English Reformation

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religion and proclaiming that, for the time being, she would not compel religious conformity. This was in part Mary's attempt to avoid provoking Protestant opposition before she could consolidate her power. While Protestants were not a majority of the population, their numbers had grown through Edward's reign. Historian Eamon Duffy writes that "Protestantism was a force to be reckoned with in London and in towns like Bristol, Rye, and Colchester, and it was becoming so in some northern towns such as Hessle, Hull, and Halifax."

4711: 3291: 4099: 3368:, Archbishop of Canterbury, presented the revised wording to Convocation. The clergy were to acknowledge the King to be "singular protector, supreme lord and even, so far as the law of Christ allows, supreme head of the English Church and clergy". When Warham requested a discussion, there was silence. Warham then said, "He who is silent seems to consent", to which a bishop responded, "Then we are all silent." The Convocation granted consent to the King's five articles and the payment on 8 March 1531. Later, the 4213: 5291:. Historian O. T. Hargrave writes that the Marian persecution was not "excessive" by "contemporary continental standards"; however, "it was unprecedented in the English experience". Historian Christopher Haigh writes that it "failed to intimidate all Protestants", whose bravery at the stake inspired others; however, it "was not a disaster: if it did not help the Catholic cause, it did not do much to harm it." After her death, the Queen became known as "Bloody Mary" due to the influence of 77: 3435:—a Protestant who could be relied on to oppose the papacy—to replace him. The Pope reluctantly approved Cranmer's appointment, and he was consecrated on 30 March 1533. By this time, Henry was secretly married to a pregnant Anne. The impending birth of an heir gave new urgency to annulling his marriage to Catherine. Nevertheless, a decision continued to be delayed because Rome was the final authority in all ecclesiastical matters. To address this issue, Parliament passed the 5229: 4938: 2923: 6372: 5195: 6108: 4930: 17119: 6358: 1893: 5339: 3838:, and those that could sought work as parish priests. Former nuns received smaller pensions and, as they were still bound by vows of chastity, forbidden to marry. Henry personally devised a plan to form at least thirteen new dioceses so that most counties had one based on a former monastery (or more than one), though this scheme was only partly carried out. New dioceses were established at Bristol, Gloucester, Oxford, Peterborough, 6386: 6039:

to enter the country, as well as for anyone to aid or shelter him. As the older generation of recusant priests died out, Catholicism collapsed among the lower classes in the north, west and in Wales. Without priests, these social classes drifted into the Church of England and Catholicism was forgotten. By Elizabeth's death in 1603, Catholicism had become "the faith of a small sect", largely confined to gentry households.

4552: 6241:, Anglicanism inherited a belief in the "positive spiritual value in ceremonies and rituals, and for an unbroken line of succession from the medieval Church to the latter day Church of England". From the Arminians, it gained a theology of episcopacy and an appreciation for liturgy. From the Puritans and Calvinists, it "inherited a contradictory impulse to assert the supremacy of scripture and preaching". 6629:, pp. 461, 492) quotes Cranmer as explaining "And therefore in the book of the holy communion, we do not pray that the creatures of bread and wine may be the body and blood of Christ; but that they may be to us the body and blood of Christ" and also "I do as plainly speak as I can, that Christ's body and blood be given to us in deed, yet not corporally and carnally, but spiritually and effectually." 5171:. However, there were limits to what could be restored. Only seven religious houses were re-founded between 1555 and 1558, though there were plans to re-establish more. Of the 1,500 ex-religious still living, only about a hundred resumed monastic life, and only a small number of chantries were re-founded. Re-establishments were hindered by the changing nature of charitable giving. A plan to re-establish 3185: 5252:, which authorized capital punishment as a penalty for heresy. The persecution of heretics was uncoordinated—sometimes arrests were ordered by the Privy Council, others by bishops, and others by lay magistrates. Protestants brought attention to themselves usually due to some act of dissent, such as denouncing the Mass or refusing to receive the sacrament. A particularly violent act of protest was 3600: 6462:, p. 470), "The Reformation must not be confused with the changes introduced into the Church of England during the 'Reformation Parliament' of 1529–36, which were of a political rather than a religious nature, designed to unite the secular and religious sources of authority within a single sovereign power: the Anglican Church did not until later make any substantial change in doctrine." 6026:'s wage). By 1574, Catholic recusants had organised an underground Catholic Church, distinct from the Church of England. However, it had two major weaknesses: membership loss as church papists conformed fully to the Church of England and a shortage of priests. Between 1574 and 1603, 600 Catholic priests were sent to England. The influx of foreign trained Catholic priests, the unsuccessful 3691: 3106:, who was secretive and conservative, the young Henry appeared the epitome of chivalry and sociability. An observant Catholic, he heard up to five masses a day (except during the hunting season); of "powerful but unoriginal mind", he let himself be influenced by his advisors from whom he was never apart, by night or day. He was thus susceptible to whoever had his ear. 3247:(taking the authority of the papacy above the Crown) and Wolsey's subsequent death in November 1530 on his way to London to answer a charge of high treason left Henry open to both the influences of the supporters of the queen and the opposing influences of those who sanctioned the abandonment of the Roman allegiance, for whom an annulment was but an opportunity. 3862:. Not only were there divisions between traditionalists and reformers, but Protestants themselves were divided between establishment reformers who held Lutheran beliefs and radicals who held Anabaptist and Sacramentarian views. Reports of dissension from every part of England reached Cromwell daily—developments he tried to hide from the King. 4326:. This shift can be seen in the Communion order's teaching on the Eucharist. Laypeople were instructed that when receiving the sacrament they "spiritually eat the flesh of Christ", an attack on the belief in the real, bodily presence of Christ in the Eucharist. The Communion order was incorporated into the new prayer book largely unchanged. 4313:. The "Order of the Communion" was a series of English exhortations and prayers that reflected Protestant theology and were inserted into the Latin Mass. A significant departure from tradition was that individual confession to a priest—long a requirement before receiving the Eucharist—was made optional and replaced with a 3858:, Henry's religious reforms were based on the principles of "unity, obedience and the refurbishment of ancient truth". Yet, the outcome was disunity and disobedience. Impatient Protestants took it upon themselves to further reform. Priests said Mass in English rather than Latin and were marrying in violation of 6330:

away from elite sources, and instead rely on local parish records, diocesan files, guild records, data from boroughs, the courts, and especially telltale individual wills. The revisions picture pre-Reformation parish Catholicism as a "vibrant church that provided spiritual succour to the English people."

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neo-Marxist interpretation that stressed the economic decline of the old elites in the rise of the landed gentry and middle classes. All these approaches still have representatives, but the main thrust of scholarly historiography since the 1970s falls into four groupings or schools, according to Hazlett.

3312:, and sanctuary. In the matter of the annulment, no progress seemed possible. The Pope seemed more afraid of Emperor Charles V than of Henry. Anne, Cromwell and their allies wished simply to ignore the Pope, but in October 1530 a meeting of clergy and lawyers advised that Parliament could not empower the 5309:

declared war on Philip and recalled Pole to Rome to have him tried as a heretic. Mary refused to let him go. The support she might have expected from a grateful Pope was thus denied. From 1557, the Pope refused to confirm English bishops, leading to vacancies and hurting the Marian religious program.

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produced their bucolic profits". Great church feasts were restored and celebrated with plays, pageants and processions. However, Bishop Bonner's attempt to establish weekly processions in 1556 was a failure. Haigh writes that in years during which processions were banned people had discovered "better

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was composed during a time when it was necessary to grant compromises and concessions to traditionalists. This was taken advantage of by conservative priests who made the new liturgy as much like the old one as possible, including elevating the Eucharist. The conservative Bishop Gardiner endorsed the

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Cromwell's programme, assisted by Anne Boleyn's influence over episcopal appointments, was not merely against the clergy and the power of Rome. He persuaded Henry that safety from political alliances that Rome might attempt to bring together lay in negotiations with the German Lutheran princes of the

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of France. She was a woman of "charm, style and wit, with will and savagery which made her a match for Henry". Anne was a distinguished French conversationalist, singer, and dancer. She was cultured and is the disputed author of several songs and poems. By 1527, Henry wanted his marriage to Catherine

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and others have brought much more precision to the theological landscape, with Calvinist Puritans who were impatient with the Anglican caution sent compromises. Indeed, the Puritans were a distinct subgroup who did not comprise all of Calvinism. The Church of England thus emerged as a coalition of

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and numerous other scholars. Their main achievement was the discovery of an entirely new corpus of primary sources at the local level, leading them to the emphasis on Reformation as it played out on a daily and local basis, with much less emphasis on the control from the top. They emphasize turning

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There is debate among historians over how vibrant the restoration was on the local level. According to historian A. G. Dickens, "Parish religion was marked by religious and cultural sterility", though historian Christopher Haigh observed enthusiasm, marred only by poor harvests that produced poverty

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were condemned. Preaching was placed at the centre of the pastoral office, and all clergy were to provide sermons to the people (rectors and vicars who failed to were fined). The most important part of the plan was the order to establish a seminary in each diocese, which would replace the disorderly

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Cardinal Pole would eventually replace Cranmer as Archbishop of Canterbury in 1556, jurisdictional issues between England and Rome having prevented Cranmer's removal. Mary could have had Cranmer tried and executed for treason—he had supported the claims of Lady Jane Grey—but she resolved to have him

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the members of Parliament "with the whole realm and dominions thereof, from all heresy and schism". Afterwards, bishops absolved diocesan clergy, and they in turn absolved parishioners. On 26 December, the Privy Council introduced legislation repealing the religious legislation of Henry VIII's reign

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Following Mary's accession, the Duke of Norfolk along with the conservative bishops Bonner, Gardiner, Tunstall, Day and Heath were released from prison and restored to their former dioceses. By September 1553, Hooper and Cranmer were imprisoned. Northumberland himself was executed but not before his

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King Edward became seriously ill in February and died in July 1553. Before his death, Edward was concerned that Mary, his devoutly Catholic sister, would overturn his religious reforms. A new plan of succession was created in which both of Edward's sisters Mary and Elizabeth were bypassed on account

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On 28 June 1540 Cromwell, Henry's longtime advisor and loyal servant, was then executed. Different reasons were advanced: that Cromwell would not enforce the Act of Six Articles; that he had supported Robert Barnes, Hugh Latimer and other heretics; and that he was responsible for Henry's marriage to

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in 1537. These established a semi-Lutheran doctrine for the church. Justification by faith, qualified by an emphasis on good works following justification, was a core teaching. The traditional seven sacraments were reduced to three only—baptism, Eucharist and penance. Catholic teaching on praying to

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to the Pope, and transferred the power to grant dispensations and licences from the Pope to the Archbishop of Canterbury. This Act also reiterated that England had "no superior under God, but only your Grace" and that Henry's "imperial crown" had been diminished by "the unreasonable and uncharitable

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all contributed to a perception that Catholicism was treasonous. Executions of Catholic priests became more common—the first in 1577, four in 1581, eleven in 1582, two in 1583, six in 1584, fifty-three by 1590, and seventy more between 1601 and 1608. In 1585, it became treason for a Catholic priest

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The historian Eamon Duffy writes that the Marian religious "programme was not one of reaction but of creative reconstruction" absorbing whatever was considered positive in the reforms of Henry VIII and Edward VI. The result was "subtly but distinctively different from the Catholicism of the 1520s."

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to end England's schism with the Catholic Church. On 28 November, Pole addressed Parliament to ask it to end the schism, declaring "I come not to destroy, but to build. I come to reconcile, not to condemn. I come not to compel, but to call again." In response, Parliament submitted a petition to the

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in his London diocese. Other bishops throughout the country followed his example, but there was also resistance. In November 1550, the Privy Council ordered the removal of all altars in an effort to end all dispute. While the prayer book used the term "altar", Protestants preferred a table because

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From that point on, the Reformation proceeded apace. Since the 1530s, one of the obstacles to Protestant reform had been the bishops, bitterly divided between a traditionalist majority and a Protestant minority. This obstacle was removed in 1550–1551 when the episcopate was purged of conservatives.

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When a new Parliament met in November 1547, it began to dismantle the laws passed during Henry VIII's reign to protect traditional religion. The Act of Six Articles was repealed—decriminalizing denial of the real, physical presence of Christ in the Eucharist. The old heresy laws were also repealed,

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t is difficult to have a people entirely opposed to new errors which does not hold with the ancient authority of the Church and of the Holy See, or, on the other hand, hating the Pope, which does not share some opinions with the Germans. Yet the government will not have either the one or the other,

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of Christ in the Eucharist. At the same time, he shared in the drafting of a proclamation ordering Anabaptists and Sacramentaries to get out of the country or face death. Discussion of the real presence (except by those educated in the universities) was forbidden, and priests who married were to be

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throughout all of England. He re-installed images, vestment and plate in churches. Around 2,000 married clergy were separated from their wives, but the majority of these were allowed to continue their work as priests. Pole was aided by some of the leading Catholic intellectuals, Spanish members of

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provided his own complaints. Shifts in Eucharistic theology between 1548 and 1552 also made the prayer book unsatisfactory—during that time English Protestants achieved a consensus rejecting any real bodily presence of Christ in the Eucharist. Some influential Protestants such as Vermigli defended

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The Crown was also experiencing financial difficulties, and the wealth of the church, in contrast to its political weakness, made confiscation of church property both tempting and feasible. Seizure of monastic wealth was not unprecedented; it had happened before in 1295, 1337, and 1369. The church

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was not essential to the Church of England's identity. The King relied on Protestants, such as Thomas Cromwell and Thomas Cranmer, to carry out his religious programme and embraced the language of the continental Reformation, while maintaining a middle way between religious extremes. What followed

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The break with Rome gave Henry VIII power to administer the English Church, tax it, appoint its officials, and control its laws. It also gave him control over the church's doctrine and ritual. While Henry remained a traditional Catholic, his most important supporters in breaking with Rome were the

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This realm of England is an Empire, and so hath been accepted in the world, governed by one Supreme Head and King having the dignity and royal estate of the Imperial Crown of the same, unto whom a body politic compact of all sorts and degrees of people divided in terms and by names of Spirituality

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was the first English Bible to be mass produced; there were probably 16,000 copies in England by 1536. Tyndale's translation was highly influential, forming the basis of all subsequent English translations until the 20th century. An attack on traditional religion, Tyndale's translation included an

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as burdensome and spiritually oppressive. Not only did purgatory lack any biblical basis according to Protestants, but the clergy were also accused of leveraging the fear of purgatory to make money from prayers and masses. The Catholics countered that justification by faith alone was a "licence to

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By the end of 1554, Henry VIII's religious settlement had been re-instituted, but England was still not reunited with Rome. Before reunion could occur, church property disputes had to be settled—which, in practice, meant letting the nobility and gentry who had bought confiscated church lands keep

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The break with Rome and the religious reforms of Henry VIII and Edward VI were achieved through parliamentary legislation and could only be reversed through Parliament. When Parliament met in October, Bishop Gardiner, now Lord Chancellor, initially proposed the repeal of all religious legislation

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Throughout Edward's reign, inventories of parish valuables, ostensibly for preventing embezzlement, convinced many the government planned to seize parish property, just as was done to the chantries. These fears were confirmed in March 1551 when the Privy Council ordered the confiscation of church

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Christ instituted the sacrament at a table. The removal of altars was also an attempt to destroy the idea that the Eucharist was Christ's sacrifice. During Lent in 1550, John Hooper preached, "as long as the altars remain, both the ignorant people, and the ignorant and evil-persuaded priest, will

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to be placed in all churches; any failure to comply would result in a £2 fine. The Protestants could celebrate the growing access to vernacular scripture as most churches had Bibles by 1545. The iconoclastic policies of 1538 were continued in the autumn when the Archbishops of Canterbury and York

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and most feasts during harvest time (July through September). The rationale was partly economic as too many holidays led to a loss of productivity and were "the occasion of vice and idleness". In addition, Protestants considered feast days to be examples of superstition. Clergy were to discourage

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leads the first faction with an agenda rooted in political historiography. It concentrates on the top of the early modern church-state looking at it at the mechanics of policymaking and the organs of its implementation and enforcement. The key player for Elton was not Henry VIII, but rather his

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Gradually, England was transformed into a Protestant country as the Prayer Book shaped Elizabethan religious life. By the 1580s, conformist Protestants (those who conformed their religious practice to the religious settlement) were becoming a majority. Calvinism appealed to many conformists, and

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to the throne meant a restoration of traditional religion. Before any official sanction, Latin Masses began reappearing throughout England, despite the 1552 Book of Common Prayer remaining the only legal liturgy. Mary began her reign cautiously by emphasising the need for tolerance in matters of

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work of propaganda depicts the handing over of power from Henry VIII, who lies dying in bed, to Edward VI, seated beneath a cloth of state with a slumping pope at his feet. In the top right of the picture is an image of men pulling down and smashing idols. At Edward's side are his uncle the Lord

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The Royal Supremacy and the abolition of papal authority had not caused widespread unrest, but the attacks on monasteries and the abolition of saints' days and pilgrimages provoked violence. Mobs attacked those sent to break up monastic buildings. Suppression commissioners were attacked by local

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on 24 January 1531. It wanted the payment spread over five years, but Henry refused. The convocation responded by withdrawing their payment altogether and demanded Henry fulfil certain guarantees before they would give him the money. Henry refused these conditions, agreeing only to the five-year

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Secondly, A. G. Dickens and others were motivated by a primarily religious perspective. They prioritize the religious and subjective side of the movement. While recognizing the Reformation was imposed from the top, just as it was everywhere else in Europe, it also responded to aspirations from

3141:. (Successive English and British monarchs have retained this title to the present, even after the Anglican Church broke away from Catholicism, in part because the title was re-conferred by Parliament in 1544, after the split.) Wolsey's enemies at court included those who had been influenced by 2850:

practices and clerical corruption, while emphasising inward piety over religious ritual. Some of the early Protestant leaders went through a humanist phase before embracing the new movement. A notable early use of the English word "reformation" came in 1512, when the English bishops were called

6007:, a formal liturgy contained in the Prayer Book, traditional vestments and episcopal polity. According to historian Diarmaid MacCulloch, the conflicts over the Elizabethan Settlement stem from this "tension between Catholic structure and Protestant theology". During the reigns of Elizabeth and 4766:

was removed, and the minister no longer said "the body of Christ" when delivering communion. Rather, he said, "Take and eat this, in remembrance that Christ died for thee, and feed on him in thy heart by faith, with thanksgiving". Christ's presence in the Lord's Supper was a spiritual presence

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inherited a kingdom in which a majority of people, especially the political elite, were religiously conservative, and England's main ally was Catholic Spain. For these reasons, the proclamation announcing her accession forbade any "breach, alteration, or change of any order or usage presently

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In September 1538, Stephen Gardiner returned to England, and the official religious policy began to drift in a conservative direction. This was due in part to the eagerness of establishment Protestants to disassociate themselves from religious radicals. In September, two Lutheran princes, the

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The failure of the Pilgrimage of Grace only sped up the process of dissolution and may have convinced Henry VIII that all religious houses needed to be closed. In 1540, the last monasteries were dissolved, wiping out an important element of traditional religion. Former monks were given modest

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offered the rebels a pardon and a parliament to consider their grievances. Aske then sent the rebels home. The promises made to them, however, were ignored by the King, and Norfolk was instructed to put the rebellion down. Forty-seven of the Lincolnshire rebels were executed, and 132 from the

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contended that people had "ceased to believe in intercessory masses for souls in purgatory", but Eamon Duffy argued that the demolition of chantry chapels and the removal of images coincided with the activity of royal visitors. The evidence is often ambiguous. In some places, chantry priests

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interpretation, based on liberal secularized Protestantism, that depicted the Reformation in England, in the words of Ian Hazlett, as "the midwife delivering England from the Dark Ages to the threshold of modernity, and so a turning point of progress". Finally among the older schools was a

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resulted in the overthrow of Charles I, and a Puritan-dominated Parliament began to dismantle the Elizabethan Settlement. The Puritans, however, were divided among themselves and failed to agree on an alternative religious settlement. A variety of new religious movements appeared, including

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and instruct the people to give to the poor rather than make offerings to images. The clergy were also ordered to place Bibles in both English and Latin in every church for the people to read. This last requirement was largely ignored by the bishops for a year or more due to the lack of any

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before being released. Gardiner was sent to the Fleet Prison in September and remained there until January 1548. However, he continued to refuse to enforce the new religious policies and was arrested once again in June when he was sent to the Tower of London for the rest of Edward's reign.

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The confiscations caused tensions between Protestant church leaders and Warwick, now Duke of Northumberland. Cranmer, Ridley and other Protestant leaders did not fully trust Northumberland. Northumberland in turn sought to undermine these bishops by promoting their critics, such as

4853:. Many parishes sold their valuables rather than have them confiscated at a later date. The money funded parish projects that could not be challenged by royal authorities. In many parishes, items were concealed or given to local gentry who had, in fact, lent them to the church. 4534:

The insurrections were put down only after considerable loss of life. Somerset was blamed and was removed from power in October. It was wrongly believed by both conservatives and reformers that the Reformation would be overturned. Succeeding Somerset as de facto regent was

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Traditionalists, nevertheless, seemed to have the upper hand. By the spring of 1543, Protestant innovations had been reversed, and only the break with Rome and the dissolution of the monasteries remained unchanged. In May 1543, a new formulary was published to replace the

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said by the congregation as a whole. The effect on religious custom was profound as a majority of laypeople, not just Protestants, most likely ceased confessing their sins to their priests. By 1548, Cranmer and other leading Protestants had moved from the Lutheran to the

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continued to say prayers and landowners to pay them to do so. Some parishes took steps to conceal images and relics in order to rescue them from confiscation and destruction. Opposition to the removal of images was widespread—so much so that when during the Commonwealth,

4133:. The Protestant Somerset pursued reform hesitantly at first, partly because his powers were not unchallenged. The Six Articles remained the law of the land, and a proclamation was issued on 24 May reassuring the people against any "innovations and changes in religion". 4920:

of 1543 and was widely seen as an attempt by Northumberland to stay in power. Northumberland was unpopular due to the church confiscations, and support for Jane collapsed. On 19 July, the Privy Council proclaimed Mary queen to the acclamation of the crowds in London.

4185:, such as holy water. It was emphasized that they imparted neither blessing nor healing but were only reminders of Christ. Lighting votive candles before saints' images had been forbidden in 1538, and the 1547 injunctions went further by outlawing those placed on the 5135:. Pole believed that ignorance and lack of discipline among the clergy had led to England's religious turmoil, and the synod's reforms were designed to remedy both problems. Clerical absenteeism (the practice of clergy failing to reside in their diocese or parish), 4357:

with an English-language liturgy. Authored by Cranmer, this first prayer book was a temporary compromise with conservatives. It provided Protestants with a service free from what they considered superstition, while maintaining the traditional structure of the mass.

4002:, which restricted the Bible reading to men and women of noble birth. Henry expressed his fears to Parliament in 1545 that "the Word of God, is disputed, rhymed, sung and jangled in every ale house and tavern, contrary to the true meaning and doctrine of the same." 6617:, p. 481) reports that in Ludlow in Shropshire the parishioners complied with the orders to remove the rood and other images in 1547 but the same year spent money on making up the canopy to be carried over the Blessed Sacrament on the feast of Corpus Christi. 4447:

There were other departures from tradition. At least initially, there was no music because it would take time to replace the church's body of Latin music. Most of the liturgical year was simply "bulldozed away" with only the major feasts of Christmas, Easter and

3778:) against expected invasion, and all the land was given to the Crown or sold to the aristocracy. Thirty-four houses were saved by paying for exemptions. Monks and nuns affected by closures were transferred to larger houses, and monks had the option of becoming 4156:

by teaching "we be justified by faith only, freely, and without works". Despite objections from Gardiner, who questioned the legality of bypassing both Parliament and Convocation, justification by faith had been made a central teaching of the English Church.

6646:, a chalice, paten and processional cross were sold and the proceeds devoted to flood defences; in the wealthy Rayleigh parish, £10 worth of plate was sold to pay for the cost of the required reforms—the need to buy a parish chest, Bible and communion table. 4074:. After a dispute with the King, Bishop Gardiner, the leading conservative churchman, was disgraced and removed as a councilor. Later, the Duke of Norfolk, the most powerful conservative nobleman, was arrested. By the time Henry died in 1547, the Protestant 5239:

Protestants who refused to conform remained an obstacle to Catholic plans. Around 800 Protestants fled England to find safety in Protestant areas of Germany and Switzerland, establishing networks of independent congregations. Safe from persecution, these

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The injunctions set off a wave of iconoclasm in the autumn of 1547. While the injunctions only condemned images that were abused as objects of worship or devotion, the definition of abuse was broadened to justify the destruction of all images and relics.

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Despite these obstacles, the 5-year restoration was successful. There was support for traditional religion among the people, and Protestants remained a minority. Consequently, Protestants secretly ministering to underground congregations, such as

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to deal with the annulment and other grievances against the church. The Catholic Church was a powerful institution in England with a number of privileges. The King could not tax or sue clergy in civil courts. The church could also grant fugitives

3578:. There also seemed to be a possibility that Emperor Charles V might act to avenge his rejected aunt (Queen Catherine) and enforce the Pope's excommunication. The negotiations did not lead to an alliance but did bring Lutheran ideas to England. 4757:

This new prayer book removed many of the traditional elements in the 1549 prayer book, resulting in a more Protestant liturgy. The communion service was designed to remove any hint of consecration or change in the bread and wine. Instead of

4039:). While Henry's motives were largely financial (England was at war with France and desperately in need of funds), the passage of the Chantries Act was "an indication of how deeply the doctrine of purgatory had been eroded and discredited". 3668:, and other Marian images were burned at Chelsea on Cromwell's orders. In September, Cromwell issued a second set of royal injunctions ordering the destruction of images to which pilgrimage offerings were made, the prohibition of lighting 6270:

The historiography of the English Reformation has seen vigorous clashes among dedicated protagonists and scholars for five centuries. The main factual details at the national level have been clear since 1900, as laid out for example by

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carried on a propaganda campaign against Catholicism and the Queen's Spanish marriage, sometimes calling for rebellion. Those who remained in England were forced to practise their faith in secret and meet in underground congregations.

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In the new prayer book, the last vestiges of prayers for the dead were removed from the funeral service. Unlike the 1549 version, the 1552 prayer book removed many traditional sacramentals and observances that reflected belief in the

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In 1534, Parliament took further action to limit papal authority in England. A new Heresy Act ensured that no one could be punished for speaking against the Pope and also made it more difficult to convict someone of heresy; however,

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had been needed to allow the wedding in the first place. Henry argued the marriage was never valid because the biblical prohibition was part of unbreakable divine law, and even popes could not dispense with it. In 1527, Henry asked

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Calvinist clergy held the best bishoprics and deaneries during Elizabeth's reign. Other Calvinists were unsatisfied with elements of the Elizabethan Settlement and wanted further reforms to make the Church of England more like the

5984:, which was a revised version of the 1552 Prayer Book from Edward's reign. Some modifications were made to appeal to Catholics and Lutherans, including giving individuals greater latitude concerning belief in the real presence and 5318:, were planning for a long haul, a ministry of survival. Mary's death in November 1558, childless and without having made provision for a Catholic to succeed her, meant that her Protestant sister Elizabeth would be the next queen. 4122:. During the seven years of Edward's reign, a Protestant establishment would gradually implement religious changes that were "designed to destroy one Church and build another, in a religious revolution of ruthless thoroughness". 5183:

and want. Recruitment to the English clergy began to rise after almost a decade of declining ordinations. Repairs to long-neglected churches began. In the parishes, "restoration and repair continued, new bells were bought, and

3546:, Cromwell's authority was greater than that of bishops, even the Archbishop of Canterbury. Largely due to Anne Boleyn's influence, a number of Protestants were appointed bishops between 1534 and 1536. These included Latimer, 3117:. As long as Wolsey had his ear, Henry's Catholicism was secure: in 1521, he had defended the Catholic Church from Martin Luther's accusations of heresy in a book he wrote—probably with considerable help from the conservative 2882:

rather than by good works. In this view, God's unmerited favour is the only way for humans to be justified—it cannot be achieved or earned by righteous living. In other words, justification is a gift from God received through

2846:("back to the sources") of Christian faith—the scriptures as understood through textual, linguistic, classical and patristic scholarship—and wanted to make the Bible available in the vernacular. Humanists criticised so-called 4971:. By 20 December, the Mass was reinstated by law. There were disappointments for Mary: Parliament refused to penalise non-attendance at Mass, would not restore confiscated church property, and left open the question of 6341:

The more recent schools have decentred Henry VIII, and minimized hagiography. They have paid more attention to localities, Catholicism, radicals, and theological niceties. On Catholicism, the older schools focused on

6306:

principal Secretary of State Thomas Cromwell. Elton downplays the prophetic spirit of the religious reformers in the theology of keen conviction, dismissing them as the meddlesome intrusions from fanatics and bigots.

5036:

accounts suggest less emphasis on saints, images and prayer for the dead. There was a greater focus on the need for inward contrition in addition to external acts of penance. Cardinal Pole himself was a member of the

3706:, which was associated with the doctrine of purgatory. One of the primary functions of monasteries was to pray for the souls of their benefactors and for the souls of all Christians. While the King was not opposed to 4432:. The second was the congregation's sacrifice of praise and thanksgiving, and the third was the offering of "ourselves, our souls and bodies, to be a reasonable, holy and lively sacrifice" to God. While the medieval 6123:

Traditionally, historians have dated the end of the English Reformation to Elizabeth's religious settlement. There are scholars who advocate for a "Long Reformation" that continued into the 17th and 18th centuries.

3456:. Cranmer was now able to grant an annulment of the marriage to Catherine as Henry required, pronouncing on 23 May the judgment that Henry's marriage with Catherine was against the law of God. The Pope responded by 6310:

below. Dickens has been criticized for underestimating the strength of residual and revived Catholicism, but has been praised for his demonstration of the close ties to European influences. In the Dickens school,

3264:, and many areas of the law―such as family law―were controlled by the church. For centuries, kings had attempted to reduce the church's power, and the English Reformation was a continuation of this power struggle. 3733:

ostensibly to examine their character, but in fact, to value their assets with a view to expropriation. The visiting commissioners claimed to have uncovered sexual immorality and financial impropriety amongst the

4436:"explicitly identified the priest's action at the altar with the sacrifice of Christ", the Prayer Book broke this connection by stating the church's offering of thanksgiving in the Eucharist was not the same as 4061:

The conservative persecution of Queen Katherine, however, backfired. By November 1546, there were already signs that religious policy was once again tilting towards Protestantism. The King's will provided for a

3810:, an end to the suppression of monasteries, and that heresy be purged and heretics punished. Henry refused to negotiate, and the revolt collapsed as the nervous gentry convinced the common people to disperse. 3484:

refused the King's nomination for bishop, they would be liable to punishment by praemunire. The Act of First Fruits and Tenths transferred the taxes on ecclesiastical income from the Pope to the Crown. The

5256:'s stabbing of a priest during Mass on Easter Sunday, 14 April 1555. Individuals accused of heresy were examined by a church official and, if heresy was found, given the choice between death and signing a 3408:.) The next day, More resigned as lord chancellor. This left Cromwell as Henry's chief minister. (Cromwell never became chancellor. His power came—and was lost—through his informal relations with Henry.) 3570:. During the same period, the most influential conservative bishop, Stephen Gardiner, was sent to France on a diplomatic mission and thus removed from an active role in English politics for three years. 3242:

The combination of Henry's "scruple of conscience" and his captivation by Anne Boleyn made his desire to rid himself of his queen compelling. The indictment of his chancellor Cardinal Wolsey in 1529 for

2984:

The Protestant ideas were popular among some parts of the English population, especially among academics and merchants with connections to continental Europe. Protestant thought was better received at

6564:

were reformed in outlook, especially in their reduced emphasis on the invocation of saints. They were successful, he writes, in "taking an old-fashioned form and subverting its traditional purposes".

