Breastfeeding - Knowledge

892: 2221: 1240:. Additionally, the birth of an infant is followed by massive fluid shifts to both offload excess fluid, which had been used to supply oxygen and nutrients to the fetus through the placenta, which is no longer needed, and supply additional fluid to the breasts in order to start the process of making milk. These fluid shifts often result in some of this excess fluid leaking into the breast tissue. Finally, milk "coming in" can create an uncomfortably full feeling, which combined with the aforementioned fluid accumulation in the breast tissue, can cause severe pain. If breastfeeding is suddenly stopped a woman's breasts are likely to become engorged. Pumping small amounts to relieve discomfort helps to gradually train the breasts to produce less milk. There is presently no safe medication to prevent engorgement, but cold compresses and 2690:

an emotional reaction but may also produce physical feelings such as nausea. It is different from postpartum depression and other known psychological conditions. A 2019 study reported a prevalence rate of 9.1%. As off 2021, very little research has been done and many health care providers and lactation practitioners remain barely able to recognize the syndrome. An October 2021 review of literature published to that date suggested that the lack of up-to-date information "makes it necessary to educate mothers because educated mothers are usually better at handling postpartum situations if they are prepared in advance." There is as yet no medication to treat the symptoms although women have reported that they have found it of benefit to learn that they are not alone and that the symptoms were not "just in their head".

3416:, provincial Human Rights Codes prevent against workplace discrimination due to breastfeeding. In British Columbia, employers are required to provide accommodation to employees who breastfeed or express breast milk. Although no specific requirements are mandated, under the Human Rights Code, accommodations suggested include paid breaks (not including meal breaks), private facilities that include clean running water, comfortable seating areas, and refrigeration equipment, as well as flexibility in terms of work-related conflicts. In Ontario, employers are encouraged to accommodate breastfeeding employees by providing additional breaks without fear of discrimination. Unlike in British Columbia, the Ontario Code does not include specific recommendations, and therefore leaves significant flexibility for employers. 279:, occurs in 3 stages. The first stage takes place during pregnancy, allowing for the development of the breast and production of colostrum, the thick, early form of milk that is low in volume, but rich in nutrition. The birth of the baby and the placenta triggers the onset of the second stage of milk production, triggering the milk to come in over the next several days. The third stage of milk production occurs gradually over several weeks, and is characterized by a full milk supply that is regulated locally (at the breast), predominately by the infant's demand for food. This differs from the second stage of lactogenesis, which is regulated centrally (in the brain) by hormone feedback loops that naturally occur after the placenta is delivered. 3157: 2979:" to show support for breastfeeding in public. One study that approached the subject from a feminist viewpoint suggested that both nursing and non-nursing mothers often feel maternal guilt and shame with formula feeding mothers feeling that they are not living up to the ideals of woman and motherhood and nursing mothers concerned that they are transgressing "cultural expectations regarding feminine modesty." The authors advocate that women be provided with education on breastfeeding's benefits as well as problem-solving skills, however there is no conclusive evidence that breastfeeding education alone improves initiation of breastfeeding or the proportion of women breastfeeding either exclusively or partially at 3 months and 6 months. 992: 1744:. Thus, the concentration of alcohol in the breastmilk is approximately equal to the concentration in the maternal bloodstream at any given time. As the mother's liver processes the alcohol, more and more alcohol is pulled out of the breastmilk and back into the bloodstream. Thus, it is suggested to wait 2 hours after drinking before nursing or pumping. In the case of infrequent binge drinking, it has been shown that infants consume through breastmilk only a fraction of the alcohol their mothers have ingested. While a minute, clinically insignificant amount of alcohol may be absorbed into the infant's bloodstream, it is unlikely that this amount would cause any noticeable cognitive or neuromotor effects. 3148:, and gastrointestinal illness, one study compared infants that had been exclusively breastfed for at least three months to those who had not. It found that in the first year of life there were 2033 excess office visits, 212 excess days of hospitalization, and 609 excess prescriptions for these three illnesses per 1000 never-breastfed infants compared with 1000 infants exclusively breastfed for at least 3 months. However, in a study of over 140,000 newborns in the first month of life, exclusively breastfed newborns had higher hospital readmission rates than those exclusively formula fed, and those exclusively breastfed also had more neonatal outpatient visits compared to those exclusively formula fed. 785:

contraindicated. Exclusive breastfeeding is defined as "an infant's consumption of human milk with no supplementation of any type (no water, no juice, no nonhuman milk and no foods) except for vitamins, minerals and medications." Supplementation with human donor breastmilk may be indicated in some specific cases, as discussed below. After solids are introduced at around six months of age, continued breastfeeding is recommended. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that babies be breastfed at least until 12 months, or longer if both the mother and child wish. The World Health Organization's guidelines recommend "continue frequent, on-demand breastfeeding until two years of age or beyond.

980: 1912:. This allows mothers who cannot breastfeed to give their baby the benefits of breast milk. While informally-shared breastmilk does carry the nutritional benefits of breastmilk, this breastmilk is most often not pasteurized or screened, and thus carries with it the risk of transmitting diseases or medications that are unsafe for infants. Parents considering directed or informal milk sharing should discuss this option with their doctor, and they should be familiar with the donors medical history and milk handling practices. Use of informally-shared (unscreened, not pasteurized) milk from an anonymous donor is discouraged by the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. 1004: 3121: 1655: 363: 2971:

breastfeeding because of the implicit association between infant feeding and sex. These negative cultural connotations may reduce breastfeeding duration. Maternal guilt and shame is often affected by how a mother feeds her infant. These emotions occur in both bottle- and breast- feeding mothers, although for different reasons. Bottle feeding mothers may feel that they should be breastfeeding. Conversely, breastfeeding mothers may feel forced to feed in uncomfortable circumstances. Some may see breastfeeding as, "indecent, disgusting, animalistic, sexual, and even possibly a perverse act." Advocates (known by the

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without the needle may be used to place milk onto the breast while the baby suckles. The mother should allow the infant to suckle at least ten times during 24 hours, and more times if he or she is interested. These times can include every two hours, whenever the baby seems interested, longer at each breast, and when the baby is sleepy when he or she might suckle more readily. In keeping with increasing contact between mother and child, including increasing skin-to-skin contact, grandmothers should pull back and help in other ways. Later on, grandmothers can again provide more direct care for the infant.

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nipple to point down and then hit the hard palate during sucking. From an external view, this manifests as the nose and forehead being close to the breast and the chin far from the breast. This neck flexion also obstructs the normal swallowing mechanism, preventing the infant from drinking efficiently. In addition to not being able to swallow properly, this shallow latch prevents the infant from adequately compressing the glandular tissue behind the nipple and stimulating milk flow; thus, they may begin to apply more suction, which manifests externally as cheek dimpling, or sucking their cheeks in.

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these signs are noticed, it is important to have the mother-infant dyad evaluated by a breastfeeding specialist or pediatrician to determine the true cause of the symptoms and determine the need for supplementation. Often, these symptoms are caused by poor milk transfer at the breast, and can be solved with adjustments to the latch, but occasionally they may be caused by other processes, unrelated to breastfeeding, so evaluation is necessary. Supplementation with formula is associated with decreased rates of exclusive breastfeeding at 6 months, and overall decreased length of breastfeeding.

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African-American women have persistently low rates of breastfeeding compared to White and Hispanic American women. In 2014, 58.1% of African-American women breastfeed in the early postpartum period, compared to 77.7% of White women and 80.6% of Hispanic women. In 2019, 84.1% of U.S women giving birth initiated breastfeeding, with 87.4%, 85.5%, 73.6%, 90.3% and 83.1% of Hispanic, White, African-American, Asian and Multiracial mothers initiating, respectively. Rates of initiation among African-American mothers varied widely by state, with lows under 53% and highs over 90%.

437: 968: 1873: 932: 2138: 908: 3032: 1224: 3319: 667:, or the "golden hour" during the immediate postpartum period, assists in the mother–child bonding for both mother and baby, and is thought to encourage instinctual breastfeeding behavior in the infant. Newborns who are immediately placed on their mother's skin have a natural instinct to latch on to the breast and start nursing, typically within one hour of birth. Success with breastfeeding in this "golden hour" increases the likelihood of successful breastfeeding at discharge. 3425:

cognitive behavior therapy may be the treatment of choice, medications are sometimes used. The use of therapy rather than medication reduces the infant's exposure to medication that may be transmitted through the milk. In coordination with institutional organisms, researchers are also studying the social impact of breastfeeding throughout history. Accordingly, strategies have been developed to foster the increase of the breastfeeding rates in the different countries.

1856: 1216: 1034: 1814:"Pumping-and-dumping" is the concept of expressing breastmilk and discarding it due to a medication or substance "tainting" the breastmilk. It was once believed that drinking alcohol or taking any medications, even medicines like ibuprofen, required pumping-and-dumping. However, this is no longer the case. Pumping-and-dumping, or stopping breastfeeding altogether, is only required in very rare circumstances, such as with radioactive medications or chemotherapy. 1483:. The amount of Lf in breast milk is lactation-stage related. One study looked at Lf concentration in prolonged lactation from the first to the 48th month postpartum. It was found to be at the highest level in colostrum, dropped to the lowest level during 1 – 12 months of lactation, and then increased significantly during the 13–24 months of lactation, close to the Lf concentration in colostrum. At over 24 months the level dropped, though not significantly. 3047: 502:. The volume of colostrum produced during each feeding is appropriate for the size of the newborn stomach and is sufficient, calorically, for feeding a newborn during the first few days of life. Produced during pregnancy and the first days after childbirth, colostrum is rich in protein and Vitamins A, B12 and K, which supports infants' growth, brain development, vision, immune systems, red blood cells, and clotting cascade. The breast milk also has long-chain 94:, are typically given. The WHO recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life, followed by continued breastfeeding with appropriate complementary foods for up to 2 years and beyond. Of the 135 million babies born every year, only 42% are breastfed within the first hour of life, only 38% of mothers practice exclusive breastfeeding during the first six months, and 58% of mothers continue breastfeeding up to the age of two years and beyond. 17578: 885:. One key component is maternal comfort. The mother should be comfortable while breastfeeding, and should have her back, feet, and arms supported with pillows as necessary. Additionally, when starting the latch process, the infant should be aligned with their abdomen facing their mother, which can be remembered as "tummy-to-mummy," and with their hips, shoulders and head aligned. This alignment helps to facilitate proper, efficient swallowing mechanics. 3260: 1130:

beginning of the flow of milk by changing from quick sucks to deep rhythmic swallows. Sometimes the let-down is so strong that the baby splutters and coughs and the mother may need to remove the baby from her breast for a short time until the flow becomes less forceful. Milk may also let-down unexpectedly when a mother hears her baby cry or even only thinks about the baby. Nursing pads may be made or purchased to absorb unexpected milk flows.

1381:, a byproduct of the breakdown/recycling of red blood cells, builds up in the newborn's bloodstream faster than the liver can break it down and excrete it through the baby's urine and stool. By continuing to breastfeed frequently (start at 8-12 times per day), the infant's body can usually rid itself of the bilirubin excess by encouraging more urine and stool production. However, in some cases, the infant may need additional treatments, such as 1331:, preference for the bottle as opposed to the breast, long nursing duration, decreased sensation of breast fulness, and even decreased frequency of infant stools. However, in these cases, it important to reassure the parent that infant weight gain is absolute proof of adequate milk intake. Thus, if the infant breastfeeding exclusively, and is gaining weight appropriately, then the parent can be reassured that they are producing enough milk. 48: 2953: 1169: 878:

method involves the mother reclining and placing the baby across her chest, using gravity to assist with latching and ensuring greater skin-to-skin contact. Such positions are especially helpful for mothers recovering from childbirth or dealing with issues like back pain or fatigue. Each mother and baby may benefit from experimenting with different positions to find the most comfortable and effective approach for feeding .

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in the refrigerator for more than 48 hours. Additionally, the quantity of fat, protein, and calories in breastmilk decreases when the milk is frozen for more than 3 months. While several components of breastmilk change over time, inflammatory factors (cytokines) and maternal antibodies, and growth factors are thought to be stable for at least 6 months when the breastmilk is frozen. Storage guidelines, according to the

40: 1102: 847:. The Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine recommends that supplementation only be used when medically indicated and when overseen by a medical professional, such as a pediatrician or family physician, and after consultation with an IBCLC. Without sufficient breast stimulation, supplementation can reduce the mother's milk production, so pumping would be indicated in these cases if continued breastfeeding is desired. 1544:, especially in areas where access to clean water is poor and where death from infectious diseases is common, citing low transmission rates when the mother is on anti-viral therapy. They also recommend that national authorities in each country decide which infant feeding practice should be promoted by their maternal and child health services to best avoid HIV transmission from mother to child. However, the 2302:, and lower respiratory, and gastrointestinal infections. It is hard however to distinguish the importance of breastfeeding per se and other correlated socioeconomic factors (breastfeeding is more frequent in richer families with higher educations). Comparing breastfed and non-breastfed siblings in a given family drastically decreases the association between breastfeeding and long-term child well-being. 1342:(caused by not thoroughly and regularly removing milk from the breasts) or both. Primary causes may manifest prior to or during pregnancy, during labor, and even after birth. Secondary causes are far more common than primary ones. One study found that 15% of healthy first-time mothers had low milk supply 2–3 weeks after birth, with secondary causes accounting for at least two-thirds of those cases. 1059: 823:

for reasons that are not necessarily medical indications. Some medical indications for supplementation include low blood sugar, dehydration, excessive weight loss or poor gain, and jaundice in the infant; true low milk supply; severe nipple pain unrelieved by interventions; and medical contraindications to breastfeeding, as described below. Supplements can be delivered at the breast through a

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support. An increase in these capacities of support has shown to greatly positively effect breastfeeding rates, especially among women with education below a high school level. Some mothers that have used lactation rooms have taken to leaving sticky notes to not only thank the businesses that have provided them but to support, encourage, and praise the nursing moms who use them.

3237:. The BFHI has especially targeted hospitals and birthing centers in the developing world, as these facilities are most at risk to the detrimental effects of reduced breastfeeding rates. As of 2018, 530 hospitals in the United States hold the "Baby-Friendly" title in all 50 states. Globally, there are more than 20,000 "Baby-Friendly" hospitals worldwide in over 150 countries. 3387:

issues, we recommend the following modifications to current law: 1) additional requirements surrounding lactation space and functionality, 2) mandated coverage of exempt employees, and 3) requirement that employers develop company-specific lactation policies." As of 2019 the majority of women still did not have access to both accommodations. Working mother advocate and

731:, bottles, spoons or cups until they develop satisfactory ability to suck and swallow breast milk. Regardless of feeding method chosen, human milk feedings, whether from the mother or a donor, are important in the brain development of premature infants, and the NICU having a standardized protocol for feeding is protective against dangerous gastrointestinal infections ( 720:(34 weeks –36 weeks and 6 days) and early term (37 weeks–38 weeks and 6 days) infants are at increased risk for both breastfeeding cessation and complications of insufficient milk intake (e.g., dehydration, hypoglycemia, jaundice, and excessive weight loss). They are often expected to feed like term babies, but they have less strength and stamina to feed adequately. 1720:(Australia). However, it is important to note that maternal tobacco use may decrease milk supply. Additionally, tobacco smoking, regardless of feeding method, increases risk of SIDS and respiratory illnesses. Thus, attempting to decrease tobacco use or even cease helps to minimize tobacco exposure to infants and maximize the benefits of breastfeeding. 1927:"Exclusively expressing" and "exclusively pumping" are terms for a mother who exclusively feeds her baby expressed milk. Exclusively pumping is poorly studied in the literature, especially in recent years. However, from available evidence, it appears to be fairly uncommon, with only approximately 7% of study participants reporting exclusive pumping. 515:

on average. The caloric content of breastmilk is reflective of the caloric requirements of the infant, increasing steadily after 12 months. The caloric content of breastmilk in the first 12 months of breastfeeding is approximated to be 58-72 Calories/100mL. Comparatively, the caloric content after 48 months is approximately 83-129 Calories/100mL.

555:. Term infants typically do not need iron supplementation. Delaying clamping of the cord at birth for at least one minute improves the infants' iron status for the first year. When complementary (solid) foods are introduced at about 6 months of age, parents should make sure to choose iron-rich foods to help maintain their children's iron stores. 1055:

gape. One way to help the infant achieve a deep latch is to compress the breast tissue into a "U" or "hamburger shape," so that the infant can fit the breast tissue into their mouth. This is done by the mother placing her thumb and fingers in line with the infant's nose and mouth respectively and using this grip to compress the breast tissue.

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commercially prepared formula is nutritionally equivalent to breast milk. Many hospitals have instituted practices that encourage breastfeeding, however a 2012 survey in the US found that 24% of maternity services were still providing supplements of commercial infant formula as a general practice in the first 48 hours after birth.

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of breastfeeding in the African-American community. Comparing facilities in primarily African American neighborhoods to ones in primarily European-American neighborhoods, the rates of practices that support or discourage breastfeeding were: limited use of supplements (13.1% compared with 25.8%) and rooming-in (27.7–39.4%)

1286:. Pain caused by a problem deep in the breast may also present with nipple pain due to the paths of nerves in the breast. In addition to the serious nature of many of these causes, nipple pain is a common reason for a mother stopping breastfeeding, so it is important that mothers experiencing nipple pain be evaluated. 1088:, meaning most of the "bottom" of the areola should be in the infants mouth and much more of the "top" of the areola should be visible. This position is helpful in pointing the nipple toward the roof of the infant's mouth, helping the infant recruit more milk. The baby's lips should be flanged out. The neck should be 1035: 1037: 3197:

breastfeeding has shown efficacy in media campaigns. Some oppose the marketing of infant formula, especially in developing countries. They are concerned that mothers who use formula will stop breastfeeding and become dependent upon substitutes that are unaffordable or less safe. Through efforts including the

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volume. At this stage, production of milk is triggered by milk drainage from the breasts. The only way to maintain milk supply is to drain the breasts frequently. Infrequent or incomplete drainage of the breasts, decreases blood flow to the alveoli and signals the milk-producing cells to produce less milk.

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professional supporters, or a combination of both. This review contrasts with another large review that looked at education programs alone, which found no conclusive evidence of initiation of breastfeeding or the proportion of women breastfeeding either exclusively or partially at 3 months and 6 months.

1446:. Studies show that a large number of women discontinue breastfeeding early due to lack of working place support for breastfeeding mothers. La Leche League advises parents to shift their children's focus at bedtime away from breastfeeding, as it is often the most difficult feeding for them to let go. 3329:

Many mothers have to return to work a short time after their babies have been born. In the U.S. about 70% of mothers with children younger than three years old work full-time with 1/3 of the mothers returning to work within 3 months and 2/3 returning within 6 months. Working outside of the home and

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The use of infant formula was thought to be a way for western culture to adapt to negative perceptions of breastfeeding. The breast pump offered a way for mothers to supply breast milk with most of formula feeding's convenience and without enduring possible disapproval of nursing. Some may object to

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which causes the uterus to cramp and reduce blood loss. Nursing also causes the uterus to cramp for a number of days postpartum, helping it to return to its pre-pregnancy size. Some women report moderate to severe pain, especially women who have given birth several times, during a nursing session

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The backwash effect in breastfeeding refers to the process where an infant's saliva flows back into the mother's breast during nursing. This backward flow may introduce the baby's saliva into the mammary gland, potentially prompting the mother's body to produce tailored immune responses in her breast

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Techniques to promote lactation use frequent attempts to breastfeed, extensive skin-to-skin contact with the baby, and frequent, long pumping sessions. Suckling may be encouraged with a tube filled with infant formula, so that the baby associates suckling at the breast with food. A dropper or syringe

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Breastmilk may be stored for various amounts of time depending on storage temperature and conditions. The content and quality of expressed milk changes over time as it is stored, particularly when frozen. For example, there is a decrease in the ability of breastmilk to kill bacteria when it is stored

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Breast milk jaundice is jaundice that persists despite appropriate weight gain. This type of jaundice may start as breastfeeding jaundice and persist, or may not appear until after the baby has begun to gain weight, typically around 4–5 days old. It often persists beyond the second and third weeks of

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is the baby's natural tendency to turn towards the breast with the mouth open wide. When preparing to latch, mothers should make use of this reflex by gently stroking the baby's philtrum, the area between the upper lip and the nose, with their nipple to induce the baby to open their mouth with a wide

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Babies can successfully latch on to the breast from multiple positions. Each baby may prefer a particular position. The "football" hold places the baby's legs next to the mother's side with the baby facing the mother. Using the "cradle" or "cross-body" hold, the mother supports the baby's head in the

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In addition to the nutritional benefits of breastmilk, breast milk also provides enzymes, antibodies, and other substances that support the infant's growth and development. The bioactive makeup of breastmilk also changes based on the needs of the infant; for example, when an infant is recovering from

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in 1981 and the Innocenti Declaration by WHO and UNICEF policy-makers in August 1990. Additionally, formula companies have spent millions internationally on campaigns to promote the use of formula as an alternative to mother's milk. Giving out gift bags that contain infant formula to women as they

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Breastfeeding is less costly than alternatives, but the mother generally must eat more food than she would otherwise. In the US, the extra money spent on food (about US $ 17 each week) is usually about half as much money as the cost of infant formula. According to the CDC, breastfeeding mothers need

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All 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands have laws that allow a mother to breastfeed her baby in any public or private location. In the United States, the Friendly Airports for Mothers (FAM) Act was signed into law in 2019 and the requirements went into effects in

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There are also racial disparities in access to maternity care practices that support breastfeeding. In the US, primarily African-American neighborhoods are more likely to have facilities (such as hospitals and female healthcare clinics) that do not support breastfeeding, contributing to the low rate

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In the social circles surrounding the mother, support is most crucial from the male partner, the mother's mother, and her family and friends. Research has shown that the closest relationships to the mother have the strongest impact on breastfeeding rates, while negative perspectives on breastfeeding

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These techniques require the mother's commitment over a period of weeks or months. However, even when lactation is established, the supply may not be large enough to breastfeed exclusively. A supportive social environment improves the likelihood of success. As the mother's milk production increases,

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Infants whose mothers have suspected untreated tuberculosis (TB) should be isolated from their mothers to reduce risk of transmission. As such, these infants should not be breastfed during this time and until the mother has been treated appropriately for 2 weeks and is no longer contagious. However,

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are trained to assist mothers in preventing and solving breastfeeding difficulties such as sore nipples and low milk supply. They commonly work in hospitals, physician or midwife practices, public health programs, and private practice. Lactation consultants earn their credential, International Board

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If weaning is begun at 12 months or later it is not necessary to switch to infant formula or "toddler formula" as is sold commercially. At 12 months it is recommended that the baby be switched to whole cow's milk. Reduced-fat or skim milk generally is not appropriate before age 2 because it does

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Infants of mothers with inverted nipples can still achieve a good latch with perhaps a little extra effort. For some women, the nipple may easily become erect when stimulated. Other women may require modified breastfeeding techniques, and some may need extra devices, such as nipple shells, modified

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Supplementation is defined as the use of additional milk or fluid products to feed an infant, in addition to breastmilk, during the first 6 months of life. The Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine recommends only supplementing when medically indicated, as opposed to mixing use of formula and breastmilk

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development. The caloric content of colostrum is about 54 Calories/100mL. The second type of milk is transitional milk, which is produced during the transition from colostrum to mature breast milk. As the breast milk matures over the course to several weeks, the protein content of the milk decreases

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describes the period between the birth of the baby and the delivery of the placenta, which normally lasts less than 30 minutes. The delivery of the placenta causes an abrupt drop off of placental hormones. This drop, specifically in progesterone, allows prolactin to work effectively at its receptors

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Programs to promote and assist nursing mothers have been found to help maintain breastfeeding. In the United States the CDC reports on a study that "examined the effect of corporate lactation programs on breastfeeding behavior among employed women in California included prenatal classes, perinatal

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It is widely assumed that if women's healthcare providers encourage them to breastfeed, those who choose not to will experience more guilt. Evidence does not support this assumption. On the contrary, a study on the effects of prenatal breastfeeding counselling found that those who had received such

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Globally, about 38% of babies are exclusively breastfed during their first six months of life. In the United States, the rate of women beginning to breastfeed was 76% in 2009 increasing to 83% in 2015 with 58% still breastfeeding at 6 months, although only 25% were still breastfeeding exclusively.

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Some commercial establishments provide breastfeeding rooms, although laws generally specify that mothers may breastfeed anywhere, without requiring a special area. Despite these laws, many women in the United States continue to be publicly shamed or asked to refrain from breastfeeding in public. In

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Dysphoric milk ejection reflex (D-MER) is a condition in which breastfeeding women develop negative emotions that begin just before the milk letdown reflex and last less than a few minutes. It may recur with every letdown, including unexpected letdowns when the baby is not feeding. It presents as

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factors like maternal intelligence (smarter mothers were more likely to breastfeed their babies). However, other studies concluded that breastfeeding was associated with increased cognitive development in childhood, although the cause may be increased mother–child interaction rather than nutrition.

