799:
1532:
439:) as, for instance, during exercise, exhalation is brought about by relaxation of all the muscles of inhalation, (in the same way as at rest), but, in addition, the abdominal muscles, instead of being passive, now contract strongly causing the rib cage to be pulled downwards (front and sides). This not only decreases the size of the rib cage but also pushes the abdominal organs upwards against the diaphragm which consequently bulges deeply into the thorax. The end-exhalatory lung volume is now less air than the resting "functional residual capacity". However, in a normal mammal, the lungs cannot be emptied completely. In an adult human, there is always still at least one liter of residual air left in the lungs after maximum exhalation.
66:
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959:
480:
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and perhaps the most common recommendation is that deeper breathing which utilizes the diaphragm and abdomen more can encourage relaxation. Practitioners of different disciplines often interpret the importance of breathing regulation and its perceived influence on mood in different ways. Buddhists may consider that it helps precipitate a sense of inner-peace, holistic healers that it encourages an overall state of health and business advisers that it provides relief from work-based stress.
1325:
1236:
493:
367:
634:, a term for the volume of air that fills the airways at the end of inhalation, and is breathed out, unchanged, during the next exhalation, never having reached the alveoli. Similarly, the dead space is filled with alveolar air at the end of exhalation, which is the first air to be breathed back into the alveoli during inhalation, before any fresh air which follows after it. The dead space volume of a typical adult human is about 150 ml.
71:
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atmospheric pressure is 50 kPa, a doubling of the volume of the lungs results in a pressure gradient of the only 25 kPa. In practice, because we breathe in a gentle, cyclical manner that generates pressure gradients of only 2–3 kPa, this has little effect on the actual rate of inflow into the lungs and is easily compensated for by breathing slightly deeper. The lower
740:, which responds to fluctuations in the partial pressures of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the arterial blood by adjusting the rate and depth of breathing, in such a way as to restore the partial pressure of carbon dioxide to 5.3 kPa (40 mm Hg), the pH to 7.4 and, to a lesser extent, the partial pressure of oxygen to 13 kPa (100 mm Hg). For example,
1002:, 8,848 metres (29,029 ft), where the total atmospheric pressure is 33.7 kPa, oxygen still constitutes 21% of the atmosphere but its partial pressure is only 7.1 kPa (i.e. 21% of 33.7 kPa = 7.1 kPa). Therefore, a greater volume of air must be inhaled at altitude than at sea level in order to breathe in the same amount of oxygen in a given period.
47:
428:(see illustrations on the left), bringing about a greater change in the volume of the chest cavity. During exhalation (breathing out), at rest, all the muscles of inhalation relax, returning the chest and abdomen to a position called the "resting position", which is determined by their anatomical elasticity. At this point the lungs contain the
745:
centers respond to this information by causing the rate and depth of breathing to increase to such an extent that the partial pressures of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the arterial blood return almost immediately to the same levels as at rest. The respiratory centers communicate with the muscles of breathing via motor nerves, of which the
373:
causing a greater expansion of the rib cage. During exhalation, apart from the relaxation of the muscles of inhalation, the abdominal muscles actively contract to pull the lower edges of the rib cage downwards decreasing the volume of the rib cage, while at the same time pushing the diaphragm upwards deep into the thorax.
611:(figure on the left). Larger airways give rise to branches that are slightly narrower, but more numerous than the "trunk" airway that gives rise to the branches. The human respiratory tree may consist of, on average, 23 such branchings into progressively smaller airways, while the respiratory tree of the
1539:
Certain breathing patterns have a tendency to occur with certain moods. Due to this relationship, practitioners of various disciplines consider that they can encourage the occurrence of a particular mood by adopting the breathing pattern that it most commonly occurs in conjunction with. For instance,
973:
The atmospheric pressure decreases exponentially with altitude, roughly halving with every 5,500 metres (18,000 ft) rise in altitude. The composition of atmospheric air is, however, almost constant below 80 km, as a result of the continuous mixing effect of the weather. The concentration of
969:
decreases with the height above sea level (altitude) and since the alveoli are open to the outside air through the open airways, the pressure in the lungs also decreases at the same rate with altitude. At altitude, a pressure differential is still required to drive air into and out of the lungs as it
372:
The muscles of forceful breathing (inhalation and exhalation). The color code is the same as on the left. In addition to a more forceful and extensive contraction of the diaphragm, the intercostal muscles are aided by the accessory muscles of inhalation to exaggerate the movement of the ribs upwards,
744:
increases the production of carbon dioxide by the active muscles. This carbon dioxide diffuses into the venous blood and ultimately raises the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the arterial blood. This is immediately sensed by the carbon dioxide chemoreceptors on the brain stem. The respiratory
1548:
During physical exercise, a deeper breathing pattern is adapted to facilitate greater oxygen absorption. An additional reason for the adoption of a deeper breathing pattern is to strengthen the body's core. During the process of deep breathing, the thoracic diaphragm adopts a lower position in the
496:
Inhaled air is warmed and moistened by the wet, warm nasal mucosa, which consequently cools and dries. When warm, wet air from the lungs is breathed out through the nose, the cold hygroscopic mucus in the cool and dry nose re-captures some of the warmth and moisture from that exhaled air. In very
1299:
to be undertaken. It is desirable that breathing from a regulator requires low effort even when supplying large amounts of air. It is also recommended that it supplies air smoothly without any sudden changes in resistance while inhaling or exhaling. In the graph, right, note the initial spike in
1102:
forcing air into the lungs during inhalation is also reduced by altitude. Doubling the volume of the lungs halves the pressure in the lungs at any altitude. Having the sea level air pressure (100 kPa) results in a pressure gradient of 50 kPa but doing the same at 5500 m, where the
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783:
slows down. This is coupled with intense vasoconstriction of the arteries to the limbs and abdominal viscera, reserving the oxygen that is in blood and lungs at the beginning of the dive almost exclusively for the heart and the brain. The diving reflex is an often-used response in animals that
1549:
core and this helps to generate intra-abdominal pressure which strengthens the lumbar spine. Typically, this allows for more powerful physical movements to be performed. As such, it is frequently recommended when lifting heavy weights to take a deep breath or adopt a deeper breathing pattern.
660:
or FRC. On inhalation, only about 350 mL of new, warm, moistened atmospheric air is brought in and is well mixed with the FRC. Consequently, the gas composition of the FRC changes very little during the breathing cycle. This means that the pulmonary capillary blood always equilibrates with a
1401:
also refer to shallow breathing and fast and deep breathing respectively, but under inappropriate circumstances or disease. However, this distinction (between, for instance, hyperpnea and hyperventilation) is not always adhered to, so that these terms are frequently used interchangeably.