3509:, which made it high treason punishable by death to deny royal supremacy. The following year, Thomas More and John Fisher were executed under this legislation. Finally, in 1536, Parliament passed the 10334:

McGinnis, Scott (October 2011). "Review: Duffy, Eamon. Fires of Faith: Catholic England under Mary Tudor . New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009. xiv+249 pp. $ 28.50 (cloth); $ 18.00 (paper)".

5055:

of his Protestantism would have been a major coup. Unhappily for her, he unexpectedly withdrew his recantations at the last minute as he was to be burned at the stake, thus ruining her government's

3400:

On 10 May, the King demanded of Convocation that the church renounce all authority to make laws. On 15 May, Convocation renounced its authority to make canon law without royal assent—the so called

14579: 6507:, p. 164), "Henry wanted an annulment—a formal and legal declaration of the marriage's invalidity. Yet the word contemporaries used, divorce, captures better the legal and emotional turmoil." 5144:

manner in which priests had been trained previously. The Council of Trent would later impose the seminary system upon the rest of the Catholic Church. It was also the first to introduce the altar

4260:

of Scotland. Chantry priests had served parishes as auxiliary clergy and schoolmasters, and some communities were destroyed by the loss of the charitable and pastoral services of their chantries.

3726:

and nobility to Royal Supremacy by selling to them the huge amount of church lands, and that any reversion to pre-Royal Supremacy would entail upsetting many of the powerful people in the realm.

13047: 4967:

since 1529. The House of Commons refused to pass this bill, and after heated debate, Parliament repealed all Edwardian religious laws, including clerical marriage and the prayer book, in the

4005:

By the spring of 1544, the conservatives appeared to be losing influence once again. In March, Parliament made it more difficult to prosecute people for violating the Six Articles. Cranmer's

4807:. These ceremonies were altered to emphasise the importance of faith, rather than trusting in rituals or objects. Clerical vestments were simplified—ministers were only allowed to wear the 3271:

sat from 1529 to 1536 and brought together those who wanted reform but who disagreed what form it should take. There were common lawyers who resented the privileges of the clergy to summon

6346:(1470–1535), to the neglect of other bishops and factors inside Catholicism. The older schools tended to concentrate on the capital of London, the newer ones look to the English villages. 5188:

uses for their time" as well as "better uses for their money than offering candles to images". The focus was on "the crucified Christ, in the mass, the rood, and Corpus Christi devotion".

4729:

was criticized by Protestants both in England and abroad for being too susceptible to Catholic re-interpretation. Martin Bucer identified 60 problems with the prayer book, and the Italian

3767:

Leading reformers, led by Anne Boleyn, wanted to convert monasteries into "places of study and good letters, and to the continual relief of the poor", but this was not done. In 1536, the

2939:

epilogue explaining Luther's theology of justification by faith, and many translation choices were designed to undermine traditional Catholic teachings. Tyndale translated the Greek word

2420:. Final authority in doctrinal disputes now rested with the monarch. Though a religious traditionalist himself, Henry relied on Protestants to support and implement his religious agenda. 4821:] presently of a mass of money". No action was taken until 1552–1553 when commissioners were appointed. They were instructed to leave only the "bare essentials" required by the 1552 4058:, was suspected of heresy but saved herself by appealing to the King's mercy. With the Protestants on the defensive, traditionalists pressed their advantage by banning Protestant books. 3019:

Nevertheless, English Catholicism was strong and popular in the early 1500s, and those who held Protestant sympathies remained a religious minority until political events intervened. As

4290:

The second year of Edward's reign was a turning point for the English Reformation; many people identified the year 1548, rather than the 1530s, as the beginning of the English Church's

2447:

reintroduced the Protestant religion but in a more moderate manner. Nevertheless, disputes over the structure, theology, and worship of the Church of England continued for generations.

12138:

Ecclesiastical Memorials, Relating Chiefly to Religion, and the Reformation of It, and the Emergencies of the Church of England, Under King Henry VIII, King Edward VI, and Queen Mary I

4420:

was a "radical" departure from traditional worship in that it "eliminated almost everything that had till then been central to lay Eucharistic piety". Communion took place without any

4413:

and marriage services followed the Sarum rite. There were also remnants of prayer for the dead and the Requiem Mass, such as the provision for celebrating holy communion at a funeral.

5950:

established within this our realm". This was only temporary. The new Queen was Protestant, though a conservative one. She also filled her new government with Protestants. The Queen's

4978:

If Mary was to secure England for Catholicism, she needed an heir and her Protestant half-sister Elizabeth had to be prevented from inheriting the Crown. On the advice of her cousin

11224: 6536:, p. 107), Henry was no innocent: he sought influence in European affairs and, in pursuance of it, his relationship with the French was ambivalent and essentially treacherous. 4444:, the assembled offered their praises and thanksgivings. The Eucharist was now to be understood as merely a means of partaking in and receiving the benefits of Christ's sacrifice. 2783:. It was believed that most people would end their lives with these penalties unsatisfied and would have to spend "time" in purgatory. Time in purgatory could be lessened through 6581:, pp. 356–357), Cranmer believed Henry would have pursued a radical iconoclastic policy and a transformation of the mass into a Protestant communion service if he had lived. 6018:" were Catholics who outwardly conformed to the established church while maintaining their Catholic faith in secret. Catholic authorities disapproved of such outward conformity. 2454:(1558–1603), but scholars also speak of a "Long Reformation" stretching into the 17th and 18th centuries. This time period includes the violent disputes over religion during the 14287: 11899: 6174:, however, was unpopular with both Puritans and Prayer Book conformists, who viewed the high church innovations as undermining forms of worship they had grown attached to. The 6244:

The religious forces unleashed by the Reformation ultimately destroyed the possibility of religious uniformity. Protestant dissenters were allowed freedom of worship with the

6155:

orientation was more controversial. James I tried to balance the Puritan forces within his church with followers of Andrewes, promoting many of them at the end of his reign.

4523:

was not only in reaction to the prayer book; the rebels demanded a full restoration of pre-Reformation Catholicism. They were also motivated by economic concerns, such as

2650: 4688:. Hooper was excused from invoking the saints in his oath, but he would ultimately be convinced to wear the offensive consecration garb. This was the first battle in the 2332: 3825:'s leadership restored 16 of the 26 northern monasteries that had been dissolved. Due to the size of the rebellion, the King was persuaded to negotiate. In December, 14932: 14081: 5206: 859: 3385:, which was a list of grievances against the bishops, including abuses of power and Convocation's independent legislative authority. After passing the Commons, the 12696: 12691: 12686: 12681: 12676: 12664: 12659: 12654: 3710:

on theological grounds, there was concern over the loyalty of the monastic orders, which were international in character and resistant to the Royal Supremacy. The

11665: 3364:

In Parliament, Bishop Fisher championed Catherine and the clergy, inserting into the first article the phrase "as far as the word of God allows". On 11 February,

5155:

revenue, but with these new funds came the responsibility of paying the pensions of ex-religious. She restored six religious houses with her own money, notably

3806:

occurred in October 1536 and culminated in a force of 40,000 rebels assembling at Lincoln. They demanded an end to taxation during peacetime, the repeal of the

15145: 4627:

The newly enlarged and emboldened Protestant episcopate turned its attention to ending efforts by conservative clergy to "counterfeit the popish mass" through

5263:

Around 284 Protestants were burnt at the stake for heresy. Several leading reformers were executed, including Thomas Cranmer, Hugh Latimer, Nicholas Ridley,

5223: 3886:

It was becoming clear that the King's views on religion differed from those of Cromwell and Cranmer. Henry made his traditional preferences known during the

2057: 15871: 10479:

Byford, Mark (1998). "The Birth of a Protestant Town: The Process of Reformation in Tudor Colchester, 1530–80". In Collinson, Patrick; Craig, John (eds.).

6252:

that excluded Catholics from everyday life began to be repealed in the 1770s. Catholics were allowed to vote and sit as members of Parliament in 1829 (see

1994: 5999:

The Elizabethan Settlement established a church that was Reformed in doctrine but that preserved certain characteristics of medieval Catholicism, such as

4140:

was published, from which all clergy were to preach from on Sundays. The homilies were explicitly Protestant in their content, condemning relics, images,

13218: 13213: 13208: 13203: 13198: 13193: 13188: 13183: 13178: 13173: 13168: 13163: 13158: 13153: 13148: 13143: 13138: 13133: 13128: 13123: 13118: 13113: 13108: 13103: 13098: 13093: 13088: 13083: 13078: 13073: 13068: 13063: 13058: 13053: 13041: 13036: 13031: 13026: 13021: 13016: 13011: 13006: 13001: 12996: 12991: 12986: 12981: 12976: 12971: 12966: 12961: 12956: 12951: 12946: 12941: 12936: 12931: 12926: 12921: 12916: 12911: 12906: 12901: 12896: 12891: 12886: 12881: 12876: 12871: 12866: 12861: 12856: 12851: 12846: 12841: 12836: 12831: 12826: 12821: 12816: 12811: 12806: 12801: 12796: 12791: 12786: 12781: 12776: 12771: 12766: 12761: 12756: 12751: 12746: 12741: 12736: 12731: 12726: 12721: 12716: 12711: 12706: 12701: 5333: 5302:

provided accounts of the executions, and in 1571 the Convocation of Canterbury ordered that Foxe's book should be placed in every cathedral in the land.

2992:. A group of reform-minded Cambridge students (known by moniker "Little Germany") met at the White Horse tavern from the mid-1520s. Its members included 4668:. While Bucer had provided for only one service for all three orders of clergy, the English ordinal was more conservative and had separate services for 4256:, the 1547 act was intentionally designed to eliminate the last remaining institutions dedicated to praying for the dead. Confiscated wealth funded the 3177:

over rival claims to the English crown. Henry wanted to avoid a similar uncertainty over the succession. Catherine of Aragon's only surviving child was

3874:, sent warnings of Anabaptist activity in England. A commission was swiftly created to seek out Anabaptists. Henry personally presided at the trial of 1727: 6170:'Beauty of Holiness' counter-revolution, wishing to restore what they saw as lost majesty in worship and lost dignity for the sacerdotal priesthood". 552: 13551: 12171:

Annals of the Reformation and Establishment of Religion, and Other Various Occurrences in the Church of England, During Queen Elizabeth's Happy Reign

6214:

of the monarchy in 1660 allowed for the restoration of the Elizabethan Settlement as well, but the Church of England was fundamentally changed. The "

6022:

were Catholics who refused to attend Church of England services as required by law. Recusancy was punishable by fines of £20 a month (fifty times an

3486: 2855:, notionally to discuss the extirpation of the rump Lollard heresy. John Colet (then working with Erasmus on the establishment of his school) gave a 5692: 5151:

Mary did what she could to restore church finances and land taken in the reigns of her father and brother. In 1555, she returned to the church the

2643: 3742:, which became the ostensible justification for their suppression. There were also reports of the possession and display of false relics, such as 877: 11900:"Thomas Cranmer: The Yes-Man Who Said No: Richard Wilkinson Elucidates the Paradoxical Career of One of the Key Figures of English Protestantism" 5532: 3964: 1389: 4309:

On 8 March, a royal proclamation announced a more significant change—the first major reform of the Mass and of the Church of England's official

4110:, inherited the throne. Because Edward was given a Protestant humanist education, Protestants held high expectations and hoped he would be like 3998:

rejected justification by faith alone and defended traditional ceremonies and the use of images. This was followed days later by passage of the

14297: 14044: 5131:

or the Reformation of England. The actions taken by the synod anticipated many of the reforms enacted throughout the Catholic Church after the

2325: 528: 5003:

Queen the next day asking that "this realm and dominions might be again united to the Church of Rome by the means of the Lord Cardinal Pole".

4883:

reflected the Reformed theology and practice taking shape during Edward's reign, which historian Christopher Haigh describes as a "restrained

2489:

until these were removed many years later. A substantial but dwindling minority of people from the late 16th to early 19th centuries remained

13856: 4543:. Warwick saw further implementation of the reforming policy as a means of gaining Protestant support and defeating his conservative rivals. 3730: 2911: 1847: 16933: 6523:) seemingly qualified the Levitical prohibition, commanding a man to take to wife his deceased brother's widow, if there had been no child." 4990:); even though it was provided that Philip would never inherit the kingdom if there was no heir, received no estates and had no coronation. 3055:

was posthumously convicted of heresy for denying purgatory and affirming justification by faith, and his corpse was disinterred and burned.

14564: 12247: 5542: 4771:

interprets the prayer book to teach that "the only point where the bread and wine signify the body and blood is at reception". Rather than

3505:

and disregarded any "usage, custom, foreign laws, foreign authority prescription". In case this should be resisted, Parliament passed the

2728: 2210: 1204: 6658:, p. 490) writes that at Long Melford a church patron named Sir John Clopton bought up many of the images, probably to preserve them. 3802:

people in several places. In Northern England, there were a series of uprisings against the dissolutions in late 1536 and early 1537. The

15028: 5763: 4067: 3379:

By 1532, Cromwell was responsible for managing government business in the House of Commons. He authored and presented to the Commons the

2636: 1001: 17174: 16799: 15404: 15228: 14601: 13705: 5697: 5537: 3839: 3672:

before images of saints, and the preaching of sermons against the veneration of images and relics. Afterwards, the shrine and bones of

2152: 5717: 977: 17179: 13907: 6474:, p. 103) writes, "He ... believed he that he could keep his own secrets ... but he was often deceived and he deceived himself." 6419: 5970: 2318: 2107: 1938: 4046:

set off a persecution of Protestants that the traditionalists used to effectively target their rivals. It was during this time that

15919: 15073: 15023: 14330: 13943: 5552: 5127:

From December 1555 to February 1556, Cardinal Pole presided over a national legatine synod that produced a set of decrees entitled

3999: 3768: 1827: 518: 6091:). Many Puritans believed the Church of England should follow the example of Reformed churches in other parts of Europe and adopt 4424:. The elevation had been the central moment of the old liturgy, attached as it was to the idea of real presence. In addition, the 4393:. Many of the services were little changed. Baptism kept a strongly sacramental character, including the blessing of water in the 4066:

council to rule after his death, which would have been dominated by traditionalists, such as the Duke of Norfolk, Lord Chancellor

2625: 14335: 13270: 10866:

Hazlett, W. Ian P. (1995). "Settlements: The British Isles". In Brady, Thomas A. Jr.; Oberman, Heiko A.; Tracy, James D. (eds.).

817: 5366: 4125:

Initially, however, Edward was of little account politically. Real power was in the hands of the regency council, which elected

3615:

In August 1536, the same month the Ten Articles were published, Cromwell issued a set of Royal Injunctions to the clergy. Minor

2821:. Though persecuted and much reduced in numbers and influence by the 15th century, Lollards were receptive to Protestant ideas. 2779:. While genuine penance removed the guilt attached to sin, Catholicism taught that a penalty could still remain, in the case of 2617: 2613: 15180: 15048: 14292: 14200: 13931: 13851: 13799: 13597: 5896: 5828: 3593: 3195:

Henry claimed that this lack of a male heir was because his marriage was "blighted in the eyes of God". Catherine had been his

2526: 1106: 16773: 4181:—one of the most dramatic and public aspects of the traditional liturgy—were banned. The injunctions also attacked the use of 1199: 13809: 13544: 12321: 11932: 11733: 11685: 11579: 11465: 11321: 11233: 11147: 10970: 10806: 10782: 10672: 10573: 10552: 5462: 5264: 4892: 4739: 4319: 3559: 3513:, which removed the last part of papal authority still legal. This was Rome's power in England to decide disputes concerning 3502: 2417: 2298: 1921: 1520: 1148: 909: 513: 5043:, a Catholic reform movement that shared with Protestants an emphasis on man's total dependence on God's grace by faith and 3980:

were ordered to destroy all the remaining shrines in England. Furthermore, Cranmer survived formal charges of heresy in the

3279:, and there were those who had been influenced by Lutheranism and were hostile to the theology of Rome. Henry's chancellor, 2981:. The former word indicated an internal turning to God, while the latter translation supported the sacrament of confession. 1064: 17159: 16691: 14586: 13265: 6265: 6148: 5432: 4875:, failed in Parliament due to Northumberland's opposition. Despite such tensions, a new doctrinal statement to replace the 4564: 4173:

issued to guide the commissioners were borrowed from Cromwell's 1538 injunctions but revised to be more radical. Historian

4126: 4075: 3620: 3477: 2522: 2490: 2195: 1010: 5958:, a moderate Protestant. Her Privy Council was filled with former Edwardian politicians, and only Protestants preached at 4042:

In 1546, the conservatives were once again in the ascendant. A series of controversial sermons preached by the Protestant

3535:

was a period of doctrinal confusion as both conservatives and reformers attempted to shape the church's future direction.

14781: 6222:. Now outside the established church, the different strands of the Puritan movement evolved into separate denominations: 4636:

prayer book while in prison, and historian Eamon Duffy notes that many lay people treated the prayer book "as an English

4473: 3867: 3676:, considered by many to have been martyred in defence of the church's liberties, were destroyed at Canterbury Cathedral. 3510: 3381: 3369: 3336: 2907: 2392:

were the best source of Christian faith and criticized religious practices which they considered superstitious. By 1520,

2147: 1989: 1835: 1427: 1097: 668: 6166:, Archbishop of Canterbury (1633–1645). Laud and his followers believed the Reformation had gone too far and launched a 3955:

but insists on their keeping what is commanded, which is so often altered that it is difficult to understand what it is.

3200: 1019: 924: 17164: 17078: 15488: 14379: 14282: 13496: 12071: 11870: 11650: 11601: 11441: 11363: 11342: 11302: 11278: 11254: 11105: 10758: 10737: 10638: 10594: 5933: 4511:

was the catalyst for a series of uprisings through the summer of 1549. There were smaller upheavals elsewhere from the

3826: 3821:

revolt began in October at Yorkshire and spread to the other northern counties. Around 50,000 strong, the rebels under

3294: 2724: 1881: 1824: 996: 503: 474: 11822: 4608:, "where he did virtually nothing during his episcopate". Traditionalist bishops were replaced by Protestants such as 4495:, something already practised by some Protestants (including Cranmer) but considered an abomination by conservatives. 2934:'s English New Testament in 1526 helped to spread Protestant ideas. Printed abroad and smuggled into the country, the 938: 17154: 16666: 16364: 16124: 15866: 15356: 15018: 13236: 12617: 11771: 11622: 11558: 11508: 11487: 11208: 11126: 11084: 11029: 11008: 10947: 10920: 10877: 10490: 10469: 10445: 10392: 7021: 5547: 4871: 3405: 3080: 2744: 2303: 2230: 1816: 1637: 1588: 1484: 900: 16849: 5028:

Catholicism" of its leading clerics, who were all educated in the 1520s and 1530s. Marian church literature, church

3587: 17014: 16575: 15876: 15693: 14796: 14695: 14154: 13687: 13682: 13677: 13672: 13667: 13662: 13657: 13652: 13647: 13642: 13637: 13632: 13537: 13516: 12240: 6409: 6131:, the Church of England's dominant theology was still Calvinism, but a group of theologians associated with Bishop 5702: 5657: 5327: 4536: 3875: 3714:

houses were closed in August 1534 after that order refused to repudiate papal authority. Between 1535 and 1537, 18

3416: 2736: 2593: 2518: 2444: 2076: 1946: 1843: 744: 663: 16085: 11925:

A Brief History of the English Reformation: Religion, Politics and Fear: How England was Transformed by the Tudors

5100: 4082:, Henry's third wife (and therefore uncle to the future Edward VI), managed—by a number of alliances such as with 3994: 16979: 15711: 15440: 15421: 14881: 14611: 14350: 14307: 14190: 14180: 13990: 13953: 13627: 13622: 13617: 13612: 13607: 13602: 13592: 12575: 12316: 5572: 3436: 3127: 2720: 1701: 1330: 60: 17: 16229: 16080: 15584: 4692:, which was essentially a conflict over whether the church could require people to observe ceremonies that were 2404:

under the law. The English Reformation began as more of a political affair than a theological dispute. In 1527,

17169: 15668: 15378: 15315: 15305: 15221: 15195: 15163: 14990: 14909: 14340: 14110: 14026: 13917: 12622: 12277: 10901: 4796: 4592:

of Chichester and Stephen Gardiner of Winchester were either deprived of their bishoprics or forced to resign.

4102:

King Edward VI of England, in whose reign the reform of the English Church moved in a more Protestant direction

3822: 3685: 3582: 3268: 3208: 2581: 2494: 2413: 2021: 2016: 1747: 1312: 1153: 15747: 15366: 11725:

The Birthpangs of Protestant England: Religious and Cultural Change in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries

5969:, which re-established the Church of England's independence from Rome and conferred on Elizabeth the title of 3975:

Despite some setbacks, Protestants managed to win some victories. In May 1541, the King ordered copies of the

3830:

Pilgrimage of Grace. In Southern England, smaller disturbances took place in Cornwall and Walsingham in 1537.

3771:

closed smaller houses valued at less than £200 a year. Henry used the revenue to help build coastal defences (

3283:, successor to Wolsey, also wanted reform: he wanted new laws against heresy. Lawyer and member of Parliament 987: 982: 711: 547: 16859: 16585: 15185: 15175: 14939: 14596: 14394: 14364: 14205: 14056: 14009: 13747: 13431: 6291: 5788: 5447: 5024:

According to historian Christopher Haigh, the Catholicism taking shape in Mary's reign "reflected the mature

4979: 4540: 4453: 3232: 3165:. She had not produced a male heir who survived longer than two months, and Henry wanted a son to secure the 2856: 2801:

was a sometimes rebellious movement that anticipated some Protestant teachings. Derived from the writings of

2482: 1839: 1622: 1479: 958: 739: 645: 523: 6143:

rather than the Reformers and preferred using the more traditional 1549 Prayer Book. Due to their belief in

4249: 3335:

to pay £100,000 for their pardon; this was a sum equal to the Crown's annual income. This was agreed by the

3287:

saw how Parliament could be used to advance royal supremacy over the church and further Protestant beliefs.

919: 17144: 16653: 16191: 16164: 16114: 15569: 15399: 14374: 13290: 12607: 12424: 11497:

Shagan, Ethan H. (2017). "The Emergence of the Church of England, c. 1520–1553". In Milton, Anthony (ed.).

6377: 6027: 5978: 5951: 4705: 4644: 4601: 4285: 3871: 3722:

owned between one-fifth and one-third of the land in all England; Cromwell realised that he could bind the

2863:

saying that the first to reform must be the bishops themselves, then the clergy, and only then the laity.

2664: 2565: 2245: 2167: 2084: 2044: 2031: 1984: 1865: 650: 454: 319: 16839: 15361: 4647:. Bishop Ridley launched the campaign in May 1550 when he commanded all altars to be replaced with wooden 914: 207: 16590: 15534: 14738: 14384: 14369: 14355: 14262: 14252: 13742: 13486: 13446: 13411: 13333: 12563: 12446: 12272: 12233: 6136: 6044: 5194: 4913: 4888: 3221: 2740: 1046: 850: 640: 16804: 16646: 14389: 14257: 14061: 13491: 13310: 13295: 12669: 12602: 11568:

Spinks, Bryan (2006). "From Elizabeth I to Charles II". In Hefling, Charles; Shattuck, Cynthia (eds.).

11137: 10845:

Hargrave, O. T. (March 1982). "Bloody Mary's Victims: The Iconography of John Foxe's Book of Martyrs".

9094: 5849: 5381: 5249: 4242: 3855: 3608: 3340:

period of payment. On 7 February, Convocation was asked to agree to five articles that specified that:

3068: 1033: 972: 780: 725: 543: 479: 4738:'s symbolic view of the Eucharist. Less radical Protestants such as Bucer and Cranmer advocated for a 4031:

replaced him as Archbishop of York. In December 1545, the King was empowered to seize the property of

3785: 16928: 16441: 16207: 15861: 15411: 15214: 15168: 14651: 14115: 14005: 13300: 12558: 11888: 6838: 6643: 5870: 5856: 5677: 5482: 5457: 5296: 4366: 3452:

called this act an "essential ingredient" of the "Tudor revolution" in that it expounded a theory of

3013: 2973: 2875: 2764: 2692: 2680: 2122: 1914: 1795: 1513: 1134: 836: 758: 314: 49: 16021: 4717:(1489–1556), Henry VIII's Archbishop of Canterbury and editor and co-author of the first and second 4228:

and Gardiner protested the visitation, and both were arrested. Bonner spent nearly two weeks in the

3922:, his fourth wife. Many other arrests under the Act followed. On the 30 July, the reformers Barnes, 3344:

The clergy recognise Henry as the "sole protector and supreme head of the English Church and clergy"

953: 17057: 16561: 15727: 15466: 15190: 15158: 15053: 14733: 14546: 14039: 13975: 13421: 13406: 13305: 12597: 12580: 12479: 6294:

historians using their own religious perspectives. In addition there has been a highly influential

5813: 5682: 5607: 5012: 4792: 4609: 4087: 3946:

while the Protestants burned. European observers were very shocked and bewildered. French diplomat

3401: 3313: 2561: 2293: 2162: 1979: 1820: 1662: 1600: 179: 45: 14574: 6670:, pp. 262f: "...England judicially murdered more Catholics than any other country in Europe." 1337: 702: 487: 16909: 16728: 15796: 15732: 15483: 15310: 15249: 14461: 14401: 14277: 14159: 13958: 13560: 13481: 13469: 13398: 13325: 12385: 10562:

Craig, John (2008), "The Growth of English Puritanism", in Coffey, John; Lim, Paul C. H. (eds.),

6227: 5452: 5253: 5152: 4968: 4768: 4264: 3526:

Protestants. Yet, not all of his supporters were Protestants. Some were traditionalists, such as

3457: 3196: 3095: 1719: 1278: 845: 785: 770: 483: 324: 229: 11503:. Vol. 1: Reformation and Identity, c. 1520–1662. Oxford University Press. pp. 28–44. 4294:

from the Catholic Church. On 18 January 1548, the Privy Council abolished the use of candles on

4245:, the wine as well as the bread. This was opposed by conservatives but welcomed by Protestants. 4165:

In August 1547, thirty commissioners—nearly all Protestants—were appointed to carry out a royal

3959: 16814: 16639: 16605: 16580: 16517: 16224: 15954: 15764: 15372: 15351: 15121: 15008: 14626: 14247: 14168: 14144: 13576: 13343: 12627: 12509: 6429: 6099:. However, all attempts to enact further reforms through Parliament were blocked by the Queen. 6096: 5974: 5946: 5926: 5773: 5647: 5492: 5442: 5377: 5063: 4747: 4512: 4485: 4342: 4007: 3939: 3835: 3661: 3498: 3461: 3332: 3162: 2993: 2768: 2545: 2127: 1442: 1028: 943: 933: 890: 572: 15339: 11989: 5084: 4136:

Nevertheless, Seymour and Cranmer did plan to further the reformation of religion. In July, a

2759:. The church taught that, in the name of the congregation, the priest offered to God the same 17103: 17019: 16989: 16888: 16763: 16686: 16177: 16158: 15838: 15544: 15445: 15262: 15116: 15058: 14949: 14944: 14822: 14816: 14616: 14164: 14129: 14034: 13948: 13730: 13458: 13436: 13426: 12612: 12553: 12380: 10772: 9095:"Queen Mary's responsibility for parish church goods seized by King Edward's commissioners", 6253: 6223: 6211: 6144: 6088: 5966: 5891: 5734: 5642: 5617: 4804: 4776: 4730: 4718: 4689: 4597: 4520: 4178: 3981: 3903: 3843: 3761: 3752: 3711: 3644:

argues that after 1537, "England's Reformation was characterized by its hatred of images, as

3328: 3256: 3044: 2884: 2825: 2704: 2621: 2278: 2112: 2102: 1877: 1873: 1686: 1666: 1653: 1631: 1618: 1580: 1348: 1294: 615: 590: 567: 538: 533: 394: 32: 12469: 11951:

Haigh, Christopher (December 1982). "The Recent Historiography of the English Reformation".

5088: 1423: 17149: 17004: 16943: 16743: 16703: 16698: 16045: 15742: 15286: 15106: 15063: 15013: 14801: 14753: 14748: 14723: 14559: 14513: 14416: 14406: 14242: 14235: 14086: 14000: 13772: 13762: 13725: 13282: 12484: 12439: 12299: 11755: 11589: 11220:"The Prayer Book and the Parish Church: From the Elizabethan Settlement to the Restoration" 10248: 10245:

The History of England from the Accession of Edward VI to the Death of Elizabeth, 1547–1603

6598: 6519:, pp. 166–167) points out that "nconveniently for Henry, another Old Testament verse ( 6439: 6272: 6159: 5989: 5602: 5371: 5268: 5176: 4987: 4917: 4673: 4617: 4437: 4429: 4428:

was changed to reflect Protestant theology. Three sacrifices were mentioned; the first was

4310: 4166: 4107: 3943: 3935: 3931: 3453: 3427:

the leader of political resistance against the break with Rome. Both were executed in 1535.

3276: 3225: 3170: 3103: 3023:

in the eyes of church and state, early Protestants were persecuted. Between 1530 and 1533,

2989: 2985: 2895: 2874:. By the early 1520s, Luther's views were known and disputed in England. The main plank of 2788: 2780: 2760: 2732: 2696: 2432: 2385: 2350: 2235: 2092: 1907: 1869: 1775: 1731: 1576: 1553: 1537: 1506: 1400: 1364: 1232: 831: 822: 775: 765: 562: 508: 498: 337: 267: 262: 150: 16149: 6314:

has stressed the theological importance of the Reformation for Anglo-British development.

4531:

in Norwich blended Protestant piety with demands for economic reforms and social justice.

4314: 3581:

In 1536, Convocation adopted the first doctrinal statement for the Church of England, the

2549: 8: 17123: 17068: 17036: 16974: 16844: 16422: 15818: 15737: 15648: 15564: 15130: 15111: 14851: 14846: 14491: 14466: 14345: 14325: 14272: 14173: 14071: 13968: 13936: 13880: 13363: 13315: 13241: 13228: 12570: 12522: 12412: 12358: 12348: 12145: 11797: 11399:"Recasting Recantation in 1540s England: Thomas Becon, Robert Wisdom, and Robert Crowley" 11068: 10939: 10768: 6434: 6363: 6249: 6245: 6092: 6031: 5260:. In some cases, Protestants were burnt at the stake after renouncing their recantation. 5071: 4589: 4528: 4421: 4024: 3947: 3895: 3814: 3803: 3665: 3637: 3633:

finished in 1535 and based on Tyndale's earlier work. It lacked royal approval, however.