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and pumped breastmilk side by side. Note that the formula is of uniform consistency and color, while the expressed breast milk exhibits properties of an organic solution by separating into a layer of fat at the top (the "creamline"), followed by the milk, and then a watery blue-colored layer at the

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Most medications are compatible with continuing to breastfeed. Many medicines pass into breastmilk in small amounts, however, very few medications actually reach the infant and are absorbed in a way that would actually impact the infant. Several characteristics of medications, including size and pH

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may be found in some samples of breastmilk from recently infected mothers, the breastmilk does not contain infectious virus and is not considered a transmission risk factor. Mothers who have suspected or confirmed diagnoses of COVID-19 should thoroughly wash their hands and wear a well-fitting mask

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Human T-Lymphotrophic Virus (HTLV) is able to be passed through breastmilk from mother to child. The worldwide rate of transmission through breastmilk is estimated to be 3.9–27%, and this risk is increased by high maternal viral load and prolonged periods of breastfeeding. Current data demonstrates

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Breastfeeding jaundice is quite common and may occur in the first week of life in conjunction with ongoing weight loss. The cause is thought to be low caloric intake. Formula-fed infants tend to lose less weight after birth compared to breastfed infants, supporting the hypothesis that breastfeeding

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on exam, and tends to impact breastfeeding less severely than its anterior counterpart. If it is determined that the inability to latch on properly is related to ankyloglossia, a simple surgical procedure to clip the frenulum can correct the condition. The Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine and the

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to facilitate swallowing, and as such, the chin will be close to the breast, and the forehead and nose should be far from the breast. Another sign of a good latch is the contour of the infant's cheeks; the cheeks should be rounded all the way to the edge of the mouth, rather than dimpled or creased

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Effective breastfeeding positions can greatly impact both maternal comfort and the baby's ability to latch correctly. In addition to commonly known positions like the cradle and football holds, more relaxed, laid-back breastfeeding positions have gained attention for promoting deeper latching. This

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Starting to breastfeed may be challenging for mothers of preterm infants, especially those born before 34 weeks, because their breasts may still be developing (in Lactogenesis I, see Breastfeeding Physiology). Additionally, mother–infant separation and the stressful environment of the NICU are also

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Social marketing is a marketing approach intended to change people's behavior to benefit both individuals and society. When applied to breastfeeding promotion, social marketing works to provide positive messages and images of breastfeeding to increase visibility. Social marketing in the context of

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often made use of wet nurses. Lower-class women breastfed their infants and used a wet nurse only if they were unable to feed their own infant. Attempts were made in 15th-century Europe to use cow or goat milk, but these attempts were not successful. In the 18th century, flour or cereal mixed with

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surgery were less likely to exclusively breast feed, however it was based on only three small studies and the reasons for the correlation were not clear. A large follow-up study done in 2014 found a reduced rate of breastfeeding in women who had undergone breast augmentation surgery, however again

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Exclusive breastfeeding until six months of age helps to protect an infant from gastrointestinal infections in both developing and industrialized countries. The risk of death due to diarrhea and other infections increases when babies are either partially breastfed or not breastfed at all. Infants

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The Davis Area Research on Lactation, Infant Nutrition and Growth (DARLING) study reported that breastfed and formula-fed groups had similar weight gain during the first 3 months, but the breastfed babies began to drop below the median beginning at 6 to 8 months and were significantly lower weight

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Babies feed differently with artificial nipples than from a breast. With the breast, the infant's tongue massages the milk out rather than sucking, and the nipple does not go as far into the mouth. Drinking from a bottle takes less effort and the milk may come more rapidly, potentially causing the

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of the medication molecule and how well the medication is absorbed in the GI tract, influence how much of a medication may reach, and may ultimately be absorbed, by the infant. In addition to the effects on the infant, many medications are known to significantly suppress milk production, including

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is a faster-paced sucking pattern with few swallows. This swallow pattern is often observed at the beginning and/or the end of a feed. At the beginning of the feed, this pattern triggers milk letdown, while at the end of the feed, this may be a signal of the infant tired or becoming relaxed with a

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has been shown to be safe and beneficial to both mother and baby. Kangaroo Care stabilizes newborn premature infants' vital signs, such as their heart rate, providing a naturally warm environment that helps them regulate their temperature. It is also beneficial to the mother, as it may improve the

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A mother and her 28-hour-old infant breastfeeding, with the help of an International Board-Certified Lactation Consultant. This video illustrates how to latch a baby onto the breast, what a good latch looks like, and the movements that are associated with swallowing milk. The mother uses a breast

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In 2022 the Providing Urgent Maternal Protections for Nursing Mothers Act, also known as the PUMP Act, became law in the United States. It mandates that salaried workers who are breastfeeding must have break time and a private space that is not a bathroom. However, employers who do not have 50 or

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counseling, and lactation management after the return to work". They found that "about 75% of mothers in the lactation programs continued breastfeeding at least 6 months, although nationally only 10% of mothers employed full-time who initiated breastfeeding were still breastfeeding at 6 months."

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Mother – Adolescence is a risk factor for low breastfeeding rates, although classes, books and personal counseling (professional or lay) can help compensate. Some women fear that breastfeeding will negatively impact the look of their breasts. However, a 2008 study found that breastfeeding had no

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was not a reason to discontinue breastfeeding. They recommend that women should continue to breastfeed during the pandemic even if they have confirmed or suspected COVID-19 because evidence indicates that it is not likely that COVID-19 can be transmitted through breast milk. A study published in

1326:

Breast milk supply augments in response to the baby's demand for milk, and decreases when milk is allowed to remain in the breasts. When considering a possibly low milk supply, it is important to consider the difference between "perceived low milk supply" and "true low milk supply". Perceived low

1114:

be largely visible outside the infant's mouth and a narrow infant mouth angle. Additional signs result from poor positioning when the infant comes toward the breast to latch. If the infant leads with their brow or forehead, they are likely to flex their neck; this mechanism of latching causes the

691:

and begins to feed. After feeding, it is normal for a baby to remain latched to the breast while resting. This is sometimes mistaken for lack of appetite. Absent interruptions, all babies follow this process. Rushing, by picking up and moving the infant to the breast, or interrupting the process,

421:

are vital for establishing milk supply initially, however, once the milk supply is well established, the volume and content of the milk produced is controlled locally. Although prolactin levels are higher on average among breastfeeding mothers, prolactin levels themselves do not correlate to milk

51: 3424:

Breastfeeding research continues to assess prevalence, HIV transmission, pharmacology, costs, benefits, immunology, contraindications, and comparisons to synthetic breast milk substitutes. Factors related to the mental health of the nursing mother in the perinatal period have been studied. While

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and required employers to provide a reasonable break time for an hourly employee to breastfeed her child if the child is less than one year old. The employee must be allowed to breastfeed in a private place, other than a bathroom. The employer is not required to pay the employee during the break

2731:

Positive social support in essential relationships of new mothers plays a central role in the promotion of breastfeeding outside of the confines of medical centers. Social support can come in many incarnations, including tangible, affectionate, social interaction, and emotional and informational

2188:

Re-lactation is most easily accomplished with a newborn or with a baby that was previously breastfeeding; if the baby was initially bottle-fed, the baby may refuse to suckle. If the mother has recently stopped breastfeeding, she is more likely to be able to re-establish her milk supply, and more

1498:

Breastfeeding support from a lactation consultant is associated with higher rates of any breastfeeding at 6 months but not at 1 month or 3 months post pregnancy based on a meta-analysis of studies conducted in the US and Canada. Peer support for breastfeeding has been found to be associated with

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in order to stimulate the production of the mother's own milk and to preserve the breastfeeding relationship. Some parents may desire to supplement proactively if early signs of insufficient intake, such as decreased urination, dry mucous membranes, or persistent signs of hunger, are noticed. If

54: 53: 50: 8100:

Saldanha IJ, Adam GP, Kanaan G, Zahradnik ML, Steele DW, Danilack VA, Peahl AF, Chen KK, Stuebe AM, Balk EM. Postpartum Care up to 1 Year After Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Comparative Effectiveness Review No. 261. (Prepared by the Brown Evidence-based Practice Center under

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A 2016 study found: "1) federal law does not address lactation space functionality and accessibility, 2) federal law only protects a subset of employees, and 3) enforcement of the federal law requires women to file a complaint with the United States Department of Labor. To address each of these

2419:

Several studies have suggested that breast milk can pass antibodies to the infant for as long as the child continues to nurse. The antibodies may be in the mother's system as a result of her being ill or they may be acquired by drinking milk from a mother who has recently been vaccinated for a

2245:

Early breastfeeding is associated with fewer nighttime feeding problems. Early skin-to-skin contact between mother and baby improves breastfeeding outcomes and increases cardio-respiratory stability. Some studies show that breastfeeding aids general health, growth and development in the infant.

1164:

The World Health Organization's Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding recommends total avoidance of pacifiers for breastfeeding infants. In 2016 a large review of studies reported that the use of a pacifier beginning at birth or after lactation was established did not significantly affect the

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When the baby suckles muscles in the breast squeeze milk towards the nipples. This is called the let-down reflex. Some women report that they do not experience anything while others report a tingling feeling which is sometimes described as quite strong. The baby may be seen to respond to the

760:

has a small stomach capacity, approximately 20 ml. The amount of breast milk that is produced is timed to meet the infant's needs in that the first milk; colostrum is concentrated but produced in only very small amounts, gradually increasing in volume to meet the expanding size of the infant's

397:

to contract during pregnancy, labor, birth and following delivery, is also involved in the process of breastfeeding. Oxytocin also contracts the smooth muscle layer of band-like cells surrounding the milk ducts and alveoli to s the newly produced milk through the duct system and out through the

204:

Feedings may last as long as 30–60 minutes each as milk supply develops and the infant learns the Suck-Swallow-Breathe pattern. However, as milk supply increases and the infant becomes more efficient at feeding, the duration of feeds may shorten. Older children may feed less often. When direct

3172:

There are controversies and ethical considerations surrounding the means used by public campaigns which attempt to increase breastfeeding rates, relating to pressure put on women, and potential feeling of guilt and shame of women who fail to breastfeed; and social condemnation of women who use

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Support for breastfeeding is universal among major health and children's organizations. WHO states, "Breast milk is the ideal food for the healthy growth and development of infants; breastfeeding is also an integral part of the reproductive process with important implications for the health of

662:

It is recommended for mothers to initiate breastfeeding within the first hour after birth. Uninterrupted skin-to-skin contact and breastfeeding can begin immediately after birth, and should continue for at least one hour after birth. This period of infant-mother interaction, known generally as

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due to disruption to tissues and nerves. Some surgical techniques for breast reduction appear to be more successful than others in preserving the tissues that generate and channel milk to the nipple. A 2017 review found that women were more likely to have success with breastfeeding with these

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There are several resources to assist medical professionals in determining which medications are safe for pregnancy and breastfeeding. While patients are able to use these resources as well, they are targeted toward medical professionals. Patients should be encouraged to consult a lactation

1471:

Extended breastfeeding usually means breastfeeding beyond the age of 12 to 24 months, depending on the culture. The American Academy of Family Physicians states that "health outcomes for mothers and babies are best when breastfeeding continues for at least two years. The American Academy of

1412:

and in the breastmilk. Breast milk jaundice is usually not a reason to stop nursing. It is important to consult with a physician to determine when it may be necessary to test for other causes of jaundice that may require additional treatment, such as enzyme deficiencies or problems with the

1165:

duration of exclusive and partial breastfeeding up to four months of age. The CDC, however, currently (2022) reports that early use of pacifiers can have a negative outcome on the success of breastfeeding and they suggest that it should be delayed until breastfeeding is firmly established.

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Weaning is the process of replacing breast milk with other foods; the infant is fully weaned after the replacement is complete. Psychological factors affect the weaning process for both mother and infant, as issues of closeness and separation are very prominent. Unless a medical emergency

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in order to promote infant feeding and maternal bonding through certified hospitals and birthing centers. BFHI was developed as a response to the influence held by formula companies in private and public maternal health care. The initiative has two core tenets: the Ten Steps to Successful

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during slavery, higher rates of poor perinatal health, higher stress levels, less access to support, and less flexibility in the workplace. While for other races as socio-economic class raises rates of breastfeeding also go up, for the African-American community breastfeeding rates remain

2727:

A review found that when effective forms of support are offered to women, exclusive breastfeeding and duration of breastfeeding are increased. Characteristics of effective support includes ongoing, face-to-face support tailored to fit their needs. It may be offered by lay/peer supporters,

2704:

The majority of mothers intend to breastfeed at birth. Many factors can disrupt this intent. Research done in the US shows that information about breastfeeding is rarely provided by a women's obstetricians during their prenatal visits and some health professionals incorrectly believe that

1512:

Medical conditions that do not allow breastfeeding are fairly rare. Infants that are otherwise healthy uniformly benefit from breastfeeding, however, extra precautions should be taken or breastfeeding avoided in circumstances including certain infectious diseases and medical conditions.

784:

Numerous health organizations, including, but not limited to, the CDC, WHO, National Health Service, Canadian Pediatric Society, American Academy of Pediatrics, and American Academy of Family Physicians, recommend breastfeeding exclusively for six months following birth, unless medically

2779:(FMLA) guarantees qualifying mothers up to 12 weeks unpaid leave although the majority of US mothers resume work earlier. A large 2011 study found that women who returned to work at or after 13 weeks after childbirth were more likely to predominantly breastfeed beyond three months. 1038: 193:. Breastfeeding is less expensive than infant formula, but its impact on mothers' ability to earn an income is not usually factored into calculations comparing the two feeding methods. It is also common for women to experience generally manageable symptoms such as; vaginal dryness, 2428:

The World Health Organization reports that babies who receive no breast milk are almost six times more likely to die by the age of one month than those who are partially or fully breastfed. Access to healthcare is the single critical determinant of survival or death for the infant.

1761:, can be found in breastmilk anywhere from six days to more than six weeks after marijuana use. There is limited data on the long term effects of this exposure on the infant, however some studies have voiced concern regarding delayed motor development in infants exposed to THC. 1312:. Mothers experiencing a delay in their milk coming in should consult with a lactation specialist and their pediatrician, as they may need to supplement with donor milk or formula to help the infant gain weight and pump to encourage milk to come in sooner and in greater volume. 11559:

Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer (July 2002). "Breast cancer and breastfeeding: collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 47 epidemiological studies in 30 countries, including 50302 women with breast cancer and 96973 women without the disease".

3112:, and for some in the US, Canada, and UK, breastfeeding was seen as uncultured. From the 1960s onwards, breastfeeding experienced a revival which continued into the 2000s, though negative attitudes towards the practice were still entrenched in some countries up to the 1990s. 1345:

Poor milk intake is signaled by poor infant weight gain, signs of dehydration, and hypoglycemia. Poor milk intake can be caused by poor milk transfer by the infant or by true low milk supply by the mother. When the milk "comes in" appropriately, but is followed by decreased

2619:, or have regular periods, during the entire lactation period. The non-ovulating period varies by individual. This has been used as natural contraception, with greater than 98% effectiveness during the first six months after birth if specific nursing behaviors are followed. 3143:

Breastfeeding reduces health care costs and the cost of caring for sick babies. Parents of breastfed babies are less likely to miss work and lose income because their babies are sick. Looking at three of the most common infant illnesses, lower respiratory tract illnesses,

3103:, women usually fed only their own children. However, breastfeeding began to be seen as something too common to be done by royalty, and wet nurses were employed to breastfeed the children of the royal families. This extended over time, particularly in western Europe, where 3011:

While laws in the U.S. that passed in 2010 which required that nursing mothers who had returned to work be given a non-bathroom space to express milk and a reasonable break time to do so, as of 2016 the majority of women still did not have access to both accommodations.

2200:

A WHO manual for physicians and senior health workers citing a 1992 source states: "If a baby has been breastfeeding sometimes, the breastmilk supply increases in a few days. If a baby has stopped breastfeeding, it may take 1–2 weeks or more before much breastmilk comes."

2855:

publishes "LactMed," an up-to-date online database of information on drugs and lactation. Geared to both healthcare practitioners and nursing mothers, LactMed contains over 450 drug records with information such as potential drug effects and alternative drugs to consider.

2491:(the main gluten protein). Early introduction of traces of gluten in babies to potentially induce tolerance does not reduce the risk of developing celiac disease. Delaying the introduction of gluten does not prevent, but is associated with a delayed onset of the disease. 2208:, is the process of starting breastfeeding in a woman who did not give birth. This usually requires the adoptive mother to take hormones and other drugs to stimulate breast development and promote milk production. In some cultures, breastfeeding an adoptive child creates 333:

Many other physiologic changes occur under the control of progesterone and estrogen. These changes include, but are not limited to, dilation of blood vessels, increased blood flow to the uterus, increased availability of glucose (which subsequently is passed through the

56: 492:

that is needed for a baby's age appropriate growth and development. That being said, a variety of factors can influence the nutritional makeup of breastmilk, including gestational age, age of infant, maternal age, maternal smoking, and nutritional needs of the infant.

858:(AAP). Due to low availability and high cost of donor breastmilk, the AAP recommends prioritizing the use of the milk for infants born with a weight of less than 1500g (approximately 3lb 5oz), as it is helpful in decreasing rates of the severe intestinal infection, 1109:

In a poor, shallow latch, the infant latches close to or at the nipple, causing the mother intense pain during latching that is relieved with infant release from the breast. While the infant is at the breast, the first indicators of a shallow latch are having the

891: 52: 2937:

explains that breastfeeding is most imperative in poverty environments due to the lack of access of clean water for the formula. A Lancet study in 2016 found that universal breastfeeding would prevent the deaths of 800,000 children as well as save $ 300,000,000.

687:, babies naturally follow a process which leads to a first breastfeed. Shortly after birth, the infant relaxes and makes small movements of the arms, shoulders and head. If placed on the mother's abdomen the baby gradually inches towards the breast, called the 366:

Maternal hormone levels during pregnancy and after delivery of the placenta. Estradiol, estriol, progesterone, testosterone, and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) all increase throughout the pregnancy, and experience an abrupt drop-off after delivery of the

3295:, milk kinship established a second family that could take responsibility for a child whose biological parents came to harm. "Milk kinship in Islam thus appears to be a culturally distinctive, but by no means unique, institutional form of adoptive kinship." 282:

Although traditionally, lactation occurs following pregnancy, lactation may also be induced with hormone therapy and nipple stimulation in the absence of pregnancy. More information on this topic may be found in Section 5.4, "Induced Lactation," or in the

275:, and connective tissue. The ultimate size of the breasts is determined by the number of fat cells. The size of the breast is not related to a mother's breastfeeding capability or the volume of milk she will produce. The process of milk production, termed 2627:

During the third stage of labor, the time between the delivery of the baby and the passage of the placenta, and the fourth, the final stage of birth, excessive blood loss can endanger the life of the mother. When the newborn nurses the mother secretes

3108:

broth were introduced as substitutes for breastfeeding, but this provided inadequate nutrition. The appearance of improved infant formulas in the mid 19th century and its increased use caused a decrease in breastfeeding rates, which accelerated after

1627:

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is the virus that causes genital herpes and oral cold sores, and it can be very dangerous to infants. The CDC advises to continue breastfeeding if there are no open/active lesions on the breast and other lesions covered.

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leave the hospital is also a marketing strategy. The U.S. Government Accountability Office has reported that women who receive formula samples at discharge are associated with lower breastfeeding rates than those who did not receive gift bags.

546:

Vitamin D daily. Providing this quantity of Vitamin D to breastfeeding infants has been shown to reduce rates of Vitamin D insufficiency (defined as 25-OH vitamin D < 50 nmol/L). However, there was insufficient evidence in the most recent

3070:

In Australia, for children born in 2004, more than 90% were initially breastfed. In Canada for children born in 2005–06, more than 50% were only breastfed and more than 15% received both breastmilk and other liquids, by the age of 3 months.

1231:

Engorgement is the swelling and stretching of the breast tissue due to accumulation of fluid in the tissue surrounding and supporting the milk-producing cells and ducts. Engorgement most frequently occurs as milk "comes in" and during the

874:

crook of her arm. The "cross-over" hold is similar to the cradle hold, except that the mother supports the baby's head with the opposite hand. The mother may choose a reclining position on her back or side with the baby lying next to her.

2812:

the reasons were unclear. The authors suggested that women contemplating augmentation should be provided with information related to the rates of successful breastfeeding as part of informed decision making when contemplating surgery.

1156:

syringes, or breast pumps to expose the nipple. La Leche League and Toronto Public Health offer several techniques to use during pregnancy or even in the early days following birth that may help to bring a flat or inverted nipple out.

10550:"Effects of early nutritional interventions on the development of atopic disease in infants and children: the role of maternal dietary restriction, breastfeeding, timing of introduction of complementary foods, and hydrolyzed formulas" 15680:

Scholarly essays on a variety of topics such as networks of milk sharing through Facebook, public-health guidelines on infant feeding and HIV in Malawi, and dilemmas involving breastfeeding and bonding for babies born from surrogate

3181:

counselling and chosen to formula-feed denied experiencing feelings of guilt. Women were equally comfortable with their subsequent choices for feeding their infant regardless of whether they had received encouragement to breastfeed.

518:

When a mother has her full milk supply and is feeding her infant, the first milk to be expressed is called the foremilk. Foremilk is typically thinner and less rich in calories. The hindmilk that follows is rich in calories and fat.

1817:

If a parent is concerned with a possible milk contaminant, they can express and save the breastmilk until they are able to consult with a lactation specialist or another medical professional trained in breastfeeding medicine.

1187:

Ankyloglossia, also called "tongue-tie" may cause shallow latch, poor milk transfer, and other problems with breastfeeding. There are two types of tongue-ties; an anterior tongue-tie occurs when a band of tissue, known as the

1354:

and swallowing well (signs of good milk transfer), but is not gaining weight as expected or is showing signs of dehydration, low milk supply in the mother can be suspected, and a lactation specialist should be consulted.

3023:, he said that mothers "should not stand on ceremony" if their children were hungry. "If they are hungry, mothers, feed them, without thinking twice," he said, smiling. "Because they are the most important people here." 2932:

Especially the combination of powdered formula with unclean water can be very harmful to the health of babies. In the late 1970s, there was a boycott against Nestle due to the great number of baby deaths due to formula.

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In some cultures, people who have been breastfed by the same woman are milk-siblings who are equal in legal and social standing to a consanguineous sibling. Islam has a complex system of rules regarding this, known as

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continues to be produced for these next few days, as Lactogenesis II occurs. Milk may "come in" as late as five days after delivery; however, this process may be delayed due to a number of factors as described in the

2675:. Later reviews have found tentative evidence of a lower risk among mothers who successfully breastfeed, though it is unknown whether breastfeeding decreases depression, or whether depression decreases breastfeeding. 101:

lacks. Increased breastfeeding to near-universal levels in low and medium income countries could prevent approximately 820,000 deaths of children under the age of five annually. Breastfeeding decreases the risk of

1752:

The data on the use of marijuana during breastfeeding is limited, however, in part due to our lack of knowledge in this area, the CDC recommends against using marijuana or marijuana-containing products, including

674:

surgery. The baby is placed on the mother in the operating room or the recovery area. If the mother is unable to immediately hold the baby a family member can provide skin-to-skin care until the mother is able.

201:, moderate to severe nipple pain and a general lack of bodily autonomy. These symptoms generally peak at the start of breastfeeding but disappear or become considerately more manageable after the first few weeks. 3383:

time. Employers with fewer than 50 employees are not required to comply with the law if doing so would impose an undue hardship to the employer based on its size, finances, nature, or structure of its business.

5832: 1036: 3251:, in 1977. With few exceptions since that time, breastfeeding on television has either been portrayed as strange, disgusting, or a source of comedy, or it has been omitted entirely in favor of bottle feeding. 1071:

If the newborn seems to need help in latching on, the mother should focus on helping the infant by bringing their chin to the breast first. This facilitates a deep, asymmetric latch, and also helps the infant

12349: 2232:

Breastfeeding is associated with a lowered risk of a number of diseases in both mothers and babies. Comparing infants that were exclusively breastfed for at least 3 months with never-breastfed infants, the

12724: 5976:

Boies EG, Vaucher YE (December 2016). "ABM Clinical Protocol #10: Breastfeeding the Late Preterm (34–36 6/7 Weeks of Gestation) and Early Term Infants (37–38 6/7 Weeks of Gestation), Second Revision 2016".

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necessitates abruptly stopping breastfeeding, it is best to gradually increase the period between feedings and/or eliminate feedings to allow the breasts to adjust to the decreased demands without becoming

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Flaherman V, Schaefer EW, Kuzniewicz MW, Li SX, Walsh EM, Paul IM (August 2018). "Health Care Utilization in the First Month After Birth and Its Relationship to Newborn Weight Loss and Method of Feeding".

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and services, including writing corporate policies to support breastfeeding women; teaching employees about breastfeeding; providing designated private space for breastfeeding or expressing milk; allowing

2420:

particular disease. One small study done on nursing mothers who had received the COVID-19 vaccine found that breastmilk continued to contain antibodies for as long as 80 days after receiving the vaccine.

1895:

Mothers express milk for multiple reasons. Expressing breast milk can maintain a mother's milk supply when she and her child are apart. A sick baby who is unable to nurse can take expressed milk through a

12879:"Measuring environmental phenols and chlorinated organic chemicals in breast milk using automated on-line column-switching-high performance liquid chromatography-isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry" 1472:

Pediatrics recommends that mothers nurse for the first 12 months and "thereafter for as long as mother and baby desire." The World Health Organization recommends breastfeeding up to age 2 "or beyond."

1093:

at the edge of the mouth. This is a good indicator of effective suck mechanics. Additionally, in order to achieve a deep latch, the infant's mouth must be open wide, preferably wider than 140 degrees.

843:. Finally, specific formulas may be used for supplementation if maternal or donor breastmilk are not options. One situation where this may be the case is in cases of infant metabolic diseases, such as 2909:, which is associated with some hormonal differences and obesity, may have greater difficulty with producing a sufficient supply to support exclusive breastfeeding, especially during the first weeks. 14776: 1262:

Although very common, nipple pain and nipple trauma (cracking, open sores) should not be normalized, as these are often signs of a shallow latch or other underlying problem that can be evaluated and

692:

such as removing the baby to weigh him/her, may complicate subsequent feeding. Activities such as weighing, measuring, bathing, needle-sticks, and eye prophylaxis wait until after the first feeding.

6677:

Penny F, Judge M, Brownell E, McGrath JM (February 2018). "What Is the Evidence for Use of a Supplemental Feeding Tube Device as an Alternative Supplemental Feeding Method for Breastfed Infants?".

6558: 49: 5316: 9081:

Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Bean LJ, Mirzaa G, et al. (1993). "Classic Galactosemia and Clinical Variant Galactosemia". In Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, Wallace SE (eds.).

7304: 1400:

life. There is no single cause of breast milk jaundice; rather, the causes are multifactorial and frequently debated in the literature. The causes of breast milk jaundice include variations in

1244:

may help to relieve pain and swelling. Pain should go away with emptying of the breasts. If symptoms continue and comfort measures are not helpful a woman should consider the possibility that a

1050:

located in the areola secrete an oily fluid that lubricate and protect the nipple during latching. The visible portions of the glands can be seen on the skin's surface as small round bumps. The

7423:

LeFort Y, Evans A, Livingstone V, Douglas P, Dahlquist N, Donnelly B, et al. (April 2021). "Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Position Statement on Ankyloglossia in Breastfeeding Dyads".

1396:

of developing severe jaundice: Breastfeeding is a risk factor for severely high levels of bilirubin, but the risk factor is very common, and the risk of severely high bilirubin remains small.

406:

Because of oxytocin's dual activity at the breast and the uterus, breastfeeding mothers may also experience uterine cramping at the time of breastfeeding, for the first several days to weeks.

6241:

Cattaneo A, Burmaz T, Arendt M, Nilsson I, Mikiel-Kostyra K, Kondrate I, et al. (June 2010). "Protection, promotion and support of breast-feeding in Europe: progress from 2002 to 2007".