661:
relatively constant air composition in the lungs and the diffusion rate with arterial blood gases remains equally constant with each breath. Body tissues are therefore not exposed to large swings in oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions in the blood caused by the breathing cycle, and the
359:
to expand during inhalation (see diagram on another side of the page). The relaxation of all these muscles during exhalation causes the rib cage and abdomen (light green) to elastically return to their resting positions. Compare these diagrams with the MRI video at the top of the
545:. Part of this moisture and heat is recaptured as the exhaled air moves out over the partially dried-out, cooled mucus in the nasal passages, during exhalation. The sticky mucus also traps much of the particulate matter that is breathed in, preventing it from reaching the lungs.
615:
has up to 13 such branchings. Proximal divisions (those closest to the top of the tree, such as the trachea and bronchi) function mainly to transmit air to the lower airways. Later divisions such as the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli are specialized for
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50:
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is given priority over carbon dioxide homeostasis. This switch-over occurs at an elevation of about 2,500 metres (8,200 ft). If this switch occurs relatively abruptly, the hyperventilation at high altitude will cause a severe fall in the arterial
49:
1017:
vapor pressure of water is dependent only on temperature; at a body core temperature of 37 °C it is 6.3 kPa (47.0 mmHg), regardless of any other influences, including altitude. Consequently, at sea level, the
849:
The gas exhaled is 4% to 5% by volume of carbon dioxide, about a hundredfold increase over the inhaled amount. The volume of oxygen is reduced by about a quarter, 4% to 5%, of total air volume. The typical composition is:
669:
measure only gradual changes in dissolved gases. Thus the homeostatic control of the breathing rate depends only on the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the arterial blood, which then also maintains
1255:
is at the ambient pressure of the surrounding water and this has a complex range of physiological and biochemical implications. If not properly managed, breathing compressed gasses underwater may lead to several
354:
generally contributes the most to the expansion of the chest cavity (light blue). However, at the same time, the intercostal muscles pull the ribs upwards (their effect is indicated by arrows) also causing the
322:
In this view of the rib cage the downward slope of the lower ribs from the midline outwards can be clearly seen. This allows a movement similar to the "pump handle effect", but in this case, it is called the
445:
causes the abdomen to rhythmically bulge out and fall back. It is, therefore, often referred to as "abdominal breathing". These terms are often used interchangeably because they describe the same action.
1083:
of 19.7 kPa in the tracheal air (21% of = 19.7 kPa). At the summit of Mount
Everest tracheal air has a total pressure of 33.7 kPa, of which 6.3 kPa is water vapor, reducing the
1764:
603:
The anatomy of a typical mammalian respiratory system, below the structures normally listed among the "upper airways" (the nasal cavities, the pharynx, and larynx), is often described as a
2387:
Phillips, Michael; Herrera, Jolanta; Krishnan, Sunithi; Zain, Mooena; Greenberg, Joel; Cataneo, Renee N. (1999). "Variation in volatile organic compounds in the breath of normal humans".
1182:, which is allowed to vary within a very wide range of values, before eliciting a corrective ventilatory response. However, when the atmospheric pressure (and therefore the atmospheric
720:. The second group of sensors measure the partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood. Together the latter are known as the peripheral chemoreceptors, and are situated in the
2422:
De Lacy
Costello, B.; Amann, A.; Al-Kateb, H.; Flynn, C.; Filipiak, W.; Khalid, T.; Osborne, D.; Ratcliffe, N. M. (2014). "A review of the volatiles from the healthy human body".
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48:
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continuously monitor the partial pressures of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the arterial blood. The first of these sensors are the central chemoreceptors on the surface of the
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The trachea and the first portions of the main bronchi are outside the lungs. The rest of the "tree" branches within the lungs, and ultimately extends to every part of the
1110:
All of the above effects of low atmospheric pressure on breathing are normally accommodated by increasing the respiratory minute volume (the volume of air breathed in —
350:
The muscles of breathing at rest: inhalation on the left, exhalation on the right. Contracting muscles are shown in red; relaxed muscles in blue. Contraction of the
453:, the clavicles are pulled upwards, as explained above. This external manifestation of the use of the accessory muscles of inhalation is sometimes referred to as
2285:
Eisenmann, Alexander; Amann, Anton; Said, Michael; Datta, Bettina; Ledochowski, Maximilian (2008). "Implementation and interpretation of hydrogen breath tests".
630:
The alveoli are the blind-ended terminals of the "tree", meaning that any air that enters them has to exit the same way it came. A system such as this creates
1304:
designed into the regulator to allow an easy draw of air. Many regulators have an adjustment to change the ease of inhaling so that breathing is effortless.
2336:
Turner C (2006). "A longitudinal study of methanol in the exhaled breath of 30 healthy volunteers using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry, SIFT-MS".
3480:
1523:
Common cultural expressions related to breathing include: "to catch my breath", "took my breath away", "inspiration", "to expire", "get my breath back".
2632:
Pacheco, Maria
Christina ThomĂ©; Casagrande, Camila Ferreira; Teixeira, LĂcia Pacheco; Finck, Nathalia Silveira; de AraĂşjo, Maria Teresa Martins (2015).
1095:
in the tracheal air to 5.8 kPa (21% of = 5.8 kPa), beyond what is accounted for by a reduction of atmospheric pressure alone (7.1 kPa).
483:
This is a diagram showing how inhalation and exhalation is controlled by a variety of muscles, and what that looks like from a general overall view.
3000:
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is at sea level. The mechanism for breathing at altitude is essentially identical to breathing at sea level but with the following differences:
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798:
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training. It is impossible to suppress the urge to breathe to the point of hypoxia but training can increase the ability to hold one's breath.
229:), on the other hand, decreases the arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide and lowers the pH of the ECF. Both cause distressing symptoms.
775:
Other automatic breathing control reflexes also exist. Submersion, particularly of the face, in cold water, triggers a response called the
652:
can take place in the blood. The equilibration of the partial pressures of the gases in the alveolar blood and the alveolar air occurs by
784:
routinely need to dive, such as penguins, seals and whales. It is also more effective in very young infants and children than in adults.
209:
in the arterial blood constant. Keeping the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the arterial blood unchanged under a wide variety of
1531:
3366:
2191:
Pedroso, F. S.; Riesgo, R. S.; Gatiboni, T; Rotta, N. T. (2012). "The diving reflex in healthy infants in the first year of life".