3575: 3236: 3118: 3091: 3090:

acceded to the English throne in 1509 at the age of 17. He made a dynastic marriage with

3072: 3001: 2967: 2792: 2688: 2585: 2541: 2474: 2283: 2097: 1897: 1715: 1596: 1432: 1264: 1227: 234: 132: 98: 15949: 15344: 12165: 12157: 12153: 12149: 12132: 12129: 12125: 12121: 12117: 12113: 5212:

Westminster Abbey was one of seven monasteries re-founded during the Marian Restoration.

2906:

at worst. Early Protestants portrayed Catholic practices such as confession to priests,

1171: 963: 17041: 16969: 16964: 16904: 16733: 16547: 16417: 16249: 16197: 16100: 15784: 15759: 15722: 15606: 15539: 15512: 15416: 15078: 14828: 14758: 14675: 14663: 14640: 14436: 14210: 14051: 13995: 13985: 13787: 13571: 13416: 13355: 12592: 12489: 12434: 12417: 12397: 12289: 12264: 12256: 12198: 12194: 12190: 12186: 12182: 12161: 12012: 11976: 11968: 11791:

The shaping of a community: The rise and reformation of the English Parish c. 1400–1560

11612: 11535: 11420: 11264: 11182: 11174: 11073: 11056: 10997: 10854: 10833: 10711: 10703: 10529: 10521: 10422: 10418: 6414: 6219: 5687: 5632: 5627: 5582: 5507: 5437: 5172: 5105: 5007: 4983: 4880: 4825:—a surplice, tablecloths, communion cup and a bell. Items to be seized included copes, 4772: 4767:"limited to the subjective experience of the communicant". Anglican bishop and scholar 4661: 4605: 4481: 4425: 4374: 4238: 3899: 3657: 3616: 3444:

and Temporality, be bounden and owe to bear next to God a natural and humble obedience.

3331:, which forbade obedience to the Pope or any foreign ruler. Henry wanted the clergy of 3309: 3229: 3052: 2756: 2486: 2470: 2416:(1529–1536) passed laws abolishing papal authority in England and declared Henry to be 2175: 2157: 2052: 2039: 1954: 1831: 1811: 1626: 1568: 1300: 1241: 1139: 948: 895: 720: 625: 620: 610: 424: 389: 349: 282: 272: 214: 82: 16090: 15476: 14149: 11907: 10869:

Handbook of European History 1400–1600: Late Middle Ages, Renaissance, and Reformation

10501: 5283:. Lesser known figures were also among the victims, including around 51 women such as 4177:

calls them a "significant shift in the direction of full-blown Protestantism". Church

4149: 3750:, upon investigation announced to be "honey clarified and coloured with saffron". The 3327:, the King decided in 1530 to proceed against the whole clergy for violating the 1392 3261: 2450:

The English Reformation is generally considered to have concluded during the reign of

404: 16994: 16748: 16681: 16628: 16600: 16139: 16105: 15891: 15801: 15643: 15623: 15618: 15471: 15003: 14922: 14917: 14871: 14811: 14680: 14476: 13861: 13782: 13720: 13368: 12474: 12373: 12326: 12207: 12202: 12178: 12086: 12067: 11980: 11928: 11877: 11767: 11729: 11723: 11681: 11637: 11618: 11597: 11575: 11554: 11504: 11483: 11461: 11437: 11385: 11359: 11338: 11317: 11298: 11274: 11250: 11229: 11204: 11186: 11143: 11122: 11116: 11101: 11080: 11039:

Loades, David (Winter 1989). "The Reign of Mary Tudor: Historiography and Research".

11025: 11004: 10992: 10966: 10943: 10916: 10897: 10873: 10802: 10792: 10778: 10754: 10733: 10715: 10707: 10668: 10634: 10614: 10590: 10569: 10548: 10533: 10486: 10465: 10441: 10402: 10388: 7017: 6334: 6318: 6204: 6175: 6132: 6075:

music in church. They especially resented the requirement that clergy wear the white

6060: 5955: 5919: 5904: 5712: 5637: 5622: 5577: 5350: 5156: 5145: 5113: 4955: 4677: 4676:, John Hooper objected to the mention of "all saints and the holy Evangelist" in the 4585: 4492: 4469: 4433: 4402: 4322:. Significant to Cranmer's change of mind was the influence of Strasbourg theologian 4071: 4023:

in May 1545. Both texts had a reformed emphasis. After the death of the conservative

3859: 3506: 3351: 3178: 3174: 2902:

do not mediate divine favour. To believe otherwise would be superstition at best and

2861:

Be ye not conformed to this world, but be ye reformed in the newness of your minds...

2609: 2459: 2440: 2428: 2354: 1791: 1751: 1614: 1572: 1563: 1111: 374: 184: 165: 160: 141: 37: 14866: 11378: 10957:

Jones, Cheslyn; Wainwright, Geoffrey; Yarnold, Edward; Bradshaw, Paul, eds. (1992).

10224: 5104:

of 1543, Bonner's work was a survey of basic Catholic teaching organized around the

4916:

and daughter in law of the Duke of Northumberland. This new succession violated the

4503:

Enforcement of the new liturgy did not always take place without a struggle. In the

3191:, Henry VIII's second wife, by an unknown artist. National Portrait Gallery, London. 2771:

of humanity. The Mass was also an offering of prayer by which the living could help

2431:

of the Church of England became markedly Protestant during the reign of Henry's son

419: 17073: 17063: 17046: 16924: 16882: 16824: 16794: 16623: 16329: 16244: 16109: 15881: 15828: 15663: 15628: 15601: 15596: 15322: 14763: 14703: 14091: 14076: 13777: 13757: 13752: 13735: 13715: 13464: 13378: 12548: 12407: 12390: 12037: 12004: 11960: 11527: 11410: 11166: 11048: 10935: 10825: 10695: 10513: 10414: 10343: 6399: 6322: 5993: 5985: 5745: 5305:

Mary's efforts at restoring Catholicism were also frustrated by the church itself.

5132: 5117: 5109: 5067: 4759: 4710: 4461: 4457: 4306:. On 21 February, the council explicitly ordered the removal of all church images. 4253: 4137: 4098: 3555: 3527: 3490: 3373: 3217: 3032: 2891: 2806: 2409: 2258: 2240: 2200: 1783: 1697: 1693: 1592: 1584: 1455: 1354: 1120: 795: 693: 444: 354: 277: 15275: 12216: 10240: 8712: 6135:

disagreed with many aspects of the Reformed tradition, especially its teaching on

4329: 3109:

This contributed to a state of hostility between his young contemporaries and the

1051: 17051: 16984: 16919: 16876: 16661: 16618: 16570: 16487: 16359: 16170: 15984: 15886: 15856: 15428: 15136: 15038: 14976: 14718: 14669: 14215: 13870: 13474: 13454: 13373: 12504: 12464: 12341: 12294: 12061: 11760: 11569: 11548: 11498: 11455: 11353: 11332: 11292: 11268: 11244: 11219: 11198: 11095: 11019: 10891: 10867: 10796: 10748: 10727: 10649: 10628: 10563: 10542: 10480: 10459: 10435: 10382: 7011: 6283: 5803: 5793: 5778: 5768: 5076: 4972: 4846: 4648: 4621: 4559: 4354: 4269: 4051: 3967:

in Wakefield, West Yorkshire. Chantries were endowments that paid priests to say

3818: 3807: 3747: 3707: 3695: 3630: 3604: 3547: 3531: 3448:

This declared England an independent country in every respect. English historian

3393:

mandated the clergy pay no more than five percent of their first year's revenue (

3389:

was presented to the King as a petition for reform on 18 March. On 26 March, the

3284: 3110: 3036: 2931: 2810: 2752: 2668: 2466: 2362: 2288: 1800: 1474: 1460: 1382: 1371: 1255: 688: 635: 630: 600: 384: 369: 296: 174: 41: 15579: 10568:, Cambridge Companions to Religion, Cambridge University Press, pp. 34–47, 6494:: the falcon was her badge, the pomegranate, that of Granada, Catherine's badge. 17093: 17031: 16892: 16872: 16834: 16788: 16753: 16708: 16557: 16530: 16463: 16458: 16384: 16319: 16254: 16184: 16119: 16031: 15980: 15846: 15769: 15754: 15140: 15126: 15101: 15096: 14887: 14861: 14791: 14606: 14508: 14503: 14486: 14426: 14320: 14267: 14096: 14016: 13865: 13338: 13253: 12585: 12499: 12363: 12311: 12109: 10723: 10378: 10221:

History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada,

6404: 6391: 6302: 6276: 6238: 6140: 6080: 6008: 5818: 5652: 5315: 5276: 5044: 4850: 4714: 4593: 4577: 4465: 4441: 4394: 4212: 4130: 4055: 4028: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3911: 3887: 3779: 3645: 3469: 3449: 3432: 3365: 3350:

The privileges of the church were upheld only if they did not detract from the

3308:

Initially, Parliament passed minor legislation to control ecclesiastical fees,

3212: 3153: 3133: 3076: 3048: 2915: 2748: 2589: 2478: 2436: 2378: 2374: 2253: 2117: 2026: 1851: 1787: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1743: 1689: 1218: 1213: 1162: 790: 605: 449: 439: 434: 414: 286: 257: 252: 189: 16095: 15613: 12042: 12025: 11964: 11170: 11157:—— (December 2005). "Putting the English Reformation on the Map". 10517: 2357:

was forced by its monarchs and elites to break away from the authority of the

17138: 17026: 16999: 16809: 16718: 16499: 16491: 16453: 16403: 16392: 16379: 16040: 15851: 15699: 15688: 15327: 15300: 15043: 14980: 14969: 14856: 14743: 14646: 14634: 14498: 14471: 14411: 13890: 13710: 13388: 12494: 12353: 12090: 11475: 11373: 11194: 10887: 10582: 10455: 6218:

consensus" was shattered. Many Puritans were unwilling to conform and became

6200: 6128: 6112: 6072: 5863: 5823: 5798: 5783: 5753: 5612: 5512: 5502: 5497: 5487: 5402: 5280: 5272: 5248:

In 1555, the initial reconciling tone of the regime began to harden with the

5241: 5136: 5080: 4995: 4942: 4842: 4299: 4225: 4217: 4198: 4115: 3879: 3790: 3723: 3673: 3669: 3653: 3629:

authorised English translation. The only complete vernacular version was the

3543: 3439:, which outlawed appeals to Rome on ecclesiastical matters and declared that 3290: 3166: 3114: 3040: 3024: 3005: 2935: 2871: 2847: 2802: 2455: 2393: 2062: 1641: 1496: 1125: 1059: 399: 379: 344: 219: 114: 87: 15673: 11641: 11594:

Tudor Constitutional Documents A.D. 1485–1603: With an Historical Commentary

11415: 11398: 10362:

Conflict in early Stuart England: studies in religion and politics 1603–1642

5124:. Bonner also produced a children's catechism and a collection of homilies. 4815:

plate and vestments "for as much as the King's Majestie had neede [

76: 16938: 16867: 16819: 16713: 16633: 16411: 16036: 15994: 15959: 15912: 15806: 15774: 15549: 15450: 15068: 14998: 14876: 14685: 14656: 14523: 14220: 13963: 13922: 13511: 13383: 13248: 12634: 12429: 12368: 12331: 11856:

Access to History: Henry VIII to Mary I: Government and Religion, 1509–1558

11288: 10980: 6602: 6486:, p. 111) notes that Anne's music book contained an illustration of a 6311: 6295: 6215: 6163: 6068: 6035: 6004: 5707: 5397: 5306: 5168: 5160: 5033: 4999: 4905: 4743: 4664:

was published that was based on Martin Bucer's own treatise on the form of

4573: 4504: 4477: 4410: 4346: 4323: 4257: 4252:

abolished the remaining chantries and confiscated their assets. Unlike the

4229: 4141: 4079: 4043: 3774: 3743: 3603:

St Paul's Cross (in the lower left corner of the painting) was a prominent

3228:

previously dispensed. Clement also feared the wrath of Catherine's nephew,

3157: 2997: 2716: 2370: 1779: 1681: 1670: 1657: 1268: 1185: 1180: 1074: 864: 429: 364: 224: 169: 13529: 11389: 10699: 5228: 4795:

of people and objects. In the baptism service, infants no longer received

4152:, and other "papistical superstitions". It also directly contradicted the 3797:, a Cistercian monastery closed in 1539 and converted into a country house 3652:

has repeatedly and eloquently demonstrated." In February 1538, the famous

17083: 16959: 16913: 16782: 16723: 16552: 16495: 16482: 16468: 16304: 16279: 16264: 16065: 16026: 15999: 15989: 15522: 15394: 14708: 14569: 14540: 14481: 14456: 14451: 14315: 14230: 14124: 14105: 13814: 12543: 12527: 12402: 12304: 12174: 12141: 11748:

Reformation Divided: Catholics, Protestants and the Conversion of England

11743: 10624: 10384:

The King's Bedpost: Reformation and Iconography in a Tudor Group Portrait

6491: 6343: 6326: 6287: 6234: 6152: 6095:, under which government by bishops would be replaced with government by 6084: 5959: 5808: 5758: 5427: 5422: 5407: 5288: 5257: 5052: 5029: 4937: 4830: 4653: 4362: 4350: 4303: 4182: 4174: 4083: 4020: 3976: 3907: 3891: 3794: 3703: 3649: 3567: 3563: 3551: 3424: 3420: 3280: 3188: 3146: 3121: 3009: 2922: 2867: 2837: 2818: 2451: 2366: 1759: 1645: 1545: 1251: 1069: 595: 359: 109: 105: 68: 27:

16th-century separation of the Church of England from the Catholic Church

16134: 12016: 11518:

Slavin, Arthur J. (1990). "G. R. Elton: On Reformation and Revolution".

11424: 10872:. Vol. 2: Visions, Programs and Outcomes. Brill. pp. 455–490. 10858: 10525: 10426: 6282:

Reformation historiography has seen many schools of interpretation with

4345:. It replaced the several regional Latin rites then in use, such as the 3702:

For Cromwell and Cranmer, a step in the Protestant agenda was attacking

3316:

to act against the Pope's prohibition. Henry thus resolved to bully the

3156:

to Queen Catherine, having spent some years in France being educated by

17088: 16829: 16738: 16613: 16511: 16202: 16075: 16009: 16004: 15683: 15678: 15633: 15433: 15088: 14838: 14786: 14591: 14421: 14066: 13895: 13839: 13834: 13501: 13260: 11972: 11460:. Religion, Politics and Society in Britain (2nd ed.). Routledge. 11451: 11178: 11060: 10896:. The Oxford History of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press. 10837: 10630:

The Voices of Morebath: Reformation and Rebellion in an English Village

6594: 6171: 5996:

was issued outlining the church's reformed theology in greater detail.

5284: 5184: 5164: 5056: 5039: 4838: 4665: 4613: 4581: 4527:. In East Anglia, however, the rebellions lacked a Catholic character. 4398: 4145: 4047: 4012: 3757: 3715: 3625: 3539: 3473: 3324: 3244: 3138: 3087: 2890:

If Luther was correct, then the Mass, the sacraments, charitable acts,

2852: 2833: 2784: 2605: 2405: 2397: 2205: 1735: 1649: 145: 11539: 10798:

English Reformations: Religion, Politics, and Society Under the Tudors

10683: 4986:, in 1554. There was opposition, and even a rebellion in Kent (led by 3950:

wrote that Henry's religious policy was a "climax of evils" and that:

16522: 16476: 16427: 16398: 16349: 15779: 15383: 15083: 15033: 14959: 14954: 14728: 14713: 14441: 14431: 14134: 14120: 13844: 12282: 12225: 6107: 6019: 6000: 5417: 5342:

Queen Elizabeth I of England reached a moderate religious settlement.

5292: 5121: 4909: 4884: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4800: 4763: 4693: 4643:

To attack the mass, Protestants began demanding the removal of stone

4524: 4516: 4382: 4295: 4206: 4186: 4032: 3514: 3481: 3204: 3099: 2879: 2842: 2776: 2708: 2700: 1963: 1755: 1167: 557: 409: 155: 11052: 10829: 5094:

In 1556, Pole ordered clergy to read one chapter of Bishop Bonner's

5011:

and implementing the reunion with Rome. This bill was passed as the

4929: 3357:

The King pardoned the clergy for violating the Statute of Praemunire

16898: 16435: 16334: 16294: 16284: 16269: 16055: 15929: 15789: 15517: 15507: 15456: 15389: 15334: 15267: 15206: 14927: 14806: 14446: 14225: 14139: 13885: 13875: 13829: 13824: 13819: 12639: 12008: 11531: 10347: 6371: 6180: 6076: 6048: 5358: 5025: 4808: 4803:

was no longer included in the services for baptism, ordination and

4788: 4628: 4390: 4381:

and scripture readings appropriate for the day. Priests still wore

4370: 3538:

The reformers were aided by Cromwell, who in January 1535 was made

3376:. That same year, Parliament passed the Pardon to Clergy Act 1531. 3142: 3020: 2951:

to de-emphasize the role of grace-giving sacraments. His choice of

2903: 2814: 2798: 2684: 2463: 2424: 2369:, a religious and political movement that affected the practice of 136: 127: 118: 11634:

English Catholic Historians and the English Reformation: 1585–1954

6552:

were largely traditional devotions and that the popularity of the

5338: 3930:

were burned at the stake. In a display of religious impartiality,

3619:

were changed into normal work days, including those celebrating a

3599: 17118: 16758: 16676: 16299: 16274: 16259: 16214: 16050: 15907: 15823: 15811: 15705: 15574: 15554: 15529: 14964: 14894: 14554: 14518: 12456: 11571:

The Oxford Guide to The Book of Common Prayer: A Worldwide Survey

11225:

The Oxford Guide to the Book of Common Prayer: A Worldwide Survey

6357: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6064: 6023: 4826: 4735: 4681: 4449: 4378: 4273: 4063: 4036: 3968: 3394: 2829: 2712: 2401: 1892: 1438: 1319: 291: 194: 123: 11047:(4). The North American Conference on British Studies: 547–558. 10547:. Cambridge Companions to Religion. Cambridge University Press. 4954:

Both Protestants and Catholics understood that the accession of

4933:

Queen Mary I of England restored the English allegiance to Rome.

3842:

and Chester, but not, for instance, at Shrewsbury, Leicester or

3323:

Having first charged eight bishops and seven other clerics with

16503: 16373: 16339: 16324: 16309: 16070: 15964: 15944: 15934: 15653: 15638: 15591: 15254: 13980: 13900: 13767: 12066:. Library of Ecclesiastical History. James Clarke and Company. 11457:

The Age of Reformation: The Tudor and Stewart Realms, 1485–1603

8658: 8656: 6593:, pp. 291, 304) lists among Edward's tutors the reformers 6560:, pp. 291, 293), however, argues that both the Litany and 6520: 6487: 6424: 6052: 6015: 5992:

were adopted as a confessional statement for the church, and a

5175:

in London was prevented because its buildings were occupied by

5140: 4780: 4685: 4669: 4637: 4406: 4291: 4190: 4111: 3317: 3028: 2926:

The Tyndale Bible was the basis for later English translations.

11434:

The Age of Reformation: The Tudor and Stewart Realms 1485–1603

11200:

Prayer Book and People in Elizabethan and Early Stuart England

10956: 10651:

The Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England,

9808: 8935: 8718: 5148:

used to reserve Eucharistic bread for devotion and adoration.

4551: 4237:

allowing free debate on religious questions. In December, the

3404:. (Parliament subsequently gave this statutory force with the 3184: 3131:, for which he was awarded the title "Defender of the Faith" ( 2384:

Ideologically, the groundwork for the Reformation was laid by

16671: 16344: 16314: 16060: 15939: 15924: 15559: 14528: 12538: 9688: 9448: 9446: 9444: 9431: 9429: 9427: 9300: 9298: 9235: 8860: 8858: 6931: 6056: 4834: 3698:, a Benedictine monastery near Durham that was closed in 1535 3272: 2961: 2899: 2389: 11246:

Heretics and Believers: A History of the English Reformation

10913:

Dynasties: Painting in Tudor and Jacobean England, 1530–1630

10201: 10003: 9967: 9844: 9664: 9550: 9470: 9211: 9151: 9139: 8947: 8772: 8724: 8690: 8688: 8653: 8563: 8356: 8221: 8017: 7957: 7858: 7399: 5062:

As the papal legate, Pole possessed authority over both his

4699: 4440:. Instead of the priest offering the sacrifice of Christ to 17098: 16447: 16289: 16014: 12644: 11121:. British History in Perspective (2nd ed.). Palgrave. 10962: 9528: 9526: 9315: 9313: 9053: 9051: 8990: 8988: 8986: 8901: 8899: 8897: 8675: 8673: 8671: 8616: 8614: 8517: 8515: 8476: 8161: 7597: 7546: 7510: 7416: 7414: 6162:, the Arminians were ascendant and closely associated with 6011:, several factions developed within the Church of England. 4945:

presided over the English Church's reconciliation with Rome

4694:

neither necessary for salvation nor prohibited by scripture

4386: 4202: 4119: 3735: 2772: 2676: 2672: 2358: 1723: 11041:

Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies

10461:

New Worlds, Lost Worlds: The Rule of the Tudors, 1485–1603

10278: 9979: 9441: 9424: 9400: 9388: 9295: 9000: 8870: 8855: 8626: 8599: 8587: 8575: 8527: 8368: 8344: 8332: 8248: 8197: 8149: 8125: 8101: 8005: 7921: 7909: 7897: 7885: 7875: 7873: 4779:), any leftover bread or wine was to be taken home by the 3690: 3220:

to annul the marriage, but the Pope refused. According to

2743:, the central act of Catholic worship. In this service, a 16239: 16129: 13506: 10587:

Lollards and Protestants in the Diocese of York 1509–1558

10189: 10015: 9916: 9904: 9856: 9832: 9820: 9796: 9616: 8923: 8831: 8685: 8440: 8392: 8308: 8173: 8137: 8089: 7834: 7810: 7633: 7522: 7389: 7387: 7302: 7300: 7162: 6907: 6840:

The Oxford Reformers. John Colet, Erasmus and Thomas More

6803: 6556:"suggest a continued vitality in conventional religion". 5006:

On 30 November, Pole spoke to both houses of Parliament,

4817: 4365:

continued to be observed, and there were texts for daily

3739: 15291:(also called Mass, Holy Communion, or the Lord's Supper) 11651:"The House of Commons and the Marian Reaction 1553–1558" 10177: 10129: 10107: 10105: 10092: 10090: 9945: 9943: 9892: 9748: 9724: 9700: 9676: 9640: 9606: 9604: 9591: 9589: 9562: 9523: 9513: 9511: 9509: 9494: 9412: 9366: 9364: 9310: 9259: 9199: 9187: 9175: 9115: 9103: 9048: 8983: 8894: 8843: 8801: 8799: 8784: 8736: 8668: 8643: 8641: 8611: 8512: 8380: 8320: 8284: 8238: 8236: 8209: 8185: 8077: 8065: 7981: 7969: 7846: 7798: 7786: 7774: 7762: 7609: 7438: 7411: 7285: 7186: 6847: 6779: 6767: 6743: 6731: 6683: 4160: 3224:, the Pope could not annul a marriage on the basis of a 2965:

de-emphasized good works. When rendering the Greek verb

2435:(1547–1553) largely along lines laid down by Archbishop 12106:

The History of the Reformation of the Church of England

11783:

The Reformation in Britain and Ireland: An Introduction

10853:(1). Historical Society of the Episcopal Church: 7–21. 10051: 10039: 9868: 8760: 8416: 8053: 7945: 7870: 7822: 7750: 7738: 7726: 7716: 7714: 7701: 7699: 7672: 7650: 7648: 7587: 7585: 7570: 7498: 7486: 7462: 7372: 7275: 7273: 7174: 6979: 6967: 6919: 6895: 6883: 6719: 3898:

reaffirming the Catholic beliefs and practices such as

2493:– their church organization remained illegal until the 15146:

Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America

12085:. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. 11273:. Oxford History of England. Oxford University Press. 11097:

The Boy King: Edward VI and the Protestant Reformation

10847:

Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church

10165: 10141: 9784: 9772: 9736: 9652: 8700: 7474: 7384: 7297: 7246: 7150: 7114: 7102: 7066: 7042: 7030: 6955: 6820: 6818: 6707: 4742:

in the sacrament. Cranmer himself had already adopted

4556:

Edward VI and the Pope: An Allegory of the Reformation

3756:

compiled by the visitors documented ten pieces of the

3480:

outlawed all annates to Rome and also ordered that if

3460:

Henry on 11 July 1533. Anne gave birth to a daughter,

3347:

The King was responsible for the souls of his subjects

11839:

Worship and the parish church in early modern Britain

10308:

A.G. Dickens, John Tonkin, and Kenneth Powell, eds.,

10153: 10117: 10102: 10087: 9991: 9955: 9940: 9928: 9880: 9760: 9628: 9601: 9586: 9574: 9538: 9506: 9482: 9458: 9376: 9361: 9337: 9325: 9271: 9223: 9163: 9127: 9075: 9063: 9036: 9024: 9012: 8971: 8959: 8911: 8882: 8796: 8748: 8638: 8551: 8539: 8500: 8488: 8464: 8452: 8428: 8404: 8296: 8272: 8260: 8233: 8113: 8041: 8029: 7993: 7933: 7198: 7090: 6871: 6859: 6755: 5224:

List of Protestant martyrs of the English Reformation

4209:

and covered with biblical texts condemning idolatry.

3656:

was condemned as a mechanical fraud and destroyed at

11706:

England's Iconoclasts: Volume I: Laws Against Images

10405:(June 1990). "The Church of England c.1529–c.1642". 10266: 10063: 10027: 9712: 9349: 9283: 9247: 7711: 7696: 7684: 7645: 7621: 7582: 7558: 7534: 7450: 7426: 7360: 7348: 7336: 7324: 7312: 7270: 7234: 7222: 7210: 7126: 6991: 6695: 6353: 5098:

to their parishioners every Sunday. Modelled on the

4405:

on the child's forehead, and wrapping it in a white

3431:

Archbishop Warham died in August 1532. Henry wanted

3051:, John Frith and Andrew Hewet were burned to death. 2485:

churches now existed whose members suffered various

11079:(revised ed.). London: Yale University Press. 10934:. Guides to Sacred Texts. Oxford University Press. 10254: 10075: 7660: 7138: 7078: 7054: 6943: 6815: 6791: 5334:

