21163: 21161: 21158: 21156: 21153: 21151: 21148: 21146: 21143: 21141: 21138: 21136: 21133: 21131: 21128: 21126: 21123: 21121: 21118: 21116: 21113: 21111: 21108: 21106: 21103: 21101: 21098: 21096: 21093: 21091: 21088: 21086: 21083: 21081: 21078: 21077: 21075: 21069: 21063: 21062: 21058: 21056: 21053: 21051: 21048: 21046: 21043: 21041: 21038: 21036: 21033: 21031: 21028: 21026: 21023: 21021: 21018: 21016: 21013: 21011: 21008: 21006: 21003: 21001: 20998: 20996: 20993: 20991: 20988: 20986: 20983: 20981: 20978: 20976: 20973: 20972: 20970: 20968:Organisations 20966: 20960: 20957: 20955: 20952: 20950: 20947: 20945: 20942: 20940: 20937: 20935: 20932: 20930: 20929:Bombay Mutiny 20927: 20925: 20922: 20920: 20917: 20915: 20914:Indian Legion 20912: 20910: 20907: 20905: 20902: 20900: 20897: 20895: 20892: 20890: 20887: 20885: 20882: 20880: 20877: 20875: 20872: 20870: 20867: 20865: 20862: 20860: 20857: 20855: 20854:1928 Protests 20852: 20850: 20847: 20845: 20842: 20840: 20837: 20835: 20832: 20830: 20827: 20825: 20822: 20820: 20817: 20815: 20812: 20810: 20807: 20805: 20802: 20800: 20799:Rowlatt Bills 20797: 20795: 20792: 20790: 20787: 20785: 20782: 20780: 20777: 20775: 20772: 20770: 20769: 20765: 20763: 20760: 20758: 20755: 20753: 20750: 20748: 20745: 20743: 20740: 20739: 20737: 20731: 20725: 20722: 20720: 20717: 20715: 20712: 20710: 20707: 20705: 20702: 20700: 20697: 20695: 20692: 20690: 20687: 20685: 20682: 20680: 20677: 20676: 20674: 20668: 20662: 20661: 20657: 20655: 20652: 20650: 20647: 20645: 20642: 20640: 20637: 20635: 20632: 20630: 20627: 20625: 20622: 20618: 20615: 20613: 20610: 20608: 20605: 20603: 20600: 20599: 20597: 20593: 20590: 20588: 20585: 20583: 20580: 20578: 20575: 20574: 20573: 20570: 20568: 20565: 20563: 20560: 20558: 20555: 20553: 20550: 20548: 20545: 20543: 20540: 20538: 20535: 20533: 20530: 20528: 20525: 20524: 20522: 20520: 20516: 20512: 20505: 20500: 20498: 20493: 20491: 20486: 20485: 20482: 20474: 20471: 20469: 20466: 20464: 20461: 20460: 20459: 20456: 20453: 20450: 20447: 20444: 20443: 20439: 20436: 20433: 20431: 20427: 20424: 20420: 20419: 20414: 20412: 20408: 20405: 20404: 20393: 20392: 20386: 20383: 20380: 20377: 20374: 20371: 20367: 20365: 20361: 20358:Judd, Denis. 20357: 20356: 20355: 20353: 20352: 20346: 20341: 20337: 20333:at Wikiquote 20332: 20327: 20322: 20317: 20303: 20297: 20293: 20292: 20286: 20285: 20282:Miscellaneous 20276: 20271: 20268: 20264: 20261: 20257: 20253: 20249: 20245: 20241: 20237: 20233: 20229: 20224: 20221: 20217: 20213: 20209: 20205: 20201: 20197: 20192: 20189: 20185: 20182: 20179: 20175: 20172: 20168: 20165: 20161: 20158: 20154: 20151: 20147: 20143: 20139: 20135: 20131: 20127: 20123: 20118: 20114: 20110: 20106: 20102: 20098: 20094: 20089: 20085: 20081: 20077: 20073: 20068: 20065: 20061: 20055: 20051: 20050: 20044: 20043: 20033: 20029: 20025: 20021: 20017: 20013: 20008: 20005: 19999: 19995: 19990: 19987: 19983: 19979: 19975: 19971: 19967: 19962: 19959: 19955: 19952: 19948: 19945: 19941: 19937: 19933: 19929: 19925: 19921: 19917: 19912: 19909: 19905: 19902: 19898: 19893: 19888: 19884: 19880: 19875: 19871: 19867: 19863: 19859: 19855: 19851: 19846: 19843: 19839: 19828: 19824: 19818: 19814: 19813: 19807: 19804: 19800: 19797: 19793: 19791: 19787: 19783: 19779: 19776: 19772: 19769: 19765: 19761: 19757: 19753: 19749: 19745: 19741: 19736: 19733: 19729: 19726: 19722: 19719: 19715: 19714: 19704: 19700: 19696: 19693: 19689: 19677: 19673: 19669: 19664: 19661: 19657: 19653: 19649: 19645: 19641: 19636: 19631: 19627: 19623: 19618: 19615: 19611: 19607: 19601: 19597: 19592: 19588: 19582: 19578: 19573: 19569: 19565: 19561: 19557: 19554:(47): 69–77. 19553: 19549: 19544: 19542: 19538: 19534: 19532: 19528: 19525: 19521: 19517: 19515: 19511: 19507: 19504: 19498: 19494: 19489: 19486: 19480: 19476: 19472: 19468: 19465: 19459: 19455: 19451: 19447: 19445: 19441: 19438: 19434: 19430: 19427: 19421: 19417: 19412: 19408: 19407: 19402: 19398: 19395: 19391: 19388: 19382: 19378: 19373: 19370: 19364: 19360: 19359: 19354: 19350: 19347: 19341: 19337: 19333: 19329: 19326: 19322: 19318: 19312: 19308: 19304: 19300: 19297: 19293: 19290: 19286: 19283: 19277: 19273: 19268: 19265: 19261: 19257: 19253: 19249: 19245: 19241: 19237: 19232: 19229: 19225: 19221: 19218: 19212: 19208: 19207: 19201: 19198: 19194: 19189: 19185: 19184:Jalal, Ayesha 19181: 19177: 19176: 19171: 19167: 19162: 19159: 19153: 19149: 19144: 19141: 19139:0-19-505115-7 19135: 19131: 19127: 19123: 19120: 19116: 19112: 19108: 19104: 19100: 19095: 19092: 19088: 19083: 19078: 19074: 19070: 19066: 19062: 19058: 19054: 19050: 19044: 19040: 19039: 19033: 19022: 19021: 19015: 19012: 19008: 18998: 18992: 18988: 18987: 18981: 18978: 18974: 18972: 18968: 18964: 18961: 18957: 18953: 18949: 18938: 18934: 18928: 18924: 18920: 18915: 18912: 18911:History Today 18908: 18905: 18901: 18898: 18892: 18888: 18887: 18882: 18878: 18874: 18868: 18864: 18863: 18857: 18853: 18847: 18843: 18838: 18834: 18828: 18824: 18819: 18815: 18809: 18805: 18801: 18797: 18794: 18790: 18786: 18782: 18778: 18774: 18769: 18767: 18763: 18759: 18756: 18750: 18746: 18741: 18738: 18734: 18730: 18719: 18715: 18714: 18709: 18705: 18702: 18698: 18688: 18682: 18678: 18677: 18672: 18668: 18657: 18653: 18647: 18643: 18642: 18637: 18633: 18630: 18624: 18620: 18616: 18612: 18609: 18603: 18599: 18594: 18593: 18582: 18576: 18572: 18567: 18564: 18560: 18556: 18550: 18546: 18542: 18538: 18536: 18532: 18528: 18516: 18512: 18506: 18502: 18501: 18496: 18495:Stein, Burton 18492: 18488: 18482: 18478: 18474: 18473:Stein, Burton 18470: 18466: 18460: 18456: 18455: 18450: 18446: 18444: 18440: 18436: 18434: 18430: 18426: 18423: 18417: 18412: 18411: 18405: 18404:Sarkar, Sumit 18401: 18398: 18392: 18388: 18387: 18381: 18378: 18374: 18371: 18367: 18363: 18357: 18353: 18348: 18345: 18342: 18338: 18334: 18330: 18325: 18322: 18318: 18315: 18312: 18306: 18302: 18298: 18294: 18290: 18279: 18275: 18269: 18265: 18264: 18258: 18254: 18248: 18244: 18240: 18236: 18233: 18229: 18226: 18222: 18219: 18214: 18211: 18205: 18201: 18196: 18193: 18187: 18183: 18182: 18177: 18173: 18170: 18166: 18162: 18156: 18152: 18147: 18144: 18140: 18137: 18133: 18131: 18127: 18123: 18119: 18117: 18113: 18109: 18106: 18102: 18099: 18093: 18089: 18084: 18073: 18069: 18063: 18059: 18058: 18052: 18049: 18043: 18039: 18038: 18033: 18032:Jalal, Ayesha 18029: 18025: 18021: 18015: 18011: 18007: 18003: 17999: 17993: 17989: 17988: 17982: 17978: 17972: 17968: 17964: 17960: 17956: 17950: 17946: 17941: 17938: 17934: 17931: 17927: 17926: 17899: 17895: 17891: 17885: 17869: 17865: 17861: 17857: 17856:The Economist 17853: 17847: 17831: 17827: 17823: 17817: 17811: 17807: 17804: 17801:Md Abu Nasim 17800: 17796: 17793: 17788: 17772: 17768: 17764: 17758: 17750: 17744: 17740: 17739: 17731: 17729: 17712: 17708: 17704: 17697: 17681: 17677: 17673: 17667: 17651: 17647: 17643: 17637: 17622: 17618: 17612: 17597: 17593: 17587: 17579: 17573: 17569: 17568: 17560: 17545: 17541: 17535: 17528: 17522: 17514: 17510: 17506: 17502: 17499:(3): 314–16. 17498: 17494: 17493:Asian Affairs 17487: 17480: 17478: 17471: 17455: 17451: 17450:History.ac.uk 17447: 17441: 17439: 17437: 17429: 17423: 17415: 17409: 17405: 17398: 17390: 17384: 17380: 17376: 17369: 17361: 17355: 17351: 17347: 17340: 17332: 17326: 17322: 17315: 17313: 17304: 17298: 17294: 17287: 17279: 17273: 17269: 17262: 17254: 17248: 17244: 17240: 17233: 17225: 17219: 17215: 17208: 17200: 17194: 17190: 17186: 17179: 17172: 17159: 17155: 17154: 17147: 17139: 17133: 17129: 17122: 17115: 17110: 17104: 17100: 17093: 17085: 17079: 17075: 17071: 17064: 17062: 17053: 17047: 17043: 17039: 17032: 17025: 17019: 17013:, p. 431 17012: 17007: 16999: 16995: 16991: 16987: 16984:(4): 557–78. 16983: 16979: 16972: 16953: 16949: 16945: 16941: 16937: 16930: 16923: 16907: 16900: 16891: 16885: 16879: 16863: 16859: 16853: 16837: 16833: 16827: 16811: 16807: 16803: 16797: 16790: 16789: 16788:The Asian Age 16784: 16779: 16777: 16760: 16753: 16746: 16745: 16740: 16735: 16728: 16724: 16719: 16717: 16700: 16696: 16692: 16686: 16670: 16666: 16660: 16658: 16650: 16645: 16638: 16634: 16633:Bipan Chandra 16629: 16621: 16615: 16611: 16610: 16602: 16594: 16587: 16579: 16573: 16569: 16568: 16560: 16545: 16541: 16535: 16519: 16515: 16509: 16493: 16489: 16483: 16475: 16471: 16466: 16461: 16457: 16453: 16450:(3): 135–40. 16449: 16445: 16441: 16434: 16418: 16414: 16408: 16392: 16388: 16382: 16375: 16371: 16368: 16363: 16347: 16343: 16337: 16330: 16326: 16323: 16318: 16311: 16307: 16304: 16299: 16292: 16288: 16285: 16280: 16273: 16269: 16263: 16257:, p. 173 16256: 16251: 16244: 16239: 16232: 16227: 16220: 16215: 16208: 16203: 16196: 16191: 16184: 16179: 16172: 16167: 16160: 16155: 16148: 16143: 16136: 16131: 16129: 16127: 16125: 16118:, p. 83. 16117: 16112: 16106:, p. 80. 16105: 16100: 16093: 16088: 16073: 16069: 16065: 16058: 16043: 16039: 16035: 16029: 16013: 16009: 16008: 16000: 15985: 15981: 15977: 15971: 15956: 15952: 15948: 15941: 15926: 15922: 15918: 15912: 15896: 15892: 15891: 15890:British India 15883: 15868: 15864: 15860: 15853: 15838: 15834: 15830: 15824: 15809: 15805: 15801: 15794: 15785: 15777: 15773: 15769: 15765: 15761: 15757: 15750: 15742: 15738: 15737:Asian Profile 15731: 15723: 15719: 15715: 15711: 15707: 15703: 15699: 15693: 15686: 15680: 15674: 15670: 15666: 15660: 15644: 15639: 15634: 15630: 15626: 15622: 15615: 15599: 15593: 15578: 15574: 15570: 15566: 15560: 15544: 15540: 15533: 15526: 15520: 15501: 15497: 15490: 15484: 15482: 15480: 15472: 15466: 15450: 15446: 15442: 15436: 15434: 15432: 15423: 15417: 15413: 15409: 15405: 15401: 15395: 15388: 15383: 15376: 15371: 15363: 15359: 15355: 15351: 15348:(4): 404–32. 