1170:
is maintained at very close to 5.3 kPa (or 40 mmHg) under a wide range of circumstances, at the expense of the arterial
2786:
Zaccaro, Andrea; Piarulli, Andrea; Laurino, Marco; Garbella, Erika; Menicucci, Danilo; Neri, Bruno; Gemignani, Angelo (2018).
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practices have been shown to promote relaxation and stress relief but have not been proven to have any other health benefits.
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is pure oxygen. However, this is kept at around 20% of
Earthbound atmospheric pressure to regulate the rate of inspiration.
2993:
2544:
Koen, Chrisvan L.; Koeslag, Johan H. (1995). "On the stability of subatmospheric intrapleural and intracranial pressures".
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pressure on exhaling to open the exhaust valve and that the initial drop in pressure on inhaling is soon overcome as the
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of life. Under normal conditions the breathing depth and rate is automatically, and unconsciously, controlled by several
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2086:
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1811:(Eighth ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. Chapter 1. Function and Structure of the Respiratory System.
953:
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1971:
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of air at altitude allows air to flow more easily and this also helps compensate for any loss of pressure gradient.
2960:
2788:"How Breath-Control Can Change Your Life: A Systematic Review on Psycho-Physiological Correlates of Slow Breathing"
1114:
out — per minute), and the mechanism for doing this is automatic. The exact increase required is determined by the
225:) increases the arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide, causing a rise in the pH of the ECF. Under-breathing (
1381:. Many conditions are associated with obstructed airways. Chronic mouth breathing may be associated with illness.
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1906:
404:
upwards and outwards as shown in the diagrams on the right. During forceful inhalation (Figure on the right) the
2972:
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refers to fast and deep breathing brought on by a demand for more oxygen, as for example by exercise. The terms
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1059:= 19.7 kPa) and trace amounts of carbon dioxide and other gases, a total of 100 kPa. In dry air, the
405:
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are not capable of inflating themselves, and will expand only when there is an increase in the volume of the
1428:, meaning breath. Historically, breath has often been considered in terms of the concept of life force. The
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per liter of air) therefore decreases at the same rate as the atmospheric pressure. At sea level, where the
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which lead from the nose to the alveoli. The number of respiratory cycles per minute is the breathing or
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to the air as it is inhaled (and exhaled). This causes the inhaled air to take up moisture from the wet
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58:
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Following on from the above diagram, if the exhaled air is breathed out through the mouth in cold and
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1276:. The effects of breathing gasses under pressure are further complicated by the use of one or more
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1959:
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Zapol WM, Hill RD, Qvist J, Falke K, Schneider RC, Liggins GC, Hochachka PW (September 1989).
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537:, and warmth from the underlying blood vessels, so that the air is very nearly saturated with
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Automatic breathing can be overridden to a limited extent by simple choice, or to facilitate
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1901:(Thirty-seventh ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 1172–1173, 1278–1282.
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779:. This has the initial result of shutting down the airways against the influx of water. The
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1436:). It also refers to the breath as returning to God when a mortal dies. The terms spirit,
8:
4007:
3635:
3088:
2268:"Gas exchange in the lungs - Respiratory system - GCSE Biology (Single Science) Revision"
1598:
1577:
1482:
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769:
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397:
147:
131:
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2695:(30th ed.), Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, pp. 887, 891, 897, 900, archived from
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1956:
American Cancer
Society Complete Guide to Complementary and Alternative Cancer Therapies
1493:. Breathing disciplines are incorporated into meditation, certain forms of yoga such as
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2140:"Arterial gas tensions and hemoglobin concentrations of the freely diving Weddell seal"
2016:
1991:
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air (immediately before the inhaled air enters the alveoli) consists of: water vapor (
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1967:
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1631: – Test for measuring anatomic dead space in the lung during a respiratory cycle
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2011:
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Graph showing normal as well as different kinds of pathological breathing patterns
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2762:
The Power of Breath: The Art of
Breathing Well for Harmony, Happiness, and Health
2760:
2742:"psych-, psycho-, -psyche, -psychic, -psychical, -psychically - Word Information"
2572:
1637: – physiological necessity to breathe through the nose rather than the mouth
1616:
1505:
1432:
refers to God breathing the breath of life into clay to make Adam a living soul (
1394:
1374:
1288:
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880:
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226:
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138:, which extracts energy from the reaction of oxygen with molecules derived from
4012:
3551:
3395:
3385:
3242:
3200:
3065:
2007:
1897:
Williams, Peter L; Warwick, Roger; Dyson, Mary; Bannister, Lawrence H. (1989).
1498:
1490:
1410:
1301:
986:, oxygen constitutes 21% of the atmosphere and the partial pressure of oxygen (
780:
753:
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and base of the skull, in many cases through an intermediary attachment to the
202:
120:
2040:
1613: – Respiration of oxygen-rich liquid by a normally air-breathing organism
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3401:
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3070:
2813:
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uses acoustic technology to examine the air flow through the nasal passages.
1277:
1223:. On the other hand, if the switch to oxygen homeostasis is incomplete, then
999:
983:
928:
776:
746:
701:
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over that of oxygen at sea level. That is to say, at sea level the arterial
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gases are sometimes given to patients under medical care. The atmosphere in
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2408:
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1693:(12th ed.). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Saunders/Elsevier. p. 5.
1601: – Sleep-related disorder in which the effort to breathe is diminished
1592:
1580: – monitoring volatile organic compounds present in the exhaled breath
1429:
725:
649:
643:
617:
526:
518:
506:
261:
249:
112:
2634:"Guidelines proposal for clinical recognition of mouth breathing children"
2155:
1324:
648:
The primary purpose of breathing is to refresh air in the alveoli so that
449:
When the accessory muscles of inhalation are activated, especially during
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3495:
3380:
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1622:
1486:
1406:
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807:
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of air, which, in the adult human, has a volume of about 2.5–3.0 liters.
265:
194:
190:
656:. After exhaling, adult human lungs still contain 2.5–3 L of air, their
3902:
3888:
3823:
3781:
3741:
3442:
3361:
3256:
3033:
3028:
1571:
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1248:
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936:
876:, from the metabolic activity of microorganisms in the large intestine.
709:
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492:
210:
178:
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104:
100:
1992:"The Mammalian Diving Response: An Enigmatic Reflex to Preserve Life?"
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1494:
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Breathing has other important functions. It provides a mechanism for
155:
1243:
Pressure increases with the depth of water at the rate of about one
1227:
may complicate the clinical picture with potentially fatal results.
3808:
3796:
3746:
3660:
3596:
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3536:
1869:(Fifth ed.). New York: Harper & Row, Publishers. pp.