List of Catholic martyrs of the English Reformation

2817:over the Eucharist, holding the latter to be but a 2443:(1553–1558), Catholicism was briefly restored. The 11759: 11377: 11072: 10996: 10315: 7258: 6248:. It took Catholics longer to achieve toleration. 4998:, the Queen's cousin, arrived in November 1554 as 4672:, priests and bishops. During his consecration as 4272:was commissioned to the task of image breaking in 3817:was a more serious matter. The pro-Catholic, anti- 3145:ideas, among whom was the attractive, charismatic 11222:. In Hefling, Charles; Shattuck, Cynthia (eds.). 10619:(2nd ed.). London: New York, Schocken Books. 6047:. These nonconformist Calvinists became known as 4746:views on the Lord's Supper. In April 1552, a new 3679: 3173:) ascended the throne, England had been beset by 2805:, a 14th-century theologian and, it was thought, 2396:new ideas were known and debated in England, but 17136: 11678:Women of the English Renaissance and Reformation 11024:. Yale English Monarchs. Yale University Press. 10729:The Tudor Constitution: Documents and Commentary 5988:of traditional priestly vestments. In 1571, the 4106:When Henry died in 1547, his nine-year-old son, 4054:and burnt at the stake. Even Henry's last wife, 3304:–1540), Henry VIII's chief minister (1532–1540). 36:King Henry VIII initiated the separation of the 12083:Voices of the English Reformation: A Sourcebook 12063:Documents of the English Reformation, 1526–1701 5295:, one of the Marian exiles. Published in 1563, 4879:was issued on royal authority in May 1553. The 4263:Historians dispute how well this was received. 4035:(trust funds endowed to pay for priests to say 2365:. These events were part of the wider European 1281:(retained by Lutherans, mostly banned by Trent) 12026:"History, Memory, and the English Reformation" 10606:Reformation and Society in 16th-Century Europe 6338:factions, all of them Protestant inspiration. 3487:Act Concerning Peter's Pence and Dispensations 3372:agreed to the same on behalf of the clergy of 3098:, in June 1509, just before his coronation on 15222: 13545: 12241: 7009: 6317:Revisionists comprise a third school, led by 6237:took shape as a recognisable tradition. From 5927: 4205:were defaced or destroyed. Church walls were 4015:service, was published in June 1544, and the 3489:outlawed the annual payment by landowners of 2644: 2326: 1915: 1514: 11890:The Reformation of the English Parish Church 11810:Religious identities in Henry VIII's England 11596:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 11355:Untying the Knot: A Short History of Divorce 11159:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 10818:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 10767: 10732:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 10541:Coffey, John; Lim, Paul C. H., eds. (2008). 8482: 4680:and to the requirement that he wear a black 4333:Title page of the 1549 Book of Common Prayer 4276:, his task, as he records it, was enormous. 3520: 2500: 2408:requested an annulment of his marriage, but 2211:History of the Puritans under King Charles I 13559: 12218:Hanover College Historical Texts Collection 12209:Hanover College Historical Texts Collection 11574:. Oxford University Press. pp. 44–54. 11334:Europe and England in the Sixteenth Century 11228:. Oxford University Press. pp. 79–92. 11118:The Later Reformation in England, 1547–1603 10684:"The English Reformation After Revisionism" 10482:The Reformation in English Towns, 1500–1640 4865:. Cranmer's plan for a revision of English 4762:wafers, ordinary bread was to be used. The 4422:elevation of the consecrated bread and wine 4373:(Evening Prayer). In addition, there was a 3642:The Later Reformation in England, 1547–1603 3476:continued to be vigorously persecuted. The 16800:Communion and the developmentally disabled 15229: 15215: 13552: 13538: 12248: 12234: 11879:Local responses to the English Reformation 11156: 11135: 11114: 11093: 11067: 10512:(4). Cambridge University Press: 879–907. 10195: 9985: 9922: 9862: 9838: 9814: 9452: 9435: 9406: 9304: 9006: 8941: 8876: 8864: 8632: 8605: 8593: 8581: 8533: 8374: 8350: 8338: 8254: 8203: 8167: 8155: 8131: 8107: 8011: 7927: 7915: 7903: 7891: 7816: 7639: 7615: 7528: 7168: 6937: 6913: 6853: 6785: 6737: 6689: 6626: 6578: 6548:, p. 162) argues that the Litany and 5934: 5920: 5365: 2739:. The Eucharist was celebrated during the 2651: 2637: 2333: 2319: 2153:History of the Puritans under King James I 1953: 1922: 1908: 1521: 1507: 12041: 11830:Henry VIII and the Reformation in England 11414: 10540: 10502:"Heresy and Forfeiture in Marian England" 10021: 9910: 6568:, pp. 446–447) agrees with Marshall. 6420:Putting away of Books and Images Act 1549 5971:Supreme Governor of the Church of England 5321: 4700:1552 prayer book and parish confiscations 4600:, managed to stay a bishop only by being 3894:. Later that year, Parliament passed the 3769:Dissolution of the Lesser Monasteries Act 3250: 3075:, Henry VIII's first wife. Attributed to 2747:consecrated bread and wine to become the 2108:History of the Puritans under Elizabeth I 11675: 11664:(3). Andrews University Press: 227–241. 11610: 11351: 11242: 10991: 10844: 10333: 10207: 10183: 10135: 10009: 9973: 9898: 9850: 9802: 9778: 9754: 9730: 9706: 9694: 9682: 9670: 9658: 9646: 9556: 9532: 9500: 9476: 9418: 9319: 9265: 9241: 9217: 9205: 9193: 9181: 9157: 9145: 9121: 9109: 9057: 8994: 8953: 8905: 8849: 8790: 8778: 8742: 8730: 8679: 8662: 8620: 8569: 8521: 8386: 8362: 8326: 8290: 8227: 8215: 8191: 8083: 8071: 8023: 7987: 7975: 7963: 7864: 7852: 7828: 7756: 7744: 7732: 7678: 7603: 7576: 7552: 7516: 7504: 7492: 7432: 7405: 7072: 7048: 6985: 6973: 6925: 6901: 6889: 6809: 6749: 6713: 6701: 6590: 6557: 6516: 6504: 6106: 5337: 5227: 4949: 4936: 4928: 4709: 4550: 4452:along with a few biblical saints' days ( 4328: 4211: 4097: 4093: 4000:Act for the Advancement of True Religion 3958: 3890:of 1539, where he crept to the cross on 3784: 3689: 3598: 3494:usurpations and exactions" of the Pope. 3415: 3289: 3183: 3067: 3063: 3058: 2921: 2683:in the late medieval church taught that 31: 14970:Fostering of early experimental science 11715:Broken Idols of the English Reformation 11671:from the original on 28 September 2015. 11474: 11311: 11287: 10929: 10865: 10667:(2nd ed.). Yale University Press. 10612: 10603: 10581: 10454: 10401: 10272: 9874: 9568: 8766: 8706: 8422: 8059: 7951: 7879: 7480: 7393: 7306: 7252: 7156: 7108: 7036: 6877: 6865: 6843:(3rd ed.). Longmans, Green and Co. 6836: 6830: 6797: 6761: 6725: 6533: 6483: 6471: 6459: 4118:who destroyed the altars and images of 3530:, opposed to the new theology but felt 3411: 3391:Act in Conditional Restraint of Annates 2707:was ordinarily given through the seven 14: 17137: 15074:Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy 12255: 11990:"(Re)defining the English Reformation" 11854:Turvey, Roger; Randell, Keith (2008). 11631: 11588: 11567: 11517: 11496: 11372: 11330: 11297:(3rd ed.). Morehouse Publishing. 11263: 11217: 11193: 11038: 10499: 10433: 10284: 10260: 10171: 10159: 10147: 10123: 10111: 10096: 9790: 9742: 7840: 7468: 7378: 7342: 7330: 7264: 7216: 7204: 7132: 7096: 6083:. Puritan clergymen preferred to wear 4898: 4220:was vandalized during the Reformation. 3764:'s milk and numerous saints' girdles. 3542:in spirituals. Effectively the King's 712:Censorship of the Bible § 16th century 15210: 13533: 12229: 11865:England's Long Reformation: 1500–1800 11802:Thomas Cromwell: A Revolutionary Life 11546: 11450: 11431: 11396: 11165:. Cambridge University Press: 75–95. 11017: 10999:The Reformation Parliament, 1529–1536 10979: 10910: 10815: 10791: 10746: 10722: 10681: 10647: 10565:The Cambridge Companion to Puritanism 10561: 10544:The Cambridge Companion to Puritanism 10437:Puritanism: A Very Short Introduction 10377: 10321: 10310:The Reformation in historical thought 10299:, pp. 281–299) deals with Elton. 10296: 10069: 10057: 10045: 10033: 9997: 9961: 9949: 9934: 9886: 9826: 9766: 9718: 9634: 9622: 9610: 9595: 9580: 9544: 9517: 9488: 9464: 9394: 9382: 9370: 9343: 9331: 9277: 9229: 9169: 9133: 9081: 9069: 9042: 9030: 9018: 8977: 8965: 8929: 8917: 8888: 8837: 8825: 8821: 8817: 8805: 8754: 8694: 8647: 8557: 8545: 8506: 8494: 8470: 8458: 8446: 8434: 8410: 8398: 8314: 8302: 8278: 8266: 8242: 8179: 8143: 8119: 8095: 8047: 8035: 7999: 7939: 7804: 7792: 7780: 7768: 7720: 7705: 7690: 7666: 7654: 7627: 7591: 7564: 7540: 7456: 7444: 7420: 7366: 7354: 7318: 7291: 7279: 7240: 7228: 7192: 7180: 7144: 7120: 7084: 7060: 6997: 6961: 6949: 6824: 6773: 6667: 6655: 6639: 6614: 6565: 6545: 5463:17th-century denominations in England 4924: 4912:, the granddaughter of Edward's aunt 4893:Supreme Head of the Church of England 4754:to be used in worship by November 1. 4161:Iconoclasm and abolition of chantries 3503:Supreme Head of the Church of England 3239:and briefly taken the Pope prisoner. 3235:, whose troops earlier that year had 2477:, the Church of England remained the 15236: 12059: 12024:Walsham, Alexandra (December 2012). 11898:Wilkinson, Richard (December 2010). 11648: 10886: 10081: 9355: 9289: 9253: 7010:O'Donovan, Louis (5 November 2019). 6266:Historiography of the United Kingdom 5433:Arminianism in the Church of England 5018: 4127:Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset 3965:Chantry Chapel of St Mary the Virgin 3478:Act in Absolute Restraint of Annates 2523:Catholic Church in England and Wales 2196:Arminianism in the Church of England 11943: 11658:Andrews University Seminary Studies 11636:. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press. 10816:—— (1997). "Religion". 10589:. London: Oxford University Press. 10360:Richard Cust and Ann Hughes, eds., 7013:The Defence of the Seven Sacraments 6147:, this new faction is known as the 5250:revival of the medieval heresy laws 5096:A Profitable and Necessary Doctrine 5070:, which allowed him to oversee the 4845:fabrics were collected and sent to 4541:Lord President of the Privy Council 4491:In 1549, Parliament also legalized 4279: 4019:became the only authorised English 3849: 3382:Supplication against the Ordinaries 2832:(who lived in England for a time), 1990:Convocations of Canterbury and York 24: 17079:Ritualism in the Church of England 12052: 11696: 11294:A History of the Church in England 11100:. University of California Press. 10940:10.1093/oso/9780190689681.001.0001 10932:The Book of Common Prayer: A Guide 10893:Reformation in Britain and Ireland 10777:. University of California Press. 10419:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1990.tb01514.x 5179:, a school for orphaned children. 4811:and bishops had to wear a rochet. 4337:That prayer book and liturgy, the 4320:Reformed position on the Eucharist 4216:This statue in the Lady Chapel of 4027:in September 1544, the Protestant 3971:to lessen their time in purgatory. 3827:Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk 3295:Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex 2857:notoriously confrontational sermon 2791:, which were made possible by the 1882:North American Anglican Conference 25: 17191: 17175:History of Catholicism in England 16667:Antiochian Western Rite Vicariate 15867:List of Anglican church composers 15357:Coronation of the British monarch 12112:(Oxford University Press, 1829): 12099: 11847:The English Reformation 1530–1570 11500:The Oxford History of Anglicanism 11480:A Dictionary of Political Thought 7016:. Dalcassian Publishing Company. 6259: 5200:Conservative Bishop Edmund Bonner 4891:and that the King of England was 4872:Reformatio legum ecclesiasticarum 4567:and members of the Privy Council. 4546: 4385:—the prayer book recommended the 3878:in November 1538 for denying the 3592:saints, purgatory and the use of 3152:Anne arrived at court in 1522 as 3081:National Portrait Gallery, London 2870:was initiated by the German monk 2304:History of the Anglican Communion 2231:History of the Puritans from 1649 1020:16th century Renaissance humanism 759:Political and religious conflicts 17180:History of the Church of England 17117: 17015:Elizabethan Religious Settlement 11314:The Anglican Spiritual Tradition 10985:The Life and Times of Henry VIII 10354: 10327: 10302: 10290: 10229: 10213: 9087: 8811: 6661: 6649: 6638:Among many examples provided by 6632: 6620: 6608: 6584: 6571: 6539: 6410:History of the Church of England 6384: 6370: 6356: 5658:Elizabethan Religious Settlement 5328:Elizabethan Religious Settlement 5205: 5193: 4537:John Dudley, 1st Earl of Warwick 3718:were killed for doing the same. 3511:Act against the Pope's Authority 2761:sacrifice of Christ on the cross 2594:Elizabethan Religious Settlement 2445:Elizabethan Religious Settlement 1947:History of the Church of England 1891: 1552: 1002:Dutch Renaissance and Golden Age 878:Influence on church architecture 75: 16980:Bible translations into English 15712:To Thee before the close of day 15441:Seven Last Words from the Cross 12317:England in the late Middle Ages 11614:Liturgies of the Western Church 11547:Smith, Herbert Maynard (1938). 10500:Cavill, P. R. (December 2013). 10370: 7003: 6526: 6510: 6497: 6477: 6465: 6102: 5965:In 1558, Parliament passed the 5573:Westminster Confession of Faith 5533:History under Queen Elizabeth I 4488:and other festivals were gone. 4438:Christ's sacrifice on the cross 4430:Christ's sacrifice on the cross 3203:for Henry to have married her ( 3128:Defence of the Seven Sacraments 1728:Medieval cathedral architecture 1702:First seven ecumenical councils 15669:Benedictus (Song of Zechariah) 14933:Separation of church and state 14602:Formal and material principles 14587:Separation of church and state 11863:Tyacke, Nicholas, ed. (1997). 11553:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 11358:. Cambridge University Press. 11203:. Cambridge University Press. 11003:. Cambridge University Press. 10387:. Cambridge University Press. 6452: 4361:The cycles and seasons of the 3729:In 1534, Cromwell initiated a 3686:Dissolution of the Monasteries 3680:Dissolution of the monasteries 3199:'s wife, and it was therefore 2687:persons should cooperate with 2618:19th-century Church of England 2614:18th-century Church of England 2582:Dissolution of the Monasteries 2495:Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 2462:which resulted in the rule of 2400:were a religious minority and 2077:Elizabethan Church (1558–1603) 2022:Dissolution of the Monasteries 1748:Dissolution of the monasteries 703:Counter-Reformation § Politics 13: 1: 14597:Hymnody of continental Europe 13748:Apostles in the New Testament 12220:: The Protestant Reformation 11988:Marshall, Peter (July 2009). 11818:Reformation England 1480–1642 11717:. Cambridge University Press. 11436:. Harlow: Pearson Education. 11270:The Earlier Tudors, 1485–1558 10659: 10652: 10485:. Macmillan. pp. 23–47. 6677: 6045:Continental Reformed churches 4980:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 4631:in the 1549 prayer book. The 4241:allowed the laity to receive 4070:, Bishop Gardiner and Bishop 3731:visitation of the monasteries 3360:The laity were also pardoned. 3298: 2550:Christianity in Roman Britain 2418:head of the Church of England 1840:Anglican Consultative Council 1589:Chicago–Lambeth Quadrilateral 1415:Conclusion and commemorations 1098:Hymnody of continental Europe 1011:Folklore of the Low Countries 646:Frederick V, Elector Palatine 309:Theologies of seminal figures 16850:Thanksgiving after Communion 16654:Divine Worship: Daily Office 16192:Directory for Public Worship 16165:Book of Alternative Services 15694:O God, make speed to save us 11649:Ward, Cedric (Autumn 1981). 11316:. Darton, Longman and Todd. 6378:Reformed Christianity portal 6032:excommunication of Elizabeth 6028:Revolt of the Northern Earls 5543:History under King Charles I 5232:Frontispiece of John Foxe's 5217: 4908:in favour of the Protestant 4799:and the white chrisom robe. 4706:Book of Common Prayer (1552) 4657:dream always of sacrifice". 4498: 4286:Book of Common Prayer (1549) 3406:Submission of the Clergy Act 3027:(England's first Protestant 2880:justification by faith alone 2566:Religion in Medieval England 2148:James I and religious issues 1985:Religion in Medieval England 1866:Continuing Anglican movement 1862:Other Anglican Denominations 1825:Anglican Communion Primates' 320:Theology of Huldrych Zwingli 7: 17160:Anti-Catholicism in England 15765:Glory to God in the highest 14045:Eastern Orthodox opposition 12222:– links to primary sources. 12213:– links to primary sources. 12081:King, John N., ed. (2004). 11845:Sheils, William J. (2013). 11766:. Oxford University Press. 11722:Collinson, Patrick (1988). 11403:Renaissance and Reformation 11397:Roddy, Kate (Winter 2016). 11384:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 11352:Phillips, Roderick (1991). 10801:. Oxford University Press. 10753:(3rd ed.). Routledge. 10440:. Oxford University Press. 10434:Bremer, Francis J. (2009). 6349: 6051:. Some Puritans refused to 6034:, and the discovery of the 4963:conversion to Catholicism. 4369:(Morning Prayer), Mass and 4169:of England's churches. The 3854:According to the historian 3596:in worship was undermined. 3585:. This was followed by the 3437:Act in Restraint of Appeals 3255:In 1529, the King summoned 2971:into English, Tyndale used 2546:Legend of Christ in Britain 2189:Caroline period (1625–1649) 2141:Jacobean period (1603–1625) 1047:English Renaissance theatre 529:Denmark–Norway and Holstein 10: 17196: 16805:Communion under both kinds 16647:Divine Worship: The Missal 14062:Art patronage of Julius II 12322:Economy in the Middle Ages 12211:: The English Reformation 12060:Bray, Gerald, ed. (1994). 11997:Journal of British Studies 11139:The Reformation: A History 6837:Seebohm, Frederic (1869). 6263: 5693:Immigration to New England 5538:History under King James I 5382:Springfield, Massachusetts 5331: 5325: 5221: 4783:for ordinary consumption. 4703: 4507:, the introduction of the 4283: 4243:communion under both kinds 4086:—to gain control over the 3683: 3660:. In July, the statues of 3648:'s work on iconoclasm and 3201:against biblical teachings 2626:Church of England (recent) 2412:refused. In response, the 1817:Anglican Communion history 1242:Lutheran and Anglican Mass 1107:Music of the British Isles 1034:16th century in literature 17165:Anti-Catholicism in Wales 17112: 16952: 16858: 16772: 16599: 16442:Feast of the Annunciation 16358: 16223: 16208:Revised Common Lectionary 16148: 15973: 15900: 15862:Great Four Anglican Hymns 15837: 15497: 15412:Mass of the Presanctified 15400:Mass of the Lord's Supper 15242: 15154: 14989: 14908: 14837: 14772: 14694: 14625: 14565:Calvinist–Arminian debate 14539: 14306: 14189: 14025: 13916: 13798: 13696: 13585: 13567: 13445: 13397: 13354: 13324: 13281: 13227: 12518: 12455: 12263: 12144:(Clarendon Press, 1822): 12043:10.1017/S0018246X12000362 11965:10.1017/S0018246X00021385 11249:. Yale University Press. 11171:10.1017/S0080440105000319 10930:Hefling, Charles (2021). 10633:. Yale University Press. 10518:10.1017/S0018246X13000277 6644:Haddenham, Cambridgeshire 5975:Act of Uniformity of 1559 5678:Providence Island Company 5548:Cromwellian era and after 5483:Definitions of Puritanism 5458:Ecclesiastical separatism 4572:Edmund Bonner of London, 4171:Royal Injunctions of 1547 3521:Moderate religious reform 3354:and the laws of the realm 3337:Convocation of Canterbury 3169:. Before Henry's father ( 2501:Competing religious ideas 1468:Calendrical commemoration 781:War of the Three Kingdoms 315:Theology of Martin Luther 50:Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum 17155:Protestantism in England 16562:Feast of Christ the King 15872:List of Anglican hymnals 15054:Christian existentialism 11887:Whiting, Robert (2010). 11876:Whiting, Robert (1998). 11816:Marshall, Peter (2012). 11785:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 11713:Aston, Margaret (2016). 11704:Aston, Margaret (1988). 11676:Warnicke, Retha (1983). 11243:Marshall, Peter (2017). 11018:Loach, Jennifer (1999). 10774:A History of British Art 10750:England Under the Tudors 9099:, 14 (1882), pp. 314–315 6642:, pp. 484–485): in 6445: 5683:Massachusetts Bay Colony 5608:Trial of Archbishop Laud 5553:History in North America 5013:Second Statute of Repeal 4416:Nevertheless, the first 4341:, was authorized by the 4201:, shrines, statues, and 3760:, seven portions of the 3402:Submission of the Clergy 3314:Archbishop of Canterbury 2898:, and the veneration of 2894:, prayers for the dead, 2809:, Lollardy stressed the 2562:Anglo-Saxon Christianity 2294:Disestablishmentarianism 2163:Hampton Court Conference 1980:Anglo-Saxon Christianity 1821:Archbishop of Canterbury 180:Johann Ruchrat von Wesel 46:Hans Holbein the Younger 17124:Christianity portal 16910:Origin of the Eucharist 16729:Liturgy of Saint Tikhon 15797:Prayer of Humble Access 15484:Nine Lessons and Carols 13561:History of Christianity 12386:Commonwealth of England 11869:12 essays by scholars; 11828:Randell, Keith (2001). 11611:Thompson, Bard (1961). 11550:Pre-Reformation England 11416:10.33137/rr.v39i1.26543 11312:—— (1983). 11218:—— (2006). 11136:—— (2003). 11115:—— (2001). 11094:—— (1999). 10987:. Book Club Associates. 10747:—— (1991). 10682:—— (2006). 10648:—— (2005). 10616:The English Reformation 10613:—— (1989). 10604:—— (1966). 10413:(244). Wiley: 183–206. 10336:The Journal of Religion 6233:After the Restoration, 5892:Congregational churches 5850:The Godly Man's Picture 5718:American exceptionalism 5453:English Presbyterianism 5153:First Fruits and Tenths 4982:, she married his son, 4969:First Statute of Repeal 4841:and candlesticks. Rich 4773:reserving the sacrament 3609:Old St Paul's Cathedral 3464:, on 7 September 1533. 3094:, widow of his brother 2691:'s grace towards their 2679:. The dominant view of 2667:was part of the larger 2665:medieval English church 2506:History of Christianity 2009:Reformation (1509–1559) 1995:Development of dioceses 1898:Christianity portal 1720:Augustine of Canterbury 1313:First Wittenberg hymnal 771:French Wars of Religion 585:Major political leaders 325:Theology of John Calvin 16774:Eucharistic discipline 16640:Book of Divine Worship 16606:Western Rite Orthodoxy 15373:Exhortation and Litany 15367:Dedication of a church 15122:Fourth Great Awakening 15009:Second Great Awakening 14248:Fall of Constantinople 14040:Development of primacy 11923:Wilson, Derek (2012). 11728:. St. Martin's Press. 11331:Morris, T. A. (1998). 11075:Thomas Cranmer: A Life 10506:The Historical Journal 6430:Reformation in Ireland 6120: 5871:Foxe's Book of Martyrs 5857:The Pilgrim's Progress 5698:Culture in New England 5648:Act of Uniformity 1662 5493:Puritan Sabbatarianism 5378:Augustus Saint-Gaudens 5343: 5322:Elizabethan Settlement 5236: 5064:Province of Canterbury 5051:tried for heresy. His 4946: 4934: 4805:visitation of the sick 4722: 4719:Books of Common Prayer 4568: 4426:prayer of consecration 4343:Act of Uniformity 1549 4334: 4221: 4103: 4008:Exhortation and Litany 3972: 3957: 3836:Court of Augmentations 3798: 3699: 3662:Our Lady of Walsingham 3612: 3499:First Act of Supremacy 3446: 3428: 3305: 3269:Reformation Parliament 3251:Actions against clergy 3192: 3084: 2927: 2910:, and requirements to 2868:Protestant Reformation 2840:, called for a return 2414:Reformation Parliament 2388:who believed that the 2128:Marprelate Controversy 2123:Foxe's Book of Martyrs 2017:Reformation Parliament 1973:Middle Ages (597–1500) 1712:Background and history 1029:16th century in poetry 832:German Renaissance Art 812:Painting and sculpture 53: 17170:Religion and politics 17104:Vestments controversy 17058:The Parson's Handbook 17020:Prayer Book Rebellion 16990:Choral Evensong (BBC) 16764:Stations of the Cross 16178:The Books of Homilies 16159:Book of Common Prayer 15545:General Intercessions 15306:Anointing of the sick 15270:(Vespers or Evensong) 15263:Prayer During the Day 15117:Reformed epistemology 15059:Third Great Awakening 15029:Seventh-day Adventist 14950:First Great Awakening 14823:Book of Common Prayer 14617:Protestant work ethic 14160:Independent Catholics 14111:Monastery dissolution 11781:Hazlett, Ian (2003). 11632:Vidmar, John (2005). 10911:Hearn, Karen (1995). 10708:10.1353/ren.2008.0366 10700:10.1353/ren.2008.0366 10688:Renaissance Quarterly 10022:Coffey & Lim 2008 9911:Coffey & Lim 2008 9097:Archaeologia Cantiana 6264:Further information: 6254:Catholic emancipation 6139:. They looked to the 6110: 6089:Vestments controversy 6085:black academic attire 5981:Book of Common Prayer 5735:Troubles at Frankfurt 5703:Christmas prohibition 5618:Vestments controversy 5376:, an 1887 statue by 5341: 5332:Further information: 5231: 5222:Further information: 4950:Reconciling with Rome 4940: 4932: 4823:Book of Common Prayer 4777:Eucharistic adoration 4752:Book of Common Prayer 4750:authorized a revised 4731:Peter Martyr Vermigli 4727:Book of Common Prayer 4713: 4690:vestments controversy 4660:In March 1550, a new 4633:Book of Common Prayer 4598:Bishop of Westminster 4554: 4521:Prayer Book Rebellion 4509:Book of Common Prayer 4418:Book of Common Prayer 4339:Book of Common Prayer 4332: 4224:Conservative bishops 4215: 4101: 4094:Edwardian Reformation 4011:, the first official 3962: 3952: 3902:, clerical celibacy, 3788: 3753:Compendium Competorum 3693: 3621:church's patron saint 3602: 3441: 3419: 3329:Statute of Praemunire 3293: 3277:ecclesiastical courts 3187: 3071: 3064:Annulment controversy 3059:Henrician Reformation 2925: 2826:Renaissance humanists 2729:Anointing of the Sick 2622:Catholic emancipation 2386:Renaissance humanists 2279:Bangorian Controversy 2247:Book of Common Prayer 2169:Book of Common Prayer 2113:Vestments controversy 2103:The Books of Homilies 2086:Book of Common Prayer 2046:Book of Common Prayer 2033:Book of Common Prayer 1878:Congress of St. Louis 1874:Bartonville Agreement 1632:Book of Common Prayer 1437:Simultaneous rise of 1349:Book of Common Prayer 1149:Scottish church music 1135:Anglican church music 616:Gaspard II de Coligny 591:Henry VIII of England 395:Peter Martyr Vermigli 35: 17005:Convergence Movement 16944:Thirty-nine Articles 16744:Personal ordinariate 16704:Ecclesiastical Latin 15748:Words of Institution 15743:Memorial Acclamation 15597:The Lord be with you 14940:Edicts of toleration 14749:Three Forms of Unity 14514:Bohemian Reformation 14087:Catholic Reformation 13944:Roman state religion 13763:Council of Jerusalem 13237:Anglo-Saxon military 12425:Overseas possessions 11906:(68). Archived from 11798:MacCulloch, Diarmaid 11432:Ryrie, Alec (2009). 