15347: 15343: 15336: 15328: 15322: 15318: 15314: 15308: 15302:, p. 259 15301: 15296: 15288: 15282: 15278: 15277: 15272: 15266: 15250: 15246: 15242: 15237: 15232: 15229:(4): 621–28. 15228: 15224: 15217: 15209: 15201: 15197: 15193: 15189: 15185: 15181: 15174: 15167: 15166:Headrick 1988 15162: 15153: 15147:, p. 73. 15146: 15141: 15125: 15121: 15120: 15115: 15108: 15106: 15097: 15096: 15089: 15082: 15081:Headrick 1988 15077: 15061: 15057: 15053: 15047: 15045: 15037: 15031: 15024: 15018: 15010: 15004: 15000: 14993: 14985: 14979: 14975: 14971: 14965: 14957: 14951: 14947: 14940: 14934:, p. 72. 14933: 14928: 14926: 14917: 14911: 14907: 14900: 14892: 14888: 14884: 14880: 14876: 14872: 14869:(3): 521–45. 14868: 14864: 14857: 14849: 14843: 14839: 14832: 14825: 14824:Headrick 1988 14820: 14812: 14808: 14804: 14800: 14797:(4): 413–60. 14796: 14792: 14785: 14777: 14762: 14758: 14754: 14753: 14747: 14739: 14737: 14727: 14720: 14715: 14707: 14703: 14699: 14695: 14692:(4): 507–23. 14691: 14687: 14680: 14672: 14666: 14662: 14658: 14654: 14650: 14644: 14637: 14632: 14624: 14618: 14614: 14607: 14600: 14594: 14586: 14582: 14578: 14574: 14571:(1): 87–126. 14570: 14566: 14559: 14552: 14547: 14545: 14537: 14532: 14525: 14520: 14518: 14510: 14505: 14498: 14493: 14491: 14483: 14479: 14474: 14468:, p. 195 14467: 14462: 14455: 14450: 14444:, p. 104 14443: 14438: 14431: 14426: 14424: 14422: 14420: 14412: 14407: 14400: 14395: 14388: 14383: 14367: 14363: 14359: 14355: 14351: 14347: 14343: 14339: 14332: 14324: 14320: 14316: 14312: 14307: 14302: 14299:(1): 90–103. 14298: 14294: 14290: 14283: 14276: 14271: 14269: 14261: 14256: 14250: 14246: 14241: 14239: 14231: 14226: 14224: 14216: 14212: 14208: 14203: 14202: 14195: 14179: 14175: 14169: 14166:. Routledge. 14165: 14164: 14158: 14153: 14147: 14143: 14138: 14134: 14130: 14127: 14123: 14119: 14118: 14113: 14108: 14092: 14088: 14082: 14076: 14072: 14069: 14065: 14059: 14043: 14039: 14038: 14031: 14023: 14022: 14014: 14007: 14001: 13993: 13989: 13988: 13980: 13972: 13971: 13963: 13956: 13955:History Today 13950: 13933: 13932: 13923: 13915: 13911: 13910: 13902: 13900: 13891: 13890: 13882: 13866: 13865: 13857: 13851:(2008) p. 237 13850: 13847:Maria Misra, 13844: 13835: 13819: 13815: 13811: 13805: 13798: 13786: 13782: 13778: 13772: 13765: 13761: 13757: 13753: 13748: 13738: 13734: 13729: 13714: 13708: 13704: 13699: 13698: 13689: 13683:, p. 172 13682: 13677: 13670: 13665: 13658: 13653: 13651: 13643: 13638: 13624: 13618: 13614: 13613: 13605: 13598: 13593: 13586: 13581: 13575:, p. 69. 13574: 13569: 13562: 13557: 13555: 13547: 13542: 13535: 13530: 13523: 13518: 13511: 13506: 13499: 13494: 13492: 13483: 13479: 13475: 13471: 13467: 13463: 13456: 13450:(2006) p. 142 13449: 13443: 13435: 13431: 13427: 13423: 13419: 13415: 13408: 13400: 13396: 13390: 13384: 13376: 13370: 13366: 13361: 13360: 13351: 13343: 13337: 13333: 13329: 13328: 13323: 13317: 13311:, p. 190 13310: 13305: 13289: 13285: 13279: 13272: 13266: 13250: 13246: 13242: 13236: 13234: 13217: 13213: 13209: 13202: 13200: 13198: 13190: 13189: 13184: 13179: 13172: 13155: 13151: 13147: 13143: 13139: 13136:(2): 160–88. 13135: 13131: 13124: 13117: 13111:, p. 154 13110: 13105: 13098: 13093: 13086: 13081: 13073: 13069: 13065: 13061: 13057: 13053: 13049: 13045: 13038: 13030: 13026: 13022: 13018: 13014: 13010: 13006: 13002: 12995: 12988: 12983: 12981: 12972: 12971:History Today 12965: 12957: 12953: 12949: 12945: 12941: 12934: 12927: 12921: 12915:, p. 208 12914: 12909: 12903:, p. 304 12902: 12897: 12895: 12893: 12885: 12880: 12878: 12876: 12869:, p. 190 12868: 12863: 12861: 12859: 12857: 12849: 12844: 12837: 12832: 12830: 12828: 12826: 12824: 12822: 12820: 12818: 12816: 12808: 12803: 12801: 12799: 12797: 12795: 12793: 12791: 12789: 12781: 12775: 12768: 12763: 12756: 12751: 12749: 12747: 12745: 12737: 12732: 12730: 12728: 12726: 12719:, p. 199 12718: 12713: 12711: 12709: 12707: 12705: 12697: 12692: 12690: 12688: 12680: 12675: 12673: 12671: 12651: 12647: 12640: 12633: 12626: 12621: 12619: 12617: 12615: 12613: 12611: 12602: 12596: 12589: 12584: 12569: 12563: 12559: 12558: 12550: 12548: 12541:, p. 201 12540: 12535: 12533: 12531: 12524:, p. 286 12523: 12518: 12512:, p. 200 12511: 12506: 12504: 12502: 12500: 12492: 12487: 12480: 12475: 12469:(2008) p. 184 12468: 12464: 12459: 12453: 12449: 12443: 12434: 12426: 12422: 12418: 12414: 12411:(3): 221–37. 12410: 12406: 12405: 12397: 12388: 12381: 12375: 12368: 12362: 12356:, p. 197 12355: 12350: 12344: 12340: 12334: 12328:(1996) p. 116 12327: 12321: 12314: 12309: 12303:, p. 170 12302: 12297: 12290: 12286: 12283: 12279: 12273: 12267:, p. 888 12266: 12261: 12259: 12252:, p. 169 12251: 12246: 12238: 12232: 12228: 12221: 12215:, p. 97. 12214: 12209: 12207: 12199: 12194: 12192: 12185:, p. 260 12184: 12179: 12177: 12175: 12168:, p. 159 12167: 12162: 12156:, p. 258 12155: 12150: 12144: 12139: 12137: 12130:, p. 258 12129: 12125: 12120: 12114: 12110: 12105: 12086: 12082: 12075: 12069: 12063:, p. 151 12062: 12057: 12050: 12045: 12039:, p. 150 12038: 12033: 12026: 12021: 12014: 12009: 11990: 11983: 11978: 11972: 11964: 11960: 11956: 11952: 11949:(3): 357–82. 11948: 11944: 11937: 11930: 11925: 11919:, p. 147 11918: 11913: 11911: 11894: 11890: 11886: 11880: 11864: 11860: 11856: 11850: 11834: 11830: 11826: 11820: 11812: 11808: 11804: 11798: 11791: 11786: 11778: 11772: 11768: 11767: 11759: 11750: 11742: 11736: 11732: 11725: 11709: 11708: 11700: 11693: 11689: 11685: 11681: 11669: 11663: 11659: 11658: 11653: 11647: 11631: 11627: 11620: 11612: 11606: 11602: 11601: 11593: 11584: 11579: 11573: 11569: 11568: 11562: 11559: 11554: 11548: 11544: 11539: 11527: 11523: 11517: 11513: 11512: 11506: 11505: 11502: 11493: 11489: 11483: 11479: 11478: 11472: 11469: 11468: 11462: 11456: 11452: 11451: 11445: 11442: 11429: 11425: 11419: 11415: 11414: 11408: 11405: 11392: 11388: 11382: 11378: 11377: 11371: 11370: 11367: 11358: 11345: 11332: 11326: 11322: 11321: 11316: 11312: 11309: 11296: 11292: 11286: 11282: 11278: 11273: 11272: 11269: 11260: 11247: 11243: 11237: 11233: 11232: 11226: 11223: 11210: 11206: 11200: 11196: 11195: 11189: 11188: 11185: 11176: 11172: 11168: 11164: 11161: 11157: 11151: 11147: 11143: 11139: 11138: 11135: 11128: 11123: 11121:0-521-25092-7 11117: 11113: 11106: 11099: 11091: 11085: 11081: 11074: 11072: 11064: 11060: 11054: 11050: 11043: 11036: 11032: 11026: 11022: 11015: 11008: 11003: 10997: 10993: 10986: 10979: 10966: 10962: 10958: 10954: 10950: 10946: 10942: 10938: 10934: 10930: 10926: 10922: 10915: 10908: 10896: 10892: 10891: 10886: 10880: 10873: 10861: 10857: 10856: 10851: 10849: 10841: 10832: 10830: 10821: 10817: 10816: 10808: 10800: 10799: 10791: 10783: 10779: 10775: 10774: 10766: 10758: 10754: 10753: 10745: 10737: 10733: 10729: 10725: 10718: 10702: 10698: 10694: 10690: 10689:www.rmg.co.uk 10686: 10680: 10673: 10669: 10663: 10659: 10658: 10650: 10643: 10639: 10635: 10631: 10627: 10620: 10612: 10608: 10607: 10603: 10597: 10593: 10579: 10575: 10571: 10558: 10551: 10545: 10538: 10532: 10525: 10521: 10514: 10510: 10506: 10502: 10495: 10491: 10487: 10480: 10476: 10472: 10465: 10461: 10457: 10450: 10446: 10442: 10435: 10431: 10427: 10423: 10417: 10410: 10404: 10397: 10391: 10382: 10373: 10364: 10355: 10348: 10344: 10343:British India 10340: 10336: 10331: 10324: 10318: 10312: 10308: 10304: 10298: 10292: 10286: 10280: 10276: 10270: 10263: 10259: 10258:Star of India 10253: 10249: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10227: 10224: 10222: 10219: 10217: 10214: 10212: 10209: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10192: 10187: 10176: 10173: 10162: 10159: 10148: 10145: 10134: 10125: 10120: 10118: 10113: 10111: 10106: 10105: 10103: 10102: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10076: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10006: 10004: 10001: 9999: 9996: 9995: 9988: 9987: 9979: 9976: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9948:Uttar Pradesh 9946: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9885: 9878: 9877: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9830: 9823: 9822: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9800: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9790: 9786: 9784: 9781: 9780: 9776: 9774: 9771: 9770: 9766: 9764: 9761: 9760: 9756: 9754: 9751: 9750: 9742: 9737: 9736: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9720: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9710: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9700: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9690: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9680: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9670: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9660: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9650: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9640: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9630: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9620: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9610: 9606: 9604: 9603:Mughal Empire 9601: 9600: 9592: 9587: 9586: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9570: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9560: 