3067:

Rates in the United Kingdom were the lowest in the world in 2015 with only 0.5% of mothers still breastfeeding at a year, while in Germany 23% are doing so, 56% in Brazil and 99% in Senegal.

2124:. Most mothers can produce enough milk for tandem nursing, but the new baby should be nursed first for at least the first few days after delivery to ensure that it receives enough colostrum. 7340: 1740:

When breastfeeding, alcohol may be consumed in moderation and does not require "Pumping-and-Dumping" (pumping and discarding breastmilk). Alcohol crosses from the blood to the breastmilk by

11415:

Neville CE, McKinley MC, Holmes VA, Spence D, Woodside JV (April 2014). "The relationship between breastfeeding and postpartum weight change – a systematic review and critical evaluation".

8860: 12109: 11524:

Aune D, Norat T, Romundstad P, Vatten LJ (February 2014). "Breastfeeding and the maternal risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies".

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Breastfeeding mothers should inform their healthcare provider about all of the medications they are taking, including herbal products. Nursing mothers may be immunized and may take most

1908:, bottles, spoons or cups until they develop satisfactory ability to suck and swallow breast milk. Some women donate expressed breast milk (EBM) to others, either directly or through a 3173:

formula. In addition to this, there is also the moral question as to what degree the state or medical community can interfere with the self-determination of a woman: for example in the

12842:

Sun Y, Irie M, Kishikawa N, Wada M, Kuroda N, Nakashima K (October 2004). "Determination of bisphenol A in human breast milk by HPLC with column-switching and fluorescence detection".

1236:

process. As milk is coming in, several processes occur. At the end of pregnancy there is dilation of the blood vessels which supply the breast, allowing for leaking into the tissue or

2649:

Breastfeeding is also associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes among mothers who practice it. Longer duration of breastfeeding is associated with reduced risk of hypertension.

11259:

Holdcroft A, Snidvongs S, Cason A, Doré CJ, Berkley KJ (August 2003). "Pain and uterine contractions during breast feeding in the immediate post-partum period increase with parity".

3776:

Ip S, Chung M, Raman G, Trikalinos TA, Lau J (October 2009). "A summary of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's evidence report on breastfeeding in developed countries".

3038: 1499:

higher rates of any breastfeeding at 1 month and 3 to 6 months and of exclusive breastfeeding at 1 month, but it is unrelated to breastfeeding outcomes past 6 months post pregnancy.

6420:

Abrams SA, Landers S, Noble LM, Poindexter BB, Daniels S, Corkins M, et al. (Committee on Nutrition; Section on Breastfeeding; Committee on Fetus and Newborn) (January 2017).

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these infants may be fed expressed breastmilk from their mother. Transmission of TB through breastmilk, without an isolated breast infection caused by the Tuberculosis bacteria (

756:

Newborn babies usually breastfeed 8 to 12 times every 24 hours, and they typically express hunger cues every one to three hours for the first two to four weeks of their lives. A

4960:

Flaherman VJ, Maisels MJ (June 2017). "ABM Clinical Protocol #22: Guidelines for Management of Jaundice in the Breastfeeding Infant 35 Weeks or More of Gestation-Revised 2017".

14381: 14352: 3818:

Victora CG, Bahl R, Barros AJ, França GV, Horton S, Krasevec J, et al. (January 2016). "Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect".

13868: 13208: 9163:

Sriraman NK, Evans AE, Lawrence R, Noble L (2018). "Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine's 2017 Position Statement on Informal Breast Milk Sharing for the Term Healthy Infant".

2531:

A 1998 study suggested that breastfed babies have a better chance of good dental health than formula-fed infants because of the developmental effects of breastfeeding on the

1084:

In a good latch, a large amount of the areola, in addition to the nipple, is in the baby's mouth. The amount of areola visible on either side of the infant's mouth should be

16152: 10116:

Kunz C, Rodriguez-Palmero M, Koletzko B, Jensen R (June 1999). "Nutritional and biochemical properties of human milk, Part I: General aspects, proteins, and carbohydrates".

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than the formula-fed group between 6 and 18 months. Length gain and head circumference values were similar between groups, suggesting that the breastfed babies were leaner.

1201:

Australian Dental Association have raised concern over the growing trend of oral tie surgeries, due to evidence for benefit being low-quality, inconsistent, or unsupported.

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Kellams A, Harrel C, Omage S, Gregory C, Rosen-Carole C (May 2017). "ABM Clinical Protocol #3: Supplementary Feedings in the Healthy Term Breastfed Neonate, Revised 2017".

2967:, not addressed by law in others, and a legal right in others. Even given a legal right, some mothers are reluctant to breastfeed, while others may object to the practice. 8101:

Contract No. 75Q80120D00001.) AHRQ Publication No. 23-EHC010. PCORI Publication No. 2023-SR-01. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; June 2023. DOI:

743:

barriers to breastfeeding. Availability of a lactation specialist in the NICU can be helpful for mothers trying to establish their milk supply. Additionally, skin-to-skin

10151:

Rodriguez-Palmero M, Koletzko B, Kunz C, Jensen R (June 1999). "Nutritional and biochemical properties of human milk: II. Lipids, micronutrients, and bioactive factors".

6077: 14283: 835:

to supplement with, the first choice is always the mother's own breastmilk, save any medical contraindications to its use. The second best option for supplementation is

14677: 11303: 7745:

American Academy of Pediatrics Subcommittee on Hyperbilirubinemia (July 2004). "Management of hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn infant 35 or more weeks of gestation".

7515:

Visconti A, Hayes E, Ealy K, Scarborough DR (August 2021). "A systematic review: The effects of frenotomy on breastfeeding and speech in children with ankyloglossia".

5836: 3234: 3202: 14404: 4394: 12356: 8719: 4211: 12720: 8770: 8267:"Mother-to-Child Transmission of Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Viruses-1/2: What We Know, and What Are the Gaps in Understanding and Preventing This Route of Infection" 4427: 4265: 2131:

is a challenge given babies' varying appetites. Breasts can respond to the demand and produce larger milk quantities; mothers have breastfed triplets successfully.

1350:, this is most often caused by allowing milk to remain in the breasts for long periods of time, or insufficiently draining the breasts during feeds. If the baby is 376:

in the breast, leading to an array of changes over the next several days that allow the milk to "come in"; these changes are known collectively as Lactogenesis II.

3529: 3184:

Preventing a situation where women are denied agency and/or stigmatized for formula use is also seen as important. In 2018, in the UK, a policy statement from the

2917:

The rates of breastfeeding in the African-American community remain much lower than any other race, for a variety of proposed reasons. These include the legacy of

1327:

milk supply occurs when mothers, for a variety of reasons, believe that they are not making enough milk to feed their infant. These reasons may include fussiness,

991: 11887: 6755: 5664: 2641:

It is unclear whether breastfeeding causes mothers to lose weight after giving birth. The National Institutes of Health states that it may help with weight loss.

2528:

levels in breastfed adult women. Breastfed infants have somewhat lower blood pressure later in life, but it is unclear how much practical benefit this provides.

1192:, attaches the tongue to the base of the mouth, restricting the tongue's vertical movement and preventing the infant from pressing the breast and nipple into the 17614: 12463:

Zhao J, Zhao Y, Du M, Binns CW, Lee AH (November 2017). "Does Caesarean Section Affect Breastfeeding Practices in China? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis".

9375: 8344:"Risk factors associated with HTLV-1 vertical transmission in Brazil: longer breastfeeding, higher maternal proviral load and previous HTLV-1-infected offspring" 1572:

recommends against breastfeeding when mothers have HTLV Types I or II. Recognizing the importance of breastfeeding in more resource-poor areas of the world, the

16132: 15026:

Stroope S, Rackin HM, Stroope JL, Uecker JE (March 2018). "Breastfeeding and the Role of Maternal Religion: Results From a National Prospective Cohort Study".

8081:

Office of the Surgeon General (US), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US), Office on Women's Health (US) (2011). "Actions to Improve Breastfeeding".

2754:– Social and cultural attitudes towards breastfeeding in the African-American community are also influenced by the legacy of forced wet-nursing during slavery. 764:

Many newborns will typically feed for 10 to 15 minutes on each breast, however feeds may last up to 45 minutes depending on infant wakefulness and efficiency.

14422: 13678:

Forbes GB, Adams-Curtis LE, Hamm NR, White KB (2003). "Perceptions of the Woman Who Breastfeeds: The Role of Erotophobia, Sexism, and Attitudinal Variables".

10505:

Moss BG, Yeaton WH (July 2014). "Early childhood healthy and obese weight status: potentially protective benefits of breastfeeding and delaying solid foods".

2377:

pass to the baby via milk. This is one of the important features of colostrum. The main target for these antibodies are probably microorganisms in the baby's

1924:. While some infants do experience this preference for the bottle, many infants do not and will be able to alternate between bottle and breast without issue. 542:

all agree that breast milk alone does not provide infants with an adequate amount of Vitamin D, thus they advise parents to supplement their infants with 400

15456:

Marchesi C, Ossola P, Amerio A, Daniel BD, Tonna M, De Panfilis C (January 2016). "Clinical management of perinatal anxiety disorders: A systematic review".

13237: 9677: 8056: 6286: 6177: 6012: 2189:

likely to have an adequate supply. Although some women successfully re-lactate after months-long interruptions, success is higher for shorter interruptions.

2076:

have been shown to decrease the immune benefits of breastmilk, including its ability to kill bacteria and the maternal antibodies it contains, by up to 60%.

14787: 13534: 13112:

Reeves EA, Woods-Giscombé CL (May 2015). "Infant-feeding practices among African American women: social-ecological analysis and implications for practice".

319:, which gradually increase throughout the pregnancy, and result in the structural development of the alveolar (milk-producing) tissue and the production of 7606: 4449: 881:

No matter the position the parent-infant dyad finds most comfortable, there are a few components of every position which will help facilitate a successful

6554: 2494:

About 14 to 19 percent of leukemia cases may be prevented by breastfeeding for six months or longer. However, breastfeeding is also the primary cause of

2220: 13793: 6125: 979: 603:

of the throat, lungs, and intestines, which are most likely to come under attack from germs. Additionally, colostrum and mature breast milk contain many

9880:

Hauck FR, Thompson JM, Tanabe KO, Moon RY, Vennemann MM (July 2011). "Breastfeeding and reduced risk of sudden infant death syndrome: a meta-analysis".

8499: 2149: 225:

can be transmitted through breast milk. Smoking tobacco and consuming limited amounts of alcohol and/or coffee are not reasons to avoid breastfeeding.

7300: 704:(before 37 weeks), children born in the early term period (37 weeks–38 weeks and 6 days), and children born with low muscular tone, such as those with 14064: 8882: 5136:"Is breast truly best? Estimating the effects of breastfeeding on long-term child health and wellbeing in the United States using sibling comparisons" 2185:. In developed countries, re-lactation is common after early medical problems are resolved, or because a mother changes her mind about breastfeeding. 9333: 7107: 4502:

Brodribb W (June 2018). "ABM Clinical Protocol #9: Use of Galactogogues in Initiating or Augmenting Maternal Milk Production, Second Revision 2018".

86:(WHO) recommend that breastfeeding begin within the first hour of a baby's birth and continue as the baby wants. Health organizations, including the 10025: 4193: 2593:, a hormone released during breastfeeding, may play a role in maternal-infant attachment and bonding, potentially via decreased anxiety and stress. 1564:

that while breastfeeding for less than six months does not, independently, increase risk of HTLV-1 transmission, not breastfeeding during that time

217:, and provide milk to be fed to their infant at a later time. Medical conditions that do not allow breastfeeding are rare. Mothers who take certain 16405: 15249: 14135: 13886: 8557: 7336: 2771:

laws, ranking 36 industrialized countries according to their support for breastfeeding. Norway ranked first, while the United States came in last.

2120:. During the late stages of pregnancy, the milk changes to colostrum. While some children continue to breastfeed even with this change, others may 1003: 12581:

Roberts CL, Ampt AJ, Algert CS, Sywak MS, Chen JS (April 2015). "Reduced breast milk feeding subsequent to cosmetic breast augmentation surgery".

8080: 6529: 3330:

full-time work are significantly associated with lower rates of breastfeeding and breastfeeding for a shorter duration of time. According to the

2197:

other feeding can decrease. Parents and other family members should watch the baby's weight gain and urine output to assess nutritional adequacy.

2177:

Re-lactation is the process of restarting breastfeeding. In developing countries, mothers may restart breastfeeding after a weaning as part of an

330:, which is at high levels during pregnancy, blocks the prolactin receptors in the breast, thus inhibiting milk from "coming in" during pregnancy. 15388: 15253: 9541:

by F. Savage King. Revised edition 1992. African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF), Nairobi, Kenya. Indian adaptation by R.K. Anand, Bombay

9123:

Eglash A, Simon L (September 2017). "ABM Clinical Protocol #8: Human Milk Storage Information for Home Use for Full-Term Infants, Revised 2017".

8529: 5080: 4234: 12695: 8948: 8471: 6969: 735:) in these infants. Frequent breastfeeding and/or small amounts of supplementation may be needed for successful outcomes; breast pumping and/or 6216: 5376: 5302: 4687: 2384:

Maternal vaccinations while breastfeeding is safe for almost all vaccines. Additionally, the mother's immunity obtained by vaccination against

12257:

Lutenbacher M, Karp SM, Moore ER (February 2016). "Reflections of Black Women Who Choose to Breastfeed: Influences, Challenges and Supports".

9771: 8240: 7869: 17985: 15936: 13597:

Spencer B, Wambach K, Domain EW (July 2015). "African American Women's Breastfeeding Experiences: Cultural, Personal, and Political Voices".

5857:

Gartner LM, Morton J, Lawrence RA, Naylor AJ, O'Hare D, Schanler RJ, et al. (February 2005). "Breastfeeding and the use of human milk".

2161: 2096:), or she may share childcare with another mother (cross-nursing). Both of these were common throughout history. It remains popular in some 17025: 14539: 3694: 2988:

2021. This law requires all large and medium hub airports must provide a private, non-bathroom lactation space in each terminal building.

2929:

Low-income mothers are more likely to have unintended pregnancies. Mothers whose pregnancies are unintended are less likely to breastfeed.

2800:

Breastfeeding can generally be attempted after breast augmentation or reduction surgery, however prior breast surgery is a risk factor for

1430: 943: 15499: 8585:"Maternal transmission of SARS-COV-2 to the neonate, and possible routes for such transmission: a systematic review and critical analysis" 5540: 522:

If the mother is not herself deficient in vitamins, breast milk normally supplies her baby's needs, with the exception of Vitamin D. The

17980: 17607: 10462:

Arenz S, Rückerl R, Koletzko B, von Kries R (October 2004). "Breast-feeding and childhood obesity – a systematic review".

10423: 8108: 1300:

While milk normally "comes in" by 3 days after birth, there are several reasons this may be delayed. Risk factors for this delay include

266: 15269: 12227: 7049: 221:

should not breastfeed, however, most medications are compatible with breastfeeding. Current evidence indicates that it is unlikely that

17970: 16834: 15306: 9521: 6725: 6497: 3375: 3331: 1943: 1713: 1640: 1569: 1545: 919: 870:

Effective positioning and technique for latching on are necessary to prevent nipple soreness and allow the baby to obtain enough milk.

523: 13288:

Boyer K (March 2011). ""The way to break the taboo is to do the taboo thing" breastfeeding in public and citizen-activism in the UK".

8265:

Carneiro-Proietti AB, Amaranto-Damasio MS, Leal-Horiguchi CF, Bastos RH, Seabra-Freitas G, Borowiak DR, et al. (September 2014).

14371: 12332: 11786:

Ureño TL, Berry-Cabán CS, Adams A, Buchheit TL, Hopkinson SG (November 2019). "Dysphoric Milk Ejection Reflex: A Descriptive Study".

10094: 8187: 13186: 8127: 6103: 4876: 3188:

said that women should be supported and not stigmatized, if after being given advice and information, they choose to formula feed.

14585:"Strategies to Prevent Obesity and Other Chronic Diseases: The CDC Guide to Strategies to Support Breastfeeding Mothers and Babies" 13860: 13385: 6195: 4995: 955: 13011:"Reduced breastfeeding rates among obese mothers: a review of contributing factors, clinical considerations and future directions" 4471: 1798:

specialist or a medical provider trained in breastfeeding medicine if any concerns arise. Two helpful resources are listed below.

15876: 15851: 15192:

Dinour LM, Szaro JM (April 2017). "Employer-Based Programs to Support Breastfeeding Among Working Mothers: A Systematic Review".

14329: 9616: 9410: 3608: 3563: 3495: 2324:

times its birth weight. At one year, breastfed babies tend to be leaner than formula-fed babies, which improves long-run health.

15370: 10933: 9923: 6073: 1643:

advises that breastfeeding is safe to continue as long as the breasts are clear of lesions, also emphasizing that if pumping or

17859: 17600: 12752:"Postnatal exposure to methyl mercury from fish consumption: a review and new data from the Seychelles Child Development Study" 3401:

more employees do not have to follow this law if following it would create an undue hardship because of expense or difficulty.

2459:), atopic syndrome can be prevented or delayed through 4-month exclusive breastfeeding, though these benefits may not persist. 15500:"Improved breastfeeding rates. [Social Impact]. Improved breastfeeding rates through evidence-based guideline changes" 14685: 14275: 3177:

the law requires a woman to breastfeed her baby for at least 2 years and allows her husband to sue her if she does not do so.

575:

is easy to digest and has laxative properties that help the infant to pass early stools. This aids in the excretion of excess

17075: 16752: 15719: 15673: 15652: 15624: 15603: 15584: 15565: 14557: 14214: 14119: 13422: 11243: 9826: 9765: 9500: 7843: 7818: 6907: 6491: 6122:

A joint statement of Health Canada, Canadian Paediatric Society, Dietitians of Canada, and Breastfeeding Committee for Canada

5617: 5278: 4755: 4663: 4607: 4134: 4109: 3201:, they have advocated for bans on free samples of infant formula and for the adoption of pro-breastfeeding codes such as the 539: 12918:"Celiac disease and reproductive disorders: meta-analysis of epidemiologic associations and potential pathogenic mechanisms" 9383: 587:

from foreign substances and germs, which may sensitize the baby to foods that the mother has eaten and decrease the risk of

16523: 16398: 16172: 15332:"The Federal Government Says, "Mother Knows Best": Expanded Protections for Pregnant and Nursing Workers Under Federal Law" 14396: 14086: 4850: 3080: 2772: 2708: 2116:

It is possible for a mother to continue breastfeeding an older sibling while also breastfeeding a new baby; this is called

967: 14748: 10595:

Ramsay DT, Kent JC, Owens RA, Hartmann PE (2004). "Ultrasound Imaging of Milk Ejection in the Breast of Lactating Women".

10346: 9458: 4207: 1845:, a type of sugar found in milk. Lactose is also found in breastmilk, so infants with galactosemia should not breastfeed. 16779: 16691: 16187: 8690: 7275: 6931: 6778: 5650: 4419: 4261: 3537: 2775:

varies widely, including by state. The United States does not mandate paid maternity leave for any employee however the

2298:. The CDC reports that infants who are breastfed have reduced risks of ear infections, obesity, type 1 diabetes, asthma, 2279: 1392:

jaundice is related to caloric intake rather than volume intake. Individual risk factors, such as breastfeeding, are not

5703:"ABM Clinical Protocol #5: Peripartum breastfeeding management for the healthy mother and infant at term, revision 2013" 5673: 5030:"Maternal Circulating Vitamin Status and Colostrum Vitamin Composition in Healthy Lactating Women-A Systematic Approach" 16192: 16147: 14314: 14038: 13062:"Enhancing breastfeeding rates among African American women: a systematic review of current psychosocial interventions" 11880: 10026:"Guideline for Management of Child Screening in Primary Care Settings and Outpatient Clinics in the Kingdom of Bahrain" 7631:

Berens P, Eglash A, Malloy M, Steube AM (March 2016). "ABM Clinical Protocol #26: Persistent Pain with Breastfeeding".

6747: 3470: 3323: 2957: 931: 5900:

Thomas J, Marinelli KA (August 2016). "ABM Clinical Protocol #16: Breastfeeding the Hypotonic Infant, Revision 2016".

3397:

documented her experience pumping in a bathroom while working for an employer violating the Fair Labor Standards Act.

3302:

countries, differences in breastfeeding practices have also been observed according to the affiliation or practice of

2400:

can protect the baby from these diseases, and breastfeeding can reduce fever rate after infant immunization. However,

2310:

The average breastfed baby doubles its birth weight in 5–6 months. By one year, a typical breastfed baby weighs about

2100:, including those in Africa, for more than one woman to breastfeed a child. Shared breastfeeding is a risk factor for 1609:), has never been documented in the scientific literature. Mothers who do have an isolated breast infection caused by 17558: 17302: 16202: 16167: 12073:

Laugen CM, Islam N, Janssen PA (September 2016). "Social Support and Exclusive Breast feeding among Canadian Women".

8317: 3536:. National Institutes of Health (NIH), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 19 December 2013. Archived from 3219: 2246:

Infants who are not breastfed are at mildly increased risk of developing acute and chronic diseases, including lower

565: 551:, to determine if this quantity reduced rates of Vitamin D deficiency (defined as 25-OH vitamin D < 30 nmol/L) or 61: 13771:. Office of the Surgeon General (US); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US); Office on Women's Health (US) 12110:"Someone left a heartfelt note in an airport breast-feeding pod. Now there are thousands like it across the country" 10984:"Effect of breast feeding on intelligence in children: prospective study, sibling pairs analysis, and meta-analysis" 6151: 3156: 2137: 17869: 14418: 10857:"Does breastfeeding influence risk of type 2 diabetes in later life? A quantitative analysis of published evidence" 9553: 6835: 907: 11304:"Breastfeeding the newborn or nipple stimulation for reducing postpartum haemorrhage in the third stage of labour" 10452:, WHO/FCH/CAH/02.21, Geneva: Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Development, World Health Organization. 8161: 8045: 7135: 6173: 6016: 5753: 16458: 16391: 16372: 16367: 16278: 16109: 15802: 15736: 14841: 14499: 13523: 3505: 3500: 2852: 2558:

Breastfeeding duration has been correlated with child maltreatment outcomes, including neglect and sexual abuse.

2055: 1936: 1885: 1769:

Mothers utilizing recreational drugs, such as cocaine, methamphetamines, PCP, and heroin, should not breastfeed.

15765: 15331: 15287: 13765:"Barriers to Breastfeeding in the United States – the Surgeon General's Call to Action to Support Breastfeeding" 11463:"Breastfeeding Programs and Policies, Breastfeeding Uptake, and Maternal Health Outcomes in Developed Countries" 7602: 4441: 2443:

The protective effect of breastfeeding against obesity is consistent, though small, across many studies. A 2013

2237:

reported that in the first year of life breastfed babies averaged about $ 400 in savings of health care costs.

1592:

Mothers with Marburg virus or Ebola should not breastfeed their infants or feed them with expressed breastmilk.

791:

means breastfeeding after the age of 12 or 24 months, depending on the source. In Western countries such as the

456:

should be discussed in two separate categories – the nutritional content and the bioactive content, that is the

15916: 13487:

Boyer K (1 January 2010). "Of care and commodities: breast milk and the new politics of mobile biosubstances".

13440:"Things (Not) to Do with Breasts in Public: Maternal Embodiment and the Biocultural Politics of Infant Feeding" 13233: 12134:

Raj VK, Plichta SB (March 1998). "The role of social support in breastfeeding promotion: a literature review".

2684: 2495: 2455:

In children who are at risk for developing allergic diseases (defined as at least one parent or sibling having

2234: 1644: 1385:

or additional feedings (see Supplementation) to keep the condition from progressing into more severe problems.

1266:. In addition to shallow latch, other causes of nipple pain include, but are not limited to, skin infection or 855: 807: 736: 568:, local signaling allows for increased passage of immune cells and proteins to aid the infant's immune system. 535: 17: 13260: 6117: 5567:"Changes in immunomodulatory constituents of human milk in response to active infection in the nursing infant" 5481:"Vitamin D supplementation for term breastfed infants to prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health" 16453: 16362: 16306: 16162: 15911: 11715:

Dias CC, Figueiredo B (January 2015). "Breastfeeding and depression: a systematic review of the literature".

1947: 1541: 1454: 806:

In the United States, 22.4% of babies are breastfed for 12 months, the minimum amount of time advised by the

15596:

Fast facts for the antepartum and postpartum nurse : a nursing orientation and care guide in a nutshell

9998: 9299: 8401:"Human T-lymphotropic virus type I and breastfeeding; systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature" 7919: 6580:

Stein MT, Boies EG, Snyder D (October 2004). "Parental concerns about extended breastfeeding in a toddler".

6349: 2447:

reported less obesity at ages two and four years among infants who were breastfed for at least four months.

17844: 16636: 16533: 16089: 15777: 15061:

Bernard JY, Rifas-Shiman SL, Cohen E, Lioret S, de Lauzon-Guillain B, Charles MA, et al. (June 2020).

14060: 13157:"Racial disparities in access to maternity care practices that support breastfeeding – United States, 2011" 11498: 2615:. Breastfeeding may delay the return to fertility for some women by suppressing ovulation. Mothers may not 2299: 2275: 2060:

Expressed breastmilk can be stored in freezer storage bags, containers made specifically for breastmilk, a

1905: 1495:

Certified Lactation Consultant (IBCLC), through the International Board of Lactation Consultant Examiners.

1257: 728: 300: 111: 90:, recommend breastfeeding exclusively for six months. This means that no other foods or drinks, other than 15685:

Halili HK, Che MN (June 2014). "Women's right to breastfeed in the workplace: legal lacunae in Malaysia".

10947:

Kremer KP, Kremer TR (January 2018). "Breastfeeding Is Associated with Decreased Childhood Maltreatment".

9325: 7206:"Effect of restricted pacifier use in breastfeeding term infants for increasing duration of breastfeeding" 6810: 5453: 3655:

Johnston M, Landers S, Noble L, Szucs K, Viehmann L, et al. (Section on Breastfeeding) (March 2012).

16939: 16357: 16321: 15844: 15755: 13386:"Breastfeeding Legislation in the United States: A General Overview and Implications for Helping Mothers" 10032: 5666:

Protecting, promoting and supporting Breastfeeding in facilities providing maternity and newborn services

4155: 3465: 2061: 1639:

Varicella zoster is the virus responsible for chickenpox and shingles (also known as herpes zoster). The

824: 531: 503: 103: 14866:

Altorki S (1980). "Milk-kinship in Arab society: An unexplored problem in the ethnography of marriage".