11069:MacCulloch, Diarmaid 10961:(revised ed.). 10959:The Study of Liturgy 10769:Graham-Dixon, Andrew 10608:. Thames and Hudson. 10225:"Wolsey" online free 9697:, pp. 394, 396. 9397:, pp. 215, 217. 9244:, pp. 360, 363. 7408:, pp. 208, 221. 6776:, pp. xxi–xxii. 6440:Scottish Reformation 6273:James Anthony Froude 6158:During the reign of 5990:Thirty-Nine Articles 5885:Continuing movements 5603:Scrooby Congregation 5047:views on salvation. 4918:Third Succession Act 4775:(which often led to 4764:prayer of invocation 4674:bishop of Gloucester 4311:eucharistic theology 4193:was also condemned. 4050:was tortured in the 3944:hanged and quartered 3942:—all Catholics—were 3936:Richard Featherstone 3712:Franciscan Observant 3454:national sovereignty 3412:Separation from Rome 3226:canonical impediment 2986:Cambridge University 2811:primacy of scripture 2789:prayers for the dead 2781:imperfect contrition 2491:Catholics in England 2458:, most famously the 2351:16th-century England 2236:Westminster Assembly 2093:Thirty-nine Articles 1870:Anglican realignment 1732:Apostolic succession 1611:Ministry and worship 1577:Thirty-nine Articles 1428:Protestant orthodoxy 1401:Whole Book of Psalms 1365:Book of Common Order 1233:Ecclesiastical Latin 786:German Peasants' War 338:Protestant Reformers 268:Northern Renaissance 263:Bohemian Reformation 247:Contributing factors 151:Gottschalk of Orbais 17145:English Reformation 17069:Prayer for the dead 17037:Liturgical Movement 17010:English Reformation 16975:Anglican sacraments 16845:Spiritual Communion 16535:(some churches use 16423:Baptism of the Lord 15807:Lift up your hearts 15649:Trinitarian formula 15112:Liberation theology 15019:Jehovah's Witnesses 14852:Radical Reformation 14580:Resistance theories 14467:Christian mysticism 14462:Early Scholasticism 14174:Ecclesial community 14072:Counter-Reformation 13937:Constantinian shift 12651:Acts of Parliament: 12418:Union with Scotland 12413:Glorious Revolution 12359:Union of the Crowns 12349:English Renaissance 12337:English Reformation 12278:Anglo-Saxon England 12133:Volume III, Part II 11520:The History Teacher 11289:Moorman, John R. H. 10915:. Tate Publishing. 10287:, pp. 405–431. 10223:(12 volumes, 1893) 10210:, pp. 576–577. 10012:, pp. 542–543. 9976:, pp. 487–495. 9853:, pp. 419–420. 9829:, pp. 235–236. 9817:, pp. 284–285. 9673:, pp. 390–391. 9625:, pp. 214–215. 9559:, pp. 402–403. 9479:, pp. 398–399. 9220:, pp. 362–363. 9160:, pp. 356–358. 9148:, pp. 353–354. 8956:, pp. 340–341. 8944:, pp. 460–461. 8932:, pp. 176–177. 8781:, pp. 332–333. 8733:, pp. 234–236. 8721:, pp. 101–105. 8697:, pp. 464–466. 8665:, pp. 324–325. 8572:, pp. 322–323. 8449:, pp. 171–172. 8401:, pp. 454–456. 8365:, pp. 311–312. 8317:, pp. 450–454. 8230:, pp. 309–310. 8182:, pp. 168–169. 8146:, pp. 166–167. 8098:, pp. 165–166. 8026:, pp. 286–287. 7966:, pp. 280–281. 7867:, pp. 269–270. 7843:, pp. 399–400. 7807:, pp. 147–149. 7795:, pp. 145–146. 7783:, pp. 143–144. 7771:, pp. 144–145. 7606:, pp. 241–242. 7555:, pp. 254–256. 7519:, pp. 216–217. 7447:, pp. 119–120. 7423:, pp. 364–365. 7294:, pp. 111–112. 7195:, pp. 105–106. 6940:, pp. 202–203. 6435:Religion in England 6364:Christianity portal 6246:Toleration Act 1688 6093:presbyterian polity 5986:authorising the use 5952:principal secretary 5746:Notable individuals 5643:English Restoration 5413:English Reformation 5085:Juan de Villagarcía 5072:Counter-Reformation 4899:Edward's succession 4397:, promises made by 4037:masses for the dead 3969:masses for the dead 3948:Charles de Marillac 3815:Pilgrimage of Grace 3804:Lincolnshire Rising 3666:Our Lady of Ipswich 3638:Diarmaid MacCulloch 3576:Schmalkaldic League 3370:Convocation of York 3333:Canterbury province 3119:Bishop of Rochester 3092:Catherine of Aragon 3073:Catherine of Aragon 2930:The publication of 2793:communion of saints 2586:Marian persecutions 2578:English Reformation 2542:Joseph of Arimathea 2529:(Church of England) 2509: 2475:Glorious Revolution 2347:English Reformation 2284:Evangelical Revival 2098:Convocation of 1563 1848:Ordination of women 1740:English Reformation 1716:Celtic Christianity 1433:Peace of Westphalia 1424:Confessionalization 1228:Liturgical Struggle 1154:Normative principle 733:Holy Roman Emperors 682:Counter-Reformation 133:Girolamo Savonarola 17042:Millenary Petition 16970:Anglican devotions 16965:Anglican Communion 16905:Liturgical colours 16840:Reserved sacrament 16576:Principal Holy Day 16250:Baptismal clothing 16198:Edwardine Ordinals 16101:Processional cross 15974:Liturgical objects 15760:Collect for Purity 15570:Laying on of hands 15540:Episcopal blessing 15446:Three Hours' Agony 15417:Good Friday Prayer 15362:Churching of women 15186:Oriental Orthodoxy 14829:King James Version 14641:Ninety-five Theses 14437:Apostolic Brethren 14211:Church of the East 14206:Oriental Orthodoxy 14052:Crusading movement 13572:Early Christianity 12608:Secretary of State 12290:Kingdom of England 12257:Kingdom of England 12126:Volume II, Part II 12030:Historical Journal 11953:Historical Journal 11841:(Routledge, 2016). 11812:(Routledge, 2016). 11793:(Routledge, 2016). 11617:. Meridian Books. 10993:Lehmberg, Stanford 10793:Haigh, Christopher 10364:(Routledge, 2014). 8840:, p. 177–178. 7183:, pp. 89, 98. 6415:History of England 6224:Congregationalists 6121: 6117:Catalogue of Sects 5688:Salem witch trials 5633:Grand Remonstrance 5628:Millenary Petition 5583:Cambridge Platform 5508:Puritan work ethic 5438:English Dissenters 5344: 5237: 5129:Reformatio Angliae 5116:, sacraments, the 5089:Bartolomé Carranza 4984:Philip II of Spain 4947: 4935: 4925:Marian Restoration 4881:Forty-two Articles 4740:spiritual presence 4723: 4606:Diocese of Norwich 4569: 4539:, newly appointed 4375:calendar of saints 4335: 4315:general confession 4250:Chantries Act 1547 4222: 4104: 3982:Prebendaries' Plot 3973: 3910:, and withholding 3900:transubstantiation 3872:Landgrave of Hesse 3834:pensions from the 3799: 3700: 3613: 3607:on the grounds of 3462:Princess Elizabeth 3429: 3310:clerical pluralism 3306: 3230:Holy Roman Emperor 3207:20:21); a special 3193: 3085: 3031:), Thomas Bilney, 2928: 2757:transubstantiation 2527:Calendar of saints 2505: 2487:civil disabilities 2481:, but a number of 2479:established church 2471:Stuart Restoration 2299:Prayer Book Crisis 2176:King James Version 2158:Millenary Petition 2053:Forty-two Articles 2040:Edwardine Ordinals 1832:Lambeth Conference 1812:Anglican Communion 1627:King James Version 1569:Christian theology 1338:Thomissøn's hymnal 1140:Exclusive psalmody 896:Metaphysical poets 818:Northern Mannerism 808:Art and literature 721:Anti-Protestantism 657:Electors of Saxony 621:Henry IV of France 611:William the Silent 534:Sweden and Finland 425:Balthasar Hubmaier 390:Heinrich Bullinger 350:Philip Melanchthon 283:Johannes Gutenberg 273:Christian humanism 215:Ninety-five Theses 83:Ninety-five Theses 54: 17132: 17131: 16995:Christian liturgy 16682:Blessed Sacrament 16629:Anglican Breviary 16601:Anglo-Catholicism 16544: 16233: 16106:Sacramental bread 15892:Voluntary (music) 15644:Sign of the cross 15624:Processional hymn 15619:Priestly Blessing 15472:Banns of marriage 15292: 15279: 15271: 15258: 15204: 15203: 15181:Eastern Orthodoxy 15049:Finnish Awakening 15004:Holiness movement 14945:Congregationalism 14904: 14903: 14764:Metrical psalters 14201:Eastern Orthodoxy 14145:Neo-Scholasticism 13852:Canon development 13753:Jewish Christians 13527: 13526: 13369:Church of England 12327:Wars of the Roses 12118:Volume I, Part II 11934:978-1-84529-646-9 11808:Marshall, Peter. 11735:978-0-312-02366-9 11687:978-0-313-23611-2 11581:978-0-19-529756-0 11467:978-1-315-27214-6 11323:978-0-87243-125-6 11235:978-0-19-529756-0 11149:978-0-14-303538-1 11142:. Penguin Books. 10972:978-0-19-520922-8 10808:978-0-19-822162-3 10784:978-0-520-22376-9 10674:978-0-300-10828-6 10575:978-0-521-67800-1 10554:978-0-521-67800-1 10060:, pp. 39–40. 10048:, pp. 43–44. 9093:Scott Robertson, 8719:Jones et al. 1992 8483:Graham-Dixon 1996 7471:, pp. 33–34. 7381:, pp. 59–63. 7123:, pp. 93–94. 6812:, pp. 29–32. 6752:, pp. 16–17. 6335:Patrick Collinson 6319:Christopher Haigh 6205:Fifth Monarchists 6176:English Civil War 6133:Lancelot Andrewes 6127:During the early 6061:sign of the cross 5956:Sir William Cecil 5944: 5943: 5905:Reformed churches 5899: 5713:Half-Way Covenant 5638:English Civil War 5623:Martin Marprelate 5578:Savoy Declaration 5177:Christ's Hospital 5157:Westminster Abbey 5114:seven deadly sins 5019:Catholic recovery 4748:Act of Uniformity 4678:Oath of Supremacy 4586:Cuthbert Tunstall 4493:clerical marriage 4470:Marian feast days 4434:Canon of the Mass 4403:sign of the cross 3963:The 14th-century 3868:Elector of Saxony 3860:clerical celibacy 3507:Treasons Act 1534 3352:royal prerogative 2908:clerical celibacy 2892:prayers to saints 2876:Luther's theology 2851:together by King 2661: 2660: 2610:English Civil War 2519:Church of England 2460:English Civil War 2355:Church of England 2343: 2342: 1960:Westminster Abbey 1932: 1931: 1792:Anglo-Catholicism 1752:Church of England 1581:Books of Homilies 1573:Anglican doctrine 1531: 1530: 1355:Metrical psalters 776:Eighty Years' War 766:Thirty Years' War 651:Philip I of Hesse 375:Andreas Karlstadt 185:Johannes von Goch 166:Berengar of Tours 161:Claudius of Turin 142:Arnold of Brescia 38:Church of England 16:(Redirected from 17187: 17122: 17121: 17074:Reformed worship 17064:Paschal greeting 17047:Ornaments Rubric 16925:Passion of Jesus 16883:Ex opere operato 16825:Host desecration 16795:Church etiquette 16537:Pentecost Season 16534: 16227: 16150:Liturgical books 15882:Metrical psalter 15829:Ten Commandments 15812:Holy, Holy, Holy 15664:Athanasian Creed 15629:Recessional hymn 15323:Christian burial 15290: 15277: 15269: 15256: 15237:Anglican liturgy 15231: 15224: 15217: 15208: 15207: 14623: 14622: 14010:Non-Chalcedonian 13991:Constantinople I 13783:General epistles 13778:Pauline epistles 13758:Paul the Apostle 13736:Great Commission 13554: 13547: 13540: 13531: 13530: 13487:Royal supporters 13334:English language 12581:Council of State 12571:King's Secretary 12564:House of Commons 12549:Magnum Concilium 12447:Maritime history 12408:Exclusion Crisis 12391:The Protectorate 12250: 12243: 12236: 12227: 12226: 12199:Vol. III, Pt. 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9269: 9263: 9257: 9251: 9245: 9239: 9233: 9227: 9221: 9215: 9209: 9203: 9197: 9191: 9185: 9179: 9173: 9167: 9161: 9155: 9149: 9143: 9137: 9131: 9125: 9119: 9113: 9107: 9101: 9091: 9085: 9079: 9073: 9067: 9061: 9055: 9046: 9040: 9034: 9028: 9022: 9016: 9010: 9004: 8998: 8992: 8981: 8975: 8969: 8963: 8957: 8951: 8945: 8939: 8933: 8927: 8921: 8915: 8909: 8903: 8892: 8886: 8880: 8874: 8868: 8862: 8853: 8847: 8841: 8835: 8829: 8828:, pp. 75–76 8815: 8809: 8803: 8794: 8788: 8782: 8776: 8770: 8764: 8758: 8752: 8746: 8740: 8734: 8728: 8722: 8716: 8710: 8704: 8698: 8692: 8683: 8677: 8666: 8660: 8651: 8645: 8636: 8630: 8624: 8618: 8609: 8603: 8597: 8591: 8585: 8579: 8573: 8567: 8561: 8555: 8549: 8543: 8537: 8531: 8525: 8519: 8510: 8504: 8498: 8492: 8486: 8480: 8474: 8468: 8462: 8456: 8450: 8444: 8438: 8432: 8426: 8420: 8414: 8408: 8402: 8396: 8390: 8384: 8378: 8372: 8366: 8360: 8354: 8348: 8342: 8336: 8330: 8324: 8318: 8312: 8306: 8300: 8294: 8288: 8282: 8276: 8270: 8264: 8258: 8252: 8246: 8240: 8231: 8225: 8219: 8213: 8207: 8201: 8195: 8189: 8183: 8177: 8171: 8170:, pp. 35ff. 8165: 8159: 8153: 8147: 8141: 8135: 8129: 8123: 8117: 8111: 8105: 8099: 8093: 8087: 8081: 8075: 8069: 8063: 8057: 8051: 8045: 8039: 8033: 8027: 8021: 8015: 8009: 8003: 7997: 7991: 7985: 7979: 7973: 7967: 7961: 7955: 7949: 7943: 7937: 7931: 7925: 7919: 7913: 7907: 7901: 7895: 7889: 7883: 7877: 7868: 7862: 7856: 7850: 7844: 7838: 7832: 7826: 7820: 7814: 7808: 7802: 7796: 7790: 7784: 7778: 7772: 7766: 7760: 7754: 7748: 7742: 7736: 7730: 7724: 7718: 7709: 7703: 7694: 7688: 7682: 7676: 7670: 7664: 7658: 7652: 7643: 7637: 7631: 7625: 7619: 7613: 7607: 7601: 7595: 7589: 7580: 7574: 7568: 7562: 7556: 7550: 7544: 7538: 7532: 7526: 7520: 7514: 7508: 7502: 7496: 7490: 7484: 7478: 7472: 7466: 7460: 7454: 7448: 7442: 7436: 7430: 7424: 7418: 7409: 7403: 7397: 7391: 7382: 7376: 7370: 7364: 7358: 7352: 7346: 7340: 7334: 7328: 7322: 7316: 7310: 7304: 7295: 7289: 7283: 7277: 7268: 7262: 7256: 7250: 7244: 7238: 7232: 7226: 7220: 7214: 7208: 7202: 7196: 7190: 7184: 7178: 7172: 7166: 7160: 7154: 7148: 7142: 7136: 7130: 7124: 7118: 7112: 7106: 7100: 7094: 7088: 7082: 7076: 7070: 7064: 7058: 7052: 7046: 7040: 7034: 7028: 7027: 7007: 7001: 6995: 6989: 6983: 6977: 6971: 6965: 6964:, p. 20,28. 6959: 6953: 6947: 6941: 6935: 6929: 6923: 6917: 6911: 6905: 6899: 6893: 6887: 6881: 6875: 6869: 6863: 6857: 6851: 6845: 6844: 6834: 6828: 6822: 6813: 6807: 6801: 6795: 6789: 6783: 6777: 6771: 6765: 6759: 6753: 6747: 6741: 6735: 6729: 6728:, p. 97–98. 6723: 6717: 6711: 6705: 6699: 6693: 6687: 6671: 6665: 6659: 6653: 6647: 6636: 6630: 6627:MacCulloch (1996 6624: 6618: 6612: 6606: 6588: 6582: 6579:MacCulloch (1996 6575: 6569: 6543: 6537: 6530: 6524: 6514: 6508: 6501: 6495: 6481: 6475: 6469: 6463: 6456: 6400:Anti-Catholicism 6394: 6389: 6388: 6387: 6380: 6375: 6374: 6366: 6361: 6360: 6323:Jack Scarisbrick 6230:, and Baptists. 6169: 5994:Book of Homilies 5967:Act of Supremacy 5936: 5929: 5922: 5895: 5789:Jonathan Edwards 5764:William Bradford 5369: 5346: 5345: 5209: 5197: 5133:Council of Trent 5110:Ten Commandments 5068:Province of York 4988:Sir Thomas Wyatt 4649:communion tables 4529:Kett's Rebellion 4462:John the Baptist 4389:rather than the 4280:1549 prayer book 4254:Chantry Act 1545 4138:Book of Homilies 3914:from the laity. 3850:Reforms reversed 3708:religious houses 3640:in his study of 3556:Nicholas Shaxton 3528:Stephen Gardiner 3303: 3300: 3218:Pope Clement VII 3033:Richard Bayfield 2807:Bible translator 2653: 2646: 2639: 2600:Post-Reformation 2510: 2504: 2410:Pope Clement VII 2335: 2328: 2321: 2259:Nonjuring schism 2241:Savoy Conference 2201:Caroline Divines 1957: 1934: 1933: 1924: 1917: 1910: 1896: 1895: 1784:Nonjuring schism 1698:Christian Church 1593:Episcopal polity 1585:Caroline Divines 1556: 1533: 1532: 1523: 1516: 1509: 1461:Luther Monuments 1456:Reformation Wall 1426:with subsequent 1390:Scottish Psalter 1304:Lutheran hymnals 1205:Calvin's liturgy 1200:Reformed worship 1121:Lutheran chorale 964:Bohorič alphabet 796:Schmalkaldic War 694:Council of Trent 669:John Frederick I 568:Poland-Lithuania 445:Jacobus Arminius 355:Huldrych Zwingli 278:German mysticism 79: 56: 55: 21: 17195: 17194: 17190: 17189: 17188: 17186: 17185: 17184: 17135: 17134: 17133: 17128: 17116: 17108: 17052:Oxford Movement 16985:Canonical hours 16948: 16929:salvific nature 16920:Paschal mystery 16877:Blood of Christ 16854: 16768: 16662:Anglican Missal 16619:Altar of repose 16603: 16595: 16586:Lesser Festival 16571:Principal Feast 16548:All Saints' Day 16488:Paschal Triduum 16362: 16360:Liturgical year 16354: 16219: 16171:Sunday Services 16144: 15985:communion table 15969: 15896: 15887:Service (music) 15857:Fraction anthem 15833: 15513:Apostles' Creed 15493: 15429:Solemn Collects 15268:Evening Prayer 15255:Morning Prayer 15238: 15235: 15205: 15200: 15150: 15137:Christian right 15039:Oxford Movement 15014:Restorationists 14985: 14900: 14833: 14768: 14719:Presbyterianism 14690: 14670:Book of Concord 14621: 14545: 14543: 14535: 14302: 14192: 14185: 14021: 13920: 13912: 13871:Clement of Rome 13801: 13794: 13698: 13692: 13581: 13563: 13558: 13528: 13523: 13517:St George's Day 13492:Royal standards 13475:College of Arms 13441: 13393: 13350: 13320: 13277: 13223: 12532: 12514: 12451: 12398:The Restoration 12342:Elizabethan era 12295:Norman Conquest 12259: 12254: 12195:Vol. III, Pt. I 12162:Vol. III, Pt. I 12158:Vol. II, Pt. II 12102: 12097: 12080: 12074: 12055: 12053:Primary sources 12050: 12023: 11992: 11987: 11959:(4): 995–1007. 11950: 11946: 11941: 11935: 11922: 11913: 11911: 11897: 11886: 11875: 11862: 11853: 11844: 11827: 11815: 11796: 11789:Kümin, Beat A. 11780: 11774: 11754: 11742: 11736: 11721: 11712: 11703: 11699: 11697:Further reading 11694: 11688: 11668: 11653: 11625: 11604: 11582: 11561: 11511: 11490: 11468: 11444: 11366: 11345: 11324: 11305: 11281: 11257: 11236: 11211: 11150: 11129: 11108: 11087: 11053:10.2307/4049536 11032: 11011: 10973: 10950: 10923: 10904: 10880: 10830:10.2307/3679281 10809: 10785: 10761: 10740: 10675: 10662: 10655: 10641: 10623: 10597: 10576: 10555: 10493: 10478: 10472: 10448: 10395: 10379:Aston, Margaret 10373: 10368: 10359: 10355: 10332: 10328: 10320: 10316: 10307: 10303: 10295: 10291: 10283: 10279: 10271: 10267: 10259: 10255: 10234: 10230: 10218: 10214: 10206: 10202: 10196:MacCulloch 2001 10194: 10190: 10182: 10178: 10170: 10166: 10158: 10154: 10146: 10142: 10134: 10130: 10122: 10118: 10110: 10103: 10095: 10088: 10080: 10076: 10068: 10064: 10056: 10052: 10044: 10040: 10032: 10028: 10024:, pp. 3–5. 10020: 10016: 10008: 10004: 9996: 9992: 9986:MacCulloch 2003 9984: 9980: 9972: 9968: 9960: 9956: 9948: 9941: 9933: 9929: 9923:MacCulloch 2001 9921: 9917: 9913:, pp. 3–4. 9909: 9905: 9897: 9893: 9885: 9881: 9873: 9869: 9863:MacCulloch 2005 9861: 9857: 9849: 9845: 9839:MacCulloch 2001 9837: 9833: 9825: 9821: 9815:MacCulloch 2003 9813: 9809: 9801: 9797: 9789: 9785: 9777: 9773: 9765: 9761: 9757:, pp. 7–8. 9753: 9749: 9741: 9737: 9729: 9725: 9717: 9713: 9705: 9701: 9693: 9689: 9681: 9677: 9669: 9665: 9657: 9653: 9645: 9641: 9633: 9629: 9621: 9617: 9609: 9602: 9594: 9587: 9579: 9575: 9567: 9563: 9555: 9551: 9543: 9539: 9531: 9524: 9516: 9507: 9499: 9495: 9487: 9483: 9475: 9471: 9463: 9459: 9453:MacCulloch 2003 9451: 9442: 9436:MacCulloch 2003 9434: 9425: 9417: 9413: 9407:MacCulloch 2003 9405: 9401: 9393: 9389: 9381: 9377: 9369: 9362: 9354: 9350: 9342: 9338: 9330: 9326: 9318: 9311: 9305:MacCulloch 2003 9303: 9296: 9288: 9284: 9276: 9272: 9264: 9260: 9252: 9248: 9240: 9236: 9228: 9224: 9216: 9212: 9204: 9200: 9192: 9188: 9180: 9176: 9168: 9164: 9156: 9152: 9144: 9140: 9132: 9128: 9120: 9116: 9108: 9104: 9092: 9088: 9080: 9076: 9068: 9064: 9056: 9049: 9041: 9037: 9029: 9025: 9017: 9013: 9007:MacCulloch 1996 9005: 9001: 8993: 8984: 8976: 8972: 8964: 8960: 8952: 8948: 8942:MacCulloch 1996 8940: 8936: 8928: 8924: 8916: 8912: 8904: 8895: 8887: 8883: 8877:MacCulloch 1996 8875: 8871: 8865:MacCulloch 1996 8863: 8856: 8848: 8844: 8836: 8832: 8824:, p. 187; 8816: 8812: 8804: 8797: 8789: 8785: 8777: 8773: 8765: 8761: 8753: 8749: 8741: 8737: 8729: 8725: 8717: 8713: 8705: 8701: 8693: 8686: 8678: 8669: 8661: 8654: 8646: 8639: 8633:MacCulloch 1996 8631: 8627: 8619: 8612: 8606:MacCulloch 1996 8604: 8600: 8594:MacCulloch 1996 8592: 8588: 8582:MacCulloch 1996 8580: 8576: 8568: 8564: 8556: 8552: 8544: 8540: 8534:MacCulloch 1996 8532: 8528: 8520: 8513: 8505: 8501: 8493: 8489: 8481: 8477: 8473:, pp. 1–2. 8469: 8465: 8457: 8453: 8445: 8441: 8433: 8429: 8421: 8417: 8409: 8405: 8397: 8393: 8385: 8381: 8375:MacCulloch 1996 8373: 8369: 8361: 8357: 8351:MacCulloch 1996 8349: 8345: 8339:MacCulloch 1996 8337: 8333: 8325: 8321: 8313: 8309: 8301: 8297: 8289: 8285: 8277: 8273: 8265: 8261: 8255:MacCulloch 1996 8253: 8249: 8241: 8234: 8226: 8222: 8214: 8210: 8204:MacCulloch 1996 8202: 8198: 8190: 8186: 8178: 8174: 8168:MacCulloch 1999 8166: 8162: 8156:MacCulloch 1996 8154: 8150: 8142: 8138: 8132:MacCulloch 1996 8130: 8126: 8118: 8114: 8108:MacCulloch 1996 8106: 8102: 8094: 8090: 8082: 8078: 8070: 8066: 8058: 8054: 8046: 8042: 8034: 8030: 8022: 8018: 8012:MacCulloch 1996 8010: 8006: 7998: 7994: 7986: 7982: 7974: 7970: 7962: 7958: 7950: 7946: 7938: 7934: 7928:MacCulloch 1996 7926: 7922: 7916:MacCulloch 1996 7914: 7910: 7904:MacCulloch 1996 7902: 7898: 7892:MacCulloch 1996 7890: 7886: 7878: 7871: 7863: 7859: 7851: 7847: 7839: 7835: 7827: 7823: 7817:MacCulloch 2003 7815: 7811: 7803: 7799: 7791: 7787: 7779: 7775: 7767: 7763: 7755: 7751: 7743: 7739: 7731: 7727: 7719: 7712: 7704: 7697: 7689: 7685: 7677: 7673: 7665: 7661: 7653: 7646: 7640:MacCulloch 1996 7638: 7634: 7626: 7622: 7616:MacCulloch 2001 7614: 7610: 7602: 7598: 7590: 7583: 7575: 7571: 7563: 7559: 7551: 7547: 7539: 7535: 7529:MacCulloch 1996 7527: 7523: 7515: 7511: 7503: 7499: 7491: 7487: 7479: 7475: 7467: 7463: 7455: 7451: 7443: 7439: 7431: 7427: 7419: 7412: 7404: 7400: 7392: 7385: 7377: 7373: 7365: 7361: 7353: 7349: 7341: 7337: 7329: 7325: 7317: 7313: 7305: 7298: 7290: 7286: 7278: 7271: 7263: 7259: 7251: 7247: 7239: 7235: 7227: 7223: 7215: 7211: 7203: 7199: 7191: 7187: 7179: 7175: 7169:MacCulloch 2003 7167: 7163: 7155: 7151: 7143: 7139: 7131: 7127: 7119: 7115: 7107: 7103: 7095: 7091: 7083: 7079: 7071: 7067: 7059: 7055: 7047: 7043: 7035: 7031: 7024: 7008: 7004: 6996: 6992: 6984: 6980: 6972: 6968: 6960: 6956: 6948: 6944: 6938:MacCulloch 2003 6936: 6932: 6924: 6920: 6914:MacCulloch 2003 6912: 6908: 6900: 6896: 6888: 6884: 6876: 6872: 6864: 6860: 6854:MacCulloch 1996 6852: 6848: 6835: 6831: 6823: 6816: 6808: 6804: 6796: 6792: 6786:MacCulloch 2003 6784: 6780: 6772: 6768: 6760: 6756: 6748: 6744: 6740:, pp. 1–2. 6738:MacCulloch 2001 6736: 6732: 6724: 6720: 6716:, pp. 8–9. 6712: 6708: 6700: 6696: 6690:MacCulloch 1996 6688: 6684: 6680: 6675: 6674: 6666: 6662: 6654: 6650: 6637: 6633: 6625: 6621: 6613: 6609: 6589: 6585: 6576: 6572: 6544: 6540: 6531: 6527: 6515: 6511: 6502: 6498: 6482: 6478: 6470: 6466: 6457: 6453: 6448: 6390: 6385: 6383: 6376: 6369: 6362: 6355: 6352: 6268: 6262: 6167: 6105: 6055:at the name of 5977:authorised the 5940: 5911: 5910: 5909: 5886: 5878: 5877: 5876: 5843: 5835: 5834: 5833: 5829:Robert Woodford 5804:Increase Mather 5794:Anne Hutchinson 5779:Oliver Cromwell 5769:Anne Bradstreet 5748: 5738: 5737: 5732: 5724: 5723: 5722: 5672: 5664: 5663: 5662: 5597: 5589: 5588: 5587: 5567: 5559: 5558: 5557: 5527: 5519: 5518: 5517: 5477: 5469: 5468: 5467: 5392: 5384: 5336: 5330: 5324: 5299:Book of Martyrs 5234:Book of Martyrs 5226: 5220: 5213: 5210: 5201: 5198: 5106:Apostles' Creed 5077:Dominican Order 5021: 4994:them. Cardinal 4973:papal supremacy 4952: 4927: 4901: 4887:". It affirmed 4847:Arthur Stourton 4708: 4702: 4622:Miles Coverdale 4610:Nicholas Ridley 4549: 4501: 4468:) and only two 4355:Use of Hereford 4288: 4282: 4270:William Dowsing 4189:. Reciting the 4163: 4114:, the biblical 4096: 4052:Tower of London 3852: 3808:statute of uses 3746:'s vial of the 3696:Finchale Priory 3688: 3682: 3658:St Paul's Cross 3631:Coverdale Bible 3605:preaching cross 3548:Thomas Goodrich 3532:papal supremacy 3523: 3470:sacramentarians 3458:excommunicating 3414: 3301: 3285:Thomas Cromwell 3253: 3111:Lord Chancellor 3100:Midsummer's Day 3066: 3061: 3037:John Tewkesbury 2932:William Tyndale 2859:on Romans 12:2 2813:and emphasised 2753:blood of Christ 2669:Catholic Church 2657: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2564: 2548: 2544: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2521: 2507: 2503: 2467:Oliver Cromwell 2394:Martin Luther's 2363:Catholic Church 2339: 2310: 2309: 2308: 2289:Oxford Movement 2273: 2265: 2264: 2263: 2225: 2217: 2216: 2215: 2190: 2182: 2181: 2180: 2142: 2134: 2133: 2132: 2079: 2069: 2068: 2067: 2011: 2001: 2000: 1999: 1974: 1966: 1928: 1890: 1885: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1863: 1855: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1823: 1819: 1814: 1804: 1803: 1801:Oxford Movement 1799: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1713: 1705: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1684: 1674: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1640: 1638:Liturgical year 1636: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1604: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1566: 1527: 1491: 1490: 1489: 1475:Reformation Day 1465: 1416: 1408: 1407: 1406: 1395: 1383:Genevan Psalter 1377: 1372:Souterliedekens 1359: 1343: 1325: 1307: 1284: 1274: 1260: 1256:Paraphrase mass 1247: 1237: 1223: 1209: 1190: 1176: 1158: 1144: 1130: 1116: 1102: 1089: 1081: 1080: 1079: 1038: 1024: 1015: 1006: 992: 968: 929: 905: 869: 855: 841: 827: 809: 801: 800: 761: 751: 750: 749: 730: 716: 707: 698: 689:Catholic Church 683: 675: 674: 673: 641:Gustav II Adolf 636:Gabriel Bethlen 631:Stephen Bocskai 626:Jeanne d'Albret 601:Oliver Cromwell 586: 578: 577: 470: 462: 461: 405:François Hotman 385:George Buchanan 370:William Tyndale 340: 330: 329: 310: 302: 301: 297:Johann Reuchlin 248: 240: 239: 210: 200: 199: 175:Wessel Gansfort 101: 91: 42:Catholic Church 28: 23: 22: 18:Break with Rome 15: 12: 11: 5: 17193: 17183: 17182: 17177: 17172: 17167: 17162: 17157: 17152: 17147: 17130: 17129: 17127: 17126: 17113: 17110: 17109: 17107: 17106: 17101: 17096: 17094:Thomas Cranmer 17091: 17086: 17081: 17076: 17071: 17066: 17061: 17054: 17049: 17044: 17039: 17034: 17032:Latitudinarian 17029: 17024: 17023: 17022: 17017: 17007: 17002: 16997: 16992: 16987: 16982: 16977: 16972: 16967: 16962: 16956: 16954: 16950: 16949: 16947: 16946: 16941: 16936: 16931: 16922: 16917: 16907: 16902: 16895: 16893:means of grace 16886: 16879: 16870: 16864: 16862: 16856: 16855: 16853: 16852: 16847: 16842: 16837: 16835:Open communion 16832: 16827: 16822: 16817: 16812: 16807: 16802: 16797: 16792: 16789:Versus populum 16778: 16776: 16770: 16769: 16767: 16766: 16761: 16756: 16751: 16746: 16741: 16736: 16731: 16726: 16721: 16716: 16711: 16709:English Missal 16706: 16701: 16696: 16695: 16694: 16689: 16679: 16674: 16669: 16664: 16659: 16658: 16657: 16650: 16643: 16631: 16626: 16621: 16616: 16610: 16608: 16597: 16596: 16594: 16593: 16588: 16583: 16578: 