1787:
40:
1607:, which was the opinion of Berenger himself. Others denied any change at all, and resolved all into figure. Yet others allowed a change in part, and others an entire change, with the restriction that to those who presented themselves unworthily, it was changed back again.
1572:
reignited the debate in the name of
Eriugena. During the next 30 years, Berengar was asked to recant his heresy concerning what would be declared the Roman Catholic dogma of
822:
515:
840:
1352:
491:
1699:
1576:
no less than five times including a short spell in prison. He later retired into solitude and made no further pronouncements on the matter.
1786:
1167:
964:
1603:; though they all agreed that the bread and wine were not essentially changed, some allowed it to be changed in effect, though under an
2119:
940:
2136:
481:
2173:
780:
1069:
1162:
1552:
could be excommunicated and exiled or sentenced to death unless they formally recanted their errors. A text by
Frankish monk
1483:
1111:
872:
476:
1027:
973:
1390:
1060:
631:
1631:
criticized the making of this teaching into a dogma as well as some of its metaphysical underpinnings and implications.
982:
887:
2113:
959:
466:
437:
901:
1961:
1692:
1447:
863:
1837:
707:
626:
2058:
1293:
23:
1275:
1116:
950:
945:
674:
510:
1442:
921:
702:
608:
486:
882:
2070:
1685:
613:
417:
282:
1936:
877:
170:
1589:
1009:
813:
603:
996:
935:
743:
688:
506:
442:
1476:
1097:
799:
721:
277:
916:
1951:
142:
1300:
665:
450:
1241:
808:
748:
733:
446:
287:
192:
1663:
1620:
1521:
1405:
991:
906:
896:
853:
535:
1669:
1561:
1537:
1525:
1311:
1257:
578:
553:
530:
501:
496:
357:
1386:
2103:
1994:
1741:
1557:
1469:
1363:
1327:
1195:
794:
785:
738:
728:
525:
471:
461:
300:
230:
225:
113:
2065:
8:
1972:
1941:
1708:
1395:
1227:
1190:
456:
197:
95:
61:
1134:
926:
2075:
1852:
1616:
1585:
1573:
1517:
1263:
1204:
1102:
911:
858:
683:
588:
583:
573:
387:
352:
312:
245:
235:
177:
45:
367:
2108:
2053:
1946:
1847:
1827:
1821:
1751:
1736:
1569:
1505:
1074:
337:
147:
128:
123:
104:
1627:
rejected the theory of transubstantiation in favor of "pneumatic presence," earlier
1564:
in the 9th-Century, had maintained that there was no physical transformation of the
382:
2043:
1545:
1541:
1418:
1317:
1083:
758:
656:
407:
317:
240:
1014:
2014:
1956:
1437:
1423:
1345:
1334:
1218:
651:
598:
593:
563:
347:
332:
259:
137:
1650:
2093:
1978:
1930:
1890:
1814:
1181:
1176:
1125:
753:
568:
412:
402:
397:
377:
249:
220:
215:
152:
2167:
2098:
1966:
1896:
1842:
1628:
1592:
secured
Berengar's release from prison, it is unlikely that it was more than
1459:
1088:
1022:
362:
342:
307:
182:
77:
50:
1596:. The historian Belamine said that the supporters numbered 800,000 by 1160.
39:
2048:
1662:
1231:
1148:
1143:
1037:
827:
392:
327:
187:
1884:
1873:
1832:
1624:
1214:
1032:
558:
322:
72:
68:
31:
1528:, is said to have numbered 800,000 according to the historian Belamine.
1868:
1604:
1509:
108:
1677:
2009:
2004:
1746:
1600:
1593:
1588:, although he later renounced the heresy. Although it is known that
1565:
1553:
1130:
520:
372:
118:
2022:
1999:
1878:
1808:
1730:
99:
90:
81:
1924:
1767:
1401:
1282:
254:
157:
86:
1646:
1644:
1549:
1513:
1520:
in the mid-eleventh century. The
Berengarian sect, considered
1641:
1584:
It is known that an early supporter of
Berengar was Bishop
1501:
2153:
indicate their inclusion to be controversial or disputed.