1562: – Abnormal pattern of breathing (not related to death rattle)
1382:
908:
891:
873:
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811:
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as well as the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood and
688:
The rate and depth of breathing is automatically controlled by the
553:
356:
316:
303:
253:
237:
2421:
1239:
Typical breathing effort when breathing through a diving regulator
749:, which innervate the diaphragm, are probably the most important.
728:. Information from all of these chemoreceptors is conveyed to the
344:
3761:
3546:
3541:
3526:
2967:
2508:. Cape Town: Oxford University Press. pp. 3–10, 14–16, 360.
2389:
1922:
Gilroy, Anne M.; MacPherson, Brian R.; Ross, Lawrence M. (2008).
1513:
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1433:
1409:
can be used to diagnose diseases such as dietary intolerances. A
1378:
1358:
1010:
912:
897:
761:
514:
510:
409:
389:
245:
2041:"The physiology and pathophysiology of human breath-hold diving"
3863:
3843:
3818:
3531:
3023:
2955:
2533:(7th ed.). Basle, Switzerland: Ciba-Geigy. pp. 257–8.
1604:
1535:
A young gymnast breathes deeply before performing his exercise.
839:
757:
542:
525:
walls that have several longitudinal folds, or shelves, called
497:
cold weather the re-captured water may cause a "dripping nose".
458:
241:
233:
206:
124:
2785:
2716:
2631:
2032:
1786:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 316.
1743:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 320.
1718:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 311.
998:) is 21 kPa (i.e. 21% of 100 kPa). At the summit of
915:. The presence of certain organic compounds indicates disease.
3813:
3623:
1896:
1445:
1437:
1422:
1362:
831:
815:
803:
765:
612:
541:
and is at almost body temperature by the time it reaches the
534:
240:
and similar expressions of the emotions. It is also used for
162:
transports these gases to and from the cells, where cellular
143:
392:, this is achieved primarily through the contraction of the
3420:
3119:
2386:
1478:
884:
835:
830:, 20.95% oxygen and small amounts of other gases including
819:
733:
624:
517:) are quite narrow, firstly by being divided in two by the
381:
285:
The "pump handle" and "bucket handle movements" of the ribs
139:
108:
32:"Breath" and "Breathed" redirect here. For other uses, see
2256:. Jalandhar, Punjab: Pradeep Publications. pp. V/101.
2190:
2577:. Williams & Wilkins. pp. 21–30, 84–84, 98–101.
1607: – Natural, comfortable form of breathing in mammals
927:
may breathe oxygen-rich, oxygen-depleted or helium-rich
2696:
2284:
1469:
1463:
is combined with breathing exercises to strengthen the
1295:
is a factor when choosing a suitable regulator for the
1194:) falls to below 75% of its value at sea level, oxygen
713:
306:. The particular action illustrated here is called the
2251:
2039:
Lindholm, Peter; Lundgren, Claes EG (1 January 2009).
1861:
Tortora, Gerard J.; Anagnostakos, Nicholas P. (1987).
1625: – Subconscious alternation of the nasal cavities
1574: – Presence of unpleasant odors in exhaled breath
1489:
meaning mindfulness of breath was first introduced by
3958:
2252:
Dhami, P. S.; Chopra, G.; Shrivastava, H. N. (2015).
150:
into the lungs where gas exchange takes place in the
1921:
1639:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1582:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1467:, improve posture and make better use of the body's
1452:
in psychology are related to the concept of breath.
1005:
During inhalation, air is warmed and saturated with
2137:
1860:
2503:
1862:
1782:Pocock, Gillian; Richards, Christopher D. (2006).
1739:Pocock, Gillian; Richards, Christopher D. (2006).
1714:Pocock, Gillian; Richards, Christopher D. (2006).
1543:
1251:, for every 10 meters. Air breathed underwater by
942:
2758:
2084:
3989:
2158:. Archived from the original on 11 December 2008
2105:. Archived from the original on 11 December 2008
2038:
1989:
1501:as a treatment for asthma and other conditions.
268:, may lose heat by evaporation through panting.
2851:Guide to Holistic Healing in the New Millennium
1781:
1738:
1713:
1691:Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology
1481:advocate various breathing methods. A form of
3481:
2994:
1800:
1784:Human physiology : the basis of medicine
1071:at sea level is 21.0 kPa, compared to a
181:through a highly branched system of tubes or
146:. Breathing, or external respiration, brings
27:Process of moving air in and out of the lungs
2078:
1646: – Breathing changes caused by exertion
1595: – Natural processes of carbon exchange
213:circumstances, contributes significantly to
173:with lungs consists of repetitive cycles of
2543:
2239:NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive
2131:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1146:prioritizes the regulation of the arterial
3488:
3474:
3008:
3001:
2987:
2528:
2506:The weather and climate of Southern Africa
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1323:
503:first out and secondly in through the nose
2930:
2847:"Healthy Breathing — The Right Breathing"
2821:
2803:
2717:E. H. Huizing; J. A. M. de Groot (2003),
2665:
2504:Tyson, P.D.; Preston-White, R.A. (2013).
2015:
3980:
2692:Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary
2682:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2474:"Online high altitude oxygen calculator"
2466:
2335:
1806:
1530:
1307:
1234:
957:
947:
797:
552:
491:
478:
64:
45:
2876:"Diaphragm function for core stability"
2719:Functional Reconstructive Nasal Surgery
1985:
1983:
1949:
1926:. Stuttgart: Thieme. pp. 108–111.
1892:
1890:
1825:
1741:Human physiology: the basis of medicine
1716:Human physiology: the basis of medicine
1287:, which reduces the high pressure in a
1116:respiratory gases homeostatic mechanism
14:
3990:
2844:
2597:
2574:Respiratory physiology: the essentials
2558:10.1152/physiologyonline.1995.10.4.176
1945:
1943:
1915:
1707:
1589: – Gas used for human respiration
1416:
3469:
2982:
2895:Breath: The New Science of a Lost Art
2492:
1732:
1568: – Abnormal pattern of breathing
1526:
1247:– slightly more than 100 kPa, or one
1230:
463:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
396:, but also by the contraction of the
3367:oxygen–hemoglobin dissociation curve
2873:
2688:
2638:Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics
2570:
2227:
1980:
1887:
1865:Principles of anatomy and physiology
1688:
1338:Abnormal breathing patterns include
712:which are particularly sensitive to
61:of the human thorax during breathing
2915:"Breath-holding and its breakpoint"
1940:
1293:breathing performance of regulators
24:
3293:hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction
2885:
2689:Andreoli, Thomas E.; et al.,
2650:10.1590/2176-9451.20.4.039-044.oar
2245:
2085:Thornton SJ, Hochachka PW (2004).
