48:
1484:
2041:
1747:
1544:
4392:
2293:
the
Portuguese forces abandoned Bahia in a convoy of 90 ships. Leaving the frigate ‘Niteroi’ under Captain John Taylor to harry them to the coasts of Europe, Cochrane then sailed north to São Luís (Maranhão). There he tricked the Portuguese garrison into evacuating Maranhão by pretending that a huge Brazilian fleet and army were over the horizon. He then sent Captain John Pascoe Grenfell to play the same trick on the Portuguese in Belém do Pará at the mouth of the Amazon. By November 1823, the whole of the north of Brazil was under Brazilian control, and the following month, the demoralized Portuguese also evacuated Montevideo and the Cisplatine Province. By 1824, Brazil was free of all enemy troops and was
1574:
2202:
1865:
2128:
1428:. Before leaving Brazil, however, the now king John VI named his eldest son, Pedro of Braganza, as prince regent of Brazil. Although Pedro was faithful to his father, the desire of the Portuguese courts to repatriate him (including demoting him from prince regent to governor-of-arms, that is, a mere military commander of the Portuguese Army, no longer holding any political position) and returning Brazil to its former colonial status led him to
1944:
160:
2415:
1317:
3468:
1821:, forced the prince to dismiss and banish from the country the ministers of Kingdom and Finance. Both were loyal allies of Pedro, who had become a pawn in the hands of the military. The humiliation suffered by the prince, who swore he would never yield to the pressure of the military again, would have a decisive influence on his abdication ten years later. Meanwhile, on 30 September 1821, the
2143:. In it, Pedro still calls himself Prince Regent and his father is considered the King of the independent Brazil. On 12 October 1822, in the Field of Santana (later known as Field of the Acclamation) Prince Pedro was acclaimed Dom Pedro I, Constitutional Emperor and Perpetual Defender of Brazil. It was at the same time the beginning of Pedro's reign and also of the
2288:
who were openly mutinous, and although many
Portuguese naval officers had declared allegiance to Brazil their loyalty could not be relied on. The Brazilian Government solved the problem by recruiting 50 officers and 500 seamen in secret in London and Liverpool, many of them veterans of the Napoleonic Wars, and appointed
2936:, p. 4; "Some weeks later he was acclaimed emperor as Pedro I of Brazil. In the terminology of the period, the word 'empire' signifying a monarchy of unusually large size and resources (as in the case of Russia), and this designation avoided D. Pedro's usurping the title of 'king' from his father, João VI."
3196:
The
Brazilian aristocracy had its wish: Brazil made a transition to independence with comparatively little disruption and bloodshed. But this meant that independent Brazil retained its colonial social structure: monarchy, slavery, large landed estates, monoculture, an inefficient agricultural system,
2401:
The
Brazilian aristocracy had its wish: Brazil made a transition to independence with comparatively little disruption and bloodshed. But this meant that independent Brazil retained its colonial social structure: monarchy, slavery, large landed estates, monoculture, an inefficient agricultural system,
2292:
as commander-in-chief. On 1 April 1823, a
Brazilian squadron of 6 ships sailed for Bahia. After an initial disappointing engagement with a superior Portuguese fleet, Cochrane blockaded Salvador. Deprived now of supplies and reinforcements by sea and besieged by the Brazilian army on land, on 2 July
2287:
For the
Brazilians, the answer to this stalemate was to seize control of the sea. Eleven former Portuguese warships, great and small, had fallen into Brazilian hands in Rio de Janeiro and these formed the basis of a new navy. The problem was manpower: the crews of these ships were largely Portuguese
2304:
related to the numbers of, for example, the total of the war casualties. However, based upon historical registration and contemporary reports of some battles of this war as well as upon the admitted numbers in similar fights that happened in these times around the globe, and considering how long the
1918:
his greatest ally. Gonçalves Ledo and the
Liberals tried to minimize the close relationship between Bonifácio and Pedro, offering to the prince the title of Perpetual Defender of Brazil. For the Liberals, the creation of a Constituent Assembly to prepare a Brazilian constitution was necessary, while
1526:
By the mid-16th century, sugar had become Brazil's main export due to the increasing international demand. To profit from the situation, by 1700 over 963,000 African slaves had been brought across the
Atlantic Ocean to work in the plantations of Brazil. More Africans were brought to Brazil up until
1455:
After four years of conflict, Portugal finally recognized Brazil's independence and the Treaty of
Friendship and Alliance was signed between the two countries on 29 August 1825. In exchange for recognition as a sovereign state, Brazil committed to paying a substantial compensation to Portugal and
2217:
Upon the declaration of the independence, the authority of the new regime only extended to Rio de
Janeiro, São Paulo and the adjacent provinces. The rest of Brazil remained firmly under the control of Portuguese juntas and garrisons. It would take a war to put the whole of Brazil under Pedro's
2077:
want to enslave and pursue us. From today on our relations are broken. No ties can unite us anymore". He removed his blue-white armband that symbolized Portugal: "Armbands off, soldiers. Hail to the independence, to freedom and to the separation of Brazil from Portugal!" He unsheathed his sword
1507:
family, and shared and disputed territory. But the Portuguese, like the Spanish in their North American territories, had brought diseases with them against which many Indians were helpless due to lack of immunity. Measles, smallpox, tuberculosis, and influenza killed tens of thousands.
2068:
had annulled all acts of the Bonifácio cabinet, removed Pedro's remaining powers, and ordered him to return to Portugal. It was clear that independence was the only option left, which his wife supported. Pedro turned to his companions, that included his
1856:. The factions, with quite different views of what Brazil could and should be, agreed only on their desire to keep Brazil co-equal with Portugal, united in a sovereign monarchy, rather than Brazil being merely provinces controlled from Lisbon.
2150:
The reason for the imperial title was that the title of king would symbolically mean a continuation of the Portuguese dynastic tradition and perhaps of the feared absolutism, while the title of emperor derived from popular acclamation as in
1448:(currently Uruguay), Bahia, Piauí, Maranhão and Grão-Pará. At the same time that the conflict was taking place, a revolutionary movement broke out in Pernambuco and other neighboring provinces, which intended to form their own country, the
2229:. Forced enlistment was widespread, extending to foreign immigrants, and Brazil made use of slaves in militias, as well as freeing slaves to enlist them in army and navy. The campaigns on land and sea covered the vast territories of
1892:, favoured the Brazilian side and encouraged him to remain in the country which the Liberals and Bonifacians openly called for. Pedro's reply to the Cortes came on 9 January 1822, when, according to newspapers, he said:
1443:
was formed by hiring mercenaries, enlisting civilians and some Portuguese colonial troops. The army immediately opposed the Portuguese forces, which controlled some parts of the country, namely, in the then provinces of
1543:
1806:, to govern Brazil in his place on 7 March 1821. The king left for Europe on 26 April, while Dom Pedro remained in Brazil governing it with the aid of the ministers of the Kingdom (Interior) and Foreign Affairs,
1703:(1803–1815). This had the side effect of soon creating within Brazil many of the institutions required to exist as an independent state; most importantly, it freed Brazil to trade with other nations at will.
2093:
and his companions announced the news of Brazilian independence from Portugal. The Prince was received with great popular celebration and was called not only "King of Brazil", but also "Emperor of Brazil".
4189:
381:
2314:
1914:
Jose Bonifácio was nominated minister of Kingdom and Foreign Affairs on 18 January 1822. Bonifácio soon established a fatherlike relationship with Pedro, who began to consider the experienced
62:, depicting the Cry of Ipiranga on 7 September 1822, with prince Pedro's Guard of Honor greeting him in support while some discard blue and white armbands that represented loyalty to Portugal.
2218:
control. The fighting began with skirmishes between rival militias in 1822 and lasted until January 1824, when the last Portuguese garrisons and naval units surrendered or left the country.
1523:
to administer the entire colony. The Portuguese assimilated some of the native tribes while others slowly disappeared in long wars or by European diseases to which they had no immunity.