1548:. Those clergy and theologians whom it judged guilty of
1619:
1540:
held considerable power in
Western Europe during the
1560:, a philosopher-theologian and intellectual heir of
2165:
1244:(retained by Lutherans, mostly banned by Trent)
1599:His followers were divided on the head of the
1693:
1610:
1477:
1531:
2120:Triumph of the Cross (Girolamo Savonarola)
1700:
1686:
1660:
1484:
1470:
2137:Comparison of Catharism and Protestantism
1516:, and opposed the developing doctrine of
1579:
16:Christian faction in eucharistic debates
1707:
2166:
675:Censorship of the Bible § 16th century
1917:
1681:
1673:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
13:
2114:Twelve Conclusions of the Lollards
14:
2185:
1661:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
983:16th century Renaissance humanism
722:Political and religious conflicts
1785:
965:Dutch Renaissance and Golden Age
841:Influence on church architecture
38:
2174:Former Christian denominations
666:Counter-Reformation § Politics
1:
1651:Alien Baptism and The Baptist
1634:
1378:Conclusion and commemorations
1061:Hymnody of continental Europe
974:Folklore of the Low Countries
609:Frederick V, Elector Palatine
272:Theologies of seminal figures
1664:"Berengarius of Tours"
1615:As Berengar left no written
1504:who adhered to the views of
283:Theology of Huldrych Zwingli
7:
1590:Geoffrey II, Count of Anjou
1010:English Renaissance theatre
492:Denmark–Norway and Holstein
10:
2190:
1611:Influence on the reformers
1205:Lutheran and Anglican Mass
1070:Music of the British Isles
997:16th century in literature
2145:
2129:
2086:
2036:
1987:
1962:Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples
1910:
1861:
1801:
1794:
1783:
1760:
1722:
1715:
1431:Calendrical commemoration
744:War of the Three Kingdoms
278:Theology of Martin Luther
2071:Savoyard–Waldensian wars
1952:Johann Ruchrat von Wesel
1532:Classification as heresy
143:Johann Ruchrat von Wesel
1594:political point scoring
1276:First Wittenberg hymnal
734:French Wars of Religion
548:Major political leaders
288:Theology of John Calvin
1621:Protestant Reformation
992:16th century in poetry
795:German Renaissance Art
775:Painting and sculpture
1670:Catholic Encyclopedia
1580:Followers of the sect
1562:Maximus the Confessor
1538:Roman Catholic Church
1526:Roman Catholic Church
1400:Simultaneous rise of
1312:Book of Common Prayer
1112:Scottish church music
1098:Anglican church music
579:Gaspard II de Coligny
554:Henry VIII of England
358:Peter Martyr Vermigli
2104:Jistebnice hymn book
1995:Bohemian Reformation
1937:Mikuláš of Pelhřimov
1742:Gottschalk of Orbais
1558:John Scotus Eriugena
1391:Protestant orthodoxy
1364:Whole Book of Psalms
1328:Book of Common Order
1196:Ecclesiastical Latin
749:German Peasants' War
301:Protestant Reformers
231:Northern Renaissance
226:Bohemian Reformation
210:Contributing factors
114:Gottschalk of Orbais
2059:Peace of Kutná Hora
1973:Girolamo Savonarola
1709:Proto-Protestantism
1554:Ratramnus of Corbie
1396:Peace of Westphalia
1387:Confessionalization
1191:Liturgical Struggle
1117:Normative principle
696:Holy Roman Emperors
645:Counter-Reformation
96:Girolamo Savonarola
2076:Piedmontese Easter
1853:Marsilius of Padua
1586:Eusebius of Angers
1574:transubstantiation
1518:transubstantiation
1301:Thomissøn's hymnal
1103:Exclusive psalmody
859:Metaphysical poets
781:Northern Mannerism
771:Art and literature
684:Anti-Protestantism
620:Electors of Saxony
584:Henry IV of France
574:William the Silent
497:Sweden and Finland
388:Balthasar Hubmaier
353:Heinrich Bullinger
313:Philip Melanchthon
246:Johannes Gutenberg
236:Christian humanism
178:Ninety-five Theses
46:Ninety-five Theses
2161:
2160:
2109:Ecclesiae Regimen
2066:Mérindol massacre
2054:Compacts of Basel
2032:
2031:
1947:Johannes von Goch
1906:
1905:
1848:Matthias of Janov
1838:Milíč of Kroměříž
1828:Arnold of Brescia
1822:Henry of Lausanne
1781:
1780:
1752:Berengar of Tours
1737:Claudius of Turin
1570:Berengar of Tours
1568:. Later in 1047,
1556:misattributed to
1506:Berengar of Tours
1500:were a religious
1494:
1493:
1318:Metrical psalters
739:Eighty Years' War
729:Thirty Years' War
614:Philip I of Hesse
338:Andreas Karlstadt
148:Johannes von Goch
129:Berengar of Tours
124:Claudius of Turin
105:Arnold of Brescia
2181:
2044:Oldcastle Revolt
1988:Sects and groups
1915:
1914:
1862:Sects and groups
1799:
1798:
1789:
1761:Sects and groups
1720:
1719:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1666:
1653:
1648:
1546:Late Middle Ages
1486:
1479:
1472:
1424:Luther Monuments
1419:Reformation Wall
1389:with subsequent
1353:Scottish Psalter
1267:Lutheran hymnals