1619: – Breathing method in humans
1353:Other breathing disorders include
1013:before it enters the alveoli. The
1009:as it passes through the nose and
954:Effects of high altitude on humans
692:that receive information from the
25:
4024:
2948:
2853:. Harald Tietze. pp. 48–49.
1421:The word "spirit" comes from the
468:
189:, and is one of the four primary
142:and produces carbon dioxide as a
3968:
2966:
2954:
548:
529:, thus exposing a large area of
487:
365:
343:
315:
291:
2867:
2838:
2792:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
2779:
2752:
2734:
2710:
2625:
2598:Wollan, Malia (23 April 2019).
2591:
2564:
2537:
2522:
2415:
2380:
2329:
2278:
2260:
2184:
2057:10.1152/japplphysiol.90991.2008
1544:Breathing and physical exercise
1508:players use a technique called
1118:, which regulates the arterial
943:Effects of ambient air pressure
637:
406:accessory muscles of inhalation
264:, because they lack sufficient
2932:10.1113/expphysiol.2005.031625
2546:News in Physiological Sciences
2476:. altitude.org. Archived from
1775:
1757:
1682:
1657:
1211:with a consequent rise in the
787:
13:
1:
2529:Diem, K.; Lenter, C. (1970).
2401:10.1016/S0378-4347(99)00127-9
2045:Journal of Applied Physiology
1807:Levitzky, Michael G. (2013).
1651:
1291:to the ambient pressure. The
1219:. This is one contributor to
826:Inhaled air is by volume 78%
408:, which connect the ribs and
388:. In humans, as in the other
2444:10.1088/1752-7155/8/1/014001
2307:10.1088/1752-7155/2/4/046002
2087:"Oxygen and the diving seal"
1990:Michael Panneton, W (2013).
658:functional residual capacity
430:functional residual capacity
271:
7:
3325:Ventilation/perfusion ratio
3176:pulmonary stretch receptors
2600:"How to Be a Nose Breather"
1552:
1035:= 6.3 kPa), nitrogen (
962:Fig. 4 Atmospheric pressure
461:attacks and in people with
10:
4029:
3357:alveolar–arterial gradient
2759:Swami Saradananda (2009).
2424:Journal of Breath Research
2358:10.1088/0967-3334/27/7/007
2287:Journal of Breath Research
2193:Journal of Child Neurology
2008:10.1152/physiol.00020.2013
1047:= 74.0 kPa), oxygen (
974:oxygen in the air (mmols O
951:
905:volatile organic compounds
791:
681:
677:
641:
472:
275:
134:creatures need oxygen for
59:magnetic resonance imaging
41:Breathing (disambiguation)
38:
31:
3792:Precordial catch syndrome
3774:
3710:
3692:Cheyne–Stokes respiration
3674:
3616:
3607:
3507:
3430:
3306:
3280:
3238:respiratory minute volume
3191:
3150:ventral respiratory group
3109:
3016:
2845:Hobert, Ingfried (1999).
2338:Physiological Measurement
2176:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2123:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1665:"Definition of SPIRATION"
1348:Cheyne–Stokes respiration
1331:
1322:
1317:
1213:pH of the arterial plasma
501:Ideally, air is breathed
457:, seen especially during
3145:dorsal respiratory group
3039:obligate nasal breathing
2805:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00353
2205:10.1177/0883073811415269
1635:Obligate nasal breathing
435:During heavy breathing (
76:X-ray video of a female
3875:Charcot–Leyden crystals
3347:pulmonary gas pressures
2721:, Thieme, p. 101,
1960:American Cancer Society
1669:www.merriam-webster.com
1371:obstructive sleep apnea
903:Trace many hundreds of
863:4.0–5.3% carbon dioxide
443:Diaphragmatic breathing
426:bucket handle movements
221:(ECF). Over-breathing (
215:tight control of the pH
34:Breath (disambiguation)
3985:
3592:Whispered pectoriloquy
3101:mechanical ventilation
3010:Respiratory physiology
2971:Quotations related to
2892:Nestor, James (2020).
1769:Johns Hopkins Medicine
1644:Respiratory adaptation
1536:
1266:decompression sickness
1240:
1221:high altitude sickness
963:
823:
698:central chemoreceptors
684:Control of ventilation
667:central chemoreceptors
600:
498:
484:
325:bucket handle movement
278:Muscles of respiration
256:. Animals that cannot
195:homeostatic mechanisms
119:, mostly to flush out
81:
62:
3984:
3352:alveolar gas equation
3288:pulmonary circulation
2254:A Textbook of Biology
1950:Ades TB, ed. (2009).
1534:
1473:. Different forms of
1308:Respiratory disorders
1283:Air is provided by a
1238:
1217:respiratory alkalosis
1144:homeostatic mechanism
961:
948:Breathing at altitude
931:mixtures. Oxygen and
801:
794:Atmospheric chemistry
792:Further information:
609:tracheobronchial tree
556:
531:nasal mucous membrane
495:
482:
300:muscles of inhalation
276:Further information:
169:The breathing of all
75:
56:
3870:Curschmann's spirals
3718:Respiratory distress
3557:Pleural friction rub
3407:respiratory quotient
3262:body plethysmography
3181:Hering–Breuer reflex
3056:pulmonary surfactant
2963:at Wikimedia Commons
1809:Pulmonary physiology
1278:special gas mixtures
1262:pulmonary barotrauma
967:Atmospheric pressure
919:In addition to air,
883:from degradation of
854:5.0–6.3% water vapor
455:clavicular breathing
308:pump handle movement
219:extracellular fluids
136:cellular respiration
117:internal environment
99:of moving air into (
39:For other uses, see
3250:Lung function tests
3084:hyperresponsiveness
2898:. Riverhead Books.
2571:West, J.B. (1985).
2436:2014JBR.....8a4001D
2350:2006PhyM...27..637T
2299:2008JBR.....2d6002E
2144:Undersea Biomed Res
2091:Undersea Hyperb Med
1689:Hall, John (2011).
1599:Central sleep apnea
1578:Breath gas analysis
1483:Buddhist meditation
1417:Society and culture
1355:shortness of breath
770:Conscious breathing
730:respiratory centers
718:cerebrospinal fluid
690:respiratory centers
398:intercostal muscles
3986:
3911:pulmonary embolism
3883:chronic bronchitis
3723:Respiratory arrest
3702:Ataxic respiration
3697:Kussmaul breathing
3687:Biot's respiration
3682:Agonal respiration
3578:Elicited findings
3522:Respiratory sounds
3501:respiratory system
3497:Signs and symptoms
3417:diffusion capacity
3412:arterial blood gas
3392:carbonic anhydrase
3126:pneumotaxic center
2913:Parkes, M (2006).