952:
4196:
1722:
and integral part of the new United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves, rather than a mere colony, a status which it enjoyed for the next seven years, appointing his son, Dom
2264:
and the central area of Brazil. Loyal militias began insurrections in the aforementioned territories, but strong, and regularly reinforced Portuguese garrisons in the port cities of
1817:
The Portuguese military officers headquartered in Brazil were completely sympathetic to the Constitutionalist movement in Portugal. The main leader of the Portuguese officers, General
1467:
Officially, the date celebrated for Brazil's independence is 7 September 1822, when the event known as the Cry of Ipiranga took place on the banks of the Ipiranga brook in the city of
1676:, signed in the same year, confirmed Portuguese sovereignty over all lands proceeding from its territorial expansion, thus creating most of the current Brazilian southeastern border.
4175:
2970:
2187:
were the first two to recognize the new empire in 1822 and 1823 respectively. These states had traditionally maintained close diplomatic and economic contacts with South America.
4182:
4208:
4005:
1405:, which was then the richest and most developed of the Portuguese colonies. The installation of the House of Appeals and other public bodies of the Portuguese government in
4562:
4477:
4380:
1903:
and remain in Brazil, around 2,000 men led by Jorge Avilez rioted before concentrating on mount Castelo, which was soon surrounded by 10,000 armed Brazilians, led by the
1637:
At the end of the 17th century, sugar exports started to decline, but beginning in the 1690s, the discovery of gold by explorers in the region that would later be called
4411:
2147:. However, the Emperor made it clear that although he accepted the emperorship, if João VI returned to Brazil he would step down from the throne in favor of his father.
2078:
affirming that "For my blood, my honor, my God, I swear to give Brazil freedom," and later cried out: "Brazilians, Independence or death!". This event is known as the "
386:
4216:
395:
1840:
measures among most residents in Brazil (both Brazilian-born and Portuguese-born) rose to a point that it soon became publicly known. Two groups that opposed the
1618:
basin rainforest and conquered competing English and Dutch strongholds, founding villages and forts from 1669. In 1680 they reached the far southeast and founded
1483:
672:
17:
1656:
The Spanish tried to prevent Portuguese expansion northwest, west, southwest and southeast into the territory that belonged to them according to the 1494
3543:
3332:
1822: como um homem sábio, uma princesa triste e um escocês louco por dinheiro ajudaram D. Pedro a criar o Brasil: um país que tinha tudo para dar errado
3108:
1822: como um homem sábio, uma princesa triste e um escocês louco por dinheiro ajudaram D. Pedro a criar o Brasil: um país que tinha tudo para dar errado
1795:
1584:
1367:
408:
122:
2343:
4431:
255:
4421:
2504:
4522:
4333:
2040:
1926:
The prince acquiesced to the Liberals’ desires, and signed a decree on 3 June 1822 calling for the election of deputies that would gather in a
1746:
1649:
saved the colony from imminent collapse. From all over Brazil, as well as from Portugal, thousands of immigrants came to the mines in an early
4517:
1919:
the Bonifacians preferred that Pedro create the constitution himself, to avoid the possibility of anarchy similar to the first years of the
4618:
1231:
2958:
3990:
2509:
1345:
1267:
1257:
1402:
376:
366:
351:
226:
2305:
Brazilian independence war lasted (22 months), estimates of all killed in action on both sides are placed from around 5,700 to 6,200.
2284:
forces, which were loosely besieging them by land supported by newly created units of the Brazilian army, would be unable to prevent.
2164:
976:
2008:
986:
425:
4709:
4568:
2155:
or at least reigning through popular sanction as in the case of Napoleon. On 1 December 1822, Pedro I was crowned and consecrated.
1980:
1869:
1833:. Other decrees that came after ordered his return to Europe and also extinguished the judicial courts created by João VI in 1808.