13882: 10665:

Szajewska H, Shamir R, Chmielewska A, Pieścik-Lech M, Auricchio R, Ivarsson A, et al. (June 2015).

7558: 6522: 6422:"Donor Human Milk for the High-Risk Infant: Preparation, Safety, and Usage Options in the United States" 2963:

Some women feel discomfort when breastfeeding in public. Public breastfeeding may be forbidden in some

18051: 16631: 16177: 16039: 15931: 15809: 10310:

Weaver LT, Wadd N, Taylor CE, Greenwell J, Toms GL (1991). "The ontogeny of serum IgA in the newborn".

9030: 4104:(7 ed.). Madison, WI: The Institute for the Advancement of Breastfeeding and Lactation Education. 2699: 2665: 2347: 2294:, allergic diseases, digestive diseases, obesity, or childhood leukemia later in life. and may enhance 1605: 1556: 1295: 1139: 1089: 1073: 16701: 6374:"ACOG Committee Opinion No. 756: Optimizing Support for Breastfeeding as Part of Obstetric Practice". 4894:

Hendrickson RG, McKeown NJ (January 2012). "Is maternal opioid use hazardous to breast-fed infants?".

4156:"Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. American Academy of Pediatrics. Work Group on Breastfeeding" 2792:

Women are less likely to start breastfeeding after caesarean delivery compared with vaginal delivery.

2370:

infections than infants who switched from exclusive to partial breastfeeding at three to four months.

18038: 17829: 17068: 17010: 16626: 16493: 16094: 13713: 12638:"The impact of breast reduction surgery on breastfeeding: Systematic review of observational studies" 8744: 7576: 6479: 6030:

Bergman NJ (August 2013). "Neonatal stomach volume and physiology suggest feeding at 1-h intervals".

4547:"The Role of Placental Hormones in Mediating Maternal Adaptations to Support Pregnancy and Lactation" 3225: 3185: 3128: 3120: 3035:

Percentage of babies exclusively breastfed for the first six months of life. Data from 2004 to 2011.

2906: 2859:

Some substances in the mother's food and drink are passed to the baby through breast milk, including

2271: 1717: 1675: 1659: 1654: 1573: 1533: 1418: 859: 767:

It is important for parents to recognize the difference between Nutritive and Non-Nutritive Sucking.

732: 87: 83: 31: 14930:"Breast feeding initiation rate across Western countries: does religion matter? An ecological study" 12916:

Tersigni C, Castellani R, de Waure C, Fattorossi A, De Spirito M, Gasbarrini A, et al. (2014).

9866: 8441:"Recommendations for Counseling Persons Infected with Human T-Lymphotrophic Virus, Types I and II *" 6209: 3019:

drew worldwide commentary when he encouraged mothers to breastfeed babies in church. During a papal

362: 18046: 17020: 16543: 16242: 14160:

Ball TM, Wright AL (April 1999). "Health care costs of formula-feeding in the first year of life".

9752: 7161:

Marmet C, Shell E, Aldana S (November 2000). "Assessing infant suck dysfunction: case management".

3379: 2816: 2776: 2510: 2506: 1422: 484:

content in breast milk is relatively consistent. Breastmilk is made from nutrients in the mother's

82:

is fed to a child. Breast milk may be from the breast, or may be pumped and fed to the infant. The

12424:"Breastfeeding after cesarean delivery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of world literature" 10449: 5401: 18123: 16538: 16157: 16142: 14109: 13643:

Taylor EN, Wallace LE (2012). "For Shame: Feminism, Breastfeeding Advocacy, and Maternal Guilt".

13439: 11603: 7744: 7078: 4102:

The Little Green Book of Breastfeeding Management for Physicians & Other Healthcare Providers

3762: 3450: 3445: 3394: 3389: 3001: 2947: 2267: 548: 527: 205:

breastfeeding is not possible, expressing or pumping to empty the breasts can help mothers avoid

14658: 14543: 13739: 13570:

Battersby S (2010). "Understanding the social and cultural influences on breast-feeding today".

12532:"The impact of cosmetic breast implants on breastfeeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 7466:

O'Shea JE, Foster JP, O'Donnell CP, Breathnach D, Jacobs SE, Todd DA, et al. (March 2017).

3656: 3008:, it is a criminal offense to try to prevent a woman feeding a child under 24 months in public. 1457:

her periods will begin to return as she begins to wean, along with the return of her fertility.

18118: 17879: 17519: 17483: 16769: 16347: 16137: 16127: 15837: 15503: 13908: 11134:

Chowdhury R, Sinha B, Sankar MJ, Taneja S, Bhandari N, Rollins N, et al. (December 2015).

10248:

Jackson KM, Nazar AM (April 2006). "Breastfeeding, the immune response, and long-term health".

10017: 7788:

Daws D (August 1997). "The perils of intimacy: Closeness and distance in feeding and weaning".

5185:"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the nutrient content of preterm and term breast milk" 2833: 2722: 2608: 2602: 2551:, which is found more commonly in breastfed children, may have fewer problems with snoring and 2517: 2105: 2092:

It is not only the mother who may breastfeed her child. She may hire another woman to do so (a

1576:

recommends shortening the duration of breastfeeding, or avoiding breastfeeding where possible.

1466: 1301: 788: 705: 584: 178: 170: 15614: 15540: 14204: 13935: 13412: 11233: 9488: 3343:

to support milk expression during work; giving mothers options for returning to work, such as

1900:. Some babies are unable or unwilling to nurse. Maternal breastmilk is the food of choice for 595:) through the placenta, colostrum contains a substance which is new to the newborn, secretory 18092: 18087: 17928: 17757: 16528: 16099: 16054: 15946: 15941: 15687: 12974:

Gouveri E, Papanas N, Hatzitolios AI, Maltezos E (March 2011). "Breastfeeding and diabetes".

12179:"Describing adolescent breastfeeding environments through focus groups in an urban community" 10376:"The transfer of drugs and therapeutics into human breast milk: an update on selected topics" 9671: 9646:

Renfrew MJ, Lang S, Woolridge MW (2000). "Early versus delayed initiation of breastfeeding".

8632:

Krogstad P, Contreras D, Ng H, Tobin N, Chambers CD, Bertrand K, et al. (January 2022).

7136:"Infant Safety in Maternity Care Practices that Support Breastfeeding in US Birth Facilities" 6280: 3206: 2672: 2295: 2247: 1581: 1491: 1351: 1020: 882: 724: 158: 139: 11033:"Breastfeeding and child development outcomes: an investigation of the nurturing hypothesis" 9818: 9811: 9530: 6876:"International BreastFeeding Centre | What's missing in helping mothers with breastfeeding?" 6721: 6470: 2104:

infection in infants. Shared nursing can sometimes provoke negative social reactions in the

18082: 17422: 17061: 16747: 16686: 16586: 16560: 16268: 16197: 13552: 13533:. World Health Organization. World Health Organization(Organisation Mondiale de la Sante). 12763: 12649: 12301: 11961:

Gavine A, Shinwell SC, Buchanan P, Farre A, Wade A, Lynn F, et al. (25 October 2022).

10450:"Strategic directions for improving the health and development of children and adolescents" 8355: 4704:

Elling SV, Powell FC (January 1997). "Physiological changes in the skin during pregnancy".

3364: 3174: 2259: 1758: 1708:

Mothers who smoke or use other tobacco products can breastfeed their infants, according to

1401: 1047: 469: 436: 372: 253: 194: 190: 17592: 15063:"Maternal religion and breastfeeding intention and practice in the US Project Viva cohort" 13936:"Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Breastfeeding Initiation – United States, 2019, Table 1" 11183:

Kramer MS, Kakuma R, et al. (Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group) (August 2012).

11082:"Beyond labor: the role of natural and synthetic oxytocin in the transition to motherhood" 10058: 9356: 8583:

Walker KF, O'Donoghue K, Grace N, Dorling J, Comeau JL, Li W, et al. (October 2020).

8225: 4750:(4 ed.). Philadelphia: Obstetric, and Neonatal Nurses Association of Women's Health. 2476:

Breastfeeding may reduce the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in premature babies.

1695:

prior to breastfeeding their infant, or express breastmilk and feed the infant by bottle.

1124: 1076:

and tilt their forehead back to maintain this deep latch and ease the swallowing process.

8: 17932: 17849: 17820: 17375: 17015: 17000: 16273: 15986: 15966: 15801:– a database of the safety of drugs to which breastfeeding mothers may be exposed by the 14584: 14474: 13156: 12883:

Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences

8440: 8135: 7943: 7719: 6099: 4880: 2381:. The rest of the body displays some uptake of IgA, but this amount is relatively small. 2337: 717: 15536: 13933: 13397: 12767: 12653: 11831:"Dysphoric Milk Ejection Reflex: The Psychoneurobiology of the Breastfeeding Experience" 11558: 11384: 11359: 9754:

Evidence on the long-term effects of breastfeeding: systematic reviews and meta-analyses

8795: 8359: 7894: 7024: 6191: 5003: 4463: 2509:

in the offspring. Breastfed babies also appear to have a lower likelihood of developing

1617:, should not feed their infants with their own breastmilk, even if it is fed by bottle. 18018: 17808: 17770: 17627: 17410: 17307: 16508: 16222: 16044: 15921: 15433: 15406: 15164: 15136: 15111: 15087: 15062: 15003: 14978: 14954: 14929: 14914: 14883: 14725: 14700: 14631: 14606: 14256: 14185: 14011: 13984: 13960: 13695: 13660: 13622: 13504: 13469: 13362: 13335: 13313: 13173: 13137: 13086: 13061: 13037: 13010: 12784: 12751: 12672: 12637: 12606: 12558: 12531: 12488: 12399: 12374: 12282: 12208: 12159: 12047: 12022: 11995: 11962: 11938: 11913: 11857: 11830: 11811: 11697: 11585: 11480: 11440: 11397: 11360:"Breast-feeding and postpartum weight retention: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 11328: 11284: 11209: 11184: 11160: 11135: 11106: 11081: 11057: 11032: 11008: 10983: 10925: 10837: 10767:"Breastfeeding and Childhood Leukemia Incidence: A Meta-analysis and Systematic Review" 10742: 10715: 10696: 10577: 10530: 10487: 10405: 10327: 10323: 10086: 9975: 9950: 9905: 9854: 9837: 9717: 9692: 9593: 9580: 9266: 9232: 9207: 9188: 8671: 8658: 8633: 8609: 8584: 8417: 8400: 8376: 8343: 8291: 8266: 8212: 7972: 7945: 7770: 7540: 7492: 7467: 7448: 7400: 7373: 7230: 7205: 7186: 6702: 6451: 6399: 6326: 6301: 6268: 6055: 5882: 5809: 5784: 5727: 5702: 5596: 5518: 5505: 5480: 5296: 5211: 5184: 5160: 5135: 5056: 5029: 4919: 4681: 4573: 4546: 4527: 4371: 4346: 4313: 4288: 4185: 3853: 3739: 3714: 3686: 3604: 3559: 2899: 2837: 2661: 2555:

in later life. A 2016 review found that breastfeeding protected against malocclusions.

2525: 2444: 2287: 2283: 1834: 1443: 1237: 1210: 1189: 543: 218: 214: 186: 119: 15407:"Postpartum women's use of medicines and breastfeeding practices: a systematic review" 14622: 13301: 12960: 12820: 11573: 11272: 10226: 10164: 10129: 9624: 9422: 8188:"Contaminants in human milk: weighing the risks against the benefits of breastfeeding" 7694: 6210:"Protection, promotion and support of breastfeeding in Europe: a blueprint for action" 5428: 5317:"Prevention of Rickets and Vitamin D Deficiency in Infants, Children, and Adolescents" 4717: 3831: 2748:

Partner – Partners may lack knowledge of breastfeeding and their role in the practice.

1872: 17874: 17839: 17788: 17448: 16722: 16661: 16483: 16084: 16034: 15798: 15715: 15669: 15648: 15620: 15599: 15580: 15561: 15481: 15438: 15243: 15209: 15141: 15092: 15043: 15008: 14959: 14730: 14701:"Marketing breastfeeding – reversing corporate influence on infant feeding practices" 14636: 14248: 14210: 14177: 14115: 14016: 13965: 13841: 13699: 13664: 13656: 13614: 13579: 13508: 13473: 13418: 13367: 13305: 13178: 13129: 13091: 13042: 12991: 12949: 12898: 12859: 12824: 12789: 12677: 12636:

Kraut RY, Brown E, Korownyk C, Katz LS, Vandermeer B, Babenko O, et al. (2017).

12598: 12563: 12480: 12445: 12404: 12324: 12274: 12200: 12151: 12090: 12052: 12000: 11982: 11943: 11862: 11815: 11803: 11742: 11689: 11638: 11577: 11541: 11432: 11389: 11333: 11276: 11239: 11214: 11165: 11111: 11062: 11013: 10964: 10917: 10897: 10878: 10841: 10829: 10788: 10783: 10766: 10747: 10688: 10647: 10612: 10581: 10569: 10522: 10479: 10397: 10292: 10288: 10257: 10230: 10195: 10168: 10133: 10078: 10059:"Growth of breast-fed and formula-fed infants from 0 to 18 months: the DARLING Study" 9980: 9897: 9842: 9822: 9761: 9722: 9659: 9598: 9496: 9237: 9180: 9140: 9088: 8920: 8841: 8675: 8663: 8614: 8422: 8381: 8296: 8264: 8217: 7977: 7762: 7698: 7648: 7544: 7532: 7497: 7452: 7440: 7405: 7235: 7190: 7178: 6913: 6903: 6694: 6659: 6597: 6593: 6487: 6443: 6391: 6331: 6260: 6047: 5994: 5953: 5917: 5874: 5814: 5732: 5588: 5522: 5510: 5357: 5284: 5274: 5216: 5165: 5061: 4977: 4923: 4911: 4828: 4793: 4761: 4751: 4721: 4669: 4659: 4613: 4603: 4578: 4519: 4376: 4318: 4177: 4130: 4105: 3845: 3793: 3744: 3678: 3455: 3335: 3140:

an extra 450 to 500 calories per day compared to their pre-pregnancy caloric intake.

2997: 2895: 2860: 2845: 2764: 2479:

Breastfeeding or introduction of gluten while breastfeeding does not protect against

2438: 2343: 2097: 1721: 1683: 1405: 1374: 1364: 1309: 1305: 1245: 631: 619: 608: 206: 123: 15750: 14353:"Breastfeeding may be best, but bottles of formula milk aren't the end of the world" 14260: 13626: 13141: 12610: 12492: 12286: 12212: 12163: 11589: 11484: 11401: 11288: 10929: 10898:"The influence of breastfeeding on the development of the oral cavity: a commentary" 10700: 10534: 10491: 10331: 10090: 8342:

Paiva AM, Assone T, Haziot ME, Smid J, Fonseca LA, Luiz OD, et al. (May 2018).

6706: 6455: 6403: 6272: 5151: 4854: 4531: 4189: 3857: 3198: 2891:

can increase its duration and restore it to the average value of the healthy women.

17653: 17541: 17267: 16616: 16591: 16352: 16337: 16079: 15976: 15951: 15696: 15473: 15465: 15428: 15418: 15352: 15201: 15131: 15127: 15123: 15082: 15074: 15035: 14998: 14990: 14949: 14941: 14910: 14875: 14756:

National Alliance for Breastfeeding Advocacy: Research, Education, and Legal Branch

14720: 14712: 14626: 14618: 14240: 14189: 14169: 14006: 13996: 13955: 13947: 13831: 13687: 13652: 13606: 13496: 13459: 13451: 13357: 13347: 13317: 13297: 13168: 13121: 13081: 13073: 13032: 13022: 12983: 12939: 12929: 12890: 12851: 12816: 12779: 12771: 12667: 12657: 12590: 12553: 12543: 12472: 12435: 12394: 12386: 12316: 12266: 12190: 12143: 12082: 12042: 12038: 12034: 11990: 11978: 11974: 11933: 11925: 11852: 11842: 11829:

Deif R, Burch EM, Azar J, Yonis N, Abou Gabal M, El Kramani N, et al. (2021).

11795: 11732: 11724: 11701: 11679: 11669: 11630: 11569: 11533: 11470: 11444: 11424: 11379: 11371: 11323: 11319: 11315: 11268: 11204: 11200: 11196: 11155: 11147: 11136:"Breastfeeding and maternal health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 11101: 11093: 11052: 11044: 11003: 10995: 10956: 10909: 10868: 10819: 10778: 10737: 10727: 10678: 10639: 10604: 10561: 10514: 10471: 10387: 10319: 10284: 10222: 10160: 10125: 10070: 9970: 9962: 9909: 9889: 9832: 9712: 9708: 9704: 9651: 9588: 9523:

The Treatment Of Diarrhoea, A Manual For Physicians And Other Senior Health Workers

9227: 9219: 9192: 9172: 9132: 8833: 8653: 8645: 8604: 8596: 8412: 8371: 8363: 8286: 8278: 8207: 8199: 7967: 7957: 7797: 7774: 7754: 7690: 7640: 7524: 7487: 7483: 7479: 7432: 7395: 7385: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7170: 6686: 6649: 6641: 6589: 6433: 6383: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6250: 6059: 6039: 5986: 5945: 5909: 5886: 5866: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5722: 5714: 5600: 5578: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5206: 5196: 5155: 5147: 5051: 5041: 4969: 4903: 4820: 4713: 4568: 4558: 4511: 4366: 4358: 4308: 4300: 4167: 3835: 3827: 3785: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3690: 3668: 3435: 3409: 2888: 2742: 2367: 2178: 1901: 1897: 1409: 1275: 596: 592: 242: 14812: 14561: 12894: 12375:"The effect of maternity leave length and time of return to work on breastfeeding" 12021:

Lumbiganon P, Martis R, Laopaiboon M, Festin MR, Ho JJ, Hakimi M (December 2016).

10409: 9436: 8824:

Haastrup MB, Pottegård A, Damkier P (February 2014). "Alcohol and breastfeeding".

7847: 7528: 5621: 1805:

InfantRisk App (InfantRisk Center at Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center)

338:

to the fetus), and increased skin pigmentation, which results in darkening of the

245:(lobules), through the ducts (milk canals), into the sacs (milk pools) behind the 17681: 17635: 17488: 17245: 17235: 17200: 17190: 17138: 17040: 16990: 16919: 16894: 16864: 16774: 16681: 16621: 16237: 16207: 16182: 16059: 16049: 16011: 15823: 15709: 15663: 15112:"Interventions in the workplace to support breastfeeding for women in employment" 14901:

Parkes P (October 2005). "Milk Kinship in Islam: Substance, Structure, History".

12662: 11537: 11461:

Feltner C, Weber RP, Stuebe A, Grodensky C, Orr C, Viswanathan M (18 July 2018).

10808:"Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 and associated diseases in Latin America" 10732: 9055: 6690: 6387: 4907: 4395:"Agencies encourage women to continue to breastfeed during the COVID-19 pandemic" 4239: 3352: 3245:

The first depiction of breastfeeding on television was in the children's program

3031: 2884: 2820: 2801: 2768: 2547:

intervention. The report suggested that children with a well rounded, "U-shaped"

2366:

who are exclusively breastfed for the first six months are less likely to die of

1909: 1888:

and later use. Expression may occur manually with hand expression, or by using a

1779: 1709: 1528:

A breastfeeding child can become infected with HIV. Factors such as the mother's

1347: 1321: 1150: 851: 840: 670:

Skin-to-skin mother-baby contact should still occur, even if the baby is born by

600: 15700: 14078: 13740:"S.1110 – 115th Congress (2017–2018): Friendly Airports for Mothers Act of 2017" 12775: 10999: 10667:"Systematic review with meta-analysis: early infant feeding and coeliac disease" 10031:. Kingdom of Bahrain Ministry of Health Health Promotion Council. Archived from 8985: 8128:"WHO | Infant feeding for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV" 7944:

Czosnykowska-Łukacka M, Orczyk-Pawiłowicz M, Broers B, Królak-Olejnik B (2019).

5106: 716:, may have difficulty in initiating breast feeds immediately after birth. These 17765: 17686: 17563: 17220: 17195: 17030: 16914: 16854: 16518: 16513: 16503: 16498: 16463: 16212: 16064: 16016: 15896: 15771: 14244: 13764: 12987: 12747: 12320: 12147: 11929: 11674: 11657: 10913: 9462: 9176: 9136: 8912: 8649: 8367: 8117:, Chapter 7. Facilitating an Informed Decision About Breastfeeding pp. 215–232. 8082: 7644: 7436: 7174: 6645: 5990: 5949: 5913: 5646: 5345: 4973: 4824: 4811:

Hurst NM (2007). "Recognizing and treating delayed or failed lactogenesis II".

4515: 4362: 3475: 3096: 2993: 2808: 2657: 2480: 2393: 2374: 2128: 1859: 1725: 1621: 1414: 1051: 836: 713: 272: 131: 98: 15783: 15469: 15423: 14945: 14716: 13934:

Katelyn V. Chiang, Ruowei Li, Erica H. Anstey, Cria G. Perrine (28 May 2021).

13836: 13819: 13691: 13027: 12476: 12270: 11728: 11634: 11375: 10549: 10518: 9809:

Ip S, Chung M, Raman G, Chew P, Magula N, DeVine D, et al. (April 2007).

9655: 9581:"Breastfeeding and maternal and infant health outcomes in developed countries" 9579:

Ip S, Chung M, Raman G, Chew P, Magula N, DeVine D, et al. (April 2007).

8634:"No infectious SARS-CoV-2 in breast milk from a cohort of 110 lactating women" 7801: 6255: 6118:"Nutrition for Healthy Term Infants: Recommendations from Birth to Six Months" 5288: 4797: 1223: 18112: 17723: 17673: 17581: 17478: 17272: 17210: 17035: 17005: 16985: 16844: 16819: 16742: 16656: 16646: 16641: 16555: 16316: 16006: 15886: 14994: 14448: 14306: 14034: 13610: 13500: 13200: 13125: 12195: 12178: 11986: 11873: 11847: 10873: 10856: 10643: 9082: 7374:"Reliability of the hazelbaker assessment tool for lingual frenulum function" 7359: 7323: 6917: 6875: 5201: 4765: 4673: 4617: 4563: 3490: 3485: 3460: 3348: 3307: 3299: 3247: 3092: 2934: 2653: 2612: 1787: 1632: 1549: 1537: 1382: 1182: 898: 800: 792: 744: 709: 701: 664: 390: 174: 15371:"Policy on preventing discrimination because of pregnancy and breastfeeding" 14419:"Forcing Mothers to Breastfeed Is No Way to Help Children – Huffington Post" 14372:"You Can't Call Yourself A Feminist If You Shame Women Who Don't Breastfeed" 14173: 13861:"Pope Francis encourages mothers to breastfeed – even in the Sistine Chapel" 13009:

Bever Babendure J, Reifsnider E, Mendias E, Moramarco MW, Davila YR (2015).

12934: 12917: 12440: 12423: 9813:

Breastfeeding and maternal and infant health outcomes in developed countries

8600: 4172: 2668:, breastfeeding also reduces the risk of maternal heart disease and stroke. 739:

is often helpful in providing adequate stimulation to the mother's breasts.

17901: 17884: 17815: 17775: 17691: 17663: 17648: 17509: 17287: 17282: 17262: 17240: 17098: 16874: 16869: 16849: 16829: 16815: 16759: 16606: 16488: 16438: 16232: 16104: 15901: 15485: 15442: 15213: 15145: 15096: 15047: 15012: 14963: 14734: 14640: 14252: 14181: 14020: 13969: 13951: 13845: 13618: 13583: 13371: 13352: 13309: 13182: 13133: 13095: 13046: 12995: 12953: 12902: 12863: 12793: 12681: 12602: 12567: 12548: 12484: 12449: 12422:

Prior E, Santhakumaran S, Gale C, Philipps LH, Modi N, Hyde MJ (May 2012).

12408: 12390: 12328: 12278: 12204: 12094: 12056: 12004: 11947: 11866: 11807: 11746: 11693: 11642: 11581: 11545: 11475: 11462: 11436: 11393: 11337: 11280: 11218: 11169: 11115: 11066: 11017: 10968: 10882: 10833: 10792: 10751: 10692: 10651: 10616: 10608: 10573: 10565: 10526: 10483: 10475: 10401: 10392: 10375: 10261: 10234: 10172: 10137: 10074: 9984: 9901: 9893: 9846: 9726: 9663: 9602: 9241: 9184: 9144: 9092: 8924: 8845: 8667: 8618: 8426: 8385: 8300: 8282: 8221: 7981: 7766: 7758: 7702: 7652: 7536: 7501: 7444: 7409: 7239: 7182: 6698: 6663: 6601: 6447: 6438: 6421: 6395: 6335: 6264: 6051: 5998: 5957: 5921: 5878: 5870: 5818: 5736: 5592: 5514: 5361: 5220: 5169: 5065: 4981: 4915: 4832: 4582: 4523: 4380: 4322: 3849: 3797: 3748: 3682: 3673: 3440: 3303: 3275: 3145: 3109: 3100: 3016: 2964: 2887:

may cause a short duration of the breastfeeding period. Treatment with the

2652:

For breastfeeding women, long-term health benefits include reduced risk of

2570:

later in life. Several studies found no relationship after controlling for

2567: 2540: 2413: 2405: 2251: 2209: 2073: 2068:

ready for use. Parents should avoid using storage containers which contain

1827: 1648: 1596: 844: 803:, extended breastfeeding is relatively uncommon and can provoke criticism. 688: 327: 312: 162: 107: 15205: 14979:"Maternal religious involvement and breastfeeding initiation and duration" 14001: 13455: 13261:"Trump Stance on Breast-Feeding and Formula Criticized by Medical Experts" 13077: 12828: 12155: 11799: 10960: 10921: 10296: 10199: 10082: 9693:"Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants" 9223: 7390: 7254: 6998: 6897: 6302:"Early additional food and fluids for healthy breastfed full-term infants" 6140: 5785:"Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants" 5718: 4745: 4725: 4597: 4304: 4181: 3789: 3224:

The Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) is a program launched by the

3165: 2898:

normally use insulin to control their blood sugar, as the safety of other

307:, are directed by hormones produced by the placenta and the brain, namely 18077: 18072: 17803: 17463: 17292: 17257: 17230: 17225: 17205: 17128: 17113: 16980: 16975: 16949: 16839: 16824: 16805: 16764: 16732: 16727: 16565: 16443: 16383: 16311: 16301: 16074: 15906: 15477: 15039: 14582: 13008: 12807:

Howard CR, Lawrence RA (March 1998). "Breast-feeding and drug exposure".