2699:on 11 January 2014
2604:The New York Times
2235:"Earth Fact Sheet"
1566:Ataxic respiration
1560:Agonal respiration
1537:
1527:Breathing and mood
1510:circular breathing
1344:Biot's respiration
1340:Kussmaul breathing
1318:Breathing patterns
1241:
1231:Breathing at depth
982:is about 100
964:
834:, carbon dioxide,
824:
601:
580:Segmental bronchus
521:, and secondly by
499:
485:
414:cervical vertebrae
298:The effect of the
160:circulatory system
97:rhythmical process
82:
78:American alligator
63:
3956:
3955:
3770:
3769:
3463:
3462:
3371:Oxygen saturation
3337:zones of the lung
3076:airway resistance
2959:Media related to
2860:978-1-876173-14-2
2772:978-1-84483-798-4
2765:. Watkins Media.
2728:978-1-58890-081-4
2584:978-0-683-08940-0
2531:Scientific Tables
1933:978-1-60406-062-1
1880:978-0-06-350729-6
1818:978-0-07-179313-1
1793:978-0-19-856878-0
1765:"Vital Signs 101"
1750:978-0-19-856878-0
1725:978-0-19-856878-0
1700:978-1-4160-4574-8
1465:diaphragm muscles
1440:, the Polynesian
1387:shallow breathing
1385:refers to overly
1336:
1335:
1312:Medical condition
1270:nitrogen narcosis
1100:pressure gradient
921:underwater divers
870:parts per million
860:13.6–16.0% oxygen
738:medulla oblongata
706:medulla oblongata
570:Mainstem bronchus
558:The lower airways
475:Respiratory tract
451:labored breathing
420:, exaggerate the
302:in expanding the
199:partial pressures
73:
54:
16:(Redirected from
4020:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3964:
3641:Hyperventilation
3614:
3613:
3499:relating to the
3490:
3483:
3476:
3467:
3466:
3272:nitrogen washout
3131:apneustic center
3046:respiratory rate
3003:
2996:
2989:
2980:
2979:
2970:
2958:
2944:
2934:
2909:
2880:
2879:
2874:Lindgren, Hans.
2871:
2865:
2864:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2825:
2807:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2669:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2501:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2175:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2122:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2019:
1987:
1978:
1977:
1958:(2nd ed.).
1947:
1938:
1937:
1924:Atlas of Anatomy
1919:
1913:
1912:
1894:
1885:
1884:
1868:
1858:
1823:
1822:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1661:
1640:
1629:Nitrogen washout
1611:Liquid breathing
1583:
1461:aerobic exercise
1399:hyperventilation
1327:
1315:
1314:
1285:diving regulator
1258:diving disorders
1210:
1193:
1181:
1169:
1157:
1141:
1129:
1094:
1082:
1070:
1058:
1046:
1034:
997:
980:ambient pressure
925:technical diving
806:conditions, the
605:respiratory tree
369:
347:
319:
310:of the rib cage.
295:
223:hyperventilation
187:respiratory rate
74:
55:
21:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4017:
3988:
3987:
3979:
3969:
3967:
3959:
3957:
3952:
3930:pulmonary edema
3922:Westermark sign
3839:Post-nasal drip
3834:Silhouette sign
3766:
3757:Mouth breathing
3706:
3670:
3646:Hypoventilation
3603:
3503:
3494:
3464:
3459:
3450:oxygen toxicity
3426:
3314:ventilation (V)
3302:
3298:pulmonary shunt
3276:
3267:peak flow meter
3187:
3105:
3012:
3007:
2961:Human breathing
2951:
2912:
2906:
2891:
2888:
2886:Further reading
2883:
2872:
2868:
2861:
2843:
2839:
2784:
2780:
2773:
2757:
2753:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2729:
2715:
2711:
2702:
2700:
2687:
2683:
2630:
2626:
2616:
2614:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2569:
2565:
2542:
2538:
2527:
2523:
2516:
2502:
2493:
2483:
2481:
2480:on 29 July 2012
2472:
2471:
2467:
2420:
2416:
2385:
2381:
2334:
2330:
2283:
2279:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2250:
2246:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2189:
2185:
2169:
2168:
2161:
2159:
2136:
2132:
2116:
2115:
2108:
2106:
2083:
2079:
2069:
2067:
2037:
2033:
1988:
1981:
1974:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1895:
1888:
1881:
1859:
1826:
1819:
1805:
1801:
1794:
1780:
1776:
1771:. 14 June 2022.
1763:
1762:
1758:
1751:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1687:
1683:
1673:
1671:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1638:
1617:Mouth breathing
1581:
1555:
1546:
1529:
1506:wind instrument
1504:In music, some
1419:
1395:hypoventilation
1375:mouth breathing
1369:(most commonly
1313:
1310:
1289:diving cylinder
1274:oxygen toxicity
1233:
1209:
1208:
1200:
1192:
1191:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1147:
1140:
1139:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1119:
1093:
1092:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1023:
996:
995:
987:
977:
956:
950:
945:
881:carbon monoxide
814:into a visible
796:
790:
686:
680:
646:
640:
599:
551:
490:
477:
471:
400:which pull the
386:thoracic cavity
378:
377:
376:
375:
374:
370:
362:
361:
348:
339:
338:
332:
331:
330:
329:
328:
320:
312:
311:
296:
287:
286:
280:
274:
227:hypoventilation
197:which keep the
80:while breathing
65:
46:
44:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4026:
4016:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3978:
3977:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3919:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3752:Breath holding
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3725:
3720:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3620:
3618:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3519:
3513:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3493:
3492:
3485:
3478:
3470:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3396:chloride shift
3389:
3386:Haldane effect
3383:
3378:
3373:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3316:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3243:FEV1/FVC ratio
3240:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3197:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3158:chemoreceptors
3154:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3115:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3066:elastic recoil
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3006:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2964:
2950:
2949:External links
2947:
2946:
2945:
2910:
2905:978-0735213616
2904:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2866:
2859:
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2681:
2624:
2590:
2583:
2563:
2536:
2521:
2514:
2491:
2465:
2414:
2395:(1–2): 75–88.
2379:
2328:
2277:
2259:
2244:
2226:
2183:
2130:
2077:
2051:(1): 284–292.
2031:
2002:(5): 284–297.