16573: 16567: 16566: 16565: 16564: 16558:Stir-up Sunday 16555: 16550: 16527: 16526: 16525: 16520: 16508: 16507: 16506: 16485: 16473: 16472: 16471: 16466: 16464:Passion Sunday 16461: 16459:Laetare Sunday 16456: 16444: 16439: 16432: 16431: 16430: 16425: 16420: 16408: 16407: 16406: 16401: 16389: 16388: 16387: 16385:Gaudete Sunday 16382: 16369: 16367: 16356: 16355: 16353: 16352: 16347: 16342: 16337: 16332: 16327: 16322: 16320:Pectoral cross 16317: 16312: 16307: 16302: 16297: 16292: 16287: 16282: 16277: 16272: 16267: 16262: 16257: 16255:Canterbury cap 16252: 16247: 16242: 16236: 16234: 16221: 16220: 16218: 16217: 16212: 16211: 16210: 16200: 16195: 16188: 16185:Common Worship 16181: 16174: 16167: 16162: 16154: 16152: 16146: 16145: 16143: 16142: 16137: 16132: 16127: 16122: 16120:Sanctuary lamp 16117: 16112: 16103: 16098: 16093: 16088: 16083: 16078: 16073: 16068: 16063: 16058: 16053: 16048: 16043: 16034: 16032:Baptismal font 16029: 16024: 16019: 16018: 16017: 16012: 16007: 16002: 15997: 15992: 15977: 15975: 15971: 15970: 15968: 15967: 15962: 15957: 15952: 15947: 15942: 15937: 15932: 15927: 15922: 15917: 15916: 15915: 15904: 15902: 15898: 15897: 15895: 15894: 15889: 15884: 15879: 15874: 15869: 15864: 15859: 15854: 15849: 15847:Anglican chant 15843: 15841: 15835: 15834: 15832: 15831: 15826: 15821: 15816: 15815: 15814: 15809: 15799: 15794: 15793: 15792: 15787: 15777: 15772: 15770:Holy Communion 15767: 15762: 15757: 15755:Bidding-prayer 15752: 15751: 15750: 15745: 15740: 15735: 15730: 15720: 15716: 15715: 15708: 15703: 15696: 15691: 15686: 15681: 15676: 15671: 15666: 15661: 15657: 15656: 15651: 15646: 15641: 15636: 15631: 15626: 15621: 15616: 15611: 15610: 15609: 15599: 15594: 15589: 15588: 15587: 15582: 15572: 15567: 15562: 15557: 15552: 15547: 15542: 15537: 15532: 15527: 15526: 15525: 15515: 15510: 15505: 15501: 15499: 15495: 15494: 15492: 15491: 15486: 15481: 15480: 15479: 15474: 15464: 15463: 15462: 15461: 15460: 15448: 15443: 15438: 15437: 15436: 15431: 15426: 15425: 15424: 15409: 15408: 15407: 15397: 15392: 15381: 15376: 15369: 15364: 15359: 15354: 15349: 15348: 15347: 15337: 15332: 15331: 15330: 15320: 15319: 15318: 15316:Minor exorcism 15308: 15303: 15298: 15294: 15293: 15282: 15281: 15273: 15265: 15260: 15252: 15246: 15244: 15240: 15239: 15234: 15233: 15226: 15219: 15211: 15202: 15201: 15199: 15198: 15193: 15188: 15183: 15178: 15173: 15172: 15171: 15166: 15155: 15152: 15151: 15149: 15148: 15143: 15134: 15124: 15119: 15114: 15109: 15104: 15102:Pentecostalism 15099: 15097:Jesus movement 15094: 15086: 15081: 15076: 15071: 15066: 15061: 15056: 15051: 15046: 15041: 15036: 15031: 15026: 15021: 15016: 15011: 15006: 15001: 14995: 14993: 14987: 14986: 14984: 14983: 14974: 14973: 14972: 14962: 14957: 14952: 14947: 14942: 14937: 14936: 14935: 14925: 14920: 14914: 14912: 14906: 14905: 14902: 14901: 14899: 14898: 14891: 14888:Martyrs Mirror 14884: 14879: 14874: 14872:Martyrs' Synod 14869: 14864: 14862:Swiss Brethren 14859: 14854: 14849: 14843: 14841: 14835: 14834: 14832: 14831: 14826: 14819: 14814: 14809: 14804: 14799: 14794: 14789: 14784: 14778: 14776: 14770: 14769: 14767: 14766: 14761: 14756: 14751: 14746: 14741: 14736: 14731: 14726: 14721: 14716: 14711: 14706: 14700: 14698: 14692: 14691: 14689: 14688: 14683: 14678: 14673: 14666: 14661: 14660: 14659: 14654: 14649: 14644: 14631: 14629: 14620: 14619: 14614: 14609: 14607:Law and Gospel 14604: 14599: 14594: 14589: 14584: 14583: 14582: 14572: 14567: 14562: 14557: 14551: 14549: 14537: 14536: 14534: 14533: 14532: 14531: 14521: 14516: 14511: 14506: 14501: 14496: 14495: 14494: 14484: 14479: 14474: 14469: 14464: 14459: 14454: 14449: 14444: 14439: 14434: 14429: 14424: 14419: 14414: 14409: 14404: 14399: 14398: 14397: 14392: 14387: 14382: 14377: 14372: 14362: 14361: 14360: 14359: 14358: 14348: 14343: 14338: 14328: 14323: 14318: 14312: 14310: 14304: 14303: 14301: 14300: 14295: 14290: 14288:Ottoman Empire 14285: 14280: 14275: 14270: 14265: 14260: 14255: 14250: 14245: 14240: 14239: 14238: 14233: 14223: 14218: 14213: 14208: 14203: 14197: 14195: 14187: 14186: 14184: 14183: 14178: 14177: 14176: 14162: 14157: 14152: 14147: 14142: 14137: 14132: 14127: 14118: 14113: 14108: 14103: 14102: 14101: 14100: 14099: 14089: 14084: 14079: 14069: 14064: 14059: 14054: 14049: 14048: 14047: 14042: 14031: 14029: 14023: 14022: 14020: 14019: 14017:Biblical canon 14014: 14013: 14012: 13998: 13993: 13988: 13983: 13978: 13973: 13972: 13971: 13966: 13956: 13951: 13946: 13941: 13940: 13939: 13928: 13926: 13918:Late antiquity 13914: 13913: 13911: 13910: 13905: 13904: 13903: 13898: 13893: 13888: 13883: 13878: 13873: 13866:Church Fathers 13859: 13854: 13849: 13848: 13847: 13842: 13837: 13832: 13827: 13822: 13817: 13806: 13804: 13796: 13795: 13793: 13792: 13791: 13790: 13785: 13780: 13775: 13770: 13760: 13755: 13750: 13745: 13740: 13739: 13738: 13733: 13728: 13723: 13718: 13708: 13702: 13700: 13694: 13693: 13691: 13690: 13685: 13680: 13675: 13670: 13665: 13660: 13655: 13650: 13645: 13640: 13635: 13630: 13625: 13620: 13615: 13610: 13605: 13600: 13595: 13589: 13587: 13583: 13582: 13580: 13579: 13574: 13568: 13565: 13564: 13557: 13556: 13549: 13542: 13534: 13525: 13524: 13522: 13521: 13520: 13519: 13509: 13504: 13499: 13494: 13489: 13484: 13479: 13478: 13477: 13467: 13462: 13451: 13449: 13443: 13442: 13440: 13439: 13434: 13429: 13424: 13419: 13414: 13412:English Gothic 13409: 13403: 13401: 13395: 13394: 13392: 13391: 13386: 13381: 13376: 13371: 13366: 13360: 13358: 13352: 13351: 13349: 13348: 13347: 13346: 13339:English people 13336: 13330: 13328: 13322: 13321: 13319: 13318: 13313: 13308: 13303: 13298: 13293: 13287: 13285: 13279: 13278: 13276: 13275: 13274: 13273: 13268: 13258: 13257: 13256: 13254:New Model Army 13246: 13245: 13244: 13233: 13231: 13225: 13224: 13222: 13221: 13216: 13211: 13206: 13201: 13196: 13191: 13186: 13181: 13176: 13171: 13166: 13161: 13156: 13151: 13146: 13141: 13136: 13131: 13126: 13121: 13116: 13111: 13106: 13101: 13096: 13091: 13086: 13081: 13076: 13071: 13066: 13061: 13056: 13051: 13044: 13039: 13034: 13029: 13024: 13019: 13014: 13009: 13004: 12999: 12994: 12989: 12984: 12979: 12974: 12969: 12964: 12959: 12954: 12949: 12944: 12939: 12934: 12929: 12924: 12919: 12914: 12909: 12904: 12899: 12894: 12889: 12884: 12879: 12874: 12869: 12864: 12859: 12854: 12849: 12844: 12839: 12834: 12829: 12824: 12819: 12814: 12809: 12804: 12799: 12794: 12789: 12784: 12779: 12774: 12769: 12764: 12759: 12754: 12749: 12744: 12739: 12734: 12729: 12724: 12719: 12714: 12709: 12704: 12699: 12694: 12689: 12684: 12679: 12674: 12667: 12662: 12657: 12652: 12648: 12647: 12642: 12637: 12632: 12631: 12630: 12625: 12620: 12610: 12605: 12600: 12595: 12590: 12589: 12588: 12586:Lord Protector 12583: 12573: 12568: 12567: 12566: 12561: 12559:House of Lords 12551: 12546: 12541: 12535: 12533: 12531: 12530: 12525: 12519: 12516: 12515: 12513: 12512: 12507: 12502: 12497: 12492: 12487: 12482: 12477: 12472: 12467: 12461: 12459: 12453: 12452: 12450: 12449: 12444: 12443: 12442: 12437: 12432: 12422: 12421: 12420: 12415: 12410: 12405: 12395: 12394: 12393: 12388: 12378: 12377: 12376: 12371: 12366: 12364:Gunpowder Plot 12361: 12351: 12346: 12345: 12344: 12339: 12329: 12324: 12319: 12314: 12312:Angevin Empire 12309: 12308: 12307: 12297: 12292: 12287: 12286: 12285: 12275: 12269: 12267: 12261: 12260: 12253: 12252: 12245: 12238: 12230: 12224: 12223: 12214: 12205: 12187:Vol. II, Pt. I 12183:Vol. I, Pt. II 12168: 12154:Vol. II, Pt. I 12150:Vol. I, Pt. II 12135: 12110:Gilbert Burnet 12101: 12100:External links 12098: 12096: 12095: 12078: 12073:978-0227172391 12072: 12056: 12054: 12051: 12049: 12048: 12036:(4): 899–938. 12021: 12009:10.1086/600128 11985: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11939: 11933: 11920: 11910:on 5 June 2020 11904:History Review 11895: 11884: 11873: 11860: 11851: 11842: 11835: 11834:short textbook 11825: 11813: 11806: 11794: 11787: 11778: 11772: 11752: 11740: 11734: 11719: 11710: 11700: 11698: 11695: 11693: 11692: 11686: 11673: 11646: 11629: 11623: 11608: 11603:978-1107679405 11602: 11586: 11580: 11565: 11559: 11544: 11532:10.2307/494396 11526:(4): 405–431. 11515: 11509: 11494: 11488: 11476:Scruton, Roger 11472: 11466: 11448: 11443:978-1405835572 11442: 11429: 11394: 11380:Thomas Cranmer 11374:Ridley, Jasper 11370: 11365:978-0521423700 11364: 11349: 11344:978-1134748204 11343: 11328: 11322: 11309: 11304:978-0819214065 11303: 11285: 11280:978-0198217060 11279: 11261: 11256:978-0300170627 11255: 11240: 11234: 11215: 11209: 11195:Maltby, Judith 11191: 11154: 11148: 11133: 11127: 11112: 11107:978-0520234024 11106: 11091: 11085: 11065: 11036: 11030: 11015: 11009: 10989: 10977: 10971: 10954: 10948: 10927: 10921: 10908: 10902: 10888:Heal, Felicity 10884: 10878: 10863: 10842: 10813: 10807: 10789: 10783: 10765: 10760:978-0415065337 10759: 10744: 10739:978-0521287579 10738: 10720: 10694:(3): 720–731. 10679: 10673: 10645: 10640:978-0300098259 10639: 10621: 10610: 10601: 10596:978-0197134085 10595: 10583:Dickens, A. G. 10579: 10574: 10559: 10553: 10538: 10497: 10491: 10476: 10470: 10464:. Allen Lane. 10456:Brigden, Susan 10452: 10446: 10431: 10403:Bernard, G. W. 10399: 10393: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10366: 10353: 10348:10.1086/662392 10342:(4): 554–555. 10326: 10314: 10301: 10289: 10277: 10265: 10253: 10228: 10212: 10200: 10188: 10186:, p. 575. 10176: 10174:, p. 236. 10164: 10152: 10150:, p. 235. 10140: 10138:, p. 576. 10128: 10116: 10101: 10086: 10074: 10062: 10050: 10038: 10026: 10014: 10002: 10000:, p. 266. 9990: 9988:, p. 392. 9978: 9966: 9964:, p. 261. 9954: 9952:, p. 263. 9939: 9937:, p. 256. 9927: 9915: 9903: 9901:, p. 419. 9891: 9889:, p. 238. 9879: 9877:, p. 200. 9867: 9855: 9843: 9831: 9819: 9807: 9795: 9793:, p. 547. 9783: 9771: 9769:, p. 230. 9759: 9747: 9745:, p. 879. 9735: 9733:, p. 408. 9723: 9711: 9709:, p. 394. 9699: 9687: 9685:, p. 396. 9675: 9663: 9651: 9649:, p. 386. 9639: 9637:, p. 228. 9627: 9615: 9613:, p. 234. 9600: 9598:, p. 215. 9585: 9583:, p. 214. 9573: 9561: 9549: 9547:, p. 226. 9537: 9535:, p. 401. 9522: 9520:, p. 225. 9505: 9503:, p. 400. 9493: 9491:, p. 216. 9481: 9469: 9467:, p. 227. 9457: 9455:, p. 283. 9440: 9438:, p. 282. 9423: 9421:, p. 368. 9411: 9409:, p. 214. 9399: 9387: 9385:, p. 217. 9375: 9373:, p. 526. 9360: 9358:, p. 232. 9348: 9346:, p. 223. 9336: 9334:, p. 222. 9324: 9322:, p. 390. 9309: 9307:, p. 281. 9294: 9292:, p. 230. 9282: 9280:, p. 208. 9270: 9268:, p. 364. 9258: 9256:, p. 229. 9246: 9234: 9232:, p. 479. 9222: 9210: 9208:, p. 363. 9198: 9196:, p. 360. 9186: 9184:, p. 359. 9174: 9172:, p. 183. 9162: 9150: 9138: 9136:, p. 181. 9126: 9124:, p. 352. 9114: 9112:, p. 350. 9102: 9086: 9084:, p. 477. 9074: 9072:, p. 476. 9062: 9060:, p. 320. 9047: 9045:, p. 473. 9035: 9033:, p. 475. 9023: 9021:, p. 474. 9011: 9009:, p. 507. 8999: 8997:, p. 348. 8982: 8980:, p. 472. 8970: 8968:, p. 179. 8958: 8946: 8934: 8922: 8920:, p. 470. 8910: 8908:, p. 339. 8893: 8891:, p. 471. 8881: 8879:, p. 408. 8869: 8867:, p. 459. 8854: 8852:, p. 338. 8842: 8830: 8810: 8808:, p. 176. 8795: 8793:, p. 334. 8783: 8771: 8769:, p. 185. 8759: 8757:, p. 466. 8747: 8745:, p. 323. 8735: 8723: 8711: 8699: 8684: 8682:, p. 325. 8667: 8652: 8650:, p. 174. 8637: 8635:, p. 410. 8625: 8623:, p. 324. 8610: 8608:, p. 385. 8598: 8596:, p. 386. 8586: 8584:, p. 380. 8574: 8562: 8560:, p. 459. 8550: 8548:, p. 173. 8538: 8536:, p. 384. 8526: 8524:, p. 315. 8511: 8509:, p. 457. 8499: 8497:, p. 462. 8487: 8475: 8463: 8461:, p. 490. 8451: 8439: 8437:, p. 481. 8427: 8425:, p. 235. 8415: 8413:, p. 171. 8403: 8391: 8389:, p. 313. 8379: 8377:, p. 422. 8367: 8355: 8353:, p. 377. 8343: 8341:, p. 376. 8331: 8329:, p. 311. 8319: 8307: 8305:, p. 458. 8295: 8293:, p. 310. 8283: 8281:, p. 451. 8271: 8269:, p. 452. 8259: 8257:, p. 375. 8247: 8245:, p. 450. 8232: 8220: 8218:, p. 308. 8208: 8206:, p. 372. 8196: 8194:, p. 305. 8184: 8172: 8160: 8158:, p. 366. 8148: 8136: 8134:, p. 359. 8124: 8122:, p. 166. 8112: 8110:, p. 356. 8100: 8088: 8086:, p. 294. 8076: 8074:, p. 292. 8064: 8062:, p. 103. 8052: 8050:, p. 160. 8040: 8038:, p. 161. 8028: 8016: 8014:, p. 284. 8004: 8002:, p. 158. 7992: 7990:, p. 284. 7980: 7978:, p. 281. 7968: 7956: 7954:, p. 135. 7944: 7942:, p. 153. 7932: 7930:, p. 241. 7920: 7918:, p. 233. 7908: 7906:, p. 231. 7896: 7894:, p. 229. 7884: 7882:, p. 132. 7869: 7857: 7855:, p. 266. 7845: 7833: 7831:, p. 282. 7821: 7819:, p. 201. 7809: 7797: 7785: 7773: 7761: 7759:, p. 232. 7749: 7747:, p. 229. 7737: 7735:, p. 269. 7725: 7723:, p. 142. 7710: 7708:, p. vii. 7695: 7693:, p. 141. 7683: 7681:, p. 226. 7671: 7659: 7657:, p. 131. 7644: 7642:, p. 227. 7632: 7630:, p. 134. 7620: 7608: 7596: 7594:, p. 130. 7581: 7579:, p. 241. 7569: 7567:, p. 129. 7557: 7545: 7543:, p. 125. 7533: 7531:, p. 140. 7521: 7509: 7507:, p. 215. 7497: 7495:, p. 238. 7485: 7483:, p. 185. 7473: 7461: 7459:, p. 162. 7449: 7437: 7425: 7410: 7398: 7396:, p. 168. 7383: 7371: 7369:, p. 160. 7359: 7357:, p. 353. 7347: 7335: 7323: 7321:, p. 114. 7311: 7309:, p. 167. 7296: 7284: 7282:, p. 108. 7269: 7257: 7255:, p. 118. 7245: 7243:, p. 107. 7233: 7231:, p. 106. 7221: 7209: 7207:, p. 172. 7197: 7185: 7173: 7171:, p. 199. 7161: 7159:, p. 116. 7149: 7137: 7125: 7113: 7111:, p. 114. 7101: 7099:, p. 166. 7089: 7077: 7065: 7053: 7041: 7039:, p. 111. 7029: 7022: 7002: 7000:, p. 131. 6990: 6988:, p. 188. 6978: 6976:, p. 186. 6966: 6954: 6942: 6930: 6928:, p. 132. 6918: 6916:, p. 203. 6906: 6904:, p. 146. 6894: 6892:, p. 126. 6882: 6870: 6858: 6846: 6829: 6814: 6802: 6790: 6778: 6766: 6764:, p. 86f. 6754: 6742: 6730: 6718: 6706: 6694: 6692:, p. 210. 6681: 6679: 6676: 6673: 6672: 6660: 6648: 6631: 6619: 6607: 6591:Marshall (2017 6583: 6570: 6558:Marshall (2017 6538: 6525: 6517:Marshall (2017 6509: 6505:Marshall (2017 6496: 6476: 6464: 6450: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6443: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6405:Gunpowder Plot 6402: 6396: 6395: 6392:England portal 6381: 6367: 6351: 6348: 6303:Geoffrey Elton 6277:Albert Pollard 6261: 6260:Historiography 6258: 6239:Richard Hooker 6149:Arminian party 6141:Church Fathers 6137:predestination 6104: 6101: 6059:, to make the 5942: 5941: 5939: 5938: 5931: 5924: 5916: 5913: 5912: 5908: 5907: 5901: 5888: 5887: 5884: 5883: 5880: 5879: 5875: 5874: 5867: 5860: 5853: 5845: 5844: 5841: 5840: 5837: 5836: 5832: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5819:Roger Williams 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5750: 5749: 5744: 5743: 5740: 5739: 5733: 5730: 5729: 5726: 5725: 5721: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5674: 5673: 5670: 5669: 5666: 5665: 5661: 5660: 5655: 5653:Great Ejection 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5599: 5598: 5595: 5594: 5591: 5590: 5586: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5569: 5568: 5565: 5564: 5561: 5560: 5556: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5529: 5528: 5525: 5524: 5521: 5520: 5516: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5479: 5478: 5476:Crucial themes 5475: 5474: 5471: 5470: 5466: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5394: 5393: 5390: 5389: 5386: 5385: 5370: 5362: 5361: 5355: 5354: 5326:Main article: 5323: 5320: 5316:Thomas Bentham 5277:Rowland Taylor 5254:William Flower 5219: 5216: 5215: 5214: 5211: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5192: 5020: 5017: 4951: 4948: 4926: 4923: 4900: 4897: 4895:under Christ. 4889:predestination 4851:Royal Wardrobe 4797:minor exorcism 4769:Colin Buchanan 4715:Thomas Cranmer 4704:Main article: 4701: 4698: 4594:Thomas Thirlby 4580:of Worcester, 4578:Nicholas Heath 4565:Edward Seymour 4548: 4547:Further reform 4545: 4500: 4497: 4486:Corpus Christi 4466:Mary Magdalene 4442:God the Father 4395:baptismal font 4377:' feasts with 4284:Main article: 4281: 4278: 4162: 4159: 4131:Lord Protector 4095: 4092: 4076:Edward Seymour 4056:Katherine Parr 4029:Robert Holgate 3928:Thomas Gerrard 3924:William Jerome 3920:Anne of Cleves 3912:communion wine 3888:Easter Triduum 3856:Peter Marshall 3851: 3848: 3780:secular clergy 3684:Main article: 3681: 3678: 3670:votive candles 3646:Margaret Aston 3560:William Barlow 3522: 3519: 3450:Geoffrey Elton 3433:Thomas Cranmer 3413: 3410: 3366:William Warham 3362: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3348: 3345: 3252: 3249: 3213:Pope Julius II 3154:maid of honour 3134:Fidei Defensor 3077:Joannes Corvus 3065: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3049:Thomas Harding 2763:that provided 2695:by performing 2659: 2658: 2656: 2655: 2648: 2641: 2633: 2630: 2629: 2602: 2601: 2597: 2596: 2590:Oxford Martyrs 2574: 2573: 2569: 2568: 2558: 2557: 2553: 2552: 2538: 2537: 2533: 2532: 2515: 2514: 2502: 2499: 2437:Thomas Cranmer 2379:Central Europe 2349:took place in 2341: 2340: 2338: 2337: 2330: 2323: 2315: 2312: 2311: 2307: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2275: 2274: 2271: 2270: 2267: 2266: 2262: 2261: 2256: 2254:Great Ejection 2251: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2227: 2226: 2223: 2222: 2219: 2218: 2214: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2198: 2192: 2191: 2188: 2187: 2184: 2183: 2179: 2178: 2173: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2144: 2143: 2140: 2139: 2136: 2135: 2131: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2118:Richard Hooker 2115: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2081: 2080: 2075: 2074: 2071: 2070: 2066: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2042: 2037: 2029: 2027:Thomas Cranmer 2024: 2019: 2013: 2012: 2007: 2006: 2003: 2002: 1998: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1976: 1975: 1972: 1971: 1968: 1967: 1958: 1950: 1949: 1943: 1942: 1930: 1929: 1927: 1926: 1919: 1912: 1904: 1901: 1900: 1887: 1886: 1864: 1861: 1860: 1857: 1856: 1852:Windsor Report 1815: 1810: 1809: 1806: 1805: 1788:Latitudinarian 1768:Richard Hooker 1764:Matthew Parker 1744:Thomas Cranmer 1714: 1711: 1710: 1707: 1706: 1685: 1680: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1567: 1562: 1561: 1558: 1557: 1549: 1548: 1542: 1541: 1529: 1528: 1526: 1525: 1518: 1511: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1493: 1492: 1488: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1471: 1464: 1463: 1458: 1452: 1446: 1445: 1435: 1430: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1410: 1409: 1405: 1404: 1396: 1394: 1393: 1386: 1378: 1376: 1375: 1368: 1360: 1358: 1357: 1352: 1344: 1342: 1341: 1334: 1331:Swenske songer 1326: 1324: 1323: 1316: 1308: 1306: 1305: 1290: 1283: 1282: 1275: 1273: 1272: 1261: 1259: 1258: 1248: 1246: 1245: 1238: 1236: 1235: 1230: 1224: 1222: 1221: 1219:Deutsche Messe 1216: 1214:Formula missae 1210: 1208: 1207: 1202: 1196: 1189: 1188: 1183: 1177: 1175: 1174: 1165: 1163:Anglican chant 1159: 1157: 1156: 1151: 1145: 1143: 1142: 1137: 1131: 1129: 1128: 1123: 1117: 1115: 1114: 1109: 1103: 1101: 1100: 1094: 1090: 1087: 1086: 1083: 1082: 1078: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1056: 1055: 1054: 1049: 1037: 1036: 1031: 1025: 1023: 1022: 1016: 1014: 1013: 1007: 1005: 1004: 999: 993: 991: 990: 985: 980: 975: 969: 967: 966: 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 936: 930: 928: 927: 922: 917: 912: 906: 904: 903: 898: 893: 887: 881: 880: 868: 867: 862: 856: 854: 853: 848: 842: 840: 839: 834: 828: 826: 825: 820: 814: 810: 807: 806: 803: 802: 799: 798: 793: 791:Wars of Kappel 788: 783: 778: 773: 768: 762: 757: 756: 753: 752: 748: 747: 742: 736: 729: 728: 723: 717: 715: 714: 708: 706: 705: 699: 697: 696: 691: 685: 684: 681: 680: 677: 676: 672: 671: 666: 660: 654: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 606:James VI and I 603: 598: 593: 587: 584: 583: 580: 579: 576: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 477: 471: 468: 467: 464: 463: 460: 459: 452: 450:Roger Williams 447: 442: 440:Richard Hooker 437: 435:Thomas Cranmer 432: 427: 422: 420:Thomas Müntzer 417: 415:Hubert Languet 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 367: 362: 357: 352: 347: 341: 336: 335: 332: 331: 328: 327: 322: 317: 311: 308: 307: 304: 303: 300: 299: 294: 289: 287:printing press 280: 275: 270: 265: 260: 258:Avignon Papacy 255: 253:Western Schism 249: 246: 245: 242: 241: 238: 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 211: 206: 205: 202: 201: 198: 197: 192: 190:Friends of God 187: 182: 177: 172: 163: 158: 153: 148: 139: 130: 121: 112: 102: 97: 96: 93: 92: 80: 72: 71: 65: 64: 44:. Portrait by 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17192: 17181: 17178: 17176: 17173: 17171: 17168: 17166: 17163: 17161: 17158: 17156: 17153: 17151: 17148: 17146: 17143: 17142: 17140: 17125: 17120: 17115: 17114: 17111: 17105: 17102: 17100: 17097: 17095: 17092: 17090: 17087: 17085: 17082: 17080: 17077: 17075: 17072: 17070: 17067: 17065: 17062: 17060: 17059: 17055: 17053: 17050: 17048: 17045: 17043: 17040: 17038: 17035: 17033: 17030: 17028: 17027:John Merbecke 17025: 17021: 17018: 17016: 17013: 17012: 17011: 17008: 17006: 17003: 17001: 17000:Churchmanship 16998: 16996: 16993: 16991: 16988: 16986: 16983: 16981: 16978: 16976: 16973: 16971: 16968: 16966: 16963: 16961: 16958: 16957: 16955: 16951: 16945: 16942: 16940: 16937: 16935: 16934:Real presence 16932: 16930: 16926: 16923: 16921: 16918: 16915: 16911: 16908: 16906: 16903: 16901: 16900: 16896: 16894: 16890: 16887: 16885: 16884: 16880: 16878: 16874: 16871: 16869: 16866: 16865: 16863: 16861: 16857: 16851: 16848: 16846: 16843: 16841: 16838: 16836: 16833: 16831: 16828: 16826: 16823: 16821: 16818: 16816: 16813: 16811: 16808: 16806: 16803: 16801: 16798: 16796: 16793: 16791: 16790: 16785: 16784: 16780: 16779: 16777: 16775: 16771: 16765: 16762: 16760: 16757: 16755: 16752: 16750: 16747: 16745: 16742: 16740: 16737: 16735: 16732: 16730: 16727: 16725: 16722: 16720: 16719:Hymns to Mary 16717: 16715: 16712: 16710: 16707: 16705: 16702: 16700: 16697: 16693: 16690: 16688: 16685: 16684: 16683: 16680: 16678: 16675: 16673: 16670: 16668: 16665: 16663: 16660: 16656: 16655: 16651: 16649: 16648: 16644: 16642: 16641: 16637: 16636: 16635: 16632: 16630: 16627: 16625: 16622: 16620: 16617: 16615: 16612: 16611: 16609: 16607: 16602: 16598: 16592: 16591:Commemoration 16589: 16587: 16584: 16582: 16579: 16577: 16574: 16572: 16569: 16568: 16563: 16559: 16556: 16554: 16551: 16549: 16546: 16545: 16542: 16538: 16533: 16532: 16528: 16524: 16521: 16519: 16516: 16515: 16514: 16513: 16509: 16505: 16501: 16500:Holy Saturday 16497: 16493: 16492:Holy Thursday 16489: 16486: 16484: 16481: 16480: 16479: 16478: 16474: 16470: 16467: 16465: 16462: 16460: 16457: 16455: 16454:Ash Wednesday 16452: 16451: 16450: 16449: 16445: 16443: 16440: 16438: 16437: 16433: 16429: 16426: 16424: 16421: 16419: 16416: 16415: 16414: 16413: 16409: 16405: 16404:Midnight Mass 16402: 16400: 16397: 16396: 16395: 16394: 16393:Christmastide 16390: 16386: 16383: 16381: 16380:Advent Sunday 16378: 16377: 16376: 16375: 16371: 16370: 16368: 16366: 16361: 16357: 16351: 16348: 16346: 16343: 16341: 16338: 16336: 16333: 16331: 16328: 16326: 16323: 16321: 16318: 16316: 16313: 16311: 16308: 16306: 16303: 16301: 16298: 16296: 16293: 16291: 16288: 16286: 16283: 16281: 16278: 16276: 16273: 16271: 16268: 16266: 16263: 16261: 16258: 16256: 16253: 16251: 16248: 16246: 16243: 16241: 16238: 16237: 16235: 16231: 16226: 16222: 16216: 16213: 16209: 16206: 16205: 16204: 16201: 16199: 16196: 16194: 16193: 16189: 16187: 16186: 16182: 16180: 16179: 16175: 16173: 16172: 16168: 16166: 16163: 16161: 16160: 16156: 16155: 16153: 16151: 16147: 16141: 16138: 16136: 16133: 16131: 16128: 16126: 16123: 16121: 16118: 16116: 16113: 16111: 16107: 16104: 16102: 16099: 16097: 16094: 16092: 16089: 16087: 16084: 16082: 16079: 16077: 16074: 16072: 16069: 16067: 16064: 16062: 16059: 16057: 16054: 16052: 16049: 16047: 16044: 16042: 16041:Communion cup 16038: 16035: 16033: 16030: 16028: 16025: 16023: 16020: 16016: 16013: 16011: 16008: 16006: 16003: 16001: 15998: 15996: 15993: 15991: 15988: 15987: 15986: 15982: 15979: 15978: 15976: 15972: 15966: 15963: 15961: 15958: 15956: 15953: 15951: 15948: 15946: 15943: 15941: 15938: 15936: 15933: 15931: 15928: 15926: 15923: 15921: 15918: 15914: 15911: 15910: 15909: 15906: 15905: 15903: 15899: 15893: 15890: 15888: 15885: 15883: 15880: 15878: 15875: 15873: 15870: 15868: 15865: 15863: 15860: 15858: 15855: 15853: 15850: 15848: 15845: 15844: 15842: 15840: 15836: 15830: 15827: 15825: 15822: 15820: 15819:Sign of peace 15817: 15813: 15810: 15808: 15805: 15804: 15803: 15800: 15798: 15795: 15791: 15788: 15786: 15783: 15782: 15781: 15778: 15776: 15773: 15771: 15768: 15766: 15763: 15761: 15758: 15756: 15753: 15749: 15746: 15744: 15741: 15739: 15736: 15734: 15731: 15729: 15726: 15725: 15724: 15721: 15718: 15717: 15714: 15713: 15709: 15707: 15704: 15702: 15701: 15700:Phos hilarion 15697: 15695: 15692: 15690: 15689:Nunc dimittis 15687: 15685: 15682: 15680: 15677: 15675: 15672: 15670: 15667: 15665: 15662: 15660:Divine Office 15659: 15658: 15655: 15652: 15650: 15647: 15645: 15642: 15640: 15637: 15635: 15632: 15630: 15627: 15625: 15622: 15620: 15617: 15615: 15612: 15608: 15605: 15604: 15603: 15602:Lord's Prayer 15600: 15598: 15595: 15593: 15590: 15586: 15583: 15581: 15578: 15577: 15576: 15573: 15571: 15568: 15566: 15563: 15561: 15558: 15556: 15553: 15551: 15548: 15546: 15543: 15541: 15538: 15536: 15533: 15531: 15528: 15524: 15521: 15520: 15519: 15516: 15514: 15511: 15509: 15506: 15503: 15502: 15500: 15496: 15490: 15487: 15485: 15482: 15478: 15475: 15473: 15470: 15469: 15468: 15465: 15459: 15458: 15454: 15453: 15452: 15449: 15447: 15444: 15442: 15439: 15435: 15432: 15430: 15427: 15423: 15420: 15419: 15418: 15415: 15414: 15413: 15410: 15406: 15403: 15402: 15401: 15398: 15396: 15393: 15391: 15388: 15387: 15385: 15382: 15380: 15377: 15375: 15374: 15370: 15368: 15365: 15363: 15360: 15358: 15355: 15353: 15350: 15346: 15343: 15342: 15341: 15338: 15336: 15333: 15329: 15326: 15325: 15324: 15321: 15317: 15314: 15313: 15312: 15309: 15307: 15304: 15302: 15301:Advent wreath 15299: 15296: 15295: 15289: 15288: 15284: 15283: 15280: 15276:Night