12023:"Antenatal breastfeeding education for increasing breastfeeding duration" 11428: 10186:

Hanson LA, Söderström T (1981). "Human milk: Defense against infection".

9999:"Breastfeeding Is an Investment in Health, Not Just a Lifestyle Decision" 9557: 8203: 8102: 6147: 6100:"Breastfeeding: Data: Report Card 2012: Outcome Indicators – DNPAO – CDC" 4708:. Dermatologic Diseases and Problems of Women Throughout the Life Cycle. 3360: 3344: 3318: 3287: 2918: 2872: 2864: 2751: 2671:

A 2011 review found it unclear whether breastfeeding affects the risk of

2571: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2532: 2521: 2355: 2065: 1950:

and the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine, are noted in the table below.

1889: 1855: 1548:

continues to recommend against HIV-positive mothers breastfeeding in the

1479:(Lf), which protects the infant from infection caused by a wide range of 1476: 1283: 1215: 1193: 656: 604: 485: 453: 431: 347: 303:, prepare the breast for lactation. These changes, collectively known as 79: 17380: 14111:

The One Best Way?: Breastfeeding History, Politics, and Policy in Canada

13155:

Lind JN, Perrine CG, Li R, Scanlon KS, Grummer-Strawn LM (August 2014).

12594: 11684: 11621:

Miller LJ, LaRusso EM (March 2011). "Preventing postpartum depression".

9554:"Up to what age can a baby stay well nourished by just being breastfed?" 9208:"Pumping Milk Without Ever Feeding at the Breast in the Moms2Moms Study" 6654: 5565:

Riskin A, Almog M, Peri R, Halasz K, Srugo I, Kessel A (February 2012).

3840: 2373:

During breastfeeding, approximately 0.25–0.5 grams per day of secretory

748:

development of her milk supply and be beneficial for her mental health.

18097: 18067: 17960: 17921: 17916: 17896: 17623: 17493: 17473: 17468: 17443: 17405: 17333: 17297: 17185: 17155: 17145: 17103: 16959: 16904: 16899: 16889: 16884: 16737: 16611: 16473: 16468: 16424: 16227: 15078: 14887: 13813: 13811: 13464: 12944: 12750:, Pearson AT, Davidson PW, Cox C, Shamlaye CF, et al. (May 2009). 11097: 10424:"For breastfeeding moms, COVID-19 vaccinations may also protect babies" 10023: 9966: 8837: 7962: 7819:"Is it normal to breast-feed your toddler, and beyond? Science says..." 7465: 7255:"Français: Ankyloglossie (frein lingual court) chez un enfant de 4 ans" 5761: 5583: 5566: 5046: 3356: 3334:, support for breastfeeding in the workplace includes several types of 3259: 3161: 3037: 2607:

Exclusive breastfeeding usually delays the return of fertility through

2389: 2255: 1688: 1532:

complicate breastfeeding recommendations for HIV-positive mothers. The

1529: 1328: 1267: 1025:

Latching refers to how the baby fastens onto the breast while feeding.

488:

and bodily stores. It has an optimal balance of fat, sugar, water, and

440:

Two 25 ml samples of human breast milk. The sample on the left is

154: 39: 14503: 12086: 11760: 11737: 11151: 11048: 10824: 10807: 10683: 10666: 10664: 10213:

Van de Perre P (July 2003). "Transfer of antibody via mother's milk".

10057:

Dewey KG, Heinig MJ, Nommsen LA, Peerson JM, Lönnerdal B (June 1992).

8159: 6043: 3046: 2763:

Work is the most commonly cited reason for not breastfeeding. In 2012

2224:

A mom using a baby carrier to support a feeding baby in Rio de Janeiro

18023: 18013: 17990: 17937: 17834: 17824: 17735: 17708: 17696: 17658: 17524: 17395: 17363: 17215: 17133: 17123: 17118: 16944: 16810: 16789: 16671: 16596: 16548: 16478: 16433: 16283: 16263: 16217: 15996: 15991: 15981: 15926: 12617: 11358:

He X, Zhu M, Hu C, Tao X, Li Y, Wang Q, et al. (December 2015).

10275:

Vukavic T (May 1983). "Intestinal absorption of IgA in the newborn".

8861:"Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Toolkit Frequently Asked Questions" 8398: 5269:

Lawrence RA, Lawrence RM, Noble L, Rosen-Carole C, Stuebe AM (2021).

5028:

Y de Vries J, Pundir S, Mckenzie E, Keijer J, Kussmann M (May 2018).

4846: 3480: 3292: 3263: 3229: 3086: 2972: 2841: 2483:

among at-risk children. Breast milk of healthy human mothers who eat

2397: 2378: 2359: 2212:

that builds community bonds across class and other hierarchal bonds.

2093: 2087: 1838: 1741: 1729: 1480: 1426: 1410:

harmless and helpful germs found naturally on the surface of the skin

1378: 1271: 1241: 652: 576: 572: 498: 414: 377: 320: 316: 296: 284: 262: 166: 91: 15665:

Ethnographies of Breastfeeding: Cultural Contexts and Confrontations

14879: 14678:"Baby health crisis in Indonesia as formula companies push products" 14429: 13883:"Infants exclusively breastfed for the first six months of life (%)" 13808: 12915: 12878: 12855: 12499: 11963:"Support for healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies" 9951:"Breastfeeding and trajectories of children's cognitive development" 9390: 8966: 8399:

Boostani R, Sadeghi R, Sabouri A, Ghabeli-Juibary A (October 2018).

6215:. Unit for Health Services Research and International Health. 2008. 6202: 4596:

Hale TW, Hartmann PE, Czank C, Henderson J, Kent JC, Lai CT (2007).

3050:

Percentage of US infants breastfeeding by month since birth in 2008.

2952: 1450:

not have enough fat or calories to promote early brain development.

97:

Breastfeeding has a number of benefits to both mother and baby that

17955: 17911: 17906: 17783: 17740: 17728: 17713: 17643: 17548: 17458: 17368: 17277: 17150: 16995: 16934: 16924: 16859: 16696: 16676: 16601: 16069: 15971: 15645:

Milk, money, and madness: the culture and politics of breastfeeding

14376: 13553:"'Lactivists' Taking Their Cause, and Their Babies, to the Streets" 11656:

Figueiredo B, Dias CC, Brandão S, Canário C, Nunes-Costa R (2013).

10855:

Owen CG, Martin RM, Whincup PH, Smith GD, Cook DG (November 2006).

10630:

Hassiotou F, Geddes DT, Hartmann PE (2013). "Cells in Human Milk".

10150: 10115: 9495:(5th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Publishers. pp. 581–588. 7720:"Should a mother continue breastfeeding if her child has jaundice?" 4544: 3340: 3104: 3064:

Breastfeeding rates in different parts of China vary considerably.

3005: 2868: 2745:, such as advanced age, number of pregnancies and smoking behavior. 2629: 2590: 2409: 2401: 2291: 2263: 2182: 2069: 1791: 1783: 1667: 1579: 1552:. Infant formula should only be given if this can be safely done. 1370: 1338:(caused by medical conditions or anatomical issues in the mother), 1279: 671: 588: 580: 481: 465: 418: 386: 335: 308: 238: 222: 210: 198: 182: 150: 135: 115: 27:

Feeding of babies or young children with milk from a woman's breast

14525: 11658:"Breastfeeding and postpartum depression: state of the art review" 7681:

Neifert MR (April 2001). "Prevention of breastfeeding tragedies".

3000:

makes the prevention of a woman breastfeeding in any public place

1388:

There are two types of newborn jaundice related to breastfeeding.

1168: 17995: 17891: 17553: 17536: 17353: 17252: 17180: 16954: 16929: 16706: 16342: 15956: 15558:

Maternal-newborn nursing: the critical components of nursing care

13524:"Draft International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk substitutes" 12973: 12721:"AAP Advises Most Medications Are Safe for Breastfeeding Mothers" 11914:"Public health in action: give mothers support for breastfeeding" 10716:"Parallels between pathogens and gluten peptides in celiac sprue" 9516: 9514: 9512: 9329: 8949:"When breastfeeding or feeding expressed milk is not recommended" 8472:"When breastfeeding or feeding expressed milk is not recommended" 7358:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

7322:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

5346:"Vitamin D supplementation in infants, children, and adolescents" 5268: 3413: 3020: 2616: 2488: 2385: 1916:

baby to lose desire for the breast. This is often referred to as

1842: 1757:, during breastfeeding. The main active ingredient in marijuana, 1754: 1233: 615: 552: 489: 461: 351: 233: 143: 15829: 12511: 12020: 10464:

International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders

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on COVID-19 preventive measures to be taken while breastfeeding

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Produced during pregnancy and the first days after childbirth,

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Breast development starts in puberty with the growth of ducts,

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Mother's Milk: Breastfeeding Controversies in American Culture

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compression technique to help move milk into the baby's mouth.

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Breastfeeding is associated with a lower chance of developing

2155:

Woman breastfeeds 2 year old twins whilst reading them a book.

1555: 1196:. A posterior tongue-tie is a band of tissue that can only be 771:

follows a slow, rhythmic pattern, with 1–2 sucks per swallow.

618:

that decrease the risk of gastrointestinal allergies to food,

237:

When the baby suckles their mother's breast, a hormone called

173:. Long-term benefits for the mother include decreased risk of 126:. Other benefits have been proposed to include lower risks of 17701: 17514: 17390: 17385: 17343: 17323: 16784: 16258: 15232:"Pregnant, nursing mothers gain employment rights protection" 14229: 11785: 10461: 9529:. World Health Organization. 2005. p. 41. Archived from 7422: 6902:(3 ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. 4235:"Breast-feeding isn't free. This is how much it really costs" 2741:

effect on a woman's breasts; other factors did contribute to

2456: 1585: 1058: 811: 623: 444:, the watery milk coming from a full breast. To the right is 14397:"UAE law requires mothers to breastfeed for first two years" 13060:

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without risk to the baby but certain drugs, including some

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or infection may be present and seek medical intervention.

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Schiff M, Algert CS, Ampt A, Sywak MS, Roberts CL (2014).

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International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes

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International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes

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highlights the possibility of breastfeeding in mothers on

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development

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is strongly associated with an increased probability of

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Center for Disease Control and Prevention Breastfeeding

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Breastfeeding : a guide for the medical profession

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Lactating human breasts showing evidence of engorgement

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Sign for a private nursing area at a museum using the

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LactMed @ NIH (Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed))

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dedicated to promoting awareness of breastfeeding in

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that assist the infant in ways outside of nutrition.

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Standing mother breastfeeding her baby, Canjambari,

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Breastfeeding: A Guide for the Medical Professional