9556: 9554: 9550: 9549: 9545: 9543: 9539: 9538: 9534: 9532: 9528: 9527: 9523: 9521: 9517: 9516: 9512: 9510: 9506: 9505: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9495: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9485: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9475: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9465: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9455: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9445: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9435: 9431: 9429: 9428:Reddy Kingdom 9426: 9425: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9415: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9405: 9401: 9399: 9395: 9394: 9390: 9388: 9384: 9383: 9379: 9377: 9373: 9372: 9368: 9366: 9362: 9361: 9357: 9355: 9351: 9350: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9340: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9330: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9320: 9312: 9307: 9306: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9279: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9269: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9259: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9249: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9239: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9229: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9219: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9209: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9199: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9189: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9179: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9169: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9159: 9155: 9153: 9152:Yadava Empire 9150: 9149: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9139: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9129: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9119: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9109: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9099: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9089: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9079: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9069: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9059: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9049: 9045: 9043: 9042:Harsha Empire 9040: 9039: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9018: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9008: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8991: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8981: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8971: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8961: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8951: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8941: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8931: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8921: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8911: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8890: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8869: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8859: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8849: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8839: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8829: 8825: 8823: 8822:Kushan Empire 8820: 8819: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8809: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8792: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8782: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8772: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8762: 8758: 8756: 8755:Shunga Empire 8753: 8752: 8737: 8735: 8734:Mitra Dynasty 8732: 8731: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8721: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8711: 8703: 8698: 8697: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8681: 8676: AD 500 8672: 250 BC 8666: 8664: 8661: 8660: 8655: 250 AD 8649: 8647: 8644: 8643: 8638: 300 BC 8632: 8630: 8627: 8626: 8621: 300 BC 8615: 8613: 8612:Chera Kingdom 8610: 8609: 8604: 300 BC 8598: 8596: 8595:Pandya Empire 8593: 8592: 8587: 300 AD 8583: 300 BC 8577: 8575: 8574:Sangam period 8572: 8571: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8561: 8557: 8555: 8554:Maurya Empire 8552: 8551: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8541: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8531: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8521: 8517: 8514: 8513: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8503: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8486: 8481: 600 BC 8475: 8473: 8470: 8469: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8459: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8449: 8445: 8443: 8439: 8438: 8435:(1200–600 BC) 8434: 8432: 8428: 8427: 8423: 8421: 8417: 8416: 8413:(1500–600 BC) 8412: 8410: 8406: 8405: 8402:(1500–500 BC) 8401: 8399: 8396: 8395: 8389:(1500–200 BC) 8387: 8382: 8381: 8372:(1600–500 BC) 8371: 8369: 8365: 8364: 8360: 8358: 8354: 8353: 8350:(2000–500 BC) 8349: 8347: 8344: 8343: 8339: 8337: 8333: 8332: 8328: 8326: 8322: 8321: 8317: 8315: 8311: 8310: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8300: 8292: 8287: 8286: 8277:(1400–700 BC) 8276: 8274: 8273:Jorwe culture 8271: 8270: 8266: 8264: 8263:Malwa culture 8261: 8260: 8257:(1600–750 BC) 8256: 8254: 8253:Pandu culture 8251: 8250: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8240: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8223: 8215: 8210: 8209: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8193: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8183: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8173: 8165: 8160: 8159: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8135: 8127: 8122: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8110: 8106: 8102: 8101: 8098: 8095: 8094: 8084: 8079: 8077: 8072: 8070: 8065: 8064: 8062: 8061: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8047: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8037: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8027: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8017: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8007: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7997: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7987: 7984: 7983: 7973: 7972:British India 7969: 7968: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7954: 7950: 7948: 7947:Casa da Índia 7945: 7944: 7941: 7940: 7930: 7926: 7925: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7911: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7901: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7891: 7887: 7885: 7884:Swedish India 7882: 7881: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7871: 7868: 7867: 7862: 7856: 7852: 7851: 7848: 7845: 7844: 7836: 7833: 7829: 7825: 7821: 7817: 7813: 7811: 7807: 7803: 7799: 7795: 7787: 7783: 7778: 7769: 7767: 7763: 7758: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7742: 7731: 7722: 7720: 7716: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7698: 7694: 7690: 7686: 7682: 7678: 7674: 7669: 7667: 7663: 7659: 7655: 7652:in 1814, the 7651: 7647: 7643: 7638: 7636: 7632: 7629:In 1889, the 7624: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7603: 7593: 7586: 7581: 7573: 7569: 7564: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7547: 7543: 7537: 7534: 7530: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7500: 7496: 7495:Vidurashwatha 7492: 7489: 7485: 7481: 7477: 7474: 7471: 7467: 7463: 7459: 7455: 7452: 7449: 7446: 7442: 7441:mass shooting 7438: 7434: 7430: 7427: 7424: 7420: 7416: 7412: 7408: 7405: 7401: 7397: 7394: 7391: 7390:Reginald Dyer 7387: 7384: 7383: 7382: 7379: 7372: 7370: 7366: 7362: 7358: 7354: 7349: 7347: 7343: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7326: 7324: 7320: 7316: 7312: 7307: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7277: 7273: 7266: 7261: 7257: 7255: 7251: 7247: 7243: 7239: 7234: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7212: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7197: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7182: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7167: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7152: 7149: 7148: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7133: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7118: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7103: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7088: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7073: 7072: 7069: 7068: 7063: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7048: 7045: 7044: 7039: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7024: 7021: 7020: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7004: 6999: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6984: 6981: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6967: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6952: 6949: 6948: 6943: 6932: 6926: 6913: 6903: 6902:summary style 6899: 6893: 6889: 6887: 6883:This article 6881: 6872: 6871: 6867: 6861: 6857: 6842: 6839: 6836: 6833: 6830: 6827: 6824: 6821: 6818: 6815: 6812: 