Prayer 15274: 15272: 15266: 15264: 15261: 15259: 15253: 15251: 15248: 15247: 15245: 15241: 15232: 15227: 15225: 15220: 15218: 15213: 15212: 15209: 15197: 15194: 15192: 15191:Protestantism 15189: 15187: 15184: 15182: 15179: 15177: 15174: 15170: 15167: 15165: 15162: 15161: 15160: 15157: 15156: 15153: 15147: 15144: 15142: 15138: 15135: 15132: 15128: 15125: 15123: 15120: 15118: 15115: 15113: 15110: 15108: 15105: 15103: 15100: 15098: 15095: 15093: 15092: 15087: 15085: 15082: 15080: 15077: 15075: 15072: 15070: 15067: 15065: 15064:Azusa Revival 15062: 15060: 15057: 15055: 15052: 15050: 15047: 15045: 15044:Laestadianism 15042: 15040: 15037: 15035: 15032: 15030: 15027: 15025: 15022: 15020: 15017: 15015: 15012: 15010: 15007: 15005: 15002: 15000: 14997: 14996: 14994: 14992: 14988: 14982: 14981:Old Lutherans 14978: 14975: 14971: 14968: 14967: 14966: 14963: 14961: 14958: 14956: 14953: 14951: 14948: 14946: 14943: 14941: 14938: 14934: 14931: 14930: 14929: 14926: 14924: 14921: 14919: 14916: 14915: 14913: 14911: 14907: 14897: 14896: 14892: 14890: 14889: 14885: 14883: 14880: 14878: 14875: 14873: 14870: 14868: 14865: 14863: 14860: 14858: 14855: 14853: 14850: 14848: 14845: 14844: 14842: 14840: 14836: 14830: 14827: 14825: 14824: 14820: 14818: 14815: 14813: 14810: 14808: 14805: 14803: 14800: 14798: 14795: 14793: 14790: 14788: 14785: 14783: 14780: 14779: 14777: 14775: 14771: 14765: 14762: 14760: 14757: 14755: 14752: 14750: 14747: 14745: 14742: 14740: 14737: 14735: 14732: 14730: 14727: 14725: 14722: 14720: 14717: 14715: 14712: 14710: 14707: 14705: 14702: 14701: 14699: 14697: 14693: 14687: 14684: 14682: 14679: 14677: 14674: 14672: 14671: 14667: 14665: 14662: 14658: 14655: 14653: 14650: 14648: 14647:Diet of Worms 14645: 14643: 14642: 14638: 14637: 14636: 14633: 14632: 14630: 14628: 14624: 14618: 14615: 14613: 14610: 14608: 14605: 14603: 14600: 14598: 14595: 14593: 14590: 14588: 14585: 14581: 14578: 14577: 14576: 14573: 14571: 14568: 14566: 14563: 14561: 14558: 14556: 14553: 14552: 14550: 14548: 14547:Protestantism 14542: 14538: 14530: 14527: 14526: 14525: 14522: 14520: 14517: 14515: 14512: 14510: 14507: 14505: 14502: 14500: 14497: 14493: 14490: 14489: 14488: 14485: 14483: 14480: 14478: 14475: 14473: 14470: 14468: 14465: 14463: 14460: 14458: 14455: 14453: 14450: 14448: 14445: 14443: 14440: 14438: 14435: 14433: 14430: 14428: 14425: 14423: 14420: 14418: 14415: 14413: 14410: 14408: 14405: 14403: 14400: 14396: 14393: 14391: 14388: 14386: 14383: 14381: 14378: 14376: 14373: 14371: 14368: 14367: 14366: 14363: 14357: 14354: 14353: 14352: 14349: 14347: 14344: 14342: 14339: 14337: 14334: 14333: 14332: 14329: 14327: 14324: 14322: 14319: 14317: 14314: 14313: 14311: 14309: 14305: 14299: 14298:North America 14296: 14294: 14291: 14289: 14286: 14284: 14281: 14279: 14276: 14274: 14271: 14269: 14266: 14264: 14261: 14259: 14256: 14254: 14251: 14249: 14246: 14244: 14241: 14237: 14234: 14232: 14229: 14228: 14227: 14224: 14222: 14219: 14217: 14214: 14212: 14209: 14207: 14204: 14202: 14199: 14198: 14196: 14194: 14188: 14182: 14179: 14175: 14172: 14171: 14170: 14166: 14163: 14161: 14158: 14156: 14153: 14151: 14148: 14146: 14143: 14141: 14138: 14136: 14133: 14131: 14128: 14126: 14122: 14119: 14117: 14114: 14112: 14109: 14107: 14104: 14098: 14095: 14094: 14093: 14090: 14088: 14085: 14083: 14080: 14078: 14075: 14074: 14073: 14070: 14068: 14065: 14063: 14060: 14058: 14055: 14053: 14050: 14046: 14043: 14041: 14038: 14037: 14036: 14033: 14032: 14030: 14028: 14024: 14018: 14015: 14011: 14007: 14004: 14003: 14002: 13999: 13997: 13994: 13992: 13989: 13987: 13984: 13982: 13979: 13977: 13974: 13970: 13967: 13965: 13962: 13961: 13960: 13957: 13955: 13952: 13950: 13947: 13945: 13942: 13938: 13935: 13934: 13933: 13930: 13929: 13927: 13924: 13919: 13915: 13909: 13908:Early African 13906: 13902: 13899: 13897: 13894: 13892: 13891:Justin Martyr 13889: 13887: 13884: 13882: 13879: 13877: 13874: 13872: 13869: 13868: 13867: 13863: 13860: 13858: 13855: 13853: 13850: 13846: 13843: 13841: 13838: 13836: 13833: 13831: 13828: 13826: 13823: 13821: 13818: 13816: 13813: 13812: 13811: 13808: 13807: 13805: 13803: 13797: 13789: 13786: 13784: 13781: 13779: 13776: 13774: 13771: 13769: 13766: 13765: 13764: 13761: 13759: 13756: 13754: 13751: 13749: 13746: 13744: 13741: 13737: 13734: 13732: 13729: 13727: 13724: 13722: 13719: 13717: 13714: 13713: 13712: 13711:Life of Jesus 13709: 13707: 13704: 13703: 13701: 13699:Apostolic Age 13695: 13689: 13686: 13684: 13681: 13679: 13676: 13674: 13671: 13669: 13666: 13664: 13661: 13659: 13656: 13654: 13651: 13649: 13646: 13644: 13641: 13639: 13636: 13634: 13631: 13629: 13626: 13624: 13621: 13619: 13616: 13614: 13611: 13609: 13606: 13604: 13601: 13599: 13596: 13594: 13591: 13590: 13588: 13584: 13578: 13575: 13573: 13570: 13569: 13566: 13562: 13555: 13550: 13548: 13543: 13541: 13536: 13535: 13532: 13518: 13515: 13514: 13513: 13510: 13508: 13505: 13503: 13500: 13498: 13495: 13493: 13490: 13488: 13485: 13483: 13480: 13476: 13473: 13472: 13471: 13468: 13466: 13463: 13460: 13456: 13455:National flag 13453: 13452: 13450: 13448: 13444: 13438: 13435: 13433: 13430: 13428: 13425: 13423: 13420: 13418: 13415: 13413: 13410: 13408: 13405: 13404: 13402: 13400: 13396: 13390: 13389:Country dance 13387: 13385: 13382: 13380: 13377: 13375: 13372: 13370: 13367: 13365: 13362: 13361: 13359: 13357: 13353: 13345: 13342: 13341: 13340: 13337: 13335: 13332: 13331: 13329: 13327: 13323: 13317: 13314: 13312: 13309: 13307: 13304: 13302: 13299: 13297: 13294: 13292: 13289: 13288: 13286: 13284: 13280: 13272: 13269: 13267: 13264: 13263: 13262: 13259: 13255: 13252: 13251: 13250: 13247: 13243: 13240: 13239: 13238: 13235: 13234: 13232: 13230: 13226: 13220: 13217: 13215: 13212: 13210: 13207: 13205: 13202: 13200: 13197: 13195: 13192: 13190: 13187: 13185: 13182: 13180: 13177: 13175: 13172: 13170: 13167: 13165: 13162: 13160: 13157: 13155: 13152: 13150: 13147: 13145: 13142: 13140: 13137: 13135: 13132: 13130: 13127: 13125: 13122: 13120: 13117: 13115: 13112: 13110: 13107: 13105: 13102: 13100: 13097: 13095: 13092: 13090: 13087: 13085: 13082: 13080: 13077: 13075: 13072: 13070: 13067: 13065: 13062: 13060: 13057: 13055: 13052: 13050: 13049: 13045: 13043: 13040: 13038: 13035: 13033: 13030: 13028: 13025: 13023: 13020: 13018: 13015: 13013: 13010: 13008: 13005: 13003: 13000: 12998: 12995: 12993: 12990: 12988: 12985: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12975: 12973: 12970: 12968: 12965: 12963: 12960: 12958: 12955: 12953: 12950: 12948: 12945: 12943: 12940: 12938: 12935: 12933: 12930: 12928: 12925: 12923: 12920: 12918: 12915: 12913: 12910: 12908: 12905: 12903: 12900: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12890: 12888: 12885: 12883: 12880: 12878: 12875: 12873: 12870: 12868: 12865: 12863: 12860: 12858: 12855: 12853: 12850: 12848: 12845: 12843: 12840: 12838: 12835: 12833: 12830: 12828: 12825: 12823: 12820: 12818: 12815: 12813: 12810: 12808: 12805: 12803: 12800: 12798: 12795: 12793: 12790: 12788: 12785: 12783: 12780: 12778: 12775: 12773: 12770: 12768: 12765: 12763: 12760: 12758: 12755: 12753: 12750: 12748: 12745: 12743: 12740: 12738: 12735: 12733: 12730: 12728: 12725: 12723: 12720: 12718: 12715: 12713: 12710: 12708: 12705: 12703: 12700: 12698: 12695: 12693: 12690: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12680: 12678: 12675: 12673: 12672: 12671:Temp. incert. 12668: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12650: 12649: 12646: 12643: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12629: 12626: 12624: 12621: 12619: 12616: 12615: 12614: 12611: 12609: 12606: 12604: 12601: 12599: 12598:Privy Council 12596: 12594: 12591: 12587: 12584: 12582: 12579: 12578: 12577: 12574: 12572: 12569: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12557: 12556: 12555: 12552: 12550: 12547: 12545: 12542: 12540: 12537: 12536: 12534: 12529: 12526: 12524: 12521: 12520: 12517: 12511: 12510:Orange-Nassau 12508: 12506: 12503: 12501: 12498: 12496: 12493: 12491: 12488: 12486: 12483: 12481: 12478: 12476: 12473: 12471: 12468: 12466: 12463: 12462: 12460: 12458: 12454: 12448: 12445: 12441: 12438: 12436: 12433: 12431: 12428: 12427: 12426: 12423: 12419: 12416: 12414: 12411: 12409: 12406: 12404: 12401: 12400: 12399: 12396: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12384: 12383: 12382: 12379: 12375: 12372: 12370: 12367: 12365: 12362: 12360: 12357: 12356: 12355: 12354:Stuart period 12352: 12350: 12347: 12343: 12340: 12338: 12335: 12334: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12320: 12318: 12315: 12313: 12310: 12306: 12303: 12302: 12301: 12300:Anglo-Normans 12298: 12296: 12293: 12291: 12288: 12284: 12281: 12280: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12270: 12268: 12266: 12262: 12258: 12251: 12246: 12244: 12239: 12237: 12232: 12231: 12228: 12221: 12219: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12206: 12204: 12200: 12196: 12192: 12188: 12184: 12180: 12179:Vol. I, Pt. I 12176: 12172: 12169: 12167: 12163: 12159: 12155: 12151: 12147: 12146:Vol. I, Pt. I 12143: 12139: 12136: 12134: 12131: 12127: 12123: 12119: 12115: 12111: 12107: 12104: 12103: 12092: 12088: 12084: 12079: 12075: 12069: 12065: 12064: 12058: 12057: 12044: 12039: 12035: 12031: 12027: 12022: 12018: 12014: 12010: 12006: 12003:(3): 564–86. 12002: 11998: 11991: 11986: 11982: 11978: 11974: 11970: 11966: 11962: 11958: 11954: 11949: 11948: 11936: 11930: 11926: 11921: 11909: 11905: 11901: 11896: 11892: 11891: 11885: 11881: 11880: 11874: 11872: 11866: 11861: 11857: 11852: 11848: 11843: 11840: 11837:Ryrie, Alec. 11836: 11831: 11826: 11824: 11819: 11814: 11811: 11807: 11803: 11799: 11795: 11792: 11788: 11784: 11779: 11775: 11773:9780192852137 11769: 11764: 11763: 11762:Tudor England 11757: 11753: 11749: 11745: 11741: 11737: 11731: 11727: 11726: 11720: 11716: 11711: 11707: 11702: 11701: 11689: 11683: 11679: 11674: 11667: 11663: 11659: 11652: 11647: 11643: 11639: 11635: 11630: 11626: 11624:0-529-02077-7 11620: 11616: 11615: 11609: 11605: 11599: 11595: 11591: 11590:Tanner, J. R. 11587: 11583: 11577: 11573: 11572: 11566: 11562: 11560:9781349004065 11556: 11552: 11551: 11545: 11541: 11537: 11533: 11529: 11525: 11521: 11516: 11512: 11510:9780199639731 11506: 11502: 11501: 11495: 11491: 11489:9780333647868 11485: 11482:. Macmillan. 11481: 11477: 11473: 11469: 11463: 11459: 11458: 11453: 11449: 11445: 11439: 11435: 11430: 11426: 11422: 11417: 11412: 11408: 11404: 11400: 11395: 11391: 11387: 11382: 11381: 11375: 11371: 11367: 11361: 11357: 11356: 11350: 11346: 11340: 11337:. Routledge. 11336: 11335: 11329: 11325: 11319: 11315: 11310: 11306: 11300: 11296: 11295: 11290: 11286: 11282: 11276: 11272: 11271: 11266: 11265:Mackie, J. D. 11262: 11258: 11252: 11248: 11247: 11241: 11237: 11231: 11227: 11226: 11221: 11216: 11212: 11210:9780521793872 11206: 11202: 11201: 11196: 11192: 11188: 11184: 11180: 11176: 11172: 11168: 11164: 11160: 11155: 11151: 11145: 11141: 11140: 11134: 11130: 11128:9780333921395 11124: 11120: 11119: 11113: 11109: 11103: 11099: 11098: 11092: 11088: 11086:9780300226577 11082: 11077: 11076: 11070: 11066: 11062: 11058: 11054: 11050: 11046: 11042: 11037: 11033: 11031:9780300094091 11027: 11023: 11022: 11016: 11012: 11010:9780521076555 11006: 11001: 11000: 10994: 10990: 10986: 10982: 10981:Lacey, Robert 10978: 10974: 10968: 10964: 10960: 10955: 10951: 10949:9780190689681 10945: 10941: 10937: 10933: 10928: 10924: 10922:9781854371577 10918: 10914: 10909: 10905: 10899: 10895: 10894: 10889: 10885: 10881: 10879:9789004097629 10875: 10871: 10870: 10864: 10860: 10856: 10852: 10848: 10843: 10839: 10835: 10831: 10827: 10823: 10819: 10814: 10810: 10804: 10800: 10799: 10794: 10790: 10786: 10780: 10776: 10775: 10770: 10766: 10762: 10756: 10752: 10751: 10745: 10741: 10735: 10731: 10730: 10725: 10721: 10717: 10713: 10709: 10705: 10701: 10697: 10693: 10689: 10685: 10680: 10676: 10670: 10666: 10665: 10646: 10642: 10636: 10632: 10631: 10626: 10622: 10618: 10617: 10611: 10607: 10602: 10598: 10592: 10588: 10584: 10580: 10577: 10571: 10567: 10566: 10560: 10556: 10550: 10546: 10545: 10539: 10535: 10531: 10527: 10523: 10519: 10515: 10511: 10507: 10503: 10498: 10494: 10492:9781349268320 10488: 10484: 10483: 10477: 10473: 10471:9781101563991 10467: 10463: 10462: 10457: 10453: 10449: 10447:9780199740871 10443: 10439: 10438: 10432: 10428: 10424: 10420: 10416: 10412: 10408: 10404: 10400: 10396: 10394:9780521484572 10390: 10386: 10385: 10380: 10376: 10375: 10363: 10357: 10349: 10345: 10341: 10337: 10330: 10323: 10318: 10311: 10305: 10298: 10293: 10286: 10281: 10274: 10269: 10262: 10257: 10250: 10246: 10242: 10238: 10232: 10226: 10222: 10216: 10209: 10208:Marshall 2017 10204: 10198:, p. 85. 10197: 10192: 10185: 10184:Marshall 2017 10180: 10173: 10168: 10162:, p. 27. 10161: 10156: 10149: 10144: 10137: 10136:Marshall 2017 10132: 10126:, p. 89. 10125: 10120: 10114:, p. 88. 10113: 10108: 10106: 10099:, p. 50. 10098: 10093: 10091: 10084:, p. 12. 10083: 10078: 10072:, p. 42. 10071: 10066: 10059: 10054: 10047: 10042: 10036:, p. 37. 10035: 10030: 10023: 10018: 10011: 10010:Marshall 2017 10006: 9999: 9994: 9987: 9982: 9975: 9974:Marshall 2017 9970: 9963: 9958: 9951: 9946: 9944: 9936: 9931: 9925:, p. 28. 9924: 9919: 9912: 9907: 9900: 9899:Marshall 2017 9895: 9888: 9883: 9876: 9871: 9865:, p. 89. 9864: 9859: 9852: 9851:Marshall 2017 9847: 9841:, p. 24. 9840: 9835: 9828: 9823: 9816: 9811: 9804: 9803:Hargrave 1982 9799: 9792: 9787: 9780: 9779:Hargrave 1982 9775: 9768: 9763: 9756: 9755:Hargrave 1982 9751: 9744: 9739: 9732: 9731:Marshall 2017 9727: 9721:, p. 64. 9720: 9715: 9708: 9707:Marshall 2017 9703: 9696: 9695:Marshall 2017 9691: 9684: 9683:Marshall 2017 9679: 9672: 9671:Marshall 2017 9667: 9660: 9659:Hargrave 1982 9655: 9648: 9647:Marshall 2017 9643: 9636: 9631: 9624: 9619: 9612: 9607: 9605: 9597: 9592: 9590: 9582: 9577: 9570: 9565: 9558: 9557:Marshall 2017 9553: 9546: 9541: 9534: 9533:Marshall 2017 9529: 9527: 9519: 9514: 9512: 9510: 9502: 9501:Marshall 2017 9497: 9490: 9485: 9478: 9477:Marshall 2017 9473: 9466: 9461: 9454: 9449: 9447: 9445: 9437: 9432: 9430: 9428: 9420: 9419:Marshall 2017 9415: 9408: 9403: 9396: 9391: 9384: 9379: 9372: 9367: 9365: 9357: 9352: 9345: 9340: 9333: 9328: 9321: 9320:Marshall 2017 9316: 9314: 9306: 9301: 9299: 9291: 9286: 9279: 9274: 9267: 9266:Marshall 2017 9262: 9255: 9250: 9243: 9242:Marshall 2017 9238: 9231: 9226: 9219: 9218:Marshall 2017 9214: 9207: 9206:Marshall 2017 9202: 9195: 9194:Marshall 2017 9190: 9183: 9182:Marshall 2017 9178: 9171: 9166: 9159: 9158:Marshall 2017 9154: 9147: 9146:Marshall 2017 9142: 9135: 9130: 9123: 9122:Marshall 2017 9118: 9111: 9110:Marshall 2017 9106: 9100: 9098: 9090: 9083: 9078: 9071: 9066: 9059: 9058:Marshall 2017 9054: 9052: 9044: 9039: 9032: 9027: 9020: 9015: 9008: 9003: 8996: 8995:Marshall 2017 8991: 8989: 8987: 8979: 8974: 8967: 8962: 8955: 8954:Marshall 2017 8950: 8943: 8938: 8931: 8926: 8919: 8914: 8907: 8906:Marshall 2017 8902: 8900: 8898: 8890: 8885: 8878: 8873: 8866: 8861: 8859: 8851: 8850:Marshall 2017 8846: 8839: 8834: 8827: 8823: 8819: 8814: 8807: 8802: 8800: 8792: 8791:Marshall 2017 8787: 8780: 8779:Marshall 2017 8775: 8768: 8763: 8756: 8751: 8744: 8743:Marshall 2017 8739: 8732: 8731:Thompson 1961 8727: 8720: 8715: 8709:, p. 27. 8708: 8703: 8696: 8691: 8689: 8681: 8680:Marshall 2017 8676: 8674: 8672: 8664: 8663:Marshall 2017 8659: 8657: 8649: 8644: 8642: 8634: 8629: 8622: 8621:Marshall 2017 8617: 8615: 8607: 8602: 8595: 8590: 8583: 8578: 8571: 8570:Marshall 2017 8566: 8559: 8554: 8547: 8542: 8535: 8530: 8523: 8522:Marshall 2017 8518: 8516: 8508: 8503: 8496: 8491: 8485:, p. 38. 8484: 8479: 8472: 8467: 8460: 8455: 8448: 8443: 8436: 8431: 8424: 8419: 8412: 8407: 8400: 8395: 8388: 8387:Marshall 2017 8383: 8376: 8371: 8364: 8363:Marshall 2017 8359: 8352: 8347: 8340: 8335: 8328: 8327:Marshall 2017 8323: 8316: 8311: 8304: 8299: 8292: 8291:Marshall 2017 8287: 8280: 8275: 8268: 8263: 8256: 8251: 8244: 8239: 8237: 8229: 8228:Marshall 2017 8224: 8217: 8216:Marshall 2017 8212: 8205: 8200: 8193: 8192:Marshall 2017 8188: 8181: 8176: 8169: 8164: 8157: 8152: 8145: 8140: 8133: 8128: 8121: 8116: 8109: 8104: 8097: 8092: 8085: 8084:Marshall 2017 8080: 8073: 8072:Marshall 2017 8068: 8061: 8056: 8049: 8044: 8037: 8032: 8025: 8024:Marshall 2017 8020: 8013: 8008: 8001: 7996: 7989: 7988:Marshall 2017 7984: 7977: 7976:Marshall 2017 7972: 7965: 7964:Marshall 2017 7960: 7953: 7948: 7941: 7936: 7929: 7924: 7917: 7912: 7905: 7900: 7893: 7888: 7881: 7876: 7874: 7866: 7865:Marshall 2017 7861: 7854: 7853:Marshall 2017 7849: 7842: 7837: 7830: 7829:Marshall 2017 7825: 7818: 7813: 7806: 7801: 7794: 7789: 7782: 7777: 7770: 7765: 7758: 7757:Marshall 2017 7753: 7746: 7745:Marshall 2017 7741: 7734: 7733:Marshall 2017 7729: 7722: 7717: 7715: 7707: 7702: 7700: 7692: 7687: 7680: 7679:Marshall 2017 7675: 7669:, p. 19. 7668: 7663: 7656: 7651: 7649: 7641: 7636: 7629: 7624: 7618:, p. 57. 7617: 7612: 7605: 7604:Marshall 2017 7600: 7593: 7588: 7586: 7578: 7577:Marshall 2017 7573: 7566: 7561: 7554: 7553:Marshall 2017 7549: 7542: 7537: 7530: 7525: 7518: 7517:Marshall 2017 7513: 7506: 7505:Marshall 2017 7501: 7494: 7493:Marshall 2017 7489: 7482: 7477: 7470: 7465: 7458: 7453: 7446: 7441: 7434: 7433:Lehmberg 1970 7429: 7422: 7417: 7415: 7407: 7406:Marshall 2017 7402: 7395: 7390: 7388: 7380: 7375: 7368: 7363: 7356: 7351: 7345:, p. 33. 7344: 7339: 7333:, p. 31. 7332: 7327: 7320: 7315: 7308: 7303: 7301: 7293: 7288: 7281: 7276: 7274: 7266: 7261: 7254: 7249: 7242: 7237: 7230: 7225: 7219:, p. 30. 7218: 7213: 7206: 7201: 7194: 7189: 7182: 7177: 7170: 7165: 7158: 7153: 7147:, p. 73. 7146: 7141: 7135:, p. 29. 7134: 7129: 7122: 7117: 7110: 7105: 7098: 7093: 7087:, p. 17. 7086: 7081: 7075:, p. 20. 7074: 7073:Phillips 1991 7069: 7063:, p. 70. 7062: 7057: 7051:, p. 38. 7050: 7049:Warnicke 1983 7045: 7038: 7033: 7025: 7023:9781538092026 7019: 7015: 7014: 7006: 6999: 6994: 6987: 6986:Marshall 2017 6982: 6975: 6974:Marshall 2017 6970: 6963: 6958: 6952:, p. 58. 6951: 6946: 6939: 6934: 6927: 6926:Marshall 2017 6922: 6915: 6910: 6903: 6902:Marshall 2017 6898: 6891: 6890:Marshall 2017 6886: 6880:, p. 97. 6879: 6874: 6868:, p. 96. 6867: 6862: 6856:, p. 27. 6855: 6850: 6842: 6841: 6833: 6827:, p. 69. 6826: 6821: 6819: 6811: 6810:Marshall 2017 6806: 6799: 6794: 6788:, p. 36. 6787: 6782: 6775: 6770: 6763: 6758: 6751: 6750:Marshall 2017 6746: 6739: 6734: 6727: 6722: 6715: 6714:Marshall 2017 6710: 6703: 6702:Marshall 2017 6698: 6691: 6686: 6682: 6669: 6664: 6657: 6652: 6645: 6641: 6635: 6628: 6623: 6616: 6611: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6587: 6580: 6577:According to 6574: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6542: 6535: 6534:Brigden (2000 6532:According to 6529: 6522: 6518: 6513: 6506: 6503:According to 6500: 6493: 6490:pecking at a 6489: 6485: 6484:Brigden (2000 6480: 6473: 6472:Brigden (2000 6468: 6461: 6460:Scruton (1996 6458:According to 6455: 6451: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6397: 6393: 6382: 6379: 6373: 6368: 6365: 6359: 6354: 6347: 6345: 6339: 6336: 6331: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6315: 6313: 6307: 6304: 6300: 6297: 6293: 6292:Nonconformist 6289: 6285: 6280: 6278: 6274: 6267: 6257: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6242: 6240: 6236: 6231: 6229: 6228:Presbyterians 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6208: 6206: 6202: 6201:Muggletonians 6198: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6177: 6173: 6165: 6161: 6156: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6129:Stuart period 6125: 6118: 6114: 6113:popular print 6109: 6100: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6069:wedding rings 6066: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6040: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6012: 6010: 6006: 6005:church choirs 6002: 5997: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5982: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5963: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5948: 5937: 5932: 5930: 5925: 5923: 5918: 5917: 5915: 5914: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5893: 5890: 5889: 5882: 5881: 5873: 5872: 5868: 5866: 5865: 5864:Paradise Lost 5861: 5859: 5858: 5854: 5852: 5851: 5847: 5846: 5839: 5838: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5824:John Winthrop 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5814:Thomas Parker 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5799:Cotton Mather 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5784:John Endecott 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5754:Peter Bulkley 5752: 5751: 5747: 5742: 5741: 5736: 5728: 5727: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5675: 5668: 5667: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5613:Marian exiles 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5600: 5593: 5592: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5570: 5563: 5562: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5530: 5523: 5522: 5514: 5513:Merton thesis 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5503:Puritan choir 5501: 5499: 5498:Millennialism 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5488:Impropriation 5486: 5484: 5481: 5480: 5473: 5472: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5448:Nonconformism 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5403:Protestantism 5401: 5399: 5396: 5395: 5388: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5374: 5368: 5364: 5363: 5360: 5357: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5347: 5340: 5335: 5329: 5319: 5317: 5311: 5308: 5303: 5301: 5300: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5281:John Bradford 5278: 5274: 5273:Robert Ferrar 5270: 5266: 5261: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5246: 5243: 5242:Marian exiles 5235: 5230: 5225: 5208: 5203: 5196: 5191: 5190: 5189: 5186: 5180: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5149: 5147: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5125: 5123: 5119: 5118:Lord's Prayer 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5081:Pedro de Soto 5078: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5060: 5058: 5054: 5048: 5046: 5042: 5041: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5016: 5014: 5009: 5004: 5001: 4997: 4996:Reginald Pole 4991: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4976: 4974: 4970: 4964: 4960: 4957: 4944: 4943:Reginald Pole 4939: 4931: 4922: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4896: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4873: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4854: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4843:cloth of gold 4840: 4836: 4832: 4831:chrismatories 4828: 4824: 4820: 4819: 4812: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4784: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4765: 4761: 4755: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4732: 4728: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4707: 4697: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4684:over a white 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4658: 4655: 4650: 4646: 4641: 4639: 4634: 4630: 4625: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4566: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4544: 4542: 4538: 4532: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4513:West Midlands 4510: 4506: 4496: 4494: 4489: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4445: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4414: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4401:, making the 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4359: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4331: 4327: 4325: 4321: 4316: 4312: 4307: 4305: 4302:and palms on 4301: 4300:Ash Wednesday 4297: 4293: 4287: 4277: 4275: 4271: 4266: 4265:A. G. Dickens 4261: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4246: 4244: 4240: 4239:Sacrament Act 4234: 4231: 4227: 4226:Edmund Bonner 4219: 4218:Ely Cathedral 4214: 4210: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4199:Stained glass 4194: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4158: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4134: 4132: 4128: 4123: 4121: 4117: 4116:king of Judah 4113: 4109: 4100: 4091: 4089: 4088:Privy Council 4085: 4081: 4078:, brother of 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4059: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4040: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4017:King's Primer 4014: 4010: 4009: 4003: 4001: 3997: 3996: 3991: 3990:Bishops' Book 3985: 3983: 3978: 3970: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3940:Edward Powell 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3915: 3913: 3909: 3908:votive masses 3906:to a priest, 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3884: 3881: 3880:real presence 3877: 3873: 3869: 3863: 3861: 3857: 3847: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3831: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3811: 3809: 3805: 3796: 3792: 3791:chapter house 3787: 3783: 3781: 3777: 3776: 3770: 3765: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3754: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3725: 3719: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3677: 3675: 3674:Thomas Becket 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3654:Rood of Grace 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3634: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3618: 3610: 3606: 3601: 3597: 3595: 3590: 3589: 3588:Bishops' Book 3584: 3579: 3577: 3571: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3544:vicar general 3541: 3536: 3533: 3529: 3518: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3495: 3492: 3491:Peter's Pence 3488: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3465: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3445: 3440: 3438: 3434: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3409: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3383: 