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Archived from 7371: 7337:"Common questions about breastfeeding and pain" 6870: 6868: 6866: 6864: 6862: 6860: 6858: 6856: 6776: 6627: 6625: 6623: 6621: 6619: 6617: 6615: 6613: 6611: 5899: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5846: 5758:The Mother and Child Health and Education Trust 5748: 5746: 5701:Holmes AV, McLeod AY, Bunik M (December 2013). 5607: 5478: 5182: 4887: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4067: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3240: 1105:Example and indicators of a poor, shallow latch 997:Breastfeeding – Twins, football or clutch hold. 985:Breastfeeding – Twins, cross cradle position I. 385:"Delay in milk 'coming in'" subsection below. 30:"Suckling" redirects here. For other uses, see 15647:. Westport, Connecticut: Bergin & Garvey. 15619:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 227–228. 15598:. 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Additionally, use of 1687:2021 found that, while 850:Indications for use of 528:National Health Service 506:which help with normal 78:, is the process where 18061:Diseases and disorders 17870:Sexual differentiation 17520:Fidel Castro and dairy 17484:Plastic milk container 16770:Grandparent visitation 16348:Extended breastfeeding 16138:Breastfeeding in Islam 16128:Breastfeeding advocacy 15194:Breastfeeding Medicine 13952:10.15585/mmwr.mm7021a1 13353:10.1186/1746-4358-3-11 13066:Breastfeeding Medicine 12549:10.1186/1746-4358-9-17 12391:10.1542/peds.2010-0459 11788:Breastfeeding Medicine 11476:10.23970/ahrqepccer210 11092:(1): 35–42: quiz 108. 10949:Breastfeeding Medicine 10896:Palmer B (June 1998). 10874:10.1093/ajcn/84.5.1043 10609:10.1542/peds.113.2.361 10566:10.1542/peds.2007-3022 10476:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802758 10393:10.1542/peds.2013-1985 10075:10.1542/peds.89.6.1035 9894:10.1542/peds.2010-3000 9621:Breastfeeding Magazine 9212:Breastfeeding Medicine 9165:Breastfeeding Medicine 9125:Breastfeeding Medicine 8947:CDC (10 August 2021). 8881:CDC (10 August 2021). 8528:CDC (2 October 2020). 8470:CDC (10 August 2021). 8239:CDC (10 August 2021). 7759:10.1542/peds.114.1.297 7633:Breastfeeding Medicine 7425:Breastfeeding Medicine 6634:Breastfeeding Medicine 6588:(5 Suppl): S107–S111. 6439:10.1542/peds.2016-3440 6194:. CDC. 2 August 2011. 5979:Breastfeeding Medicine 5938:Breastfeeding Medicine 5902:Breastfeeding Medicine 5871:10.1542/peds.2004-2491 5707:Breastfeeding Medicine 5672:. 2018. Archived from 5079:CDC (26 August 2021). 4962:Breastfeeding Medicine 4706:Clinics in Dermatology 4504:Breastfeeding Medicine 4448:. NHS. 26 March 2018. 4351:Breastfeeding Medicine 4293:Breastfeeding Medicine 3778:Breastfeeding Medicine 3674:10.1542/peds.2011-3552 3562:. WHO. February 2014. 3326: 3271: 3233:Breastfeeding and the 3169: 3131: 3057: 3043: 3041: 2960: 2834:over-the-counter drugs 2723:Postpartum confinement 2609:lactational amenorrhea 2603:Lactational amenorrhea 2518:cardiovascular disease 2225: 2106:English-speaking world 1877: 1864: 1718:Royal Women's Hospital 1663: 1540:and with undetectable 1521: 1467:Extended breastfeeding 1461:Extended breastfeeding 1455:lactational amenorrhea 1304:, stressful delivery, 1228: 1220: 1173: 1106: 1063: 1043: 862:, in this population. 789:Extended breastfeeding 776:slower milk velocity. 700:Children who are born 659: 585:gastrointestinal tract 449: 368: 258: 250: 179:cardiovascular disease 171:lactational amenorrhea 118:for the baby, both in 64: 44: 43:A baby being breastfed 18093:Premature ejaculation 18088:Hard flaccid syndrome 17758:Human sexual activity 16529:Infant sleep training 16100:Breastfeeding and HIV 16055:Fissure of the nipple 15947:Lactation suppression 15206:10.1089/bfm.2016.0182 14002:10.1186/1746-4358-4-6 13824:Women's Health Issues 13456:10.1353/nlh.2007.0039 13078:10.1089/bfm.2014.0023 12935:10.1093/humupd/dmu007 11918:Public Health Reports 11800:10.1089/bfm.2019.0091 10961:10.1089/bfm.2017.0105 10069:(6 Pt 1): 1035–1041. 9955:Developmental Science 9224:10.1089/bfm.2017.0025 9035:Northwestern Medicine 7391:10.1186/1746-4358-1-3 7253:Gzzz (12 June 2018). 6936:NHS Choices Home Page 5719:10.1089/bfm.2013.9979 5458:NHS Choices Home Page 4305:10.1089/bfm.2014.9984 4287:Amir LH (June 2014). 3790:10.1089/bfm.2009.0050 3365:lactation consultants 3321: 3262: 3207:World Health Assembly 3159: 3123: 3049: 3040: 3034: 2955: 2883:Undiagnosed maternal 2673:postpartum depression 2296:cognitive development 2248:respiratory infection 2223: 1962:Optimal Storage Time 1875: 1858: 1670:(no contraindication) 1657: 1492:Lactation consultants 1282:, plugged ducts, and 1274:or the equivalent of 1226: 1218: 1171: 1104: 1061: 1041: 1021:Latch (breastfeeding) 773:Non-nutritive sucking 725:expressed breast milk 650: 620:respiratory allergies 439: 365: 256: 236: 159:postpartum depression 140:cognitive development 70:, variously known as 59: 42: 18083:Erectile dysfunction 16687:Prenatal development 16587:Attachment parenting 16561:Shaken baby syndrome 16269:Lactation consultant 16198:Jack Newman (doctor) 16133:Breastfeeding in art 14558:"Champions for Moms" 14421:. 20 February 2014. 13444:New Literary History 12626:, pp. 231, 616. 11912:Benjamin RM (2011). 11429:10.1038/ijo.2013.132 9536:on 19 October 2011. 9298:CDC (11 June 2021). 9267:"Storing Human Milk" 8283:10.1093/jpids/piu070 8277:(Suppl 1): S24–S29. 8204:10.1289/ehp.116-a426 6176:. 21 December 2017. 4264:. 19 December 2013. 3784:(Suppl 1): S17–S30. 3175:United Arab Emirates 3129:Stanisław Wyspiański 2472:Other health effects 2350:(protecting against 2260:bacterial meningitis 1645:hand expressing milk 1615:tuberculous mastitis 1402:bilirubin metabolism 1048:Glands of Montgomery 400:milk ejection reflex 389:, which signals the 373:third stage of labor 352:melasma of pregnancy 195:De Quervain syndrome 191:rheumatoid arthritis 17862:reproductive system 17850:Vaginal lubrication 17628:sexual reproduction 17001:Infant ear piercing 16274:Lactation counselor 15987:Prolactin modulator 15967:Overactive let-down 15868:Anatomy, physiology 15708:Hausman BL (2014). 15594:Davidson M (2014). 15506:on 5 September 2017 15357:www.infactcanada.ca 14903:Social Anthropology 14813:"Baby-Friendly USA" 14793:on 24 February 2021 14617:(9748): 1261–1271. 14438:, pp. 210–211. 14233:Academic Pediatrics 14168:(4 Pt 2): 870–876. 12768:2009NeuTx..30..338M 12654:2017PLoSO..1286591K 12595:10.5694/mja14.01386 12508:, pp. 615–616. 12114:The Washington Post 11662:Jornal de Pediatria 11487:. No. 18-EHC014-EF. 10351:Wall Street Journal 10038:on 23 February 2015 9465:on 20 October 2007. 9425:on 12 October 2004. 9409:Grunberg R (1992). 9399:, pp. 707–708. 9002:"InfantRisk Center" 8975:, pp. 390–392. 8504:HealthyChildren.org 8360:2018NatSR...8.7742P 8228:on 6 November 2008. 5624:on 27 November 2015 5375:CDC (2 July 2021). 4896:Clinical Toxicology 3378:(2010) amended the 3116:Society and culture 2975:"lactivists") use " 2848:, may pose a risk. 2664:. According to the 2623:Postpartum bleeding 2360:intestinal bacteria 2338:Human milk immunity 1955: 1810:Pumping-and-dumping 1517:Maternal infections 1172:Anterior tongue-tie 651:Newborn rests as a 476:Nutritional content 470:signaling molecules 346:, formation of the 124:developed countries 17860:Development of the 17771:Sexual intercourse 16509:Infant food safety 16295:with breastfeeding 16045:Breast engorgement 15922:Frenulum of tongue 15539:has a profile for 15377:. 29 October 2014. 15236:St. Louis American 15079:10.1111/birt.12477 15040:10.1093/abm/kax013 14506:on 1 December 2017 13796:. Maternity Action 13557:The New York Times 13290:Health & Place 13265:The New York Times 12385:(6): e1414–e1427. 11098:10.1111/jmwh.12101 9967:10.1111/desc.12136 9560:on 8 February 2015 9062:. 17 December 2018 9006:www.infantrisk.com 8838:10.1111/bcpt.12149 8800:La Leche League GB 8638:Pediatric Research 8348:Scientific Reports 8053:surgeongeneral.gov 7963:10.3390/nu11102350 7824:. 12 February 2015 7581:La Leche League GB 7003:La Leche League GB 6785:. Infantique.store 6720:Healthwise Staff. 6102:. 20 August 2018. 5584:10.1038/pr.2011.34 5571:Pediatric Research 5460:. 21 December 2017 5047:10.3390/nu10060687 3826:(10017): 475–490. 3327: 3272: 3170: 3166:Reykjavík, Iceland 3132: 3058: 3044: 3042: 3004:under the law. In 2961: 2900:antidiabetic drugs 2879:Medical conditions 2838:prescription drugs 2662:endometrial cancer 2645:Chronic conditions 2526:C-reactive protein 2445:longitudinal study 2288:ulcerative colitis 2226: 2206:adoptive lactation 2098:developing nations 1953: 1878: 1876:Manual breast pump 1865: 1835:metabolic disorder 1833:Galactosemia is a 1664: 1538:anti-viral therapy 1406:genetic variations 1272:blood vessel spasm 1238:interstitial space 1229: 1221: 1211:Breast engorgement 1174: 1107: 1064: 1044: 761:stomach capacity. 660: 450: 369: 259: 251: 219:recreational drugs 207:plugged milk ducts 187:metabolic syndrome 65: 45: 18106: 18105: 17875:Sexual dimorphism 17840:Postpartum period 17590: 17589: 17449:Glass milk bottle 17051: 17050: 16911: 16748:Children's rights 16662:Object permanence 16484:Failure to thrive 16381: 16380: 16085:Neonatal jaundice 16035:Blocked milk duct 15737:Library resources 15721:978-1-135-20826-4 15675:978-1-4725-6926-4 15654:978-0-313-36060-2 15626:978-0-323-39420-8 15605:978-0-8261-6887-0 15586:978-1-56533-569-1 15567:978-0-8036-3704-7 15556:Durham R (2014). 15545: 14989:(10): 1865–1868. 14934:BMJ Global Health 14546:on 28 April 2017. 14274:Baldursdóttir I. 14216:978-0-85793-064-4 14121:978-1-55458-758-2 13424:978-0-631-23311-4 13400:on 31 March 2007. 12471:(11): 2008–2024. 12087:10.1111/ppe.12303 11767:. 5 November 2018 11568:(9328): 187–195. 11505:. 23 January 2017 11370:(18): 3308–3316. 11245:978-1-74334-890-1 11152:10.1111/apa.13102 11049:10.1111/mcn.12200 10825:10.1111/tmi.13278 10684:10.1111/apt.13163 10677:(11): 1038–1054. 10470:(10): 1247–1256. 10221:(24): 3374–3376. 9828:978-1-58763-242-6 9767:978-92-4-159523-0 9627:on 7 January 2023 9502:978-1-4496-9729-7 8595:(11): 1324–1336. 8506:. 2 November 2009 8198:(10): A427–A434. 8166:www.health.gov.au 7583:. 28 January 2016 7142:. 28 January 2021 7056:. 7 December 2020 7005:. 30 January 2016 6976:. 7 December 2020 6938:. 28 October 2016 6909:978-1-4496-9465-4 6896:Walker M (2014). 6493:978-92-4-156221-8 6076:. 14 April 2014. 6044:10.1111/apa.12291 5408:. 20 October 2009 5280:978-0-323-68014-1 4883:on 16 March 2009. 4757:978-1-4698-8109-6 4747:Perinatal nursing 4665:978-0-323-39420-8 4609:978-0-9772268-9-4 4470:. 21 March 2018. 4210:. 14 April 2014. 4136:978-1-4377-0788-5 4111:978-0-9987789-0-7 3456:Child development 3336:employee benefits 2998:Equality Act 2010 2942:Social acceptance 2935:Dr. Michele Barry 2896:diabetes mellitus 2846:psychiatric drugs 2788:Caesarean section 2765:Save the Children 2451:Allergic diseases 2439:Childhood obesity 2433:Childhood obesity 2070:bisphenol A (BPA) 2047: 2046: 2023:Standard Freezer 1959:Storage Location 1922:nipple preference 1684:COVID-19 pandemic 1365:Neonatal jaundice 1306:retained placenta 1302:maternal diabetes 1246:blocked milk duct 1074:extend their neck 1039: 769:Nutritive Sucking 609:anti-inflammatory 589:diarrheal illness 559:Bioactive content 57: 16:(Redirected from 18131: 17845:Mechanics of sex 17654:Follicular phase 17624:Human physiology 17617: 17610: 17603: 17594: 17593: 17580: 17579: 17168: 17078: 17071: 17064: 17055: 17054: 16907: 16592:Baby-led weaning 16408: 16401: 16394: 16385: 16384: 16353:Nipple confusion 16338:Baby-led weaning 16080:Nipple vasospasm 16028:and difficulties 15977:Passive immunity 15952:Lactiferous duct 15854: 15847: 15840: 15831: 15830: 15822: 15821: 15820: 15813: 15725: 15704: 15679: 15658: 15630: 15609: 15590: 15575:Henry N (2016). 15571: 15543: 15533: 15532: 15516: 15515: 15513: 15511: 15496: 15490: 15489: 15453: 15447: 15446: 15436: 15426: 15402: 15396: 15395: 15393: 15385: 15379: 15378: 15367: 15361: 15360: 15349: 15340: 15339: 15328: 15322: 15321: 15319: 15317: 15302: 15296: 15295: 15283: 15277: 15267: 15258: 15257: 15247: 15239: 15227: 15218: 15217: 15189: 15183: 15182: 15180: 15178: 15169: 15161: 15150: 15149: 15139: 15122:(10): CD006177. 15107: 15101: 15100: 15090: 15058: 15052: 15051: 15023: 15017: 15016: 15006: 14974: 14968: 14967: 14957: 14925: 14919: 14918: 14898: 14892: 14891: 14863: 14857: 14856: 14854: 14852: 14837: 14828: 14827: 14825: 14823: 14809: 14803: 14802: 14800: 14798: 14792: 14786:. Archived from 14781: 14773: 14767: 14766: 14764: 14762: 14753: 14745: 14739: 14738: 14728: 14696: 14690: 14689: 14684:. Archived from 14673: 14667: 14666: 14654: 14645: 14644: 14634: 14602: 14596: 14595: 14589: 14580: 14574: 14573: 14571: 14569: 14554: 14548: 14547: 14536: 14530: 14529: 14522: 14516: 14515: 14513: 14511: 14496: 14490: 14489: 14487: 14485: 14471: 14465: 14464: 14462: 14460: 14445: 14439: 14433: 14427: 14426: 14415: 14409: 14408: 14392: 14386: 14385: 14367: 14361: 14360: 14348: 14342: 14341: 14325: 14319: 14318: 14302: 14296: 14295: 14293: 14291: 14271: 14265: 14264: 14227: 14221: 14220: 14200: 14194: 14193: 14157: 14151: 14150: 14148: 14146: 14132: 14126: 14125: 14105: 14099: 14098: 14096: 14094: 14075: 14069: 14068: 14057: 14051: 14050: 14048: 14046: 14031: 14025: 14024: 14014: 14004: 13980: 13974: 13973: 13963: 13931: 13925: 13924: 13922: 13920: 13905: 13899: 13898: 13896: 13894: 13879: 13873: 13872: 13856: 13850: 13849: 13839: 13815: 13806: 13805: 13803: 13801: 13790: 13781: 13780: 13778: 13776: 13761: 13755: 13754: 13752: 13750: 13744:www.congress.gov 13735: 13729: 13728: 13726: 13724: 13710: 13704: 13703: 13686:(7/8): 379–388. 13675: 13669: 13668: 13640: 13631: 13630: 13594: 13588: 13587: 13567: 13561: 13560: 13548: 13542: 13541: 13539: 13528: 13519: 13513: 13512: 13484: 13478: 13477: 13467: 13435: 13429: 13428: 13408: 13402: 13401: 13382: 13376: 13375: 13365: 13355: 13331: 13322: 13321: 13285: 13276: 13275: 13273: 13271: 13256: 13250: 13249: 13247: 13245: 13230: 13224: 13223: 13221: 13219: 13213: 13197: 13191: 13190: 13176: 13152: 13146: 13145: 13109: 13100: 13099: 13089: 13057: 13051: 13050: 13040: 13030: 13006: 13000: 12999: 12971: 12965: 12964: 12963: 12957: 12947: 12937: 12913: 12907: 12906: 12889:(1–2): 110–115. 12874: 12868: 12867: 12839: 12833: 12832: 12804: 12798: 12797: 12787: 12743: 12737: 12736: 12734: 12732: 12717: 12711: 12710: 12708: 12706: 12692: 12686: 12685: 12675: 12665: 12648:(10): e0186591. 12633: 12627: 12621: 12615: 12614: 12578: 12572: 12571: 12561: 12551: 12527: 12521: 12515: 12509: 12503: 12497: 12496: 12460: 12454: 12453: 12443: 12434:(5): 1113–1135. 12419: 12413: 12412: 12402: 12370: 12364: 12363: 12361: 12354: 12346: 12340: 12339: 12337: 12306: 12297: 12291: 12290: 12254: 12248: 12247: 12245: 12243: 12223: 12217: 12216: 12198: 12174: 12168: 12167: 12131: 12125: 12124: 12122: 12120: 12105: 12099: 12098: 12070: 12061: 12060: 12050: 12033:(12): CD006425. 12018: 12009: 12008: 11998: 11973:(10): CD001141. 11958: 11952: 11951: 11941: 11909: 11903: 11902: 11900: 11898: 11892: 11885: 11877: 11871: 11870: 11860: 11850: 11826: 11820: 11819: 11783: 11777: 11776: 11774: 11772: 11757: 11751: 11750: 11740: 11712: 11706: 11705: 11687: 11677: 11653: 11647: 11646: 11618: 11612: 11611: 11600: 11594: 11593: 11556: 11550: 11549: 11521: 11515: 11514: 11512: 11510: 11503:womenshealth.gov 11495: 11489: 11488: 11478: 11467:AHRQ Publication 11458: 11449: 11448: 11412: 11406: 11405: 11387: 11355: 11349: 11348: 11346: 11344: 11331: 11299: 11293: 11292: 11256: 11250: 11249: 11229: 11223: 11222: 11212: 11180: 11174: 11173: 11163: 11140:Acta Paediatrica 11131: 11120: 11119: 11109: 11077: 11071: 11070: 11060: 11028: 11022: 11021: 11011: 10979: 10973: 10972: 10944: 10938: 10937: 10893: 10887: 10886: 10876: 10867:(5): 1043–1054. 10852: 10846: 10845: 10827: 10803: 10797: 10796: 10786: 10762: 10756: 10755: 10745: 10735: 10711: 10705: 10704: 10686: 10662: 10656: 10655: 10627: 10621: 10620: 10592: 10586: 10585: 10545: 10539: 10538: 10513:(5): 1224–1232. 10502: 10496: 10495: 10459: 10453: 10446: 10440: 10439: 10437: 10435: 10420: 10414: 10413: 10395: 10386:(3): e796–e809. 10371: 10362: 10361: 10359: 10357: 10342: 10336: 10335: 10307: 10301: 10300: 10272: 10266: 10265: 10245: 10239: 10238: 10210: 10204: 10203: 10183: 10177: 10176: 10148: 10142: 10141: 10113: 10107: 10106: 10104: 10102: 10054: 10048: 10047: 10045: 10043: 10037: 10030: 10021: 10015: 10014: 10012: 10010: 10005:. 23 August 2021 9995: 9989: 9988: 9978: 9946: 9940: 9939: 9937: 9935: 9928:familydoctor.org 9920: 9914: 9913: 9877: 9871: 9870: 9864: 9860: 9858: 9850: 9840: 9816: 9806: 9787: 9786: 9784: 9782: 9776: 9759: 9748: 9731: 9730: 9720: 9703:(11): CD003519. 9688: 9682: 9681: 9675: 9667: 9643: 9637: 9636: 9634: 9632: 9613: 9607: 9606: 9596: 9576: 9570: 9569: 9567: 9565: 9550: 9544: 9543: 9535: 9528: 9518: 9507: 9506: 9484: 9467: 9466: 9455: 9449: 9448: 9446: 9444: 9433: 9427: 9426: 9406: 9400: 9394: 9388: 9387: 9386:on 24 July 2008. 9382:. Archived from 9376:"Breast Friends" 9371: 9365: 9364: 9352: 9346: 9345: 9343: 9341: 9321: 9315: 9314: 9312: 9310: 9295: 9282: 9281: 9279: 9277: 9263: 9246: 9245: 9235: 9203: 9197: 9196: 9160: 9149: 9148: 9120: 9097: 9096: 9078: 9072: 9071: 9069: 9067: 9052: 9046: 9045: 9043: 9041: 9026: 9017: 9016: 9014: 9012: 8998: 8992: 8991: 8982: 8976: 8970: 8964: 8963: 8961: 8959: 8944: 8935: 8934: 8933: 8931: 8909: 8898: 8897: 8895: 8893: 8878: 8872: 8871: 8869: 8867: 8856: 8850: 8849: 8821: 8812: 8811: 8809: 8807: 8792: 8786: 8785: 8783: 8781: 8766: 8760: 8759: 8757: 8755: 8741: 8735: 8734: 8732: 8730: 8715: 8706: 8705: 8703: 8701: 8686: 8680: 8679: 8661: 8644:(4): 1140–1145. 8629: 8623: 8622: 8612: 8580: 8574: 8573: 8571: 8569: 8564:. 11 August 2021 8554: 8545: 8544: 8542: 8540: 8525: 8516: 8515: 8513: 8511: 8496: 8487: 8486: 8484: 8482: 8467: 8456: 8455: 8453: 8451: 8437: 8431: 8430: 8420: 8396: 8390: 8389: 8379: 8339: 8333: 8332: 8330: 8328: 8314: 8305: 8304: 8294: 8262: 8256: 8255: 8253: 8251: 8236: 8230: 8229: 8224:. Archived from 8215: 8183: 8177: 8176: 8174: 8172: 8157: 8148: 8147: 8145: 8143: 8138:on 31 March 2014 8134:. Archived from 8124: 8118: 8112: 8106: 8098: 8089: 8088: 8078: 8072: 8071: 8069: 8067: 8061: 8050: 8042: 8036: 8035: 8033: 8031: 8017: 8011: 8010: 8008: 8006: 7992: 7986: 7985: 7975: 7965: 7941: 7935: 7934: 7932: 7930: 7916: 7910: 7909: 7907: 7905: 7891: 7885: 7884: 7882: 7880: 7866: 7860: 7859: 7857: 7855: 7850:on 28 April 2016 7840: 7834: 7833: 7831: 7829: 7815: 7806: 7805: 7785: 7779: 7778: 7742: 7736: 7735: 7733: 7731: 7716: 7707: 7706: 7678: 7669: 7663: 7657: 7656: 7628: 7619: 7618: 7616: 7614: 7599: 7593: 7592: 7590: 7588: 7573: 7567: 7566: 7555: 7549: 7548: 7512: 7506: 7505: 7495: 7463: 7457: 7456: 7420: 7414: 7413: 7403: 7393: 7369: 7363: 7357: 7356: 7352: 7350: 7348: 7333: 7327: 7321: 7320: 7316: 7314: 7312: 7297: 7291: 7290: 7288: 7286: 7272: 7266: 7265: 7263: 7261: 7250: 7244: 7243: 7233: 7201: 7195: 7194: 7158: 7152: 7151: 7149: 7147: 7132: 7126: 7125: 7123: 7121: 7112: 7103: 7094: 7093: 7091: 7089: 7075: 7066: 7065: 7063: 7061: 7046: 7040: 7039: 7037: 7035: 7021: 7015: 7014: 7012: 7010: 6995: 6986: 6985: 6983: 6981: 6966: 6960: 6954: 6948: 6947: 6945: 6943: 6928: 6922: 6921: 6893: 6887: 6886: 6884: 6882: 6872: 6851: 6850: 6848: 6846: 6832: 6826: 6825: 6819: 6817: 6806: 6795: 6794: 6792: 6790: 6774: 6768: 6767: 6765: 6763: 6744: 6738: 6737: 6735: 6733: 6717: 6711: 6710: 6674: 6668: 6667: 6657: 6629: 6606: 6605: 6577: 6571: 6570: 6568: 6566: 6551: 6545: 6544: 6542: 6540: 6534: 6527: 6519: 6513: 6512: 6510: 6508: 6502: 6477: 6466: 6460: 6459: 6441: 6432:(1): e20163440. 6417: 6408: 6407: 6371: 6365: 6364: 6362: 6360: 6346: 6340: 6339: 6329: 6297: 6291: 6290: 6284: 6276: 6258: 6238: 6232: 6231: 6229: 6227: 6221: 6214: 6206: 6200: 6199: 6188: 6182: 6181: 6170: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6159: 6144: 6138: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6114: 6108: 6107: 6096: 6090: 6089: 6087: 6085: 6070: 6064: 6063: 6032:Acta Paediatrica 6027: 6021: 6020: 6019:on 28 June 2012. 6009: 6003: 6002: 5973: 5962: 5961: 5932: 5926: 5925: 5897: 5891: 5890: 5854: 5841: 5840: 5835:. Archived from 5829: 5823: 5822: 5812: 5795:(11): CD003519. 5780: 5774: 5773: 5771: 5769: 5764:on 23 March 2018 5760:. Archived from 5750: 5741: 5740: 5730: 5698: 5689: 5688: 5686: 5684: 5679:on 17 April 2018 5678: 5671: 5661: 5655: 5654: 5643: 5634: 5633: 5631: 5629: 5614: 5605: 5604: 5586: 5562: 5556: 5555: 5553: 5551: 5536: 5527: 5526: 5508: 5491:(12): CD013046. 5476: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5465: 5450: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5439: 5424: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5398: 5392: 5391: 5389: 5387: 5372: 5366: 5365: 5341: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5330: 5321: 5313: 5307: 5306: 5300: 5292: 5266: 5225: 5224: 5214: 5204: 5180: 5174: 5173: 5163: 5131: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5102: 5096: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5076: 5070: 5069: 5059: 5049: 5025: 5016: 5015: 5013: 5011: 5006:on 31 March 2014 5002:. Archived from 4992: 4986: 4985: 4957: 4928: 4927: 4891: 4885: 4884: 4873: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4843: 4837: 4836: 4808: 4802: 4801: 4788:Zheng T (2020). 4785: 4770: 4769: 4741: 4730: 4729: 4701: 4692: 4691: 4685: 4677: 4651: 4622: 4621: 4593: 4587: 4586: 4576: 4566: 4542: 4536: 4535: 4499: 4484: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4460: 4454: 4453: 4438: 4432: 4431: 4416: 4410: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4391: 4385: 4384: 4374: 4342: 4327: 4326: 4316: 4284: 4278: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4258: 4252: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4230: 4224: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4204: 4198: 4197: 4175: 4152: 4141: 4140: 4122: 4116: 4115: 4097: 3862: 3861: 3843: 3815: 3802: 3801: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3759: 3753: 3752: 3742: 3710: 3699: 3698: 3676: 3667:(3): e827–e841. 3652: 3621: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3601: 3576: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3556: 3550: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3526: 3436:Baby-led weaning 3410:British Columbia 3192:Social marketing 2889:gluten-free diet 2637:Weight retention 2368:gastrointestinal 2354:infections) and 2346:factors such as 2323: 2322: 2318: 2315: 2179:oral rehydration 2164: 2152: 2140: 1956: 1952: 1918:nipple confusion 1902:premature babies 1898:nasogastric tube 1726:nicotine patches 1559:(types I and II) 1383:UV light therapy 1359:Newborn jaundice 1276:Raynaud Syndrome 1160:Use of pacifiers 1145:Inverted nipples 1040: 1006: 994: 982: 970: 958: 946: 934: 922: 910: 894: 852:donor breastmilk 601:mucous membranes 597:immunoglobulin A 410:Lactogenesis III 211:breast infection 58: 21: 18139: 18138: 18134: 18133: 18132: 18130: 18129: 18128: 18109: 18108: 18107: 18102: 18056: 18033: 18000: 17973:and infertility 17972: 17965: 17942: 17861: 17854: 17752: 17682:Spermatogenesis 17668: 17636:Menstrual cycle 17630: 17621: 17591: 17586: 17568: 17498: 17489:Square milk jug 17432: 17312: 17169: 17160: 17087: 17082: 17052: 17047: 17041:Paternity fraud 16991:Closed adoption 16964: 16920:Infant clothing 16895:Haberman Feeder 16865:Car seat safety 16794: 16775:Infant swimming 16753:UN Child rights 16711: 16622:Gestational age 16575: 16418: 16412: 16382: 16377: 16326: 16294: 16288: 16247: 16238:Mary Rose Tully 16223:Mothers' rights 16208:La Leche League 16183:Human milk bank 16120: 16114: 16060:Inverted nipple 16050:Low milk supply 16027: 16021: 16012:Mammary alveoli 15869: 15863: 15858: 15828: 15818: 15816: 15808: 15762: 15761: 15760: 15745: 15744: 15740: 15733: 15728: 15722: 15676: 15655: 15638: 15636:Further reading 15633: 15627: 15606: 15587: 15568: 15551: 15550: 15549: 15534: 15530: 15525: 15520: 15519: 15509: 15507: 15498: 15497: 15493: 15454: 15450: 15403: 15399: 15391: 15387: 15386: 15382: 15369: 15368: 15364: 15351: 15350: 15343: 15330: 15329: 15325: 15315: 15313: 15303: 15299: 15284: 15280: 15268: 15261: 15241: 15240: 15228: 15221: 15190: 15186: 15176: 15174: 15167: 15163: 15162: 15153: 15108: 15104: 15059: 15055: 15024: 15020: 14975: 14971: 14926: 14922: 14899: 14895: 14880:10.2307/3773273 14864: 14860: 14850: 14848: 14838: 14831: 14821: 14819: 14811: 14810: 14806: 14796: 14794: 14790: 14779: 14775: 14774: 14770: 14760: 14758: 14751: 14747: 14746: 14742: 14697: 14693: 14674: 14670: 14655: 14648: 14603: 14599: 14587: 14581: 14577: 14567: 14565: 14564:on 1 March 2018 14556: 14555: 14551: 14538: 14537: 14533: 14524: 14523: 14519: 14509: 14507: 14498: 14497: 14493: 14483: 14481: 14479:www.thensmc.com 14473: 14472: 14468: 14458: 14456: 14447: 14446: 14442: 14434: 14430: 14417: 14416: 14412: 14393: 14389: 14368: 14364: 14349: 14345: 14326: 14322: 14303: 14299: 14289: 14287: 14272: 14268: 14228: 14224: 14217: 14201: 14197: 14158: 14154: 14144: 14142: 14134: 14133: 14129: 14122: 14106: 14102: 14092: 14090: 14085:. 14 May 2012. 14077: 14076: 14072: 14059: 14058: 14054: 14044: 14042: 14033: 14032: 14028: 13981: 13977: 13946:(21): 769–774. 