1168:Calvin's liturgy
1163:Reformed worship
1084:Lutheran chorale
927:Bohorič alphabet
759:Schmalkaldic War
657:Council of Trent
632:John Frederick I
531:Poland-Lithuania
408:Jacobus Arminius
318:Huldrych Zwingli
241:German mysticism
42:
19:
18:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2156:
2141:
2125:
2082:
2028:
1983:
1957:Wessel Gansfort
1902:
1857:
1790:
1777:
1756:
1711:
1706:
1657:
1656:
1649:
1642:
1637:
1613:
1582:
1534:
1490:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1438:Reformation Day
1428:
1379:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1358:
1346:Genevan Psalter
1340:
1335:Souterliedekens
1322:
1306:
1288:
1270:
1247:
1237:
1223:
1219:Paraphrase mass
1210:
1200:
1186:
1172:
1153:
1139:
1121:
1107:
1093:
1079:
1065:
1052:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1001:
987:
978:
969:
955:
931:
892:
868:
832:
818:
804:
790:
772:
764:
763:
724:
714:
713:
712:
693:
679:
670:
661:
652:Catholic Church
646:
638:
637:
636:
604:Gustav II Adolf
599:Gabriel Bethlen
594:Stephen Bocskai
589:Jeanne d'Albret
564:Oliver Cromwell
549:
541:
540:
433:
425:
424:
368:François Hotman
348:George Buchanan
333:William Tyndale
303:
293:
292:
273:
265:
264:
260:Johann Reuchlin
211:
203:
202:
173:
163:
162:
138:Wessel Gansfort
64:
54:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2187:
2177:
2176:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2094:Wycliffe Bible
2090:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2068:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2046:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2015:Czech Brethren
2012:
2007:
2002:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1979:Luke of Prague
1976:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1942:Petr Chelčický
1939:
1934:
1927:
1921:
1919:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1893:
1891:Friends of God
1888:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1818:
1815:Peter of Bruys
1811:
1805:
1803:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1726:
1724:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1705:
1704:
1697:
1690:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1655:
1654:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1612:
1609:
1581:
1578:
1533:
1530:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1434:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1398:
1393:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1349:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1331:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1297:
1294:Swenske songer
1289:
1287:
1286:
1279:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1253:
1246:
1245:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1182:Deutsche Messe
1179:
1177:Formula missae
1173:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1159:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1128:
1126:Anglican chant
1122:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1066:
1064:
1063:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1000:
999:
994:
988:
986:
985:
979:
977:
976:
970:
968:
967:
962:
956:
954:
953:
948:
943:
938:
932:
930:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
893:
891:
890:
885:
880:
875:
869:
867:
866:
861:
856:
850:
844:
843:
831:
830:
825:
819:
817:
816:
811:
805:
803:
802:
797:
791:
789:
788:
783:
777:
773:
770:
769:
766:
765:
762:
761:
756:
754:Wars of Kappel
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
725:
720:
719:
716:
715:
711:
710:
705:
699:
692:
691:
686:
680:
678:
677:
671:
669:
668:
662:
660:
659:
654:
648:
647:
644:
643:
640:
639:
635:
634:
629:
623:
617:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
569:James VI and I
566:
561:
556:
550:
547:
546:
543:
542:
539:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
440:
434:
431:
430:
427:
426:
423:
422:
415:
413:Roger Williams
410:
405:
403:Richard Hooker
400:
398:Thomas Cranmer
395:
390:
385:
383:Thomas Müntzer
380:
378:Hubert Languet
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
304:
299:
298:
295:
294:
291:
290:
285:
280:
274:
271:
270:
267:
266:
263:
262:
257:
252:
250:printing press
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
221:Avignon Papacy
218:
216:Western Schism
212:
209:
208:
205:
204:
201:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
174:
169:
168:
165:
164:
161:
160:
155:
153:Friends of God
150:
145:
140:
135:
126:
121:
116:
111:
102:
93:
84:
75:
65:
60:
59:
56:
55:
43:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2186:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2099:Hussite Bible
2097:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1968:
1967:Lorenzo Valla
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1899:
1898:
1897:Petrobrusians
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1843:John Wycliffe
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1703:
1698:
1696:
1691:
1689:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1672:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1652:
1647:
1645:
1640:
1632:
1630:
1629:Martin Luther
1626:
1622:
1618:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1475:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1460:Protestantism
1458:
1457:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1407:
1403:
1399:
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1089:Lutheran hymn
1087:
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823:Art conflicts
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664:
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633:
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627:Frederick III
625:
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366:
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363:William Farel
361:
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343:Theodore Beza
341:
339:
336:
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331:
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324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
308:Martin Luther
306:
305:
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297:
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183:Diet of Worms
181:
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176:
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159:
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97:
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83:
79:
78:John Wycliffe
76:
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67:
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63:
58:
57:
52:
51:Martin Luther
49:, written by
48:
47:
41:
37:
36:
33:
30:
29:
25:
21:
20:
2150:
2118:
2049:Hussite Wars
2021:
1971:
1929:
1911:1400–1500 AD
1895:
1883:
1820:
1813:
1795:1100–1400 AD
1773:Berengarians
1772:
1729:
1668:
1614:
1598:
1583:
1535:
1498:Berengarians
1497:
1495:
1430:
1429:
1411:
1410:
1381:
1362:
1351:
1344:
1333:
1326:
1310:
1299:
1292:
1281:
1274:
1262:
1256:
1249:
1248:
1155:
1154:
1149:Verse anthem
1144:Falsobordone
1054:
1003:
1002:
846:
845:
834:
833:
828:Beeldenstorm
786:Lutheran art
774:
708:Ferdinand II
695:
694:
619:
618:
418:
393:Menno Simons
328:Martin Bucer
193:Magisterials
188:Luther Bible
133:Berengarians
132:
44:
1885:Strigolniki
1874:Waldensians
1833:Peter Waldo
1716:400–1100 AD
1625:John Calvin
1406:Rationalism
1215:Cyclic mass
883:Anglo-Irish
854:Elizabethan
809:English art
800:Swedish art
559:Elizabeth I
472:Czech Lands
467:Netherlands
443:Switzerland
432:By location
419:Many others
323:John Calvin
73:Waldensians
69:Peter Waldo
32:Reformation
2087:Literature
1869:Arnoldists
1635:References
1605:impanation
1510:Archdeacon
1382:Conclusion
864:Propaganda
847:Literature
109:Arnoldists
62:Precursors
2010:Utraquism
2005:Taborites
1931:Jan Žižka
1747:Ratramnus
1601:Eucharist
1566:Eucharist
1522:heretical
1412:Monuments
1156:Liturgies
1135:Polyphony
1131:Homophony
1075:Hymn tune
960:Icelandic
941:Norwegian
703:Charles V
689:Criticism
373:John Knox
171:Beginning
119:Ratramnus
2168:Category
2023:Piagnoni
2000:Hussites
1879:Lollardy
1809:Tanchelm
1731:Jovinian
1623:. While
1448:Anglican
1443:Lutheran
1242:Sequence
1207:in music
1023:Morality
1015:Pastoral
917:Romanian
878:Scottish
835:Building
814:Woodcuts
487:Slovenia
462:Scotland
248:and his
198:Radicals
100:Piagnoni
91:Hussites
82:Lollardy
24:a series
22:Part of
2151:Italics
1925:Jan Hus
1768:Pataria
1524:by the
1402:Pietism
1283:Ausbund
1250:Hymnals
1038:Revenge
1033:Tragedy
1028:History
1004:Theater
951:Finnish
946:Swedish
936:Faroese
912:Sorbian
536:Ireland
516:Austria
507:Estonia
502:Iceland
482:Romania
477:Hungary
457:England
438:Germany
255:Erasmus
158:Pataria
87:Jan Hus
53:in 1517
2037:Events
1918:People
1802:People
1723:People
1617:tracts
1550:heresy
1514:Angers
1264:Second
922:Danish
907:Slovak
888:German
521:France
511:Latvia
451:Zürich
447:Geneva
26:on the
2130:Other
1258:First
1234:Rites
1232:Sarum
1228:Roman
1055:Forms
1051:Music
902:Swiss
897:Czech
873:Welsh
526:Italy
1544:and
1542:High
1536:The
1502:sect
1496:The
1404:and
1261:and
1230:vs.
1217:vs.
1133:vs.
509:and
131:and
107:and
98:and
89:and
80:and
71:and
1512:of
2170::
1667:.
1643:^
1508:,
1701:e
1694:t
1687:v
1485:e
1478:t
1471:v
453:)
449:/
445:(
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