3377: 3375: 3374:York province 3371: 3367: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3349: 3346: 3343: 3342: 3341: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3321: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3265: 3263: 3258: 3248: 3246: 3240: 3238: 3234: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3180: 3179:Princess Mary 3176: 3175:civil warfare 3172: 3168: 3167:Tudor dynasty 3164: 3159: 3155: 3150: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3135: 3130: 3129: 3123: 3120: 3116: 3115:Thomas Wolsey 3112: 3107: 3105: 3102:. Unlike his 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3056: 3054: 3053:William Tracy 3050: 3046: 3042: 3041:James Bainham 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3025:Thomas Hitton 3022: 3017: 3015: 3014:Thomas Arthur 3011: 3007: 3006:Thomas Bilney 3003: 2999: 2995: 2994:Robert Barnes 2991: 2987: 2982: 2980: 2976: 2975: 2970: 2969: 2964: 2963: 2959:to translate 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2937: 2936:Tyndale Bible 2933: 2924: 2920: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2886: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2872:Martin Luther 2869: 2864: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2849: 2848:superstitious 2845: 2844: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2803:John Wycliffe 2800: 2796: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2654: 2649: 2647: 2642: 2640: 2635: 2634: 2632: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2604: 2603: 2599: 2598: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2576: 2575: 2571: 2570: 2567: 2563: 2560: 2559: 2555: 2554: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2540: 2539: 2535: 2534: 2530: 2524: 2520: 2517: 2516: 2512: 2511: 2498: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2483:nonconformist 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2456:Stuart period 2453: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2336: 2331: 2329: 2324: 2322: 2317: 2316: 2314: 2313: 2305: 2302: 2300: 2297: 2295: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2276: 2269: 2268: 2260: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2228: 2221: 2220: 2212: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2193: 2186: 2185: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2145: 2138: 2137: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2083: 2082: 2078: 2073: 2072: 2064: 2063:Marian exiles 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2014: 2010: 2005: 2004: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1977: 1970: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1956: 1952: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1935: 1925: 1920: 1918: 1913: 1911: 1906: 1905: 1903: 1902: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1888: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1859: 1858: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1709: 1708: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1677: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1642:Churchmanship 1639: 1634: 1633: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1608: 1607: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1534: 1524: 1519: 1517: 1512: 1510: 1505: 1504: 1502: 1501: 1498: 1497:Protestantism 1495: 1494: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1472: 1470: 1469: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1451: 1450: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1420: 1412: 1411: 1403: 1402: 1398: 1397: 1392: 1391: 1387: 1385: 1384: 1380: 1379: 1374: 1373: 1369: 1367: 1366: 1362: 1361: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1350: 1346: 1345: 1340: 1339: 1335: 1333: 1332: 1328: 1327: 1322: 1321: 1317: 1315: 1314: 1310: 1309: 1303: 1302: 1297: 1296: 1292: 1291: 1289: 1288: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1270: 1266: 1263: 1262: 1257: 1253: 1250: 1249: 1243: 1240: 1239: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1225: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1195: 1194: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1173: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1160: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1127: 1126:Lutheran hymn 1124: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1104: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1093: 1085: 1084: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1043: 1042: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1026: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1012: 1009: 1008: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 994: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 974: 971: 970: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 931: 926: 923: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 908: 907: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 888: 886: 885: 879: 876: 875: 874: 873: 866: 863: 861: 860:Art conflicts 858: 857: 852: 849: 847: 844: 843: 838: 835: 833: 830: 829: 824: 821: 819: 816: 815: 813: 805: 804: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 763: 760: 755: 754: 746: 743: 741: 738: 737: 735: 734: 727: 724: 722: 719: 718: 713: 710: 709: 704: 701: 700: 695: 692: 690: 687: 686: 679: 678: 670: 667: 665: 664:Frederick III 662: 661: 659: 658: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 588: 582: 581: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 489: 485: 481: 478: 476: 473: 472: 466: 465: 458: 457: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 400:William Farel 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 380:Theodore Beza 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 345:Martin Luther 343: 342: 339: 334: 333: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 312: 306: 305: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 250: 244: 243: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 220:Diet of Worms 218: 216: 213: 212: 209: 204: 203: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 173: 171: 167: 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 147: 143: 140: 138: 134: 131: 129: 125: 122: 120: 116: 115:John Wycliffe 113: 111: 107: 104: 103: 100: 95: 94: 89: 88:Martin Luther 86:, written by 85: 84: 78: 74: 73: 70: 67: 66: 62: 58: 57: 51: 47: 43: 39: 34: 30: 19: 17056: 17009: 16939:Receptionism 16897: 16881: 16868:Black Rubric 16820:Genuflection 16787: 16781: 16714:Humeral veil 16652: 16645: 16638: 16634:Anglican Use 16540: 16536: 16529: 16510: 16475: 16446: 16434: 16412:Epiphanytide 16410: 16391: 16372: 16190: 16183: 16176: 16169: 16157: 16140:Wedding ring 15913:altar server 15901:Participants 15877:Mass (music) 15775:Nicene Creed 15710: 15698: 15455: 15451:Easter Vigil 15422:for the Jews 15405:Foot washing 15371: 15352:Consecration 15340:Confirmation 15285: 15250:Daily Office 15107:Charismatics 15090: 15069:Gospel music 14999:Camp meeting 14991:1789–present 14923:Missionaries 14893: 14886: 14877:Menno Simons 14821: 14817:Church music 14773: 14668: 14639: 14524:Conciliarism 14509:Papal Schism 14351:Scandinavian 14243:Great Schism 14221:Nestorianism 14193:Christianity 14125:priest holes 14006:Chalcedonian 13969:Christianity 13923:Great Church 13731:Resurrection 13497:Crown Jewels 13482:Royal badges 13470:Coat of arms 13399:Architecture 13384:Morris dance 13326:Demographics 13249:English Army 13046: 12670: 12635:Star Chamber 12457:Royal Houses 12440:Protectorate 12369:Jacobean era 12336: 12332:Tudor period 12217: 12208: 12177:(1824 ed.): 12170: 12137: 12105: 12082: 12062: 12033: 12029: 12000: 11996: 11956: 11952: 11927:. Robinson. 11924: 11912:. Retrieved 11908:the original 11903: 11889: 11878: 11864: 11855: 11849:. Routledge. 11846: 11838: 11829: 11817: 11809: 11801: 11790: 11782: 11761: 11747: 11744:Duffy, Eamon 11724: 11714: 11705: 11677: 11661: 11657: 11633: 11613: 11593: 11570: 11549: 11523: 11519: 11499: 11479: 11456: 11433: 11409:(1): 63–90. 11406: 11402: 11379: 11354: 11333: 11313: 11293: 11269: 11245: 11223: 11199: 11162: 11158: 11138: 11117: 11096: 11074: 11044: 11040: 11020: 10998: 10984: 10958: 10931: 10912: 10892: 10868: 10850: 10846: 10821: 10817: 10797: 10773: 10749: 10728: 10724:Elton, G. R. 10691: 10687: 10650: 10629: 10625:Duffy, Eamon 10615: 10605: 10586: 10564: 10543: 10509: 10505: 10481: 10460: 10436: 10410: 10406: 10383: 10371:Bibliography 10361: 10356: 10339: 10335: 10329: 10317: 10309: 10304: 10292: 10280: 10273:Hazlett 1995 10268: 10256: 10244: 10236: 10231: 10220: 10215: 10203: 10191: 10179: 10167: 10155: 10143: 10131: 10119: 10077: 10065: 10053: 10041: 10029: 10017: 10005: 9993: 9981: 9969: 9957: 9930: 9918: 9906: 9894: 9882: 9875:Moorman 1973 9870: 9858: 9846: 9834: 9822: 9810: 9798: 9786: 9781:, p. 8. 9774: 9762: 9750: 9738: 9726: 9714: 9702: 9690: 9678: 9666: 9661:, p. 7. 9654: 9642: 9630: 9618: 9576: 9569:Dickens 1989 9564: 9552: 9540: 9496: 9484: 9472: 9460: 9414: 9402: 9390: 9378: 9351: 9339: 9327: 9285: 9273: 9261: 9249: 9237: 9225: 9213: 9201: 9189: 9177: 9165: 9153: 9141: 9129: 9117: 9105: 9096: 9089: 9077: 9065: 9038: 9026: 9014: 9002: 8973: 8961: 8949: 8937: 8925: 8913: 8884: 8872: 8845: 8833: 8813: 8786: 8774: 8767:Brigden 2000 8762: 8750: 8738: 8726: 8714: 8707:Moorman 1983 8702: 8628: 8601: 8589: 8577: 8565: 8553: 8541: 8529: 8502: 8490: 8478: 8466: 8454: 8442: 8430: 8423:Dickens 1989 8418: 8406: 8394: 8382: 8370: 8358: 8346: 8334: 8322: 8310: 8298: 8286: 8274: 8262: 8250: 8223: 8211: 8199: 8187: 8175: 8163: 8151: 8139: 8127: 8115: 8103: 8091: 8079: 8067: 8060:Dickens 1966 8055: 8043: 8031: 8019: 8007: 7995: 7983: 7971: 7959: 7952:Brigden 2000 7947: 7935: 7923: 7911: 7899: 7887: 7880:Brigden 2000 7860: 7848: 7836: 7824: 7812: 7800: 7788: 7776: 7764: 7752: 7740: 7728: 7686: 7674: 7662: 7635: 7623: 7611: 7599: 7572: 7560: 7548: 7536: 7524: 7512: 7500: 7488: 7481:Bernard 1990 7476: 7464: 7452: 7440: 7428: 7401: 7394:Moorman 1973 7374: 7362: 7350: 7338: 7326: 7314: 7307:Moorman 1973 7287: 7260: 7253:Brigden 2000 7248: 7236: 7224: 7212: 7200: 7188: 7176: 7164: 7157:Brigden 2000 7152: 7140: 7128: 7116: 7109:Brigden 2000 7104: 7092: 7080: 7068: 7056: 7044: 7037:Brigden 2000 7032: 7012: 7005: 6993: 6981: 6969: 6957: 6945: 6933: 6921: 6909: 6897: 6885: 6878:Hefling 2021 6873: 6866:Hefling 2021 6861: 6849: 6839: 6832: 6805: 6798:Dickens 1959 6793: 6781: 6769: 6762:Brigden 2000 6757: 6745: 6733: 6726:Hefling 2021 6721: 6709: 6704:, p. 7. 6697: 6685: 6663: 6651: 6634: 6622: 6610: 6603:Roger Ascham 6586: 6573: 6561: 6553: 6549: 6541: 6528: 6512: 6499: 6479: 6467: 6454: 6340: 6332: 6316: 6312:David Loades 6308: 6301: 6281: 6269: 6243: 6232: 6209: 6164:William Laud 6157: 6151:, but their 6126: 6122: 6116: 6103:Consequences 6081:clerical cap 6041: 6036:Ridolfi plot 6013: 5998: 5980: 5964: 5945: 5869: 5862: 5855: 5848: 5708:Praying town 5443:Independents 5412: 5398:Christianity 5372: 5312: 5307:Pope Paul IV 5304: 5298: 5262: 5247: 5238: 5233: 5181: 5169:Bridgettines 5161:Benedictines 5150: 5128: 5126: 5099: 5095: 5093: 5061: 5053:recantations 5049: 5038: 5034:churchwarden 5030:benefactions 5022: 5005: 5000:papal legate 4992: 4977: 4965: 4961: 4953: 4906:illegitimacy 4902: 4876: 4870: 4855: 4822: 4816: 4813: 4785: 4756: 4751: 4744:receptionist 4726: 4724: 4659: 4642: 4632: 4626: 4576:of Norwich, 4574:William Rugg 4570: 4555: 4533: 4508: 4505:West Country 4502: 4490: 4478:Annunciation 4474:Purification 4446: 4417: 4415: 4411:confirmation 4360: 4347:Use of Sarum 4338: 4336: 4324:Martin Bucer 4308: 4289: 4262: 4258:Rough Wooing 4247: 4235: 4230:Fleet Prison 4223: 4195: 4183:sacramentals 4170: 4164: 4153: 4142:rosary beads 4135: 4124: 4105: 4080:Jane Seymour 4060: 4044:Edward Crome 4041: 4016: 4006: 4004: 3993: 3989: 3986: 3974: 3953: 3932:Thomas Abell 3916: 3896:Six Articles 3885: 3876:John Lambert 3864: 3853: 3832: 3812: 3800: 3775:Device Forts 3772: 3766: 3751: 3744:Hailes Abbey 3728: 3720: 3701: 3641: 3635: 3614: 3586: 3583:Ten Articles 3580: 3572: 3537: 3524: 3496: 3466: 3447: 3442: 3430: 3399: 3390: 3387:Supplication 3386: 3380: 3378: 3363: 3322: 3307: 3266: 3254: 3241: 3209:dispensation 3197:late brother 3194: 3158:Queen Claude 3151: 3132: 3125: 3108: 3086: 3045:Thomas Benet 3018: 2998:Hugh Latimer 2983: 2978: 2977:rather than 2972: 2966: 2960: 2956: 2955:rather than 2952: 2948: 2947:rather than 2944: 2940: 2929: 2889: 2865: 2860: 2841: 2823: 2797: 2717:Confirmation 2662: 2577: 2469:. After the 2449: 2422: 2383: 2371:Christianity 2346: 2344: 2246: 2168: 2085: 2045: 2032: 2008: 1959: 1780:William Laud 1739: 1682:Christianity 1671:Jesus Prayer 1630: 1467: 1466: 1448: 1447: 1418: 1399: 1388: 1381: 1370: 1363: 1347: 1336: 1329: 1318: 1311: 1299: 1293: 1286: 1285: 1192: 1191: 1186:Verse anthem 1181:Falsobordone 1091: 1040: 1039: 883: 882: 871: 870: 865:Beeldenstorm 823:Lutheran art 811: 745:Ferdinand II 732: 731: 656: 655: 493: 455: 430:Menno Simons 365:Martin Bucer 230:Magisterials 225:Luther Bible 170:Berengarians 81: 29: 17150:Anglicanism 17084:Rood screen 16960:Agape feast 16914:Last Supper 16783:Ad orientem 16749:Roman Canon 16724:Last Gospel 16692:Benediction 16553:Kingdomtide 16541:Trinitytide 16539:instead of 16531:Trinitytide 16496:Good Friday 16483:Palm Sunday 16469:Passiontide 16305:Geneva gown 16280:Choir dress 16265:Cassock-alb 16066:Evangeliary 16027:Aspergillum 15990:Antependium 15592:Let us pray 15565:Lamb of God 15523:O Antiphons 15395:Chrism Mass 15335:Commination 15196:Catholicism 15133:Protestants 15127:Evangelical 14802:39 Articles 14797:Elizabethan 14774:Anglicanism 14754:Westminster 14664:Melanchthon 14627:Lutheranism 14592:Nicodemites 14570:Arminianism 14541:Reformation 14482:Bonaventure 14457:Inquisition 14452:Waldensians 14402:Investiture 14380:Kievan Rus' 14336:Anglo-Saxon 14316:Pelagianism 14308:Middle Ages 14231:Iconodulism 14106:Thomas More 14027:Catholicism 13949:Monasticism 13932:Constantine 13857:Persecution 13815:Adoptionism 13800:Ante-Nicene 13743:Holy Spirit 13726:Crucifixion 13697:Origins and 13598:2nd and 3rd 13422:Elizabethan 13407:Anglo-Saxon 12628:Elizabethan 12618:Anglo-Saxon 12544:Curia regis 12485:Plantagenet 12435:Proprietary 12403:Popish Plot 12381:Interregnum 12305:The Anarchy 12175:John Strype 12142:John Strype 11680:. Praeger. 11452:Ryrie, Alec 10824:: 281–299. 10663: 1580 10656: 1400 10297:Haigh (1997 10285:Slavin 1990 10261:Vidmar 2005 10249:online free 10243:; Pollard, 10241:online free 10172:Maltby 1998 10160:Bremer 2009 10148:Maltby 1998 10124:Maltby 2006 10112:Maltby 2006 10097:Spinks 2006 9791:Loades 1989 9743:Cavill 2013 7841:Mackie 1952 7469:Shagan 2017 7379:Ridley 1962 7343:Shagan 2017 7331:Shagan 2017 7265:Tanner 1930 7217:Shagan 2017 7205:Morris 1998 7133:Shagan 2017 7097:Morris 1998 6656:Duffy (2005 6640:Duffy (2005 6615:Duffy (2005 6599:Richard Cox 6566:Duffy (2005 6546:Haigh (1993 6492:pomegranate 6344:Thomas More 6327:Eamon Duffy 6235:Anglicanism 6212:Restoration 6153:high church 5947:Elizabeth I 5809:James Noyes 5774:John Cotton 5759:John Bunyan 5566:Confessions 5428:Arminianism 5423:Anglicanism 5408:Reformation 5373:The Puritan 5289:Agnes Prest 5269:John Hooper 5265:John Rogers 5258:recantation 5185:church ales 5101:King's Book 5045:Augustinian 4877:King's Book 4839:monstrances 4654:Last Supper 4618:John Hooper 4588:of Durham, 4584:of Exeter, 4560:Elizabethan 4458:Evangelists 4409:cloth. The 4363:church year 4351:Use of York 4304:Palm Sunday 4298:, ashes on 4207:whitewashed 4179:processions 4175:Eamon Duffy 4154:King's Book 4021:prayer book 3995:King's Book 3977:Great Bible 3892:Good Friday 3883:dismissed. 3840:Westminster 3823:Robert Aske 3795:Forde Abbey 3762:Virgin Mary 3716:Carthusians 3704:monasticism 3694:Remains of 3650:iconophobia 3626:pilgrimages 3568:Edward Foxe 3564:John Hilsey 3552:John Salcot 3501:made Henry 3474:Anabaptists 3425:John Fisher 3421:Thomas More 3397:) to Rome. 3302: 1485 3281:Thomas More 3237:sacked Rome 3189:Anne Boleyn 3147:Anne Boleyn 3122:John Fisher 3113:, Cardinal 3010:George Joye 2838:Thomas More 2785:indulgences 2725:Holy Orders 2671:led by the 2572:Reformation 2556:Middle Ages 2452:Elizabeth I 2398:Protestants 2367:Reformation 1760:Elizabeth I 1663:Monasticism 1546:Anglicanism 1443:Rationalism 1252:Cyclic mass 920:Anglo-Irish 891:Elizabethan 846:English art 837:Swedish art 596:Elizabeth I 509:Czech Lands 504:Netherlands 480:Switzerland 469:By location 456:Many others 360:John Calvin 110:Waldensians 106:Peter Waldo 69:Reformation 17139:Categories 17089:Sarum Rite 16830:Intinction 16739:Monstrance 16614:Altar bell 16512:Eastertide 16230:Pontifical 16203:Lectionary 16125:Tabernacle 16076:Holy water 15684:Magnificat 15679:Invitatory 15634:Responsory 15535:Confession 15489:Ordination 15434:Reproaches 15386:liturgies 15297:Occasional 15278:(Compline) 14918:Revivalism 14839:Anabaptism 14787:Henry VIII 14612:Literature 14236:Iconoclasm 14216:Chrysostom 14169:Vatican II 14135:Jansenists 14121:Mass rocks 14057:Lateran IV 13976:Athanasius 13896:Tertullian 13840:Marcionism 13835:Gnosticism 13788:Revelation 13706:Background 13502:Tudor rose 13432:Queen Anne 13261:Royal Navy 12613:Governance 12603:Ministries 12554:Parliament 12130:Volume III 10903:0198269242 10322:Duffy 2006 10237:Henry VIII 10070:Craig 2008 10058:Craig 2008 10046:Craig 2008 10034:Craig 2008 9998:Haigh 1993 9962:Haigh 1993 9950:Haigh 1993 9935:Haigh 1993 9887:Haigh 1993 9827:Haigh 1993 9767:Haigh 1993 9719:Roddy 2016 9635:Haigh 1993 9623:Haigh 1993 9611:Haigh 1993 9596:Haigh 1993 9581:Haigh 1993 9545:Haigh 1993 9518:Haigh 1993 9489:Haigh 1993 9465:Haigh 1993 9395:Haigh 1993 9383:Haigh 1993 9371:Duffy 2005 9344:Haigh 1993 9332:Haigh 1993 9278:Haigh 1993 9230:Duffy 2005 9170:Haigh 1993 9134:Haigh 1993 9082:Duffy 2005 9070:Duffy 2005 9043:Duffy 2005 9031:Duffy 2005 9019:Duffy 2005 8978:Duffy 2005 8966:Haigh 1993 8930:Haigh 1993 8918:Duffy 2005 8889:Duffy 2005 8838:Haigh 1993 8826:Hearn 1995 8822:Loach 1999 8818:Aston 1993 8806:Haigh 1993 8755:Duffy 2005 8695:Duffy 2005 8648:Haigh 1993 8558:Duffy 2005 8546:Haigh 1993 8507:Duffy 2005 8495:Duffy 2005 8471:Haigh 1993 8459:Duffy 2005 8447:Haigh 1993 8435:Duffy 2005 8411:Haigh 1993 8399:Duffy 2005 8315:Duffy 2005 8303:Duffy 2005 8279:Duffy 2005 8267:Duffy 2005 8243:Duffy 2005 8180:Haigh 1993 8144:Haigh 1993 8120:Haigh 1993 8096:Haigh 1993 8048:Haigh 1993 8036:Haigh 1993 8000:Haigh 1993 7940:Haigh 1993 7805:Haigh 1993 7793:Haigh 1993 7781:Haigh 1993 7769:Haigh 1993 7721:Elton 1991 7706:Smith 1938 7691:Haigh 1993 7667:Ryrie 2017 7655:Haigh 1993 7628:Haigh 1993 7592:Haigh 1993 7565:Haigh 1993 7541:Haigh 1993 7457:Elton 1991 7445:Haigh 1993 7421:Elton 1982 7367:Elton 1991 7355:Elton 1982 7319:Haigh 1993 7292:Haigh 1993 7280:Haigh 1993 7241:Haigh 1993 7229:Haigh 1993 7193:Haigh 1993 7181:Haigh 1993 7145:Haigh 1993 7121:Haigh 1993 7085:Lacey 1972 7061:Lacey 1972 6998:Ryrie 2009 6962:Haigh 1993 6950:Haigh 1993 6825:Ryrie 2017 6774:Duffy 2005 6678:References 6668:Haigh 1993 6595:John Cheke 6521:Deut. 25:5 6250:Penal laws 6220:dissenters 6172:Laudianism 6111:Polemical 6001:cathedrals 5391:Background 5285:Joan Waste 5173:Greyfriars 5165:Syon Abbey 5146:tabernacle 5120:, and the 5057:propaganda 5040:Spirituali 4914:Mary Tudor 4760:unleavened 4666:ordination 4614:John Ponet 4602:translated 4590:George Day 4582:John Vesey 4563:Protector 4482:Assumption 4399:godparents 4167:visitation 4146:holy water 4084:Lord Lisle 4068:Wriothesly 4048:Anne Askew 4025:Edward Lee 4013:vernacular 3904:confession 3758:True Cross 3748:Holy Blood 3636:Historian 3617:feast days 3540:vicegerent 3482:cathedrals 3325:praemunire 3257:Parliament 3245:praemunire 3139:Pope Leo X 3124:—entitled 3088:Henry VIII 3002:John Frith 2979:do penance 2968:metanoeite 2896:pilgrimage 2853:Henry VIII 2834:John Colet 2828:, such as 2709:sacraments 2697:good works 2606:Puritanism 2508:in England 2406:Henry VIII 2390:Scriptures 2206:Laudianism 1962:(1749) by 1736:Henry VIII 1597:Sacraments 1419:Conclusion 901:Propaganda 884:Literature 146:Arnoldists 99:Precursors 16815:Headcover 16687:Adoration 16523:Pentecost 16518:Ascension 16477:Holy Week 16428:Candlemas 16399:Christmas 16350:Zucchetto 16225:Vestments 15780:Offertory 15733:Epiclesis 15728:Anamnesis 15719:Eucharist 15498:Structure 15384:Holy Week 15345:Catechism 15287:Eucharist 15257:(Mattins) 15084:Ecumenism 15034:Adventism 15024:Mormonism 14960:Millerism 14955:Methodism 14910:1640–1789 14812:Civil War 14759:Orthodoxy 14714:Huguenots 14696:Calvinism 14681:Eucharist 14676:Orthodoxy 14560:Eucharist 14492:Five Ways 14442:Dulcinian 14395:Pomerania 14321:Gregory I 14165:Vatican I 14155:Modernism 14140:Molinists 14130:Guadalupe 14001:Chalcedon 13996:Ephesus I 13986:Augustine 13862:Apostolic 13845:Montanism 13810:Diversity 13586:Centuries 13512:St George 13283:Geography 13048:1642–1660 12697:1422–1460 12692:1413–1421 12687:1399–1411 12682:1377–1397 12677:1327–1376 12665:1308–1325 12660:1275–1307 12655:1225–1267 12490:Lancaster 12470:Knýtlinga 12374:Civil War 12283:Heptarchy 12122:Volume II 12091:265599728 11981:154848886 11914:27 August 11858:. Hodder. 11756:Guy, John 11187:162188544 11021:Edward VI 10716:154375741 10534:159856083 10082:Heal 2003 9356:Ward 1981 9290:Ward 1981 9254:Ward 1981 6333:Finally, 6160:Charles I 6145:free will 6020:Recusants 5731:Elsewhere 5418:Calvinism 5293:John Foxe 5218:Obstacles 5137:pluralism 5122:Hail Mary 5059:victory. 5008:absolving 4941:Cardinal 4910:Jane Grey 4885:Calvinism 4867:canon law 4863:John Knox 4859:Jan Laski 4801:Anointing 4725:The 1549 4629:loopholes 4525:enclosure 4517:Yorkshire 4499:Rebellion 4383:vestments 4296:Candlemas 4187:rood loft 4108:Edward VI 4033:chantries 3984:of 1543. 3515:Scripture 3275:to their 3262:sanctuary 3233:Charles V 3222:canon law 3205:Leviticus 3171:Henry VII 2914:and keep 2843:ad fontes 2815:preaching 2777:purgatory 2765:atonement 2737:Eucharist 2703:). God's 2701:synergism 2693:salvation 2681:salvation 2433:Edward VI 2353:when the 2272:1700–1950 2224:1649–1688 1964:Canaletto 1844:Ecumenism 1776:Charles I 1756:Edward VI 1623:Eucharist 1449:Monuments 1193:Liturgies 1172:Polyphony 1168:Homophony 1112:Hymn tune 997:Icelandic 978:Norwegian 740:Charles V 726:Criticism 410:John Knox 208:Beginning 156:Ratramnus 52:, Madrid. 40:from the 16927:and its 16899:Koinonia 16860:Theology 16754:Thurible 16699:Ciborium 16581:Festival 16436:Pre-Lent 16418:Epiphany 16365:calendar 16335:Surplice 16295:Dalmatic 16285:Cincture 16270:Chasuble 16056:Crucifix 15930:Crucifer 15790:Oblation 15785:Sentence 15738:Fraction 15723:Anaphora 15674:Canticle 15654:Versicle 15607:Embolism 15550:Glory Be 15518:Antiphon 15508:Alleluia 15467:Marriage 15457:Exsultet 15390:Tenebrae 15379:Exorcism 15243:Services 15176:Theology 15164:Missions 15159:Timeline 15131:Mainline 15079:Pacifism 14928:Baptists 14847:Theology 14807:Puritans 14782:Timeline 14724:Scotland 14652:Theology 14499:Wycliffe 14447:Crusades 14422:Bogomils 14375:Bulgaria 14331:Germanic 14283:Ethiopia 14181:Timeline 13959:Nicaea I 13954:Councils 13886:Irenaeus 13881:Ignatius 13876:Polycarp 13830:Donatism 13825:Docetism 13820:Arianism 13721:Ministry 13507:Oak tree 13465:Heraldry 13437:Georgian 13427:Jacobean 13379:Folklore 13364:Religion 13291:Counties 13229:Military 12623:Medieval 12576:Monarchy 12523:Politics 12475:Normandy 12273:Timeline 12114:Volume I 12017:27752571 11800:(2018). 11758:(1988). 11746:(2017). 11666:Archived 11642:54966133 11592:(1930). 11478:(1996). 11454:(2017). 11425:43918982 11376:(1962). 11291:(1973). 11267:(1952). 11197:(1998). 11071:(1996). 10995:(1970). 10983:(1972). 10890:(2003). 10859:42973872 10795:(1993). 10771:(1996). 10726:(1982). 10627:(2001). 10585:(1959). 10526:24528854 10458:(2000). 10427:24420971 10381:(1993). 10219:Froude, 6350:See also 6288:Anglican 6284:Catholic 6216:Jacobean 6181:Baptists 6077:surplice 6049:Puritans 6014:"Church 5359:Puritans 5351:a series 5349:Part of 5167:for the 5159:for the 5066:and the 5026:Erasmian 4827:chalices 4809:surplice 4793:exorcism 4789:blessing 4476:and the 4454:Apostles 4391:chasuble 4379:collects 4371:Evensong 4353:and the 4129:, to be 4072:Tunstall 3819:land-tax 3163:annulled 3143:Lutheran 3021:heretics 2904:idolatry 2819:memorial 2799:Lollardy 2767:for the 2755:through 2735:and the 2721:Marriage 2685:contrite 2473:and the 2439:. Under 2425:theology 2402:heretics 2361:and the 1939:a series 1937:Part of 1828:Meetings 1615:Ministry 1564:Theology 1538:a series 1536:Part of 1485:Anglican 1480:Lutheran 1279:Sequence 1244:in music 1060:Morality 1052:Pastoral 954:Romanian 915:Scottish 872:Building 851:Woodcuts 524:Slovenia 499:Scotland 285:and his 235:Radicals 137:Piagnoni 128:Hussites 119:Lollardy 61:a series 59:Part of 16953:Related 16810:Fasting 16759:Tunicle 16734:Maniple 16677:Biretta 16624:Angelus 16300:Gaiters 16275:Chimere 16260:Cassock 16215:Psalter 16081:Incense 16051:Crosier 16037:Chalice 15908:Acolyte 15824:Tarping 15802:Preface 15706:Te Deum 15580:Epistle 15555:Introit 15530:Collect 15328:Requiem 15311:Baptism 15169:Martyrs 14965:Pietism 14895:Ausbund 14867:Müntzer 14792:Cranmer 14739:Baptism 14704:Zwingli 14555:Erasmus 14504:Avignon 14487:Aquinas 14477:Francis 14472:Dominic 14432:Cathars 14427:Bosnian 14417:Bernard 14412:Abelard 14385:Moravia 14370:Bohemia 14356:Iceland 14278:Serbian 14258:Georgia 14253:Armenia 14191:Eastern 14092:Jesuits 13768:Gospels 13716:Baptism 13447:Symbols 13374:Cuisine 13356:Culture 13316:Palaces 13311:Castles 13296:Islands 13271:History 13242:Warfare 12593:Peerage 12480:Angevin 12265:History 12203:Vol. IV 11973:2638647 11871:excerpt 11823:excerpt 11179:3679363 11061:4049536 10838:3679281 10407:History 10312:(1985). 10247:(1910) 10239:(1905) 6197:Diggers 6193:Seekers 6189:Ranters 6185:Quakers 6119:, 1647. 6115:with a 6065:baptism 6024:artisan 6016:papists 6009:James I 5671:America 5596:England 5526:History 5297:Foxe's 4849:at the 4736:Zwingli 4682:chimere 4670:deacons 4662:ordinal 4652:at the 4604:to the 4558:. This 4480:). The 4450:Whitsun 4274:Suffolk 4064:regency 3992:. 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