13932: 13928: 13918: 13916: 13915:. 1 August 2018 13907: 13906: 13902: 13892: 13890: 13881: 13880: 13876: 13857: 13853: 13816: 13809: 13799: 13797: 13792: 13791: 13784: 13774: 13772: 13762: 13758: 13748: 13746: 13736: 13732: 13722: 13720: 13712: 13711: 13707: 13676: 13672: 13641: 13634: 13595: 13591: 13568: 13564: 13549: 13545: 13537: 13526: 13520: 13516: 13485: 13481: 13436: 13432: 13425: 13409: 13405: 13384: 13383: 13379: 13332: 13325: 13286: 13279: 13269: 13267: 13257: 13253: 13243: 13241: 13232: 13231: 13227: 13217: 13215: 13211: 13199: 13198: 13194: 13167:(33): 725–728. 13153: 13149: 13110: 13103: 13058: 13054: 13007: 13003: 12972: 12968: 12958: 12914: 12910: 12875: 12871: 12856:10.1002/bmc.345 12840: 12836: 12805: 12801: 12756:Neurotoxicology 12744: 12740: 12730: 12728: 12719: 12718: 12714: 12704: 12702: 12694: 12693: 12689: 12634: 12630: 12622: 12618: 12579: 12575: 12528: 12524: 12516: 12512: 12504: 12500: 12461: 12457: 12420: 12416: 12371: 12367: 12362:on 23 May 2012. 12359: 12352: 12348: 12347: 12343: 12335: 12304: 12298: 12294: 12255: 12251: 12241: 12239: 12224: 12220: 12175: 12171: 12132: 12128: 12118: 12116: 12106: 12102: 12071: 12064: 12019: 12012: 11959: 11955: 11910: 11906: 11896: 11894: 11890: 11883: 11879: 11878: 11874: 11827: 11823: 11784: 11780: 11770: 11768: 11765:Le Leche League 11761:"What is D-MER" 11759: 11758: 11754: 11713: 11709: 11654: 11650: 11619: 11615: 11602: 11601: 11597: 11557: 11553: 11522: 11518: 11508: 11506: 11497: 11496: 11492: 11459: 11452: 11413: 11409: 11356: 11352: 11342: 11340: 11314:(1): CD010845. 11300: 11296: 11257: 11253: 11246: 11230: 11226: 11195:(8): CD003517. 11181: 11177: 11146:(467): 96–113. 11132: 11123: 11078: 11074: 11029: 11025: 10980: 10976: 10945: 10941: 10894: 10890: 10853: 10849: 10804: 10800: 10771:JAMA Pediatrics 10763: 10759: 10712: 10708: 10663: 10659: 10628: 10624: 10593: 10589: 10546: 10542: 10503: 10499: 10460: 10456: 10447: 10443: 10433: 10431: 10422: 10421: 10417: 10372: 10365: 10355: 10353: 10343: 10339: 10308: 10304: 10273: 10269: 10246: 10242: 10211: 10207: 10184: 10180: 10149: 10145: 10114: 10110: 10100: 10098: 10055: 10051: 10041: 10039: 10035: 10028: 10022: 10018: 10008: 10006: 9997: 9996: 9992: 9947: 9943: 9933: 9931: 9922: 9921: 9917: 9878: 9874: 9862: 9861: 9852: 9851: 9829: 9807: 9790: 9780: 9778: 9774: 9768: 9757: 9749: 9734: 9689: 9685: 9669: 9668: 9650:(2): CD000043. 9644: 9640: 9630: 9628: 9615: 9614: 9610: 9577: 9573: 9563: 9561: 9552: 9551: 9547: 9533: 9526: 9520: 9519: 9510: 9503: 9485: 9470: 9457: 9456: 9452: 9442: 9440: 9435: 9434: 9430: 9407: 9403: 9395: 9391: 9372: 9368: 9353: 9349: 9339: 9337: 9322: 9318: 9308: 9306: 9296: 9285: 9275: 9273: 9265: 9264: 9249: 9204: 9200: 9161: 9152: 9121: 9100: 9079: 9075: 9065: 9063: 9054: 9053: 9049: 9039: 9037: 9027: 9020: 9010: 9008: 9000: 8999: 8995: 8984: 8983: 8979: 8971: 8967: 8957: 8955: 8945: 8938: 8929: 8927: 8911: 8910: 8901: 8891: 8889: 8879: 8875: 8865: 8863: 8857: 8853: 8822: 8815: 8805: 8803: 8794: 8793: 8789: 8779: 8777: 8767: 8763: 8753: 8751: 8743: 8742: 8738: 8728: 8726: 8716: 8709: 8699: 8697: 8687: 8683: 8630: 8626: 8581: 8577: 8567: 8565: 8556: 8555: 8548: 8538: 8536: 8526: 8519: 8509: 8507: 8498: 8497: 8490: 8480: 8478: 8468: 8459: 8449: 8447: 8439: 8438: 8434: 8397: 8393: 8340: 8336: 8326: 8324: 8316: 8315: 8308: 8263: 8259: 8249: 8247: 8237: 8233: 8184: 8180: 8170: 8168: 8158: 8151: 8141: 8139: 8126: 8125: 8121: 8113: 8109: 8099: 8092: 8079: 8075: 8065: 8063: 8059: 8048: 8044: 8043: 8039: 8029: 8027: 8019: 8018: 8014: 8004: 8002: 7994: 7993: 7989: 7942: 7938: 7928: 7926: 7918: 7917: 7913: 7903: 7901: 7893: 7892: 7888: 7878: 7876: 7868: 7867: 7863: 7853: 7851: 7842: 7841: 7837: 7827: 7825: 7817: 7816: 7809: 7786: 7782: 7743: 7739: 7729: 7727: 7726:. 21 March 2018 7718: 7717: 7710: 7679: 7672: 7664: 7660: 7629: 7622: 7612: 7610: 7605:. WebMed, LLC. 7601: 7600: 7596: 7586: 7584: 7575: 7574: 7570: 7557: 7556: 7552: 7513: 7509: 7478:(6): CD011065. 7464: 7460: 7421: 7417: 7370: 7366: 7354: 7346: 7344: 7335: 7334: 7330: 7318: 7310: 7308: 7299: 7298: 7294: 7284: 7282: 7274: 7273: 7269: 7259: 7257: 7251: 7247: 7216:(8): CD007202. 7202: 7198: 7159: 7155: 7145: 7143: 7134: 7133: 7129: 7119: 7117: 7110: 7104: 7097: 7087: 7085: 7077: 7076: 7069: 7059: 7057: 7048: 7047: 7043: 7033: 7031: 7025:"Pain: General" 7023: 7022: 7018: 7008: 7006: 6997: 6996: 6989: 6979: 6977: 6968: 6967: 6963: 6955: 6951: 6941: 6939: 6930: 6929: 6925: 6910: 6894: 6890: 6880: 6878: 6874: 6873: 6854: 6844: 6842: 6834: 6833: 6829: 6815: 6813: 6807: 6798: 6788: 6786: 6775: 6771: 6761: 6759: 6746: 6745: 6741: 6731: 6729: 6718: 6714: 6675: 6671: 6630: 6609: 6578: 6574: 6564: 6562: 6557:. Mayo Clinic. 6553: 6552: 6548: 6538: 6536: 6532: 6525: 6521: 6520: 6516: 6506: 6504: 6500: 6494: 6475: 6467: 6463: 6418: 6411: 6373: 6372: 6368: 6358: 6356: 6348: 6347: 6343: 6312:(8): CD006462. 6298: 6294: 6278: 6277: 6239: 6235: 6225: 6223: 6219: 6212: 6208: 6207: 6203: 6190: 6189: 6185: 6172: 6171: 6167: 6157: 6155: 6148:"Breastfeeding" 6146: 6145: 6141: 6131: 6129: 6116: 6115: 6111: 6098: 6097: 6093: 6083: 6081: 6072: 6071: 6067: 6028: 6024: 6011: 6010: 6006: 5985:(10): 494–500. 5974: 5965: 5944:(10): 494–500. 5933: 5929: 5898: 5894: 5855: 5844: 5831: 5830: 5826: 5781: 5777: 5767: 5765: 5752: 5751: 5744: 5699: 5692: 5682: 5680: 5676: 5669: 5663: 5662: 5658: 5647:"Breastfeeding" 5645: 5644: 5637: 5627: 5625: 5616: 5615: 5608: 5563: 5559: 5549: 5547: 5537: 5530: 5477: 5473: 5463: 5461: 5452: 5451: 5447: 5437: 5435: 5433:Caring for Kids 5425: 5421: 5411: 5409: 5400: 5399: 5395: 5385: 5383: 5373: 5369: 5342: 5338: 5328: 5326: 5319: 5315: 5314: 5310: 5294: 5293: 5281: 5267: 5228: 5181: 5177: 5132: 5125: 5115: 5113: 5103: 5099: 5089: 5087: 5077: 5073: 5026: 5019: 5009: 5007: 4994: 4993: 4989: 4958: 4931: 4892: 4888: 4875: 4874: 4870: 4860: 4858: 4844: 4840: 4809: 4805: 4786: 4773: 4758: 4742: 4733: 4702: 4695: 4679: 4678: 4666: 4652: 4625: 4610: 4594: 4590: 4543: 4539: 4500: 4487: 4477: 4475: 4462: 4461: 4457: 4440: 4439: 4435: 4418: 4417: 4413: 4403: 4401: 4393: 4392: 4388: 4343: 4330: 4285: 4281: 4271: 4269: 4260: 4259: 4255: 4245: 4243: 4240:Washington Post 4231: 4227: 4217: 4215: 4206: 4205: 4201: 4154: 4153: 4144: 4137: 4123: 4119: 4112: 4098: 3865: 3816: 3805: 3774: 3770: 3763:"Breastfeeding" 3761: 3760: 3756: 3725:(8): CD003517. 3711: 3702: 3653: 3624: 3614: 3612: 3603: 3602: 3579: 3569: 3567: 3558: 3557: 3553: 3543: 3541: 3540:on 27 July 2015 3528: 3527: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3431: 3422: 3353:maternity leave 3351:, and extended 3316: 3282: 3270:being breastfed 3257: 3243: 3222: 3216: 3194: 3154: 3137: 3118: 3089: 3083: 3077: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3029: 2985: 2950: 2944: 2915: 2881: 2863:(found in some 2830: 2821:low milk supply 2802:low milk supply 2798: 2790: 2785: 2769:maternity leave 2761: 2759:Maternity leave 2725: 2719: 2709:Surgeon General 2702: 2696: 2687: 2681: 2647: 2639: 2625: 2605: 2599: 2588: 2581: 2564: 2513:later in life. 2474: 2465: 2463:Backwash effect 2453: 2441: 2435: 2426: 2340: 2334: 2320: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2284:Crohn's disease 2243: 2218: 2175: 2168: 2165: 2156: 2153: 2144: 2141: 2114: 2090: 2082: 2058: 2052: 1939: 1933: 1870: 1851: 1831: 1824: 1812: 1780:pseudoephedrine 1775: 1767: 1750: 1738: 1710:La Leche League 1706: 1701: 1672: 1637: 1625: 1600: 1590: 1561: 1526: 1519: 1510: 1505: 1489: 1469: 1463: 1439: 1415:red blood cells 1367: 1361: 1324: 1322:Low milk supply 1318: 1316:Low milk supply 1298: 1292: 1278:in the breast, 1260: 1254: 1213: 1207: 1185: 1179: 1162: 1153: 1151:Inverted nipple 1147: 1142: 1136: 1127: 1121: 1119:Let-down reflex 1099: 1082: 1069: 1033: 1031: 1023: 1017: 1010: 1007: 998: 995: 986: 983: 974: 971: 962: 959: 950: 947: 938: 935: 926: 923: 914: 911: 902: 895: 868: 820: 818:Supplementation 782: 754: 745:(Kangaroo Care) 737:hand expression 698: 681: 645: 640: 624:atopic diseases 561: 549:Cochrane Review 478: 452:The content of 434: 428: 412: 360: 358:Lactogenesis II 350:, and onset of 301:gestational age 293: 269: 261:Main articles: 231: 47: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 18137: 18127: 18126: 18124:Infant feeding 18121: 18104: 18103: 18101: 18100: 18095: 18090: 18085: 18080: 18075: 18070: 18064: 18062: 18058: 18057: 18055: 18054: 18049: 18043: 18041: 18035: 18034: 18032: 18031: 18026: 18021: 18016: 18010: 18008: 18002: 18001: 17999: 17998: 17993: 17988: 17983: 17977: 17975: 17967: 17966: 17964: 17963: 17958: 17952: 17950: 17944: 17943: 17941: 17940: 17935: 17926: 17925: 17924: 17919: 17914: 17909: 17904: 17899: 17889: 17888: 17887: 17882: 17877: 17866: 17864: 17856: 17855: 17853: 17852: 17847: 17842: 17837: 17832: 17827: 17818: 17813: 17812: 17811: 17806: 17798: 17793: 17792: 17791: 17786: 17778: 17773: 17768: 17766:Sexual arousal 17762: 17760: 17754: 17753: 17751: 17750: 17749: 17748: 17743: 17733: 17732: 17731: 17726: 17721: 17716: 17706: 17705: 17704: 17699: 17694: 17689: 17687:spermatogonium 17678: 17676: 17670: 17669: 17667: 17666: 17661: 17656: 17651: 17646: 17640: 17638: 17632: 17631: 17620: 17619: 17612: 17605: 17597: 17588: 17587: 17585: 17584: 17573: 17570: 17569: 17567: 17566: 17564:World Milk Day 17561: 17556: 17551: 17546: 17545: 17544: 17534: 17533: 17532: 17522: 17517: 17512: 17506: 17504: 17500: 17499: 17497: 17496: 17491: 17486: 17481: 17476: 17471: 17466: 17461: 17456: 17451: 17446: 17440: 17438: 17434: 17433: 17431: 17430: 17425: 17420: 17415: 17414: 17413: 17403: 17398: 17393: 17388: 17383: 17378: 17373: 17372: 17371: 17361: 17356: 17351: 17346: 17341: 17336: 17331: 17326: 17320: 17318: 17314: 17313: 17311: 17310: 17305: 17300: 17295: 17290: 17285: 17280: 17275: 17270: 17265: 17260: 17255: 17250: 17249: 17248: 17243: 17238: 17233: 17228: 17223: 17218: 17208: 17203: 17198: 17193: 17188: 17183: 17177: 17175: 17171: 17170: 17163: 17161: 17159: 17158: 17153: 17148: 17143: 17142: 17141: 17136: 17126: 17121: 17116: 17111: 17106: 17101: 17095: 17093: 17089: 17088: 17081: 17080: 17073: 17066: 17058: 17049: 17048: 17046: 17045: 17044: 17043: 17033: 17031:Parenting plan 17028: 17023: 17018: 17013: 17008: 17003: 16998: 16993: 16988: 16983: 16978: 16972: 16970: 16966: 16965: 16963: 16962: 16957: 16952: 16947: 16942: 16937: 16932: 16927: 16922: 16917: 16915:Infant carrier 16912: 16902: 16897: 16892: 16887: 16882: 16877: 16872: 16867: 16862: 16857: 16855:Baby transport 16852: 16847: 16842: 16837: 16832: 16827: 16822: 16813: 16808: 16802: 16800: 16796: 16795: 16793: 16792: 16787: 16782: 16777: 16772: 16767: 16762: 16757: 16756: 16755: 16745: 16740: 16735: 16730: 16725: 16719: 16717: 16713: 16712: 16710: 16709: 16704: 16699: 16694: 16689: 16684: 16679: 16674: 16669: 16664: 16659: 16654: 16649: 16644: 16639: 16634: 16629: 16624: 16619: 16614: 16609: 16604: 16599: 16594: 16589: 16583: 16581: 16577: 16576: 16574: 16573: 16568: 16563: 16558: 16553: 16552: 16551: 16541: 16536: 16531: 16526: 16521: 16519:Infant massage 16516: 16514:Infant formula 16511: 16506: 16504:Infant feeding 16501: 16499:Infant bathing 16496: 16491: 16486: 16481: 16476: 16471: 16466: 16464:Bottle feeding 16461: 16456: 16451: 16446: 16441: 16436: 16430: 16428: 16420: 16419: 16417:and their care 16411: 16410: 16403: 16396: 16388: 16379: 16378: 16376: 16375: 16370: 16365: 16360: 16355: 16350: 16345: 16340: 16334: 16332: 16328: 16327: 16325: 16324: 16319: 16314: 16309: 16304: 16298: 16296: 16293:Equipment used 16290: 16289: 16287: 16286: 16281: 16276: 16271: 16266: 16261: 16255: 16253: 16249: 16248: 16246: 16245: 16240: 16235: 16230: 16225: 16220: 16215: 16213:Lactation room 16210: 16205: 16200: 16195: 16190: 16185: 16180: 16175: 16170: 16165: 16160: 16155: 16150: 16145: 16140: 16135: 16130: 16124: 16122: 16116: 16115: 16113: 16112: 16107: 16102: 16097: 16092: 16087: 16082: 16077: 16072: 16067: 16065:Cracked nipple 16062: 16057: 16052: 16047: 16042: 16037: 16031: 16029: 16023: 16022: 16020: 16019: 16017:Mammary lobule 16014: 16009: 16004: 15999: 15994: 15989: 15984: 15979: 15974: 15969: 15964: 15959: 15954: 15949: 15944: 15939: 15934: 15929: 15924: 15919: 15914: 15909: 15904: 15899: 15897:Breast anatomy 15894: 15889: 15884: 15879: 15873: 15871: 15870:and immunology 15865: 15864: 15857: 15856: 15849: 15842: 15834: 15827: 15826: 15806: 15805: 15796: 15791: 15786: 15781: 15775: 15769: 15759: 15758: 15753: 15747: 15746: 15735: 15734: 15732: 15731:External links 15729: 15727: 15726: 15720: 15705: 15682: 15674: 15659: 15653: 15639: 15637: 15634: 15632: 15631: 15625: 15610: 15604: 15591: 15585: 15572: 15566: 15552: 15542:breastfeeding 15535: 15528: 15527: 15526: 15524: 15521: 15518: 15517: 15491: 15448: 15397: 15380: 15362: 15341: 15323: 15297: 15278: 15259: 15219: 15200:(3): 131–141. 15184: 15151: 15102: 15073:(2): 191–201. 15053: 15034:(4): 319–330. 15018: 14969: 14940:(4): e000151. 14920: 14909:(3): 307–329. 14893: 14874:(2): 233–244. 14858: 14829: 14804: 14768: 14740: 14711:(4): 486–504. 14691: 14688:on 2 May 2016. 14668: 14646: 14597: 14575: 14549: 14531: 14517: 14491: 14466: 14455:. 12 June 2018 14440: 14428: 14410: 14387: 14362: 14343: 14320: 14297: 14280:www.pressan.is 14266: 14239:(6): 677–684. 14222: 14215: 14195: 14152: 14127: 14120: 14100: 14070: 14052: 14026: 13975: 13926: 13900: 13874: 13851: 13830:(5): 479–482. 13807: 13782: 13756: 13730: 13705: 13670: 13632: 13605:(7): 974–987. 13589: 13578:(4): 128–131. 13562: 13543: 13514: 13479: 13450:(3): 479–504. 13430: 13423: 13403: 13377: 13323: 13296:(2): 430–437. 13277: 13251: 13225: 13192: 13147: 13120:(3): 219–226. 13101: 13052: 13001: 12982:(2): 135–142. 12966: 12928:(4): 582–593. 12908: 12869: 12850:(8): 501–507. 12834: 12815:(1): 195–217. 12799: 12762:(3): 338–349. 12738: 12712: 12687: 12628: 12616: 12589:(6): 324–328. 12573: 12522: 12520:, p. 231. 12510: 12498: 12455: 12414: 12365: 12341: 12292: 12265:(2): 231–239. 12249: 12232:LiveStrong.com 12218: 12189:(4): 307–310. 12169: 12126: 12100: 12081:(5): 430–438. 12062: 12010: 11953: 11924:(5): 622–623. 11904: 11872: 11821: 11794:(9): 666–673. 11778: 11752: 11707: 11668:(4): 332–338. 11648: 11613: 11595: 11551: 11532:(2): 107–115. 11516: 11490: 11450: 11423:(4): 577–590. 11407: 11350: 11294: 11267:(3): 589–596. 11251: 11244: 11224: 11175: 11121: 11072: 11043:(4): 757–767. 11023: 10974: 10939: 10888: 10847: 10818:(8): 934–953. 10798: 10777:(6): e151025. 10757: 10720:PLOS Pathogens 10706: 10657: 10638:(2): 171–182. 10622: 10603:(2): 361–367. 10587: 10560:(1): 183–191. 10540: 10497: 10454: 10441: 10430:. 6 April 2021 10415: 10363: 10337: 10302: 10283:(2): 248–251. 10267: 10256:(4): 203–207. 10240: 10205: 10178: 10159:(2): 335–359. 10143: 10124:(2): 307–333. 10108: 10049: 10016: 9990: 9961:(3): 452–461. 9941: 9915: 9888:(1): 103–110. 9872: 9863:|journal= 9827: 9788: 9766: 9732: 9683: 9638: 9608: 9587:(153): 1–186. 9571: 9545: 9508: 9501: 9468: 9450: 9428: 9415:New Beginnings 9401: 9389: 9366: 9347: 9316: 9283: 9247: 9218:(7): 422–429. 9198: 9150: 9131:(7): 390–395. 9098: 9073: 9047: 9018: 8993: 8977: 8965: 8936: 8899: 8873: 8851: 8832:(2): 168–173. 8813: 8802:. 8 April 2014 8787: 8761: 8736: 8707: 8681: 8624: 8575: 8546: 8517: 8488: 8457: 8432: 8411:(4): 174–179. 8391: 8334: 8306: 8257: 8231: 8178: 8149: 8119: 8107: 8090: 8073: 8037: 8012: 7987: 7936: 7911: 7895:"Menstruation" 7886: 7861: 7835: 7807: 7796:(2): 179–199. 7780: 7753:(1): 297–316. 7737: 7708: 7689:(2): 273–297. 7670: 7658: 7620: 7594: 7568: 7550: 7523:(4): 349–358. 7507: 7458: 7431:(4): 278–281. 7415: 7364: 7328: 7292: 7267: 7245: 7196: 7169:(4): 332–336. 7153: 7127: 7115:www.toronto.ca 7095: 7067: 7041: 7016: 6987: 6961: 6959:, p. 249. 6949: 6923: 6908: 6888: 6852: 6827: 6796: 6769: 6752:BabyCenter.com 6739: 6712: 6669: 6640:(4): 188–198. 6607: 6572: 6546: 6514: 6492: 6461: 6409: 6366: 6341: 6292: 6249:(6): 751–759. 6233: 6201: 6183: 6165: 6139: 6109: 6091: 6065: 6038:(8): 773–777. 6022: 6004: 5963: 5927: 5908:(6): 271–276. 5892: 5865:(2): 496–506. 5842: 5839:on 6 May 2013. 5824: 5775: 5754:"Breast Crawl" 5742: 5713:(6): 469–473. 5690: 5656: 5635: 5606: 5577:(2): 220–225. 5557: 5528: 5471: 5445: 5419: 5393: 5367: 5356:(6): 745–748. 5336: 5308: 5279: 5226: 5189:BMC Pediatrics 5175: 5123: 5097: 5071: 5017: 4987: 4929: 4886: 4868: 4857:on 3 July 2017 4838: 4819:(6): 588–594. 4803: 4771: 4756: 4731: 4693: 4664: 4623: 4608: 4588: 4537: 4510:(5): 307–314. 4485: 4455: 4433: 4411: 4386: 4357:(4): 159–163. 4328: 4299:(5): 239–243. 4279: 4253: 4225: 4199: 4142: 4135: 4117: 4110: 3863: 3803: 3768: 3754: 3700: 3622: 3577: 3551: 3517: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3476:Lactation room 3473: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3421: 3418: 3349:part-time jobs 3315: 3312: 3256: 3253: 3242: 3239: 3218:Main article: 3215: 3212: 3199:Nestlé boycott 3193: 3190: 3153: 3150: 3136: 3133: 3117: 3114: 3079:Main article: 3076: 3073: 3028: 3025: 3002:discrimination 2994:United Kingdom 2984: 2981: 2946:Main article: 2943: 2940: 2914: 2911: 2885:celiac disease 2880: 2877: 2829: 2826: 2809:breast implant 2797: 2796:Breast surgery 2794: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2760: 2757: 2756: 2755: 2749: 2746: 2718: 2717:Social support 2715: 2698:Main article: 2695: 2694:Social factors 2692: 2683:Main article: 2680: 2677: 2658:ovarian cancer 2646: 2643: 2638: 2635: 2624: 2621: 2601:Main article: 2598: 2595: 2587: 2584: 2580: 2577: 2563: 2560: 2481:celiac disease 2473: 2470: 2464: 2461: 2452: 2449: 2437:Main article: 2434: 2431: 2425: 2422: 2394:whooping cough 2375:IgA antibodies 2344:anti-infective 2336:Main article: 2333: 2330: 2307: 2304: 2252:ear infections 2242: 2239: 2217: 2216:Health effects 2214: 2181:treatment for 2174: 2171: 2170: 2169: 2166: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2135: 2127:Breastfeeding 2118:tandem nursing 2113: 2112:Tandem nursing 2110: 2086:Main article: 2081: 2080:Shared nursing 2078: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2033: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2020: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2008: 2007: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1995: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1983: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1970: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1932: 1929: 1869: 1868:Expressed milk 1866: 1850: 1847: 1830: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1811: 1808: 1807: 1806: 1803: 1788:contraceptives 1774: 1773:Medication use 1771: 1766: 1763: 1749: 1746: 1737: 1734: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1671: 1665: 1636: 1630: 1624: 1622:Herpes simplex 1619: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1578: 1560: 1554: 1525: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1488: 1485: 1465:Main article: 1462: 1459: 1438: 1435: 1419:elliptocytosis 1363:Main article: 1360: 1357: 1320:Main article: 1317: 1314: 1294:Main article: 1291: 1288: 1256:Main article: 1253: 1250: 1209:Main article: 1206: 1203: 1181:Main article: 1178: 1175: 1161: 1158: 1149:Main article: 1146: 1143: 1138:Main article: 1135: 1132: 1120: 1117: 1098: 1095: 1081: 1078: 1068: 1065: 1052:rooting reflex 1030: 1027: 1019:Main article: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1001: 999: 996: 989: 987: 984: 977: 975: 972: 965: 963: 960: 953: 951: 948: 941: 939: 936: 929: 927: 924: 917: 915: 912: 905: 903: 896: 889: 867: 864: 819: 816: 781: 778: 753: 750: 714:Cerebral Palsy 697: 694: 680: 677: 644: 641: 639: 636: 560: 557: 477: 474: 430:Main article: 427: 424: 411: 408: 359: 356: 305:Lactogenesis I 292: 289: 230: 227: 146:in adulthood. 132:food allergies 108:ear infections 99:infant formula 26: 18:Breast refusal 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18136: 18125: 18122: 18120: 18119:Breastfeeding 18117: 18116: 18114: 18099: 18096: 18094: 18091: 18089: 18086: 18084: 18081: 18079: 18076: 18074: 18071: 18069: 18066: 18065: 18063: 18059: 18053: 18050: 18048: 18045: 18044: 18042: 18040: 18036: 18030: 18029:Breastfeeding 18027: 18025: 18022: 18020: 18017: 18015: 18012: 18011: 18009: 18007: 18003: 17997: 17994: 17992: 17989: 17987: 17984: 17982: 17979: 17978: 17976: 17974: 17968: 17962: 17959: 17957: 17954: 17953: 17951: 17949: 17945: 17939: 17936: 17934: 17930: 17927: 17923: 17920: 17918: 17915: 17913: 17910: 17908: 17905: 17903: 17900: 17898: 17895: 17894: 17893: 17890: 17886: 17883: 17881: 17878: 17876: 17873: 17872: 17871: 17868: 17867: 17865: 17863: 17857: 17851: 17848: 17846: 17843: 17841: 17838: 17836: 17833: 17831: 17828: 17826: 17822: 17821:Fertilization 17819: 17817: 17814: 17810: 17807: 17805: 17802: 17801: 17799: 17797: 17794: 17790: 17787: 17785: 17782: 17781: 17779: 17777: 17774: 17772: 17769: 17767: 17764: 17763: 17761: 17759: 17755: 17747: 17744: 17742: 17739: 17738: 17737: 17734: 17730: 17727: 17725: 17722: 17720: 17717: 17715: 17712: 17711: 17710: 17707: 17703: 17700: 17698: 17695: 17693: 17690: 17688: 17685: 17684: 17683: 17680: 17679: 17677: 17675: 17674:Gametogenesis 17671: 17665: 17662: 17660: 17657: 17655: 17652: 17650: 17647: 17645: 17642: 17641: 17639: 17637: 17633: 17629: 17625: 17618: 17613: 17611: 17606: 17604: 17599: 17598: 17595: 17583: 17575: 17574: 17571: 17565: 17562: 17560: 17557: 17555: 17552: 17550: 17547: 17543: 17540: 17539: 17538: 17535: 17531: 17530:Breastfeeding 17528: 17527: 17526: 17523: 17521: 17518: 17516: 17513: 17511: 17508: 17507: 17505: 17501: 17495: 17492: 17490: 17487: 17485: 17482: 17480: 17479:Milk delivery 17477: 17475: 17472: 17470: 17467: 17465: 17462: 17460: 17457: 17455: 17452: 17450: 17447: 17445: 17442: 17441: 17439: 17435: 17429: 17426: 17424: 17421: 17419: 17416: 17412: 17411:Crème fraîche 17409: 17408: 17407: 17404: 17402: 17399: 17397: 17394: 17392: 17389: 17387: 17384: 17382: 17379: 17377: 17374: 17370: 17367: 17366: 17365: 17362: 17360: 17357: 17355: 17352: 17350: 17347: 17345: 17342: 17340: 17337: 17335: 17332: 17330: 17327: 17325: 17322: 17321: 17319: 17315: 17309: 17308:Ultrafiltered 17306: 17304: 17301: 17299: 17296: 17294: 17291: 17289: 17286: 17284: 17281: 17279: 17276: 17274: 17271: 17269: 17266: 17264: 17261: 17259: 17256: 17254: 17251: 17247: 17244: 17242: 17239: 17237: 17234: 17232: 17229: 17227: 17224: 17222: 17219: 17217: 17214: 17213: 17212: 17209: 17207: 17204: 17202: 17199: 17197: 17194: 17192: 17189: 17187: 17184: 17182: 17179: 17178: 17176: 17172: 17167: 17157: 17154: 17152: 17149: 17147: 17144: 17140: 17137: 17135: 17132: 17131: 17130: 17127: 17125: 17122: 17120: 17117: 17115: 17112: 17110: 17107: 17105: 17102: 17100: 17097: 17096: 17094: 17090: 17086: 17079: 17074: 17072: 17067: 17065: 17060: 17059: 17056: 17042: 17039: 17038: 17037: 17034: 17032: 17029: 17027: 17024: 17022: 17019: 17017: 17014: 17012: 17009: 17007: 17006:Open adoption 17004: 17002: 16999: 16997: 16994: 16992: 16989: 16987: 16986:Child neglect 16984: 16982: 16979: 16977: 16974: 16973: 16971: 16967: 16961: 16958: 16956: 16953: 16951: 16948: 16946: 16943: 16941: 16938: 16936: 16933: 16931: 16928: 16926: 16923: 16921: 16918: 16916: 16913: 16910: 16906: 16903: 16901: 16898: 16896: 16893: 16891: 16888: 16886: 16883: 16881: 16878: 16876: 16873: 16871: 16868: 16866: 16863: 16861: 16858: 16856: 16853: 16851: 16848: 16846: 16843: 16841: 16838: 16836: 16833: 16831: 16828: 16826: 16823: 16821: 16820:Hidden camera 16817: 16814: 16812: 16809: 16807: 16804: 16803: 16801: 16797: 16791: 16788: 16786: 16783: 16781: 16778: 16776: 16773: 16771: 16768: 16766: 16763: 16761: 16758: 16754: 16751: 16750: 16749: 16746: 16744: 16743:Child custody 16741: 16739: 16736: 16734: 16731: 16729: 16726: 16724: 16721: 16720: 16718: 16714: 16708: 16705: 16703: 16700: 16698: 16695: 16693: 16690: 16688: 16685: 16683: 16680: 16678: 16675: 16673: 16670: 16668: 16665: 16663: 16660: 16658: 16657:Nursery rhyme 16655: 16653: 16650: 16648: 16647:Kangaroo care 16645: 16643: 16642:Infant crying 16640: 16638: 16635: 16633: 16630: 16628: 16625: 16623: 16620: 16618: 16615: 16613: 16610: 16608: 16605: 16603: 16600: 16598: 16595: 16593: 16590: 16588: 16585: 16584: 16582: 16578: 16572: 16569: 16567: 16564: 16562: 16559: 16557: 16556:Preterm birth 16554: 16550: 16547: 16546: 16545: 16542: 16540: 16537: 16535: 16532: 16530: 16527: 16525: 16522: 16520: 16517: 16515: 16512: 16510: 16507: 16505: 16502: 16500: 16497: 16495: 16492: 16490: 16487: 16485: 16482: 16480: 16477: 16475: 16472: 16470: 16467: 16465: 16462: 16460: 16457: 16455: 16452: 16450: 16449:Breastfeeding 16447: 16445: 16442: 16440: 16437: 16435: 16432: 16431: 16429: 16426: 16421: 16416: 16409: 16404: 16402: 16397: 16395: 16390: 16389: 16386: 16374: 16371: 16369: 16366: 16364: 16361: 16359: 16356: 16354: 16351: 16349: 16346: 16344: 16341: 16339: 16336: 16335: 16333: 16329: 16323: 16320: 16318: 16317:Nursing chair 16315: 16313: 16310: 16308: 16307:Nipple shield 16305: 16303: 16300: 16299: 16297: 16291: 16285: 16282: 16280: 16277: 16275: 16272: 16270: 16267: 16265: 16262: 16260: 16257: 16256: 16254: 16250: 16244: 16241: 16239: 16236: 16234: 16231: 16229: 16226: 16224: 16221: 16219: 16216: 16214: 16211: 16209: 16206: 16204: 16201: 16199: 16196: 16194: 16191: 16189: 16186: 16184: 16181: 16179: 16176: 16174: 16171: 16169: 16166: 16164: 16161: 16159: 16156: 16154: 16151: 16149: 16146: 16144: 16141: 16139: 16136: 16134: 16131: 16129: 16126: 16125: 16123: 16117: 16111: 16108: 16106: 16103: 16101: 16098: 16096: 16093: 16091: 16088: 16086: 16083: 16081: 16078: 16076: 16073: 16071: 16068: 16066: 16063: 16061: 16058: 16056: 16053: 16051: 16048: 16046: 16043: 16041: 16038: 16036: 16033: 16032: 16030: 16024: 16018: 16015: 16013: 16010: 16008: 16007:Mammary gland 16005: 16003: 16000: 15998: 15995: 15993: 15990: 15988: 15985: 15983: 15980: 15978: 15975: 15973: 15970: 15968: 15965: 15963: 15960: 15958: 15955: 15953: 15950: 15948: 15945: 15943: 15940: 15938: 15935: 15933: 15930: 15928: 15925: 15923: 15920: 15918: 15915: 15913: 15910: 15908: 15905: 15903: 15900: 15898: 15895: 15893: 15890: 15888: 15885: 15883: 15880: 15878: 15875: 15874: 15872: 15866: 15862: 15861:Breastfeeding 15855: 15850: 15848: 15843: 15841: 15836: 15835: 15832: 15825: 15815: 15814: 15811: 15804: 15800: 15797: 15795: 15792: 15790: 15787: 15785: 15782: 15779: 15776: 15773: 15770: 15767: 15764: 15763: 15757: 15754: 15752: 15749: 15748: 15743: 15742:Breastfeeding 15738: 15723: 15717: 15713: 15712: 15706: 15702: 15698: 15695:(2): 85–108. 