1979:
1972:
1939:
1932:
1914:
1907:
1899:Gray's Anatomy
1886:
1879:
1824:
1817:
1799:
1792:
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1554:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1528:
1525:
1518:breath control
1499:Buteyko method
1418:
1415:
1411:rhinomanometer
1334:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1320:
1319:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1302:Venturi effect
1297:type of diving
1260:which include
1232:
1229:
1206:
1204:
1189:
1187:
1177:
1175:
1165:
1163:
1153:
1151:
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1125:
1123:
1090:
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1066:
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993:
991:
975:
949:
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944:
941:
917:
916:
901:
894:
888:
877:
867:
864:
861:
858:
855:
789:
786:
781:metabolic rate
747:phrenic nerves
726:carotid bodies
702:chemoreceptors
682:Main article:
679:
676:
674:of the blood.
642:Main article:
639:
636:
598:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
575:Lobar bronchus
572:
567:
561:
550:
547:
507:nasal cavities
489:
486:
473:Main article:
470:
469:Passage of air
467:
371:
364:
363:
349:
342:
341:
340:
336:
335:
334:
333:
321:
314:
313:
297:
290:
289:
288:
284:
283:
282:
281:
273:
270:
258:thermoregulate
203:carbon dioxide
121:carbon dioxide
111:to facilitate
103:) and out of (
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4025:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3983:
3976:
3966:
3965:
3962:
3949:
3948:Golden S sign
3946:
3944:
3943:Hamman's sign
3941:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3920:
3918:
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3914:
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3884:
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3876:
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3868:
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3865:
3861:
3857:
3856:Hoover's sign
3854:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3804:Nail clubbing
3802:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3763:
3760:
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3755:
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3491:
3486:
3484:
3479:
3477:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3438:high altitude
3436:
3435:
3433:
3431:Insufficiency
3429:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3402:oxyhemoglobin
3400:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3365:
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3309:
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3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
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3230:
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3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3170:
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3092:
3090:
3087:
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3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3071:hysteresivity
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
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3052:
3049:
3047:
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2999:
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2990:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2974:
2969:
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2957:
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2942:
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2933:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2907:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2877:
2870:
2862:
2856:
2852:
2848:
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2833:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2782:
2774:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2755:
2747:
2746:wordinfo.info
2743:
2737:
2730:
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2713:
2698:
2694:
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2685:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2628:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2594:
2586:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2567:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2532:
2525:
2517:
2515:9780195718065
2511:
2507:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2430:(1): 014001.
2429:
2425:
2418:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2383:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2344:(7): 637–48.
2343:
2339:
2332:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2293:(4): 046002.
2292:
2288:
2281:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2255:
2248:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2199:(2): 168–71.
2198:
2194:
2187:
2179:
2173:
2157:
2153:
2150:(5): 363–73.
2149:
2145:
2141:
2134:
2126:
2120:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
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2046:
2042:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1984:
1975:
1973:9780944235713
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1944:
1935:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1910:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1891:
1882:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1866:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1820:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1795:
1789:
1785:
1778:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1752:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1727:
1721:
1717:
1710:
1702:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1656:
1645:
1642:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1587:Breathing gas
1585:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1550:
1541:
1533:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:also rely on
1515:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1444:, the Hebrew
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1305:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1237:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1203:
1197:
1186:
1174:
1162:
1150:
1145:
1134:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1087:
1075:
1063:
1051:
1039:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1003:
1001:
1000:Mount Everest
990:
985:
981:
971:
968:
960:
955:
940:
938:
934:
930:
929:breathing gas
926:
922:
914:
910:
907:, especially
906:
902:
899:
895:
893:
889:
886:
882:
878:
875:
871:
868:
865:
862:
859:
857:79% nitrogen
856:
853:
852:
851:
847:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
800:
795:
785:
782:
778:
777:diving reflex
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
750:
748:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
685:
675:
673:
672:a constant pH
668:
664:
659:
655:
651:
645:
635:
633:
628:
626:
621:
619:
614:
610:
606:
596:
593:
591:
590:Alveolar duct
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
562:
559:
555:
549:Lower airways
546:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
527:nasal conchae
524:
520:
516:
512:
509:(between the
508:
504:
494:
488:Upper airways
481:
476:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
447:
444:
440:
438:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
368:
358:
353:
346:
326:
318:
309:
305:
301:
294:
279:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
211:physiological
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
167:
166:takes place.
165:
161:
158:. The body's
157:
153:
149:
145:
144:waste product
141:
137:
133:
128:
126:
123:and bring in
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
79:
60:
42:
35:
30:
19:
3936:Kerley lines
3928:
3917:Hampton hump
3909:
3895:
3881:
3862:
3848:
3608:
3587:Pectoriloquy
3572:Death rattle
3567:Bronchophony
3509:Auscultation
3342:gas exchange
3307:Interactions
3232:calculations
3193:Lung volumes
3156:
3137:
3118:
3089:constriction
3051:respirometer
2975:at Wikiquote
2922:
2918:
2893:
2869:
2850:
2840:
2795:
2791:
2781:
2761:
2754:
2745:
2736:
2718:
2712:
2701:, retrieved
2697:the original
2691:
2684:
2644:(4): 39–44.
2641:
2637:
2627:
2615:. Retrieved
2603:
2593:
2573:
2566:
2552:(4): 176–8.
2549:
2545:
2539:
2530:
2524:
2505:
2482:. Retrieved
2478:the original
2468:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2290:
2286:
2280:
2272:BBC Bitesize
2271:
2262:
2253:
2247:
2238:
2229:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2172:cite journal
2160:. Retrieved
2147:
2143:
2133:
2119:cite journal
2107:. Retrieved
2097:(1): 81–95.
2094:
2090:
2080:
2068:. Retrieved
2048:
2044:
2034:
1999:
1995:
1955:
1952:"Breathwork"
1923:
1917:
1898:
1864:
1808:
1802:
1783:
1777:
1768:
1759:
1740:
1734:
1715:
1709:
1690:
1684:
1672:. Retrieved
1668:
1659:
1593:Carbon cycle
1547:
1538:
1522:
1503:
1468:
1454:
1430:Hebrew Bible
1425:
1420:
1407:breath tests
1404:
1352:
1337:
1282:
1242:
1201:
1184:
1172:
1160:
1148:
1132:
1120:
1111:
1109:
1097:
1085:
1073:
1061:
1049:
1037:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1004:
988:
972:
965:
918:
848:
825:
774:
751:
687:
650:gas exchange
647:
644:Gas exchange
638:Gas exchange
629:
622:
618:gas exchange
608:
604:
602:
557:
519:nasal septum
500:
448:
441:
434:
379:
266:sweat glands
262:perspiration
231:
168:
129:
113:gas exchange
92:
88:
84:
83:
29:
3998:Respiration
3897:sarcoidosis
3787:In children
3629:Prematurity
3517:Stethoscope
3381:Bohr effect
3281:Circulation
3017:Respiration
2925:(1): 1–15.