6809: 6806: 6803: 6800: 6797: 6794: 6793: 6789: 6786: 6783: 6780: 6777: 6774: 6771: 6768: 6765: 6762: 6759: 6756: 6753: 6750: 6747: 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S. Montagu 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5313: 5310: 5306: 5303: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5295: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5262: 5260: 5256: 5251: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5236:Mughal Empire 5233: 5232:British India 5229: 5225: 5219: 5204: 5201: 5196: 5192: 5186: 5183: 5182: 5178: 5175: 5172: 5167: 5163: 5157: 5154: 5153: 5149: 5146: 5143: 5138: 5134: 5128: 5125: 5124: 5120: 5117: 5112: 5108: 5102: 5099: 5098: 5094: 5091: 5088: 5083: 5079: 5073: 5072:Ajmer-Merwara 5070: 5069: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5045: 5042: 5034: 5032: 5023: 5020: 5017: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5003:Uttar Pradesh 4998: 4995: 4994: 4991: 4988: 4985: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4946: 4943: 4942: 4939: 4936: 4933: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4909:and parts of 4908: 4904: 4898: 4895: 4894: 4891: 4888: 4885: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4865:and parts of 4864: 4858: 4855: 4854: 4851: 4848: 4845: 4840: 4836: 4830: 4827: 4826: 4823: 4820: 4817: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4797:and parts of 4796: 4790: 4787: 4786: 4783: 4780: 4777: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4746: 4743: 4742: 4739: 4736: 4733: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4702: 4699: 4698: 4692: 4687: 4684: 4676: 4664: 4656: 4646: 4644: 4640: 4639:British Crown 4636: 4632: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4616: 4614: 4608: 4605: 4601: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4590: 4585: 4584:Native States 4581: 4580:British India 4575: 4571: 4567: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4516: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4449: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4381: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4351: 4350: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316:18 April 1936 4313: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4298: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287:18 April 1931 4284: 4283: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4264: 4263: 4259: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4234: 4229: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4194: 4193: 4190: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4154:World War I, 4145: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4114: 4113: 4109: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4092:Railway Board 4089: 4087: 4086:Earl of Minto 4084: 4079: 4078: 4024: 4020: 4013: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3988: 3984: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3952: 3940: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3917: 3916: 3910: 3905: 3902:beginning in 3901: 3896: 3892: 3885: 3881: 3879: 3878:Earl of Elgin 3876: 3871: 3870: 3862: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3842: 3838: 3832: 3828: 3822: 3821:Gilgit Agency 3817: 3813: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3799: 3798: 3792: 3787: 3783: 3777: 3773: 3767: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3752: 3751: 3745: 3737: 3733: 3726: 3720: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3706: 3705: 3701: 3694: 3688: 3684: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3650: 3649: 3645: 3642:, the future 3641: 3638:Visit of the 3633: 3627: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616:12 April 1876 3613: 3612: 3606: 3602: 3592: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3578: 3577: 3573: 3567: 3563: 3556: 3552: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3523: 3522:Earl of Elgin 3520: 3515: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3474: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3451: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3440:21 March 1862 3437: 3436: 3432: 3425: 3415: 3410: 3403: 3398: 3391: 3386: 3379: 3374: 3371: 3370: 3364: 3362: 3353: 3349: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3308: 3304: 3298: 3296: 3295:native forces 3292: 3288: 3283: 3281: 3280:British India 3277: 3272: 3267: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3236: 3228: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3195: 3181: 3177: 3170: 3165: 3158: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3135: 3130: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3109: 3104: 3103: 3102: 3100: 3096: 3091: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3068: 3064: 3059: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3045: 3041: 3036: 3028: 3003: 3001: 3000: 2992: 2990: 2984: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2936: 2934: 2925: 2919:(right), 1942 2918: 2913: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2889:Sher-e-Bangla 2886: 2882: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2848: 2843: 2840: 2839:Herbert Baker 2836: 2835:Edwin Lutyens 2829: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2801: 2796: 2795: 2794: 2791: 2786: 2778: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2764: 2760: 2755: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2732: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2693: 2690:wounded. The 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2643: 2638: 2635: 2631: 2630:Muslim League 2627: 2620: 2615: 2608: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2580: 2575: 2574: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2541: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2530:Rowlatt Bills 2526: 2524: 2505: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2433: 2431: 2427: 2426:Anglo-Indians 2423: 2419: 2415: 2409: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2382: 2380: 2379:Edwin Montagu 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2353: 2347: 2338: 2334: 2333:Edwin Montagu 2328: 2318: 2308: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2265: 2263: 2262: 2257: 2256: 2251: 2247: 2246: 2241: 2237: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2199: 2193: 2189: 2180: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2157: 2153: 2143: 2141: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2098: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2040: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1985: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1954: 1944: 1938: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1919: 1914: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1896: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1878:Khudadad Khan 1873: 1868: 1867: 1864: 1860: 1855: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1825: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1797: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1782: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1735: 1731: 1725: 1720: 1716: 1710: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1691: 1686: 1685: 1678: 1676: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1661: 1660:Bande Mataram 1656: 1655:Sri Aurobindo 1652: 1648: 1647: 1646:Bande Mataram 1641: 1639: 1635: 1634: 1629: 1628: 1622: 1618: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1577:The viceroy, 1570: 1563: 1558: 1554: 1547: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1524: 1519: 1518: 1515: 1511: 1503: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1463: 1462:Thomas Baring 1459: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1427: 1425: 1423: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1391: 1387: 1381: 1376: 1372: 1366: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1338: 1333: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1316: 1311: 1310: 1307: 1297: 1295: 1294:famine scales 1291: 1287: 1283: 1277: 1274: 1270: 1265: 1264:British crown 1261: 1251: 1245: 1240: 1229: 1222: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1202: 1197: 1193: 1186: 1181: 1180: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1166: 1160: 1158: 1157:Uttar Pradesh 1152: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1139:Although the 1135:(1850s-1870s) 1134: 1133:Francis Frith 1129: 1122: 1121:Francis Frith 1117: 1110: 1109:Francis Frith 1105: 1096: 1089: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1066: 1061: 1057: 1050: 1045: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1028: 1023: 1022: 1014: 997: 992: 991: 990: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 951: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 887: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 840: 838: 834: 830: 827:in 1989. The 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 761: 759: 758:Indian Empire 755: 752:, called the 751: 747: 746:British India 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 718: 714: 710: 709: 701: 683: 661: 659: 656: 652: 651: 643: 641: 638: 634: 633: 625: 623: 620: 619: 611: 609: 606: 602: 601: 593: 591: 588: 587: 579: 577: 574: 573: 565: 563: 560: 556: 555: 552: 546: 543: 536: 535: 532: 531:Mughal Empire 529: 525: 518: 517: 514: 513: 510: 507: 505: 502: 501: 497: 494: 491: 487: 483: 477: 472: 468: 464: 461: 