1818:
1202:
902:
4472:
1439:
that ensued – which began with the expulsion of the Portuguese troops from Pernambuco in 1821 – the
3499:
3472:
2289:
1961:
4704:
4360:
3694:
3649:
1873:
1853:
1672:(1431–1503, reigned 1492–1503) and succeeded in conquering the Banda Oriental region in 1777. However, this was in vain as the
107:
1987:
4015:
3431:
3410:
3391:
3361:
3340:
3316:
3295:
3268:
3247:
3226:
3115:
3079:
3049:
2483:
2070:
1927:
1207:
957:
662:
492:
4587:
1475:
on 12 October 1822, being crowned and consecrated on 1 December 1822, and the country became known as the Empire of Brazil.
3684:
3573:
3213:
2966:
1904:
945:
420:
4610:
4487:
2280:
continued to dominate the adjacent areas and to pose the threat of a reconquest that the irregular Brazilian militias and
1152:
304:
4684:
4579:
4370:
3792:
2163:
According to the Brazilian government and researcher Rodrigo Wiese Randig, the first country to recognize Brazil was the
2060:
on 25 August and remained there until 5 September. While on his way back to Rio de Janeiro on 7 September he received at
1710:
in June 1815, in order to maintain the capital in Brazil and allay Brazilian fears of being returned to colonial status,
1520:
1262:
562:
1994:
1907:. Dom Pedro then "dismissed" the Portuguese commanding general and ordered him to remove his soldiers across the bay to
47:
4326:
356:
4593:
3182:
2027:
1382:
declared the country's independence from the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves on the banks of the
1217:
1147:
1122:
917:
525:
3876:
3634:
1976:
1894:"As it is for the good of all and for the nation's general happiness, I am ready: Tell the people that I will stay"
1457:
1252:
862:
186:
53:
1884:
showed no respect towards Prince Pedro and openly mocked him. And so the loyalty that Pedro had shown towards the
897:
842:
820:
4719:
4699:
3568:
2448:
2394:
2132:
1387:
1338:
890:
743:
570:
517:
465:
179:
4599:
1573:
4512:
4043:
3627:
1965:
1461:
1192:
1127:
825:
800:
667:
502:
485:
277:
4156:
4694:
4319:
4243:
4238:
4151:
3833:
3528:
2196:
1673:
1436:
1297:
1292:
1272:
1242:
1227:
1197:
1087:
1006:
460:
238:
39:
4406:
4103:
3891:
3740:
3533:
1811:
1807:
1449:
1132:
795:
790:
507:
455:
4497:
1503:. The Portuguese encountered Indigenous peoples divided into several tribes, most of whom shared the same
1067:
4441:
4436:
4375:
3980:
3787:
3760:
3750:
3735:
3654:
3492:
1889:
1680:
1606:
Through wars against the French, the Portuguese slowly expanded their territory to the southeast, taking
1511:
Though the first settlement was founded in 1532, colonization only effectively started in 1534 when King
1394:
1011:
927:
592:
103:
4714:
4648:
4098:
3928:
3843:
3828:
2382:
1767:
1758:
1504:
1472:
1421:
1331:
1247:
1212:
1024:
805:
577:
430:
143:
3426:(15a. ed. rev. e atualizada até o governo de Fernando Collor ed.). São Paulo, SP: Melhoramentos.