15694: 15690: 15689: 15683: 15677: 15671: 15667: 15666: 15660: 15656: 15650: 15646: 15641: 15640: 15628: 15622: 15618: 15617: 15611: 15607: 15601: 15597: 15592: 15588: 15582: 15578: 15573: 15569: 15563: 15559: 15554: 15553: 15547: 15546: 15538: 15505: 15501: 15495: 15487: 15483: 15479: 15478:11380/1120657 15475: 15471: 15467: 15463: 15459: 15452: 15444: 15440: 15435: 15430: 15425: 15420: 15416: 15412: 15408: 15401: 15390: 15384: 15376: 15372: 15366: 15358: 15354: 15348: 15346: 15337: 15333: 15327: 15312: 15308: 15301: 15293: 15289: 15282: 15275: 15271: 15266: 15264: 15255: 15251: 15245: 15237: 15233: 15226: 15224: 15215: 15211: 15207: 15203: 15199: 15195: 15188: 15173: 15166: 15160: 15158: 15156: 15147: 15143: 15138: 15133: 15129: 15125: 15121: 15117: 15113: 15106: 15098: 15094: 15089: 15084: 15080: 15076: 15072: 15068: 15064: 15057: 15049: 15045: 15041: 15037: 15033: 15029: 15022: 15014: 15010: 15005: 15000: 14996: 14992: 14988: 14984: 14980: 14973: 14965: 14961: 14956: 14951: 14947: 14943: 14939: 14935: 14931: 14924: 14916: 14912: 14908: 14904: 14897: 14889: 14885: 14881: 14877: 14873: 14869: 14862: 14847: 14843: 14836: 14834: 14818: 14814: 14808: 14789: 14785: 14778: 14772: 14757: 14750: 14744: 14736: 14732: 14727: 14722: 14718: 14714: 14710: 14706: 14702: 14695: 14687: 14683: 14679: 14672: 14664: 14660: 14653: 14651: 14642: 14638: 14633: 14628: 14624: 14620: 14616: 14612: 14608: 14601: 14593: 14586: 14579: 14563: 14559: 14553: 14545: 14541: 14535: 14527: 14521: 14505: 14501: 14495: 14480: 14476: 14470: 14454: 14450: 14444: 14437: 14432: 14424: 14420: 14414: 14406: 14402: 14398: 14391: 14383: 14379: 14378: 14373: 14366: 14358: 14354: 14347: 14339: 14335: 14331: 14324: 14316: 14312: 14308: 14301: 14285: 14281: 14277: 14270: 14262: 14258: 14254: 14250: 14246: 14242: 14238: 14234: 14226: 14218: 14212: 14208: 14207: 14199: 14191: 14187: 14183: 14179: 14175: 14171: 14167: 14163: 14156: 14141: 14137: 14131: 14123: 14117: 14113: 14112: 14104: 14088: 14084: 14080: 14074: 14066: 14062: 14056: 14040: 14036: 14030: 14022: 14018: 14013: 14008: 14003: 13998: 13994: 13990: 13986: 13979: 13971: 13967: 13962: 13957: 13953: 13949: 13945: 13941: 13937: 13930: 13914: 13910: 13904: 13888: 13884: 13878: 13870: 13866: 13862: 13855: 13847: 13843: 13838: 13833: 13829: 13825: 13821: 13814: 13812: 13795: 13789: 13787: 13770: 13766: 13760: 13745: 13741: 13734: 13719: 13715: 13709: 13701: 13697: 13693: 13689: 13685: 13681: 13674: 13666: 13662: 13658: 13654: 13650: 13646: 13639: 13637: 13628: 13624: 13620: 13616: 13612: 13608: 13604: 13600: 13593: 13585: 13581: 13577: 13573: 13566: 13558: 13554: 13547: 13536: 13532: 13525: 13518: 13510: 13506: 13502: 13498: 13494: 13490: 13483: 13475: 13471: 13466: 13461: 13457: 13453: 13449: 13445: 13441: 13434: 13426: 13420: 13416: 13415: 13414:Social Change 13407: 13399: 13395: 13391: 13387: 13381: 13373: 13369: 13364: 13359: 13354: 13349: 13345: 13341: 13337: 13330: 13328: 13319: 13315: 13311: 13307: 13303: 13299: 13295: 13291: 13284: 13282: 13266: 13262: 13255: 13239: 13235: 13229: 13210: 13206: 13202: 13196: 13188: 13184: 13180: 13175: 13170: 13166: 13162: 13158: 13151: 13143: 13139: 13135: 13131: 13127: 13123: 13119: 13115: 13108: 13106: 13097: 13093: 13088: 13083: 13079: 13075: 13071: 13067: 13063: 13056: 13048: 13044: 13039: 13034: 13029: 13024: 13020: 13016: 13012: 13005: 12997: 12993: 12989: 12985: 12981: 12977: 12970: 12962: 12955: 12951: 12946: 12941: 12936: 12931: 12927: 12923: 12919: 12912: 12904: 12900: 12896: 12892: 12888: 12884: 12880: 12873: 12865: 12861: 12857: 12853: 12849: 12845: 12838: 12830: 12826: 12822: 12818: 12814: 12810: 12803: 12795: 12791: 12786: 12781: 12777: 12773: 12769: 12765: 12761: 12757: 12753: 12749: 12742: 12726: 12722: 12716: 12701: 12697: 12691: 12683: 12679: 12674: 12669: 12664: 12659: 12655: 12651: 12647: 12643: 12639: 12632: 12625: 12620: 12612: 12608: 12604: 12600: 12596: 12592: 12588: 12584: 12577: 12569: 12565: 12560: 12555: 12550: 12545: 12541: 12537: 12533: 12526: 12519: 12514: 12507: 12502: 12494: 12490: 12486: 12482: 12478: 12474: 12470: 12466: 12459: 12451: 12447: 12442: 12437: 12433: 12429: 12425: 12418: 12410: 12406: 12401: 12396: 12392: 12388: 12384: 12380: 12376: 12369: 12358: 12351: 12345: 12334: 12330: 12326: 12322: 12318: 12314: 12310: 12303: 12296: 12288: 12284: 12280: 12276: 12272: 12268: 12264: 12260: 12253: 12237: 12233: 12229: 12222: 12214: 12210: 12206: 12202: 12197: 12192: 12188: 12184: 12180: 12173: 12165: 12161: 12157: 12153: 12149: 12145: 12141: 12137: 12130: 12115: 12111: 12104: 12096: 12092: 12088: 12084: 12080: 12076: 12069: 12067: 12058: 12054: 12049: 12044: 12040: 12036: 12032: 12028: 12024: 12017: 12015: 12006: 12002: 11997: 11992: 11988: 11984: 11980: 11976: 11972: 11968: 11964: 11957: 11949: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11931: 11927: 11923: 11919: 11915: 11908: 11889: 11882: 11876: 11868: 11864: 11859: 11854: 11849: 11844: 11840: 11836: 11832: 11825: 11817: 11813: 11809: 11805: 11801: 11797: 11793: 11789: 11782: 11766: 11762: 11756: 11748: 11744: 11739: 11734: 11730: 11726: 11722: 11718: 11711: 11703: 11699: 11695: 11691: 11686: 11681: 11676: 11671: 11667: 11663: 11659: 11652: 11644: 11640: 11636: 11632: 11628: 11624: 11617: 11609: 11605: 11599: 11591: 11587: 11583: 11579: 11575: 11571: 11567: 11563: 11555: 11547: 11543: 11539: 11535: 11531: 11527: 11520: 11504: 11500: 11494: 11486: 11482: 11477: 11472: 11468: 11464: 11457: 11455: 11446: 11442: 11438: 11434: 11430: 11426: 11422: 11418: 11411: 11403: 11399: 11395: 11391: 11386: 11381: 11377: 11373: 11369: 11365: 11361: 11354: 11339: 11335: 11330: 11325: 11321: 11317: 11313: 11309: 11305: 11298: 11290: 11286: 11282: 11278: 11274: 11270: 11266: 11262: 11255: 11247: 11241: 11237: 11236: 11228: 11220: 11216: 11211: 11206: 11202: 11198: 11194: 11190: 11186: 11179: 11171: 11167: 11162: 11157: 11153: 11149: 11145: 11141: 11137: 11130: 11128: 11126: 11117: 11113: 11108: 11103: 11099: 11095: 11091: 11087: 11083: 11076: 11068: 11064: 11059: 11054: 11050: 11046: 11042: 11038: 11034: 11027: 11019: 11015: 11010: 11005: 11001: 10997: 10994:(7575): 945. 10993: 10989: 10985: 10978: 10970: 10966: 10962: 10958: 10954: 10950: 10943: 10935: 10931: 10927: 10923: 10919: 10915: 10911: 10907: 10903: 10899: 10892: 10884: 10880: 10875: 10870: 10866: 10862: 10858: 10851: 10843: 10839: 10835: 10831: 10826: 10821: 10817: 10813: 10809: 10802: 10794: 10790: 10785: 10780: 10776: 10772: 10768: 10761: 10753: 10749: 10744: 10739: 10734: 10729: 10725: 10721: 10717: 10710: 10702: 10698: 10694: 10690: 10685: 10680: 10676: 10672: 10668: 10661: 10653: 10649: 10645: 10641: 10637: 10633: 10626: 10618: 10614: 10610: 10606: 10602: 10598: 10591: 10583: 10579: 10575: 10571: 10567: 10563: 10559: 10555: 10551: 10544: 10536: 10532: 10528: 10524: 10520: 10516: 10512: 10508: 10501: 10493: 10489: 10485: 10481: 10477: 10473: 10469: 10465: 10458: 10451: 10445: 10429: 10425: 10419: 10411: 10407: 10403: 10399: 10394: 10389: 10385: 10381: 10377: 10370: 10368: 10352: 10348: 10341: 10333: 10329: 10325: 10321: 10317: 10313: 10306: 10298: 10294: 10290: 10286: 10282: 10278: 10271: 10263: 10259: 10255: 10251: 10244: 10236: 10232: 10228: 10224: 10220: 10216: 10209: 10201: 10197: 10193: 10189: 10182: 10174: 10170: 10166: 10162: 10158: 10154: 10147: 10139: 10135: 10131: 10127: 10123: 10119: 10112: 10096: 10092: 10088: 10084: 10080: 10076: 10072: 10068: 10064: 10060: 10053: 10034: 10027: 10020: 10004: 10000: 9994: 9986: 9982: 9977: 9972: 9968: 9964: 9960: 9956: 9952: 9945: 9929: 9925: 9919: 9911: 9907: 9903: 9899: 9895: 9891: 9887: 9883: 9876: 9868: 9856: 9848: 9844: 9839: 9834: 9830: 9824: 9820: 9815: 9814: 9805: 9803: 9801: 9799: 9797: 9795: 9793: 9773: 9769: 9763: 9756: 9755: 9747: 9745: 9743: 9741: 9739: 9737: 9728: 9724: 9719: 9714: 9710: 9706: 9702: 9698: 9694: 9687: 9679: 9673: 9665: 9661: 9657: 9653: 9649: 9642: 9626: 9622: 9618: 9612: 9604: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9586: 9582: 9575: 9559: 9555: 9549: 9542: 9540: 9532: 9525: 9524: 9517: 9515: 9513: 9504: 9498: 9494: 9490: 9483: 9481: 9479: 9477: 9475: 9473: 9464: 9460: 9454: 9438: 9432: 9424: 9420: 9416: 9412: 9405: 9398: 9393: 9385: 9381: 9377: 9370: 9362: 9358: 9351: 9335: 9331: 9327: 9320: 9305: 9301: 9294: 9292: 9290: 9288: 9272: 9268: 9262: 9260: 9258: 9256: 9254: 9252: 9243: 9239: 9234: 9229: 9225: 9221: 9217: 9213: 9209: 9202: 9194: 9190: 9186: 9182: 9178: 9174: 9170: 9166: 9159: 9157: 9155: 9146: 9142: 9138: 9134: 9130: 9126: 9119: 9117: 9115: 9113: 9111: 9109: 9107: 9105: 9103: 9094: 9090: 9086: 9085: 9077: 9061: 9057: 9051: 9036: 9032: 9025: 9023: 9007: 9003: 8997: 8989: 8988: 8981: 8974: 8969: 8954: 8950: 8943: 8941: 8926: 8922: 8918: 8914: 8908: 8906: 8904: 8888: 8884: 8877: 8862: 8855: 8847: 8843: 8839: 8835: 8831: 8827: 8820: 8818: 8801: 8797: 8791: 8776: 8772: 8769:Hospital TR. 8765: 8750: 8746: 8740: 8725: 8721: 8714: 8712: 8696: 8692: 8685: 8677: 8673: 8669: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8651: 8647: 8643: 8639: 8635: 8628: 8620: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8590: 8586: 8579: 8563: 8559: 8553: 8551: 8535: 8531: 8524: 8522: 8505: 8501: 8495: 8493: 8477: 8473: 8466: 8464: 8462: 8446: 8442: 8436: 8428: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8410: 8406: 8402: 8395: 8387: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8369: 8365: 8361: 8357: 8353: 8349: 8345: 8338: 8323: 8319: 8313: 8311: 8302: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8284: 8280: 8276: 8272: 8268: 8261: 8246: 8242: 8235: 8227: 8223: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8205: 8201: 8197: 8193: 8189: 8182: 8167: 8163: 8156: 8154: 8137: 8133: 8129: 8123: 8116: 8111: 8104: 8097: 8095: 8086: 8085: 8077: 8058: 8054: 8047: 8041: 8026: 8022: 8016: 8001: 7997: 7991: 7983: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7955: 7951: 7947: 7940: 7925: 7921: 7915: 7900: 7896: 7890: 7875: 7871: 7865: 7849: 7845: 7839: 7823: 7820: 7814: 7812: 7803: 7799: 7795: 7791: 7784: 7776: 7772: 7768: 7764: 7760: 7756: 7752: 7748: 7741: 7725: 7721: 7715: 7713: 7704: 7700: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7677: 7675: 7668:, p. 67. 7667: 7662: 7654: 7650: 7646: 7642: 7638: 7634: 7627: 7625: 7608: 7604: 7598: 7582: 7578: 7572: 7564: 7560: 7554: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7534: 7530: 7526: 7522: 7518: 7511: 7503: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7485: 7481: 7477: 7473: 7469: 7462: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7419: 7411: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7368: 7361: 7360:public domain 7342: 7338: 7332: 7325: 7324:public domain 7306: 7302: 7296: 7281: 7277: 7271: 7256: 7249: 7241: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7200: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7157: 7141: 7137: 7131: 7116: 7109: 7102: 7100: 7084: 7080: 7074: 7072: 7055: 7051: 7045: 7030: 7026: 7020: 7004: 7000: 6999:"Nipple Pain" 6994: 6992: 6975: 6971: 6965: 6958: 6953: 6937: 6933: 6927: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6905: 6901: 6900: 6892: 6877: 6871: 6869: 6867: 6865: 6863: 6861: 6859: 6857: 6841: 6837: 6831: 6824: 6812: 6805: 6803: 6801: 6784: 6780: 6773: 6757: 6753: 6749: 6743: 6727: 6723: 6716: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6673: 6665: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6628: 6626: 6624: 6622: 6620: 6618: 6616: 6614: 6612: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6576: 6560: 6556: 6550: 6531: 6524: 6518: 6499: 6495: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6474: 6473: 6465: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6416: 6414: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6370: 6355: 6351: 6345: 6337: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6296: 6288: 6282: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6237: 6218: 6211: 6205: 6197: 6193: 6187: 6179: 6175: 6169: 6153: 6149: 6143: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6113: 6105: 6101: 6095: 6079: 6075: 6069: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6026: 6018: 6014: 6008: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5972: 5970: 5968: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5931: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5896: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5847: 5838: 5834: 5828: 5820: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5779: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5749: 5747: 5738: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5697: 5695: 5675: 5668: 5667: 5660: 5652: 5648: 5642: 5640: 5623: 5619: 5613: 5611: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5561: 5546: 5542: 5535: 5533: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5475: 5459: 5455: 5449: 5434: 5430: 5423: 5407: 5403: 5397: 5382: 5378: 5371: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5340: 5325: 5318: 5312: 5304: 5298: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5276: 5272: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5222: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5179: 5171: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5130: 5128: 5112: 5108: 5101: 5086: 5082: 5075: 5067: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5024: 5022: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4991: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4890: 4882: 4878: 4872: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4842: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4807: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4753: 4749: 4748: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4700: 4698: 4689: 4683: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4661: 4657: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4605: 4601: 4600: 4592: 4584: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4541: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4459: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4437: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4415: 4400: 4396: 4390: 4382: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4324: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4283: 4267: 4263: 4257: 4242: 4241: 4236: 4229: 4213: 4209: 4203: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4138: 4132: 4128: 4121: 4113: 4107: 4103: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4008: 4006: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3772: 3764: 3758: 3750: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3610: 3606: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3565: 3561: 3555: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3525: 3523: 3518: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3491:Public health 3489: 3487: 3486:Nursing chair 3484: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3461:Dairy allergy 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3433: 3426: 3417: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3402: 3398: 3396: 3392: 3391: 3384: 3381: 3377: 3372: 3368: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3337: 3333: 3325: 3320: 3311: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3296: 3294: 3290: 3289: 3281: 3277: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3252: 3250: 3249: 3248:Sesame Street 3238: 3236: 3231: 3227: 3221: 3211: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3189: 3187: 3182: 3178: 3176: 3167: 3163: 3158: 3149: 3147: 3141: 3130: 3126: 3125:Macierzyństwo 3122: 3113: 3111: 3106: 3102: 3101:Roman Empires 3098: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3072: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3048: 3039: 3033: 3024: 3022: 3018: 3013: 3009: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2989: 2980: 2978: 2974: 2968: 2966: 2959: 2954: 2949: 2939: 2936: 2930: 2927: 2923: 2920: 2910: 2908: 2903: 2901: 2897: 2892: 2890: 2886: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2857: 2854: 2849: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2825: 2822: 2818: 2813: 2810: 2805: 2803: 2793: 2780: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2739: 2738: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2724: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2701: 2691: 2686: 2676: 2674: 2669: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2654:breast cancer 2650: 2642: 2634: 2631: 2620: 2618: 2614: 2613:birth control 2610: 2604: 2594: 2592: 2586:Maternal bond 2583: 2576: 2573: 2569: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2541:malocclusions 2538: 2534: 2529: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2514: 2512: 2508: 2503: 2501: 2497: 2492: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2477: 2469: 2460: 2458: 2448: 2446: 2440: 2430: 2421: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2369: 2363: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2339: 2329: 2325: 2303: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2238: 2236: 2230: 2222: 2213: 2211: 2207: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2184: 2180: 2163: 2158: 2151: 2146: 2139: 2134: 2133: 2132: 2130: 2125: 2123: 2119: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2089: 2084: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2057: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2009: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1998:Refrigerator 1997: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1971: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1957: 1951: 1949: 1945: 1938: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1919: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1893: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1880:A mother may 1874: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1829: 1819: 1815: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1799: 1795: 1793: 1790:that contain 1789: 1785: 1781: 1770: 1762: 1760: 1756: 1745: 1743: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1699:Substance use 1696: 1693: 1690: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1674:In May 2020, 1669: 1661: 1656: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1634: 1633:Herpes 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17929:Maternal age 17902:Tanner scale 17885:Virilization 17880:Feminization 17830:Implantation 17816:Insemination 17800:Ejaculation 17776:Masturbation 17692:spermatocyte 17664:Luteal phase 17649:Menstruation 17529: 16969:Other topics 16908: 16875:Cradle board 16870:Cloth diaper 16830:Baby shampoo 16816:Baby monitor 16806:Baby bouncer 16760:Circumcision 16607:Birth defect 16489:Immunization 16448: 16439:Birth weight 16331:Other topics 16233:Amy Spangler 16105:Prolactinoma 15902:Breast crawl 15860: 15741: 15710: 15692: 15686: 15664: 15644: 15615: 15595: 15576: 15557: 15541: 15523:Bibliography 15508:. 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6762:27 October 6539:5 November 6426:Pediatrics 6359:1 November 6158:8 February 6132:31 January 5859:Pediatrics 5464:15 January 5438:15 January 5412:15 January 5289:1256449680 5195:(1): 216. 4798:1249555693 4160:Pediatrics 3661:Pediatrics 3615:8 February 3570:8 February 3513:References 3357:child care 3308:Protestant 3274:See also: 3168:, in 2011 3162:Fiann Paul 3085:See also: 3027:Prevalence 2783:Healthcare 2721:See also: 2390:diphtheria 2332:Infections 2256:bacteremia 2229:mothers." 2054:See also: 2029:12 months 1935:See also: 1724:, such as 1716:, and the 1689:SARS-CoV-2 1530:viral load 1394:predictive 1123:See also: 1086:asymmetric 841:donor milk 626:, such as 538:, and the 466:antibodies 153:following 151:blood loss 120:developing 18024:Lactation 18014:Thelarche 17991:Andrology 17938:Menopause 17835:Pregnancy 17825:Fertility 17780:Erection 17736:Germ cell 17709:Oogenesis 17697:spermatid 17659:Ovulation 17525:Lactation 17396:Milkshake 17364:Ice cream 17221:Chocolate 17196:Condensed 17134:Colostrum 17036:Paternity 16945:Swaddling 16811:Baby gate 16790:Wet nurse 16780:Milk bank 16672:Parenting 16597:Baby talk 16549:Pedialyte 16479:Esotropia 16434:Baby food 16284:Wet nurse 16264:Midwifery 16218:Lactivism 16026:Disorders 15997:Lactation 15992:Colostrum 15982:Prolactin 15927:Galactose 15544:(Q174876) 15417:(1): 28. 14868:Ethnology 14290:26 August 13700:140745639 13680:Sex Roles 13665:144203268 13509:143449458 13474:144811498 13346:(1): 11. 13244:18 August 11987:1469-493X 11816:199504292 10842:184485435 10582:219206967 9865:ignored ( 9855:cite book 8676:246018031 7950:Nutrients 7545:231760695 7453:233242365 7191:208505043 6918:833313234 5523:228101037 5297:cite book 5146:: 55–65. 5034:Nutrients 4924:207673799 4766:864058193 4682:cite book 4674:921886130 4618:233970853 3481:Milk line 3314:Workplace 3304:Christian 3264:Ilkhanate 3087:Wet nurse 2977:nurse-ins 2973:neologism 2844:and some 2767:examined 2597:Fertility 2498:, as the 2424:Mortality 2398:influenza 2379:intestine 2094:wet nurse 2088:Wet nurse 2026:6 months 1989:24 hours 1910:milk bank 1839:galactose 1784:diuretics 1748:Marijuana 1742:diffusion 1730:bupropion 1647:, proper 1613:, termed 1481:pathogens 1427:hemolysis 1379:bilirubin 1340:secondary 1310:C-section 1242:ibuprofen 653:caregiver 577:bilirubin 573:colostrum 499:colostrum 415:Prolactin 404:let-down. 378:Colostrum 367:placenta. 321:colostrum 317:prolactin 297:pregnancy 273:fat cells 263:Lactation 167:fertility 92:vitamin D 17961:Vivipary 17931: / 17912:Menarche 17907:Pubarche 17789:Clitoral 17741:gonocyte 17714:oogonium 17644:Menarche 17582:Category 17549:Milkmaid 17542:Pipeline 17459:Milk bag 17381:Filmjölk 17369:Ice milk 17317:Products 17273:Powdered 17211:Flavored 16996:Cry room 16935:Stroller 16925:Pacifier 16860:Bassinet 16835:Baby toy 16697:Teething 16677:Peekaboo 16617:Crawling 16602:Babbling 16423:Health ( 16070:Mastitis 15972:Oxytocin 15824:Medicine 15681:mothers. 15486:26571104 15443:26516340 15336:JD Supra 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17510:Allergy 17376:Jewelry 17354:Custard 17288:Skimmed 17283:Scalded 17263:Organic 17253:Haymilk 17241:Vanilla 17139:Newborn 17099:Buffalo 16955:Teether 16930:Playpen 16707:Weaning 16702:Walking 16415:Infants 16343:Weaning 16121:support 15957:Lactose 15799:LactMed 15537:Scholia 15434:4625926 15316:21 June 15137:7388861 15088:7245542 15004:3490661 14955:5321388 14888:3773273 14846:Hazlitt 14797:29 July 14726:2443254 14632:4248563 14190:5703407 14012:2706212 13961:8158892 13893:27 July 13800:25 June 13749:5 March 13723:5 March 13645:Hypatia 13363:2518137 13318:5425056 13270:29 July 13174:5779438 13087:4307211 13038:4488037 12829:9547767 12785:2743883 12764:Bibcode 12731:11 July 12673:5648284 12650:Bibcode 12559:4203468 12400:3387873 12156:9543958 12048:4164447 11996:9595242 11939:3151176 11858:8594038 11702:6578686 11445:6127250 11329:6718231 11210:7154583 11161:4670483 11107:3947469 11058:5087141 11009:1633819 10922:9775838 10743:2323203 10297:6875749 10215:Vaccine 10200:6798576 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17344:Cream 17324:Ayran 17298:Toned 17216:Anise 17186:Baked 17174:Types 17156:Sheep 17146:Moose 17129:Human 17124:Horse 17104:Camel 16785:Nanny 16469:Colic 16259:Doula 16252:Roles 15392:(PDF) 15168:(PDF) 15067:Birth 14884:JSTOR 14791:(PDF) 14780:(PDF) 14752:(PDF) 14588:(PDF) 14257:S2CID 14186:S2CID 14093:4 May 13696:S2CID 13661:S2CID 13623:S2CID 13538:(PDF) 13527:(PDF) 13505:S2CID 13470:S2CID 13314:S2CID 13212:(PDF) 13138:S2CID 12607:S2CID 12489:S2CID 12360:(PDF) 12353:(PDF) 12336:(PDF) 12305:(PDF) 12283:S2CID 12209:S2CID 12160:S2CID 11891:(PDF) 11884:(PDF) 11812:S2CID 11698:S2CID 11586:S2CID 11481:S2CID 11441:S2CID 11398:S2CID 11285:S2CID 11235:Birth 10926:S2CID 10838:S2CID 10697:S2CID 10578:S2CID 10531:S2CID 10488:S2CID 10406:S2CID 10328:S2CID 10087:S2CID 10036:(PDF) 10029:(PDF) 9906:S2CID 9819:1–186 9775:(PDF) 9758:(PDF) 9534:(PDF) 9527:(PDF) 9189:S2CID 8672:S2CID 8060:(PDF) 8049:(PDF) 8000:IBLCE 7854:6 May 7822:Today 7771:S2CID 7613:6 May 7541:S2CID 7449:S2CID 7187:S2CID 7111:(PDF) 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