455: 451: 447: 440: 437:2 August 1858 436: 433: 427: 423: 420: 414: 410: 406: 402: 399: 396: 392: 388: 385: 382: 376: 373: 370: 364: 360: 356: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 332: 329: 326: 320: 316: 312: 310: 306: 302: 299: 296: 290: 287: 284: 278: 275: 272: 266: 263: 260: 254: 251: 248: 242: 238: 234: 232: 228: 225: 222: 218: 214: 212: 208: 202: 199: 196: 192: 189: 187: 184: 183: 181: 177: 172: 166: 163: 159: 155: 151: 148: 144: 137: 132: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 110:British India 105: 100: 85: 81: 77: 73: 65: 58: 53: 46: 43: 41: 37: 33: 19: 28573:Martial arts 28497:Architecture 28370:Demographics 28355:Caste system 28332:Society and 27982:Construction 27764:By net worth 27598:Indian rupee 27401:Reservations 27269:Intelligence 27172:Human rights 27157:Constitution 26915:Subdivisions 26608:Indian Plate 26598:Fossil Parks 26533:Contemporary 26448:World War II 26390: 26325:Early Modern 26315:Vijayanagara 26211:Vedic period 26081:India topics 25941:Martial arts 25831:Colonial era 25826:Early modern 25776:Caste system 25561:Austronesian 25502:Northwestern 25344:South Africa 25339:Sierra Leone 25286: 25282: 25116:Two Sicilies 25051:Papal States 24851: 24790: 24683: 24549: 24309:Cook Islands 24162: 24148:Saudi Arabia 24077: 23698: 23681: 23673: 23639: 23631: 23623: 23617:Saint Helena 23615: 23559: 23551: 23401:Cook Islands 23352: 23325:New Hebrides 23294:20th century 23210:West Florida 23195: 23181: 23113:Rhode Island 23091:Pennsylvania 23049:Newfoundland 22986: 22911: 22861:East Florida 22832:16th c.–1880 22821: 22773: 22670:Crown Colony 22658:Pulo Condore 22632:Crown Colony 22626:North Borneo 22545: 22499: 22458:Protectorate 22407:unrecognised 22401:in 1965 (as 22340: 22293:South Africa 22281:Sierra Leone 22268:Saint Helena 22266: 22261:Orange River 22139:Bechuanaland 22120: 22078:Protectorate 22037: 22013: 21977: 21957:and Current 21882:Constitution 21870:Independence 21757: 21728:Vanchinathan 21358:Bhagat Singh 21313:Annie Besant 21274:Independence 21255:Vinoba Bhave 21059: 21055:Swaraj Party 20959:Lucknow Pact 20869:Purna Swaraj 20859:Nehru Report 20766: 20670:Philosophies 20658: 20624:Polygar Wars 20552:French India 20546: 20537:Dutch Bengal 20527:Colonisation 20468:1921 edition 20463:1930 edition 20454: 20448: 20441: 20434: 20425: 20417: 20411:1861 edition 20406: 20390: 20369: 20359: 20350: 20313: 20294:. Springer. 20290: 20273: 20266: 20259: 20255: 20231: 20227: 20219: 20215: 20199: 20195: 20187: 20177: 20170: 20163: 20156: 20149: 20125: 20121: 20099:(1): 23–41. 20096: 20092: 20075: 20071: 20048: 20015: 20011: 19993: 19969: 19965: 19957: 19950: 19919: 19915: 19907: 19882: 19878: 19853: 19849: 19841: 19833:15 September 19831:, retrieved 19811: 19802: 19795: 19785: 19781: 19774: 19743: 19739: 19731: 19724: 19717: 19698: 19691: 19680:, retrieved 19671: 19659: 19625: 19621: 19613: 19595: 19576: 19551: 19547: 19536: 19519: 19509: 19492: 19474: 19453: 19432: 19415: 19405: 19393: 19376: 19357: 19335: 19324: 19306: 19295: 19288: 19271: 19239: 19235: 19227: 19223: 19205: 19196: 19187: 19174: 19165: 19147: 19129: 19102: 19098: 19064: 19060: 19037: 19025:, retrieved 19019: 19010: 19000:, retrieved 18985: 18976: 18966: 18951: 18941:, retrieved 18922: 18910: 18903: 18885: 18861: 18841: 18822: 18803: 18776: 18772: 18761: 18744: 18736: 18724:15 September 18722:, retrieved 18712: 18700: 18692:21 September 18690:, retrieved 18675: 18662:22 September 18660:, retrieved 18640: 18618: 18597: 18570: 18562: 18544: 18530: 18519:, retrieved 18499: 18476: 18453: 18438: 18428: 18409: 18385: 18376: 18369: 18351: 18337:the original 18332: 18320: 18300: 18282:, retrieved 18262: 18242: 18231: 18217: 18199: 18180: 18168: 18150: 18142: 18135: 18125: 18121: 18115: 18111: 18104: 18087: 18078:15 September 18076:, retrieved 18056: 18036: 18028:Bose, Sugata 18009: 17986: 17966: 17963:Bayly, C. A. 17944: 17936: 17929: 17917:Bibliography 17902:. Retrieved 17893: 17884: 17872:. Retrieved 17855: 17846: 17834:. Retrieved 17825: 17816: 17787: 17775:. Retrieved 17767:HistoryExtra 17766: 17757: 17737: 17715:. Retrieved 17706: 17696: 17684:. Retrieved 17675: 17666: 17654:. Retrieved 17645: 17636: 17624:. Retrieved 17621:HistoryExtra 17620: 17611: 17599:. Retrieved 17595: 17586: 17566: 17559: 17547:. Retrieved 17543: 17534: 17526: 17521: 17496: 17492: 17486: 17475: 17470: 17458:. Retrieved 17449: 17427: 17422: 17403: 17397: 17374: 17368: 17345: 17339: 17320: 17292: 17286: 17267: 17261: 17238: 17232: 17213: 17207: 17184: 17178: 17169: 17162:. Retrieved 17152: 17146: 17127: 17121: 17112: 17098: 17092: 17069: 17037: 17031: 17023: 17018: 17006: 16981: 16977: 16971: 16959:. Retrieved 16952:the original 16939: 16935: 16922: 16910:. Retrieved 16899: 16890: 16878: 16866:. Retrieved 16861: 16852: 16840:. Retrieved 16835: 16826: 16814:. Retrieved 16810:the original 16805: 16796: 16786: 16763:. Retrieved 16752: 16743: 16734: 16726: 16703:. Retrieved 16699:the original 16694: 16685: 16673:. Retrieved 16668: 16644: 16636: 16628: 16608: 16601: 16592: 16586: 16566: 16559: 16547:. Retrieved 16543: 16534: 16522:. Retrieved 16518:the original 16508: 16496:. Retrieved 16482: 16447: 16443: 16433: 16421:. Retrieved 16417:the original 16407: 16395:. Retrieved 16391:the original 16381: 16362: 16350:. Retrieved 16336: 16317: 16298: 16279: 16262: 16250: 16238: 16226: 16214: 16202: 16190: 16178: 16173:, p. 7. 16166: 16154: 16142: 16111: 16099: 16087: 16075:. Retrieved 16057: 16045:. Retrieved 16028: 16016:. Retrieved 16006: 15999: 15987:. Retrieved 15970: 15958:. Retrieved 15940: 15928:. Retrieved 15911: 15899:. Retrieved 15889: 15882: 15870:. Retrieved 15852: 15840:. Retrieved 15823: 15811:. Retrieved 15793: 15784: 15762:(1): 33–63. 15759: 15755: 15749: 15743:(5): 441–60. 15740: 15736: 15730: 15708:(8): 76–79. 15705: 15701: 15692: 15684: 15679: 15664: 15659: 15647:. Retrieved 15628: 15624: 15614: 15602:. Retrieved 15592: 15580:. Retrieved 15568: 15559: 15547:. Retrieved 15542: 15532: 15524: 15519: 15507:. Retrieved 15495: 15470: 15465: 15453:. Retrieved 15447:. F. Smith. 15444: 15403: 15394: 15389:, p. 12 15382: 15370: 15345: 15341: 15335: 15316: 15307: 15295: 15275: 15265: 15253:. Retrieved 15226: 15222: 15208: 15183: 15179: 15173: 15161: 15152: 15140: 15128:. Retrieved 15124:the original 15117: 15094: 15088: 15076: 15064:. Retrieved 15060:the original 15055: 15035: 15030: 15022: 15017: 14998: 14992: 14973: 14964: 14945: 14939: 14905: 14899: 14866: 14862: 14856: 14837: 14831: 14819: 14794: 14790: 14784: 14764:. Retrieved 14750: 14726: 14721:, p. 37 14714: 14689: 14685: 14679: 14652: 14643: 14631: 14612: 14606: 14598: 14593: 14568: 14564: 14558: 14531: 14504: 14484:, p. 72 14473: 14461: 14456:, p. 76 14449: 14437: 14413:, p. 96 14406: 14394: 14382: 14370:. Retrieved 14345: 14341: 14331: 14296: 14292: 14282: 14262:, p. 56 14255: 14232:, p. 60 14214: 14206: 14200: 14194: 14182:. Retrieved 14162: 14156: 14141: 14136: 14128: 14125: 14121: 14114: 14111: 14107: 14095:. Retrieved 14081: 14063: 14058: 14046:. Retrieved 14036: 14030: 14020: 14013: 14005: 14000: 13986: 13979: 13969: 13962: 13954: 13949: 13937:. Retrieved 13930: 13922: 13908: 13888: 13881: 13869:. Retrieved 13863: 13856: 13848: 13843: 13834: 13822:. Retrieved 13818:the original 13813: 13804: 13796: 13789:. Retrieved 13780: 13771: 13755: 13747: 13728: 13716:. Retrieved 13696: 13688: 13676: 13664: 13637: 13628:21 September 13626:, retrieved 13611: 13604: 13599:, p. 2. 13592: 13580: 13573:Wolpert 2006 13568: 13541: 13529: 13517: 13505: 13468:(1): 69–74. 13465: 13461: 13455: 13447: 13442: 13417: 13413: 13407: 13401:(3): 136–37. 13398: 13397:(Critique). 13394: 13383: 13358: 13350: 13326: 13316: 13304: 13292:. Retrieved 13278: 13273:(2007) p. 43 13270: 13265: 13253:. Retrieved 13244: 13220:. Retrieved 13211: 13186: 13178: 13170: 13163:15 September 13161:. Retrieved 13133: 13129: 13116: 13104: 13097:Brendon 2008 13092: 13080: 13047: 13043: 13037: 13007:(1): 47–73. 13004: 13000: 12994: 12970: 12964: 12939: 12933: 12925: 12920: 12908: 12848:Chhabra 2005 12843: 12782:(2007) ch. 2 12779: 12774: 12762: 12657:. Retrieved 12650:the original 12645: 12632: 12600: 12595: 12583: 12571:. Retrieved 12556: 12517: 12491:Wolpert 2004 12486: 12474: 12466: 12458: 12447: 12442: 12433: 12408: 12402: 12396: 12387: 12382:(1965) p. 77 12379: 12374: 12366: 12361: 12349: 12338: 12333: 12325: 12320: 12308: 12296: 12277: 12272: 12245: 12226: 12220: 12161: 12149: 12119: 12104: 12092:. Retrieved 12081:sas.ed.ac.uk 12080: 12068: 12056: 12044: 12032: 12020: 12008: 11996:. Retrieved 11989:the original 11976: 11971: 11946: 11942: 11936: 11924: 11897:. Retrieved 11888: 11879: 11867:. Retrieved 11858: 11849: 11837:. Retrieved 11828: 11819: 11811:the original 11806: 11797: 11785: 11765: 11758: 11749: 11730: 11724: 11712:. Retrieved 11706: 11699: 11673:19 September 11671:, retrieved 11656: 11646: 11634:. Retrieved 11619: 11599: 11592: 11581: 11566: 11556: 11542: 11530:, retrieved 11510: 11501: 11491: 11476: 11466: 11464: 11449: 11439: 11432:, retrieved 11412: 11402: 11395:, retrieved 11375: 11366: 11343: 11341: 11334:, retrieved 11319: 11306: 11299:, retrieved 11280: 11268: 11257: 11250:, retrieved 11230: 11220: 11213:, retrieved 11193: 11184: 11174: 11170: 11159: 11145: 11134: 11125: 11111: 11105: 11093: 11079: 11062: 11048: 11042: 11034: 11020: 11014: 11005: 10991: 10985: 10976: 10969:. Retrieved 10928: 10924: 10914: 10906: 10899:, retrieved 10889: 10885:"Simla Town" 10879: 10871: 10864:, retrieved 10854: 10847: 10840: 10814: 10807: 10797: 10790: 10772: 10765: 10759:p. 136. 