2273:
1611:
1409:
represented a series of political, economic and social transformations that led to then prince regent
1401:
against the United Kingdom. Unable to resist the invasion, the Portuguese royal family and government
4169:
4123:
4113:
3853:
3777:
3664:
3644:
3563:
2453:
1375:
855:
758:
708:
532:
319:
2105:
2001:
1845:
703:
677:
4679:
4492:
3914:
3674:
3610:
3553:
1711:
655:
642:
2117:
1386:
in 1822 on what became known as the Cry of Ipiranga. Formal recognition by Portugal came with the
371:
4689:
4507:
4221:
4000:
2226:
2222:
2206:
2109:
1954:
1830:
1440:
1302:
1092:
783:
1614:
in 1615. They sent military expeditions to the northwest of the South American continent to the
1500:
1488:
4426:
4010:
3960:
3838:
3782:
3745:
3725:
3720:
3485:
1619:
1237:
1182:
1082:
964:
912:
837:
260:
4502:
2139:
The official separation would only occur on 22 September 1822 in a letter written by Pedro to
1137:
1077:
1062:
867:
4550:
4048:
3975:
3823:
3755:
3622:
2104:
on 14 September and in the following days the Liberals had distributed pamphlets (written by
1657:
1516:
1112:
696:
622:
267:
248:
221:
2053:
1102:
4653:
4365:
4133:
4078:
3950:
3945:
3600:
2201:
1772:
1512:
1162:
832:
813:
3442:
3308:
A fistful of shells: West Africa from the rise of the slave trade to the age of revolution
1765:. The movement initiated by the liberal constitutionalists resulted in the meeting of the
1107:
738:
8:
4457:
4118:
4093:
3985:
3965:
3906:
3797:
3767:
3730:
3617:
3583:
2360:
2140:
1826:
1787:
1762:
1650:
1580:
1558:
1550:
1496:
1410:
1187:
1047:
537:
336:
331:
309:
233:
2355:
1495:
The land now called Brazil was claimed by the Kingdom of Portugal in April 1500, on the
1362:
comprised a series of political and military events that led to the independence of the
1117:
1072:
1057:
1042:
996:
4658:
4233:
4161:
4143:
4108:
4058:
3940:
3886:
3858:
3708:
3689:
3421:
3069:
2397:
recognizing Brazil's independence was signed by Brazil and Portugal on 29 August 1825.
2326:
1707:
1684:
1562:
1532:
1398:
1157:
1142:
1037:
1001:
907:
748:
718:
415:
314:
294:
4482:
1623:
1097:
4638:
4544:
4286:
4279:
4073:
4035:
3896:
3811:
3669:
3639:
3605:
3520:
3512:
3427:
3406:
3387:
3357:
3336:
3312:
3291:
3274:
3264:
3243:
3222:
3178:
3150:
3111:
3085:
3075:
3045:
2479:
2443:
2370:
2113:
2097:
2090:
1920:
1799:
1723:
1719:
1696:
1688:
1669:
1596:
1554:
1379:
1363:
922:
872:
691:
632:
602:
272:
201:
151:
130:
118:
99:
3881:
2499:
4643:
4462:
4068:
4063:
3970:
3863:
3848:
3548:
3326:
3140:
3103:
2428:
2402:
a highly stratified society, and a free population that was 90 percent illiterate.
2184:
2176:
2144:
1417:
to the status of a kingdom on 16 December 1815, united with its former metropolis.
1371:
1052:
478:
346:
126:
4020:
3197:
a highly stratified society, and a free population that was 90 percent illiterate.
1588:
59:
4416:
4295:
4228:
4128:
4088:
4025:
3955:
3538:
3372:
3351:
3306:
3258:
3237:
3172:
3145:
3132:
2473:
2438:
2433:
2365:
2331:
2265:
2210:
2079:
1784:
1700:
1414:
1032:
617:
582:
287:
214:
2179:
in July 1824. However, according to historian Toby Green, the African states of
2064:
mail from José Bonifácio and his wife, Leopoldina. The letter told him that the
1844:
actions to gradually undermine Brazilian sovereignty appeared: Liberals, led by
1829:
directly to Portugal. Prince Pedro became for all purposes only the governor of
1519:. This arrangement proved problematic, however, and in 1549 the king assigned a
4556:
4467:
3868:
3679:
2261:
2238:
2101:
2061:
1864:
1665:
1627:
1607:
1592:
1406:
1383:
1222:
753:
733:
723:
612:
552:
512:
497:
542:
361:
4673:
4300:
4053:
3772:
3168:
3154:
2420:
2172:
1727:
1321:
877:
607:
3278:
3089:
2127:
1464:
and grant preferential tariffs to British goods imported into the country.
932:
3595:
3133:"Brazilian Wars of Independence: Notes on Their History and Historiography"
2152:
1933:
1776:
1638:
1615:
971:
686:
587:
324:
299:
168:
4248:
3042:
Independence or death! British sailors and Brazilian independence, 1822–25
2086:
2057:
2045:
1872:(left) to return to Portugal after his failed rebellion, 8 February 1822.
1468:
637:
4083:
3330:
3260:