2919:Exp Physiol
2617:6 September
1962:. pp.
1908:0443-041776
1623:Nasal cycle
1487:anapanasati
1405:A range of
1367:sleep apnea
1357:(dyspnea),
1215:leading to
1196:homeostasis
1007:water vapor
937:space suits
923:practicing
890:4.5 ppm of
808:water vapor
788:Composition
539:water vapor
422:pump handle
191:vital signs
171:vertebrates
164:respiration
93:ventilation
4008:Human body
3992:Categories
3903:Kveim test
3889:Reid index
3824:Hemoptysis
3782:Chest pain
3742:Aerophagia
3582:Percussion
3443:death zone
3362:hemoglobin
3257:spirometry
3216:dead space
3169:peripheral
3094:dilatation
3080:bronchial
3061:compliance
3034:exhalation
3029:inhalation
1996:Physiology
1674:16 October
1652:References
1572:Bad breath
1497:, and the
1475:meditation
1245:atmosphere
952:See also:
710:brain stem
694:peripheral
663:peripheral
632:dead space
585:Bronchiole
179:exhalation
175:inhalation
105:exhalation
101:inhalation
57:Real-time
3829:Epistaxis
3737:Trepopnea
3732:Platypnea
3728:Orthopnea
3666:Bradypnea
3656:Tachypnea
3651:Hyperpnea
3609:Breathing
3319:Perfusion
2973:Breathing
2814:1662-5161
2658:2176-9451
2612:0362-4331
2484:15 August
1495:pranayama
1391:hyperpnea
1105:viscosity
1015:saturated
933:analgesic
896:1 ppm of
887:proteins.
872:(ppm) of
764:or other
654:diffusion
437:hyperpnea
418:clavicles
394:diaphragm
352:diaphragm
337:Breathing
272:Mechanics
156:diffusion
115:with the
95:) is the
89:spiration
85:Breathing
4003:Reflexes
3975:Medicine
3809:Cyanosis
3797:Pleurisy
3747:Asphyxia
3661:Hypopnea
3597:Egophony
3562:Fremitus
3537:Crackles
3330:V/Q scan
2941:16272264
2832:30245619
2676:26352843
2452:24421258
2409:10410929
2374:22365066
2366:16705261
2323:31706721
2315:21386189
2221:29653062
2213:21881008
2103:15233163
2065:18974367
2026:23997188
1553:See also
1448:and the
1426:spiritus
1383:Hypopnea
1020:tracheal
909:isoprene
892:methanol
874:hydrogen
866:1% argon
844:hydrogen
828:nitrogen
812:condense
754:swimming
742:exercise
700:. These
595:Alveolus
513:and the
511:nostrils
402:rib cage
357:rib cage
304:rib cage
254:sneezing
250:coughing
244:such as
242:reflexes
238:laughter
154:through
3762:Snoring
3675:Pattern
3636:Dyspnea
3547:Stertor
3542:Rhonchi
3527:Stridor
3455:hypoxia
3376:2,3-BPG
3164:central
3139:medulla
3111:Control
2823:6137615
2798:: 353.
2703:17 June
2667:4593528
2460:1998578
2432:Bibcode
2346:Bibcode
2295:Bibcode
2241:. NASA.
2162:14 June
2156:2800051
2109:14 June
2070:4 April
2017:3768097
1871:556–582
1514:Singers
1485:called
1457:tai chi
1434:nephesh
1379:snoring
1359:stridor
1225:hypoxia
1142:. This
1011:pharynx
913:acetone
898:ammonia
879:ppm of
762:singing
732:in the
708:of the
678:Control
565:Trachea
523:lateral
515:pharynx
412:to the
410:sternum
390:mammals
246:yawning
217:of the
183:airways
152:alveoli
132:aerobic
3961:Portal
3864:asthma
3844:Hiccup
3819:Sputum
3552:Squawk
3532:Wheeze
3024:breath
2939:
2902:
2857:
2830:
2820:
2812:
2769:
2725:
2674:
2664:
2656:
2610:
2581:
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2063:
2024:
2014:
1970:
1930:
1905:
1877:
1815:
1790:
1747:
1722:
1697:
1605:Eupnea
1491:Buddha
1477:, and
1450:psyche
1377:, and
1272:, and
1253:divers
842:, and
840:helium
758:speech
722:aortic
543:larynx
505:. The
459:asthma
234:speech
207:oxygen
125:oxygen
107:) the
18:Breath
4013:Gases
3814:Cough
3775:Other
3711:Other
3624:Apnea
2456:S2CID
2370:S2CID
2319:S2CID
2217:S2CID
1964:72–74
1446:ruach
1438:prana
1423:Latin
1363:apnea
832:argon
816:cloud
810:will
804:humid
766:vocal
625:lungs
613:mouse
535:mucus
382:lungs
360:page.
109:lungs
3850:COPD
3617:Rate
3421:DLCO
3321:(Q)
3120:pons
2937:PMID
2900:ISBN
2855:ISBN
2828:PMID
2810:ISSN
2767:ISBN
2723:ISBN
2705:2017
2672:PMID
2654:ISSN
2619:2021
2608:ISSN
2579:ISBN
2510:ISBN
2486:2007
2448:PMID
2405:PMID
2362:PMID
2311:PMID
2209:PMID
2178:link
2164:2008
2152:PMID
2125:link
2111:2008
2099:PMID
2072:2015
2061:PMID
2022:PMID
1968:ISBN
1928:ISBN
1903:ISBN
1875:ISBN
1813:ISBN
1788:ISBN
1745:ISBN
1720:ISBN
1695:ISBN
1676:2023
1479:yoga
1442:mana
1397:and
1346:and
1130:and
1098:The
911:and
885:heme
836:neon
820:mist
736:and
734:pons
724:and
696:and
665:and
424:and
380:The
252:and
205:and
177:and
140:food
130:All
3226:PEF
3206:FRC
2927:doi
2818:PMC
2800:doi
2662:PMC
2646:doi
2554:doi
2440:doi
2397:doi
2393:729
2354:doi
2303:doi
2201:doi
2053:doi
2049:106
2012:PMC
2004:doi
1455:In
1373:),
1249:bar
984:kPa
818:or
607:or
260:by
201:of
148:air
91:or
3994::
3221:CC
3211:Vt
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