10751: 10744: 10727: 10717: 10705:. Retrieved 10701:the original 10688: 10679: 10671: 10656: 10649: 10641: 10629: 10619: 10611:the original 10604: 10596: 10557: 10544: 10537:Anglo-Indian 10531: 10416: 10403: 10390: 10381: 10372: 10363: 10354: 10330: 10317: 10309:through the 10297: 10285: 10269: 10262:Lord Reading 10252: 10158:India portal 10013:Demographics 10003:Architecture 9802: 9783:French India 9773:Danish India 9653:Bengal Subah 9643:Bhoi dynasty 9573:Koch Kingdom 9408:Ahom Kingdom 9282:Deva Kingdom 8974:Huna Kingdom 8914:Gupta Empire 8816:(AD 35–405 ) 8775:Kanva Empire 8747: 50 BC 8629:Chola Empire 8568:(312–303 BC) 8558:(321–184 BC) 8548:(330–323 BC) 8538:(380–321 BC) 8534:Nanda Empire 8528:(424–345 BC) 8510:(550–330 BC) 8466:(684–424 BC) 8456:(799–684 BC) 8446:(700–200 BC) 8368:Swat culture 8214:Chalcolithic 8126:Palaeolithic 8019: 7990:EIC in India 7914:French India 7904:Danish India 7860: 7814: 7791: 7737: 7728: 7701: 7670: 7639: 7628: 7619:metropolitan 7580:liberal arts 7577: 7557: 7552: 7538: 7531:(1800–1859) 7527: 7422: 7380: 7378: 7353:Robert Grant 7350: 7327: 7308: 7269: 7235: 7232: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7066: 7065: 7041: 7001: 6969: 6945: 6907: 6884: 6840:386,666,623 6834:350,529,557 6828:316,128,721 6822:313,547,840 6816:294,361,056 6810:287,223,431 6804:253,891,821 6798:190,563,048 6448:Christianity 6259:255,280,369 6253:239,613,929 6247:216,734,586 6241:217,586,892 6235:207,147,026 6229:207,731,727 6223:188,685,913 6217:139,248,568 6069: 6065: 6042: 6031: 5993: 5989: 5982: 5961:Edmund Burke 5957: 5944: 5928: 5906: 5897: 5878: 5873: 5871: 5867: 5854:narrow gauge 5850: 5842: 5826: 5810: 5806: 5758: 5755:Dorabji Tata 5747: 5741: 5721:stiff tariff 5706: 5693: 5689: 5645: 5628: 5623:Delhi Durbar 5605:Legal system 5595:commissioner 5592: 5588: 5555: 5547: 5488: 5484: 5456:non-official 5455: 5451: 5448: 5435:Lord Canning 5429: 5410: 5386:Company rule 5378:Lord Canning 5332:Charles Wood 5328:India Office 5317: 5291: 5265:Organisation 5252: 5224:vassal state 5221: 5176: 5147: 5092: 5040: 5030: 5028: 4871:Chhattisgarh 4658: 4633: 4617: 4610: 4606: 4603: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4577: 4543:India Office 4374:India Office 4370:Burma Office 4344:Creation of 4267:3 April 1926 4197:2 April 1921 4182:, 1915–16); 4180:Siege of Kut 4139:Delhi Durbar 4117:4 April 1916 3994:(previously 3833:to Indians. 3678:Delhi Durbar 3599:Creation of 3585:Earl of Mayo 3487:James Wilson 3358: 3311: 3299: 3284: 3271:public trial 3268: 3241: 3126:World War II 3092: 3060: 3048: 3037: 3029: 3005: 2997: 2994: 2985: 2937: 2930: 2892: 2888: 2811:Samuel Hoare 2787: 2779: 2767: 2756: 2731:Purna Swaraj 2729: 2719: 2708: 2697: 2664: 2657:Bhagat Singh 2585: 2562:Purna Swaraj 2527: 2511: 2463: 2457:recommended 2430:Annie Besant 2410: 2383: 2363:Lucknow Pact 2360: 2288: 2271:district in 2266: 2259: 2253: 2243: 2233: 2229: 2227: 2222: 2218: 2210: 2202: 2196: 2185: 2173:South Africa 2106:Annie Besant 2099: 2093: 2069:Lucknow Pact 2048: 2041: 2013: 2009:Annie Besant 1993:Lord Harding 1986: 1950: 1924:Annie Besant 1901: 1863:Lucknow Pact 1854: 1845:Ghadar Party 1826: 1810: 1798: 1779: 1741: 1714: 1674: 1670: 1658: 1644: 1642: 1631: 1625: 1614: 1587: 1576: 1568: 1552: 1501: 1486: 1476:founded the 1467: 1460: 1456: 1444:utilitarians 1428: 1420: 1397: 1370: 1278: 1257: 1163: 1161: 1153: 1138: 1078: 987:protectorate 952: 936:Persian Gulf 893: 843: 841: 791:states: the 762: 757: 737: 733: 729: 681: 679: 654: 636: 604: 558: 527: 509:Succeeded by 508: 503: 493:Indian rupee 480:• Total 452:18 July 1947 384:William Hare 281:• 1936 79: 70:Flag of the 42: 40: 28615:Traditional 28292:Banking Act 28277:SARFESI Act 28191:Electricity 28012:Oil and gas 28002:Electricity 27955:Agriculture 27939:West Bengal 27929:Uttarakhand 27894:Maharashtra 27733:Licence Raj 27688:Black money 27547:Remittances 27391:Nationalism 27376:Citizenship 27209:Enforcement 27194:High Courts 27071:Rajya Sabha 26732:sanctuaries 26682:Earthquakes 26654:Environment 26469:Integration 26443:1943 famine 26391:British Raj 26358:Late modern 26282:Middle Ages 26246:Alchon Huns 26158:Mathematics 26148:Linguistics 25794:Archaeology 25709:Environment 25599:Afro-Asians 25421:Afghanistan 25283:British Raj 25255:(Sri Lanka) 25141:Württemberg 24853:South Yemen 24741:Maguindanao 24634:Afghanistan 24395:Barotseland 24331:Saint Lucia 24304:New Zealand 24213:Netherlands 23986:Chhatrapati 23970:Sovereignty 23910:Aristocracy 23734:Anglosphere 23452:New Zealand 23361:New Zealand 23230:West Jersey 23145:Saint Lucia 23131:Saint Kitts 23125:Saint Croix 23105:1763–1791* 23073:Nova Scotia 23019:New England 22975:, 1691–1776 22942:East Jersey 22930:Connecticut 22809:Bay Islands 22696:Transjordan 22614:Mesopotamia 22452:Afghanistan 22446:Aden Colony 22231:Niger Coast 22197:) 1874–1957 22173:East Africa 22155:Cape Colony 22145:) 1884–1966 22135:) 1868–1966 21826:Mountbatten 21448:Hemu Kalani 21328:Bagha Jatin 21265:Vivekananda 21020:India House 20904:Act of 1935 20679:Ambedkarism 20547:British Raj 20351:british raj 20340:British Raj 20331:British Raj 20321:British Raj 19450:Rai, Lajpat 19027:21 February 19002:21 February 18881:Davis, Mike 18521:13 February 18443:online free 17826:The Tribune 17646:India Today 17596:www.bbc.com 17544:Nikkei Asia 17452:. History. 17164:10 February 17011:Moore 2001a 16245:, p. 7 16231:Koomar 2009 15604:14 February 15582:14 February 15549:14 February 15313:Bear, Laura 15186:(2): 1–15. 14430:Moore 2001a 14399:Moore 2001a 14387:Moore 2001a 14372:17 November 14348:: 217–229. 14048:20 February 13939:21 February 13871:21 February 13760:Sarkar 2004 13718:21 February 13247:. History. 13245:History.com 13169:; Muldoon, 12913:Ludden 2002 12850:, p. 2 12573:21 February 12539:Ludden 2002 12510:Ludden 2002 12463:Peter Heehs 12369:(1962) p 67 12354:Ludden 2002 12291:pp. 411–36. 11998:15 February 10846:"Calcutta ( 10707:7 September 10550:Nat Worship 10434:Kumbhipatia 10430:Kabirpanthi 10409:Edward VIII 10279:1877 Durbar 9998:Agriculture 9968:South India 9943:Maharashtra 9893:Balochistan 9833:Afghanistan 9807:(1858–1947) 9803:British Raj 9797:(1757–1858) 9793:Company Raj 9787:(1759–1954) 9777:(1620–1869) 9767:(1605–1825) 9763:Dutch India 9757:(1510–1961) 9744:(1510–1961) 9727:(1799–1849) 9723:Sikh Empire 9717:(1729–1947) 9707:(1707–1799) 9697:(1674–1818) 9687:(1650–1948) 9677:(1642–1975) 9667:(1600–1750) 9657:(1576–1757) 9647:(1541–1804) 9637:(1532–1673) 9627:(1529–1736) 9617:(1540–1556) 9607:(1526–1858) 9594:(1526–1858) 9577:(1515–1947) 9567:(1499–1763) 9557:(1518–1687) 9546:(1492–1686) 9535:(1492–1619) 9524:(1490–1574) 9513:(1490–1636) 9502:(1490–1596) 9492:(1470–1842) 9482:(1434–1541) 9472:(1399–1947) 9462:(1358–1803) 9452:(1352–1576) 9442:(1336–1646) 9432:(1325–1448) 9422:(1300–1779) 9412:(1228–1826) 9402:(1451–1526) 9391:(1414–1451) 9380:(1320–1414) 9369:(1290–1320) 9358:(1206–1290) 9347:(1206–1526) 9337:(1170–1206) 9314:(1206–1526) 9295: 1300 9291: 1200 9276:(1187–1673) 9266:(1156–1184) 9246:(1102–1766) 9236:(1083–1323) 9226:(1078–1434) 9216:(1070–1230) 9212:Sena Empire 9206:(1040–1347) 9196:(1003–1320) 9122:Pala Empire 8984:Rai Kingdom 8826:(AD 60–240) 8759:(185–73 BC) 8515:Ror Dynasty 8235: 3950 7977:(1600–1947) 7934:(1505–1961) 7894:Dutch India 7832:local games 7705:(1866) and 7542:Edward Eyre 7512:Macaulayism 7423:Salanga Day 7254:Amartya Sen 7067:British Raj 7019:Madras City 6979:Madras City 6674:25,441,489 6656:10,295,168 6373:12,786,806 6367:11,571,268 6361:10,721,453 6319:92,058,096 6313:77,677,545 6307:68,735,233 6301:66,647,299 6295:62,458,077 6289:57,321,164 6283:50,121,585 6277:40,882,537 5863:East Africa 5859:Mesopotamia 5573:members (26 5565:elected, 26 5561:members (32 5499:secretaries 5380:, the last 5340:John Morley 5259:residencies 5133:Balochistan 5031:East Bengal 5007:Uttarakhand 4867:Maharashtra 4799:Maharashtra 4755:West Bengal 4690:(millions) 4685:Total area 4672: 1907 4483:Indian Army 4461:Indian Army 4385:Indian Army 4260:introduced 4228:Rowlatt Act 4226:Passage of 4206:Indian Army 4187:Passage of 4156:Indian Army 3904:Bundelkhand 3884:Indian Army 3855:Afghanistan 3851:Durand Line 3725:Ilbert Bill 3662:Baluchistan 3657:Lord Lytton 3653:8 June 1880 3548:(1864–1865) 2963:in Bengal, 2538:Rowlatt Act 2442:Rowlatt Act 2230:Hind Swaraj 2086:Shaukat Ali 1989:Mesopotamia 1966:Middle East 1910:World War I 1906:Mesopotamia 1817:John Morley 1786:Dacca Nawab 1768:1857 Mutiny 1598:West Bengal 1579:Lord Curzon 1529:Lord Curzon 1435:Ilbert Bill 1235: 1873 920:Upper Burma 916:Lower Burma 908:Thar Desert 900:Pondicherry 837:Aden Colony 817:Upper Burma 813:Lower Burma 803:(later the 795:(later the 785:partitioned 750:paramountcy 682:British Raj 504:Preceded by 424:10 May 1857 394:Legislature 286:Edward VIII 168:(1858–1911) 28640:Categories 28566:television 28556:Literature 28360:Corruption 28083:Television 28051:Healthcare 27972:Automotive 27919:Tamil Nadu 27786:Labour law 27769:Demography 27572:NITI Aayog 27478:Governance 27464:BSE SENSEX 27416:Secularism 27371:Censorship 27162:Penal Code 27061:Parliament 27038:Government 26843:Waterfalls 26687:Ecoregions 26550:Pokhran-II 26348:Bengal War 26163:Metallurgy 25896:Bangladesh 25806:Bronze Age 25689:Philosophy 25674:Literature 25571:Indo-Aryan 25551:Andamanese 25426:Bangladesh 25349:Tanganyika 25264:The Gambia 25192:Niuē-Fekai 25131:Yugoslavia 25031:Montenegro 24838:Upper Yafa 24833:Upper Asir 24470:Madagascar 24203:Luxembourg 23935:Government 23900:Abdication 23869:Hereditary 23797:Monarchies 23686:since 1908 23678:since 1908 23644:since 1833 23636:since 1816 23628:since 1815 23620:since 1658 23577:department 23564:since 1908 23556:since 1833 23357:since 1838 23337:Swan River 23331:Queensland 23218:1958–1962 23200:since 1666 23186:since 1799 23037:New Jersey 23007:New Albion 22991:since 1632 22988:Montserrat 22969:1629–1691 22916:since 1670 22838:1858–1866 22826:since 1619 22778:since 1650 22731:Bangladesh 22666:1841–1946 22628:1882–1963 22594:Federation 22572:1819–1826 22510:Seychelles 22454:1839–1842 22345:since 1816 22329:Tanganyika 22287:Somaliland 22275:Seychelles 22271:since 1658 22191:Gold Coast 22185:The Gambia 22129:Basutoland 22125:since 1815 22067:Free State 22060:1542–1800 22046:Heligoland 22042:since 1713 21856:Linlithgow 21796:Chelmsford 21786:Cornwallis 21698:Tatya Tope 21568:Nana Saheb 21473:K. Kamaraj 21423:Dhan Singh 21338:Bakht Khan 20990:Arya Samaj 20924:Quit India 20874:Salt March 20733:Events and 20709:Satyagraha 20275:Frykenberg 19303:Low, D. A. 19082:1885/51009 18943:9 November 18176:Low, D. A. 16961:1 February 16868:4 December 16842:4 December 16255:Davis 2001 16243:Davis 2001 16171:Davis 2001 16116:Grove 2007 16104:Grove 2007 15649:25 January 15543:Al Jazeera 15496:Nios.ac.uk 15387:Brown 1994 15300:Stein 2001 15255:20 January 15145:Satya 2008 14932:Satya 2008 14778:required.) 14766:28 January 14719:Davis 2001 14482:Bayly 1990 14478:Peers 2006 14466:Bayly 1990 14454:Peers 2006 14411:Brown 1994 14247:, p. 14184:9 November 14097:24 January 13752:Brown 1994 13642:Stein 2001 13522:Stein 2010 12901:Stein 2001 12884:Brown 1994 12867:Spear 1990 12836:Brown 1994 12807:Brown 1994 12767:Brown 1994 12755:Brown 1994 12736:Brown 1994 12717:Brown 1994 12696:Brown 1994 12679:Brown 1994 12659:9 December 12625:Brown 1994 12522:Stein 2001 12301:Spear 1990 12250:Spear 1990 12183:Stein 2001 12166:Stein 2001 12154:Stein 2001 12128:Stein 2001 12109:Stein 2001 12094:6 November 12061:Spear 1990 12049:Spear 1990 12037:Spear 1990 12025:Spear 1990 12013:Spear 1990 11929:Spear 1990 11917:Spear 1990 11899:2 December 11889:Britannica 11869:2 December 11859:Britannica 11790:Codrington 11342:Table 14. 11142:"Raj, the" 10818:. Madras: 10776:. Bombay: 10588:References 10565:responses. 10323:suzerainty 10078:Philosophy 10058:Metallurgy 10048:Literature 9973:Tamil Nadu 9838:Bangladesh 9613:Sur Empire 9327:(977–1186) 9293: – c. 9256:(675–1210) 9186:(973–1189) 9176:(942–1244) 9166:(882–1110) 9156:(850–1334) 9146:(800–1327) 9126:(750–1174) 9106:(694–1947) 9086:(650–1036) 9066:(624–1075) 9034: 700 9032: – c. 9030: 550 9003: 500 8948:(350–1100) 8938:(350–1000) 8906: 600 8904: – c. 8902: 250 8885: 500 8883: – c. 8881: 250 8804: 130 8779:(75–26 BC) 8745: – c. 8743: 150 8674: – c. 8640:– AD 1279) 8623:– AD 1102) 8606:– AD 1345) 8585: – c. 8498: 600 8483:– AD 1600) 8291:Bronze Age 7798:influenced 7741:Cornwallis 7681:Methodists 7250:Mike Davis 7204:1943–1944 7189:1899–1900 7174:1896–1897 7159:1888–1889 7140:1876–1878 7125:1873–1874 7110:1868–1870 7095:1865–1867 7080:1860–1861 7055:1837–1838 7031:1789–1795 6991:1783–1784 6959:1769–1770 6886:duplicates 6864:See also: 6745:5,450,896 6734:1,449,286 6728:1,252,105 6722:1,178,596 6716:1,248,182 6710:1,334,148 6704:1,416,638 6698:1,221,896 6668:8,280,347 6662:9,774,611 6650:8,584,148 6644:9,280,467 6638:6,570,092 6499:6,316,549 6493:6,296,763 6487:4,754,064 6481:3,876,203 6475:2,923,241 6469:2,284,380 6463:1,862,634 6439:5,691,447 6433:4,335,771 6427:3,238,803 6421:3,014,466 6415:2,195,339 6409:1,907,833 6403:1,853,426 6397:1,174,436 6355:9,476,759 6349:7,131,361 6343:3,418,884 6337:2,832,851 6055:, Greater 5998:Demography 5888:Irrigation 5717:free trade 5682:depicting 5364:K.G. Gupta 5177:ex officio 5148:ex officio 5093:ex officio 5076:(parts of 4971:Chandigarh 4907:Tamil Nadu 4751:Bangladesh 4635:Suzerainty 4592:). In its 4291:Lord Irwin 4131:Queen Mary 3989:(1903–04) 3974:Edward VII 3897:(1896–97) 3644:Edward VII 3624:Deaths in 3528:Dharamsala 3497:, creates 3495:income tax 3192:See also: 2996: [ 2862:See also: 2763:Quit India 2598:loin-cloth 2548:See also: 2496:, and the 2440:See also: 2405:diarchical 2315:See also: 2285:Satyagraha 2223:Satyagraha 2219:Satyagraha 2211:Satyagraha 2203:Satyagraha 2198:Satyagraha 2150:See also: 1857:See also: 1781:Anand Math 1776:Arya Samaj 1745:Lord Minto 1696:Lord Minto 1504:, violence 1431:Lord Ripon 1413:Max Müller 1342:Congress, 1304:See also: 1250:Lord Ripon 1228:Agra canal 713:Hindustani 262:Edward VII 220:Government 211:Demonym(s) 191:Hindustani 124:, and the 28598:Sculpture 28551:Festivals 28517:Webcomics 28469:Sexuality 28419:Languages 28382:Education 28212:Regulator 28159:Transport 28056:Hospitals 27992:Education 27960:Livestock 27924:Telangana 27914:Rajasthan 27874:Karnataka 27869:Jharkhand 27673:Insurance 27652:Inflation 27557:Subsidies 27456:Companies 27386:Democracy 27381:Elections 27353:Air Force 27078:President 27066:Lok Sabha 26943:Districts 26898:Southeast 26893:Southwest 26883:Northeast 26876:Northwest 26838:Volcanoes 26798:Mountains 26741:Landforms 26578:Geography 26453:Partition 26418:Zamindari 26201:Stone Age 26138:Economics 26123:Astronomy 26104:Overviews 25963:Education 25684:Mythology 25669:Languages 25581:Nuristani 25566:Dravidian 25492:Sri Lanka 25458:Northeast 25446:Northwest 25319:Mauritius 25212:Rarotonga 25197:Nuku Hiva 25187:Mangareva 25162:Bora Bora 25041:Neuchâtel 25011:Lithuania 24916:Catalonia 24803:Sri Lanka 24756:Manchukuo 24731:Kurdistan 24685:Indonesia 24608:Talamanca 24568:Araucanía 24551:and other 24530:Wassoulou 24274:Australia 23950:Oligarchy 23670:1841–1947 23657:1841–1933 23548:1831–1966 23542:1670–1688 23536:1651–1667 23530:1631–1641 23460:1914–1962 23454:1907–1947 23447:1901–1942 23445:Australia 23440:1900–1974 23434:1900–1970 23422:1893–1978 23415:1892–1979 23409:1889–1948 23403:1888–1901 23397:Rarotonga 23393:1884–1902 23387:1877–1976 23381:1874–1970 23375:1851–1901 23369:1846–1847 23363:1841–1907 23349:1836–1901 23343:1829–1901 23333:1824–1901 23327:1824–1980 23321:1807–1863 23315:1803–1901 23305:1788–1901 23238:1833–1960 23232:1674–1702 23224:1967–1983 23212:1763–1783 23206:1607–1776 23192:1849–1866 23178:1889–1962 23172:1862–1863 23166:1712–1776 23160:1635–1644 23154:1627–1979 23147:1605–1979 23140:1882–1983 23133:1623–1983 23127:1625–1650 23121:1670–1870 23115:1636–1776 23109:1853–1863 23099:1620–1691 23093:1681–1776 23087:1763–1873 23075:1713–1867 23069:1859–1870 23063:1712–1776 23057:1583–1907 23051:1907–1949 23045:1664–1776 23033:1637–1662 23031:New Haven 23027:1680–1776 23021:1686–1689 23015:1784–1867 23003:1628–1983 22997:1655–1860 22983:1632–1776 22957:1655–1962 22950:1733–1776 22944:1674–1702 22938:1701–1776 22932:1636–1776 22926:1818–1846 22908:1663–1712 22900:1867–1931 22894:1841–1867 22888:1791–1841 22882:1791–1841 22870:1762–1974 22863:1763–1783 22857:1763–1978 22851:1754–1820 22842:1866–1871 22818:1871–1981 22811:1643–1860 22805:1624–1966 22799:1670–1973 22792:1860–1981 22785:1632–1860 22710:1898–1930 22704:1892–1971 22698:1921–1946 22692:1826–1946 22686:1945–1946 22680:1946–1963 22678:Singapore 22672:1946–1963 22660:1702–1705 22654:1786–1946 22648:1923–1948 22646:Palestine 22634:1946–1963 22622:1891–1971 22616:1920–1932 22610:1762–1764 22604:1796–1965 22596:1948–1957 22590:1946–1948 22584:1885–1946 22578:1895–1946 22566:1848–1946 22560:1918–1961 22554:1811–1816 22548:1858–1947 22542:1841–1997 22540:Hong Kong 22536:1878–1960 22530:1795–1948 22524:1888–1984 22518:1824–1948 22506:Mauritius 22496:1874–1963 22484:1757–1947 22478:1812–1824 22468:1685–1824 22466:Bencoolen 22460:1879–1919 22448:1839–1967 22363:1887–1897 22357:1890–1963 22351:1890–1962 22337:1900–1910 22335:Transvaal 22331:1922–1961 22325:1899–1956 22319:1893–1968 22317:Swaziland 22313:1900–1914 22301:1915–1931 22295:1910–1931 22289:1884–1960 22283:1792–1961 22277:1903–1976 22263:1900–1910 22257:1891–1964 22255:Nyasaland 22251:1924–1964 22245:1900–1914 22239:1914–1960 22233:1884–1900 22227:1856–1910 22221:1810–1968 22219:Mauritius 22215:1807–1808 22209:1862–1906 22203:1920–1963 22187:1816–1965 22181:1882–1922 22175:1895–1920 22169:1891–1907 22163:1806–1910 22157:1795–1803 22151:1919–1961 22149:Cameroons 22086:1813–1964 22080:1800–1813 22069:1921–1931 22054:1809–1864 22048:1807–1890 22039:Gibraltar 22034:1878–1960 22028:1794–1796 21982:*Current 21831:Wellesley 21816:Dalhousie 21678:Surya Sen 21573:P. Kakkan 21533:Mir Qasim 21508:M. N. Roy 21443:Har Dayal 21276:activists 21105:Baba Amte 21095:Ayyankali 21073:reformers 20995:Azad Hind 20735:movements 20714:Socialism 20375:pp 55–79. 20248:144515505 20142:145802033 20032:144217855 19986:153716644 19944:144581168 19768:146480332 19652:150456443 19560:0012-9976 19264:143348610 19119:146232991 19091:162783898 18793:147335168 18766:full text 18497:(2010) , 18475:(2001) , 18451:(1990) , 18406:(2004) , 18034:(2004) , 18008:(1994) , 17904:4 January 17874:4 January 17864:0013-0613 17836:4 January 17777:4 January 17717:4 January 17686:4 January 17656:4 January 17626:31 August 17601:31 August 17513:0306-8374 16998:159825918 16912:18 August 16765:19 August 16705:16 August 16675:16 August 16665:"History" 16549:18 August 16498:9 January 16207:Bose 1916 15776:144517813 15577:0013-0389 15545:(Opinion) 15362:144605629 15273:(2007) . 15231:CiteSeerX 15200:168461253 15119:The Hindu 15056:Irfca.org 14891:146480332 14811:144471617 14585:144532499 14362:2658-1671 14323:251601027 14315:2710-3617 13733:Hyam 2007 13681:Judd 2004 13669:Judd 2004 13657:Judd 2004 13482:150945957 13434:153886117 13309:Robb 2002 13150:154900649 13072:143984571 13029:146445282 12588:Robb 2002 12425:145706327 11532:23 August 10961:144180838 10945:0010-4175 10820:Macmillan 10736:0031-2746 10638:0031-2746 10570:Confucian 10524:Ad-Dharmi 10513:Ad-Dharmi 10501:Brahmanic 10486:Brahmanic 10471:Brahmanic 10456:Brahmanic 10441:Brahmanic 10028:Education 10018:Dynasties 9938:Rajasthan 9923:Karnataka 9868:Sri Lanka 9136:(753–982) 9116:(736–916) 9096:(661–750) 9076:(632–661) 9056:(618–841) 9046:(606–647) 9015:(543–753) 8988:(489–632) 8978:(475–576) 8968:(475–767) 8958:(420–624) 8928:(345–525) 8918:(280–550) 8866:(230–360) 8856:(224–651) 8846:(210–340) 8836:(170–350) 8799:(AD 21 – 8657:– AD 800) 8409:Janapadas 8237:–1900 BC) 8164:Neolithic 8044:1721–1949 8034:1824–1948 8024:1858–1947 8014:1797–1813 8004:1757–1858 7994:1600–1757 7961:1628–1633 7951:1434–1833 7918:1668–1954 7908:1620–1869 7898:1605–1825 7888:1731–1813 7878:1778–1785 7574:in India. 7506:Education 7400:Raebareli 7274:began in 7220:1769–1944 7076:Rajputana 7007:Hyderabad 6091:Religious 6051:million: 5625:, of 1903 5551:secretary 5526:Education 5497:members ( 5199:(16,000) 5141:(46,000) 5115:(30,000) 5078:Rajasthan 4923:Telangana 4915:Karnataka 4807:Karnataka 4763:Jharkhand 4715:Meghalaya 4170:, 1914); 3955:Death of 3680:of 1877. 3346:New Delhi 3324:, (later 3088:Azad Hind 3061:Earlier, 2508:majority. 2301:Ahmedabad 2269:Champaran 2110:Home Rule 2061:Jerusalem 1800:with the 1627:Bhadralok 1555:movement. 959:Sri Lanka 835:known as 298:George VI 171:New Delhi 55:1858–1947 28583:Painting 28546:Folklore 28502:Blogging 28444:Religion 28429:Literacy 28164:Aviation 28149:Textiles 28088:Printing 28078:FM Radio 28046:Gambling 28041:Forestry 27977:Chemical 27791:Pensions 27698:National 27640:Governor 27591:Currency 27552:Taxation 27469:NIFTY 50 27406:Scandals 27363:Politics 27335:Military 27046:Agencies 27026:Politics 26962:See also 26778:Glaciers 26727:Wildlife 26617:Heritage 26462:Republic 26396:Railways 26366:Colonial 26338:Marathas 26305:Kakatiya 26193:Ancient 26168:Military 26153:Maritime 26128:Clothing 26111:Timeline 25985:Military 25906:Pakistan 25869:Hinduism 25864:Buddhism 25851:Religion 25821:Medieval 25811:Iron Age 25736:Politics 25699:Surnames 25621:Diaspora 25517:Southern 25507:Northern 25480:Pakistan 25470:Maldives 25334:Rhodesia 25329:Pakistan 25248:Barbados 25217:Rimatara 25207:Rapa Iti 25136:Valencia 25111:Tavolara 25101:Scotland 25066:Portugal 25026:Moldavia 24911:Bulgaria 24906:Brittany 24881:Asturias 24761:Mongolia 24751:Maldives 24613:Trinidad 24603:Suriname 24561:Americas 24545:Zimbabwe 24540:Zanzibar 24525:Wituland 24500:Ngazidja 24495:Ndzuwani 24430:Ethiopia 24153:Thailand 24133:Malaysia 24113:Cambodia 24063:Eswatini 23859:Elective 23844:Absolute 23745:Category 23581:Colombia 23496:Kiribati 23373:Victoria 23313:Tasmania 23204:Virginia 23170:Stickeen 23158:Saybrook 23097:Plymouth 23043:New York 22981:Maryland 22973:Province 22936:Delaware 22906:Carolina 22898:Dominion 22892:Province 22855:Dominica 22803:Barbados 22775:Anguilla 22746:disputed 22727:Pakistan 22602:Maldives 22476:Billiton 22403:Rhodesia 22389:Tanzania 22385:Cameroon 22361:Zululand 22355:Zanzibar 22143:Botswana 21861:Hastings 21821:Bentinck 21040:Jugantar 20684:Gandhism 20113:67841003 19870:96476257 19827:archived 19784:(1901); 19676:archived 19568:40278213 19527:Archived 19473:(2010), 19452:(2008), 19440:Archived 19403:(1946), 19355:(1997), 19334:(1991), 19305:(2002), 19186:(1993), 19128:(1988), 18937:archived 18883:(2001), 18802:(1998), 18718:archived 18710:(1916), 18656:archived 18617:(2000), 18543:(2004), 18515:archived 18299:(2006), 18278:archived 18241:(2001), 18178:(1993), 18072:archived 17965:(1990), 17898:Archived 17868:Archived 17830:Archived 17806:Archived 17795:Archived 17771:Archived 17711:Archived 17680:Archived 17676:BBC News 17650:Archived 17460:2 August 17454:Archived 17158:Archived 16942:(2): 3. 16816:24 April 16695:I G News 16524:29 April 16492:Archived 16474:19993010 16423:29 April 16397:29 April 16370:Archived 16346:Archived 16325:Archived 16306:Archived 16287:Archived 16219:Rai 2008 16012:Archived 15895:Archived 15643:Archived 15509:2 August 15500:Archived 15498:. NIOS. 15455:2 August 15449:Archived 15402:(2006). 15315:(2007). 15249:Archived 15130:2 August 15066:2 August 14651:(2006). 14366:Archived 14293:Al-Duhaa 14211:Carnatic 14178:Archived 14091:Archived 14071:Archived 14042:Archived 13824:2 August 13791:2 August 13785:Archived 13561:Low 1993 13546:Low 2002 13534:Low 2002 13324:(2004). 13288:Archived 13255:2 August 13249:Archived 13222:2 August 13216:Archived 13154:Archived 13109:Low 1993 13085:Low 1993 12285:Archived 12282:contents 12085:Archived 11963:11618727 11893:Archived 11863:Archived 11833:Archived 11831:. 2008. 11825:"Bhutan" 11714:2 August 11690:and Sir 11678:Quote: " 11654:(1974), 11630:Archived 11526:archived 11428:archived 11391:archived 11317:(2014), 11295:archived 11246:archived 11209:archived 10965:Archived 10895:archived 10860:archived 10848:Kalikata 10337:was the 10291:Victoria 10093:Timeline 10083:Religion 10063:Military 10053:Maritime 10043:Language 10033:Indology 9863:Pakistan 9853:Maldives 9551: – 9540: – 9529: – 9518: – 9507: – 9396: – 9385: – 9374: – 9363: – 9352: – 8500:–300 BC) 8440: – 8429: – 8418: – 8407: – 8386:Iron Age 8366: – 8355: – 8334: – 8323: – 8312: – 7839:See also 7828:football 7806:entering 7757:Macaulay 7745:Zamindar 7685:missions 7677:Lutheran 7666:dioceses 7646:Anglican 7585:Oxbridge 7346:smallpox 7319:Calcutta 7300:vaccines 7284:pandemic 7074:Eastern 6910:May 2017 6781:152,398 6763:129,900 6559:114,890 6553:109,752 6547:101,778 6541:100,096 6457:896,658 6379:232,003 6328:Buddhism 6208:Hinduism 6080:Religion 6061:Calcutta 5936:Railways 5913:Policies 5765:Railways 5703:Industry 5615:Maharaja 5535:Commerce 5464:Calcutta 5452:official 5309:Calcutta 5255:agencies 5170:(1,600) 5086:(2,700) 5066:officer 5056:(sq mi) 4973:and the 4723:Nagaland 4695:officer 4582:and the 4427:, 1941) 4423:, 1941, 4419:, 1941, 4309:, 1931. 4144:Calcutta 4137:at last 4127:George V 4006:in 1904 4002:renamed 3965:Calcutta 3936:(1901). 3932:under a 3774:(1885). 3738:in 1882 3607:(1872). 3530:in 1863 3484:in 1861 3248:Calcutta 3210:meeting 3150:(centre) 2901:K. P. P. 2837:and Sir 2675:Amritsar 2628:and the 2586:en route 2484:and the 2395:Imperial 2245:swadeshi 2140:Brahmins 2082:Mohammad 2049:Khalifah 1829:George V 1770:and the 1736:in 1921. 1675:swadeshi 1671:Swadeshi 1633:Swadeshi 1553:Swadeshi 1502:Swadeshi 1494:Ganapati 1350:, Hume, 850:, and a 801:Pakistan 789:dominion 489:Currency 274:George V 250:Victoria 165:Calcutta 28603:tallest 28524:Cuisine 28484:Culture 28439:Prisons 28434:Poverty 28375:Indians 28348:Society 28334:culture 28154:Tourism 28007:Nuclear 27987:Defence 27965:Fishing 27948:Sectors 27899:Mizoram 27854:Haryana 27849:Gujarat 27779:Poverty 27710:History 27683:Bullion 27668:Banking 27623:Coinage 27608:History 27444:Economy 27217:Federal 26928:Borders 26861:Central 26853:Regions 26833:Valleys 26807:Plains 26788:Islands 26748:Beaches 26712:Geology 26702:Forests 26672:Climate 26590:Geology 26401:Economy 26381:Plassey 26333:Mughals 26295:Hoysala 26221:Mauryas 26133:Coinage 26093:History 26030:History 25976:History 25926:Cricket 25879:Sikhism 25874:Jainism 25859:Dharmic 25786:History 25732:Economy 25717:Monsoon 25694:Scripts 25664:Fashion 25654:Cuisine 25631:Culture 25614:Semitic 25604:Chinese 25512:Eastern 25463:Islands 25324:Nigeria 25299:Ireland 25227:Tahuata 25202:Raiatea 25182:Huahine 25157:Abemama 25150:Oceania 25121:Tuscany 25076:Romania 25071:Prussia 25036:Navarre 25016:Majorca 24996:Ireland 24991:Imereti 24986:Iceland 24981:Hungary 24976:Hanover 24971:Granada 24961:Germany 24956:Georgia 24951:Galicia 24941:Finland 24931:Corsica 24926:Cilicia 24896:Bavaria 24886:Austria 24871:Albania 24843:Vietnam 24786:Sarawak 24776:Qu'aiti 24711:Kathiri 24674:Dapitan 24649:Bukhara 24598:Miskito 24520:Tunisia 24510:Shilluk 24420:Dahomey 24410:Burundi 24400:Bagirmi 24380:Adamawa 24299:Jamaica 24294:Grenada 24279:Bahamas 24243:Oceania 24193:Denmark 24188:Belgium 24183:Andorra 24098:Bahrain 24073:Morocco 24068:Lesotho 24047:Current 24038:Pharaoh 23991:Emperor 23930:Dynasty 23884:Regency 23864:Federal 23854:Diarchy 23808:Monarch 23736:culture 23490:Vanuatu 23280:Oceania 22955:Jamaica 22948:Georgia 22868:Grenada 22823:Bermuda 22797:Bahamas 22783:Antigua 22664:Sarawak 22376:Namibia 22237:Nigeria 22213:Madeira 22133:Lesotho 22092:Minorca 22058:Ireland 22026:Corsica 21953:Former 21781:Canning 21200:Periyar 20849:Bardoli 20617:Gwalior 20519:History 20373:excerpt 20269:(1966). 20222:online. 20152:(2012). 19960:(1991). 19953:(1995). 19901:3216953 19805:(1990). 19788:(1906) 19727:(1980). 19701:(1962) 19541:excerpt 19524:excerpt 19522:(2006) 19437:excerpt 18969:(2006) 18284:18 June 18128:(2007) 17922:Surveys 16791:(Delhi) 16635:et al, 16465:2181657 16352:15 June 16322:Malaria 15722:3022159 15445:Fsmitha 14706:2595587 14087:"India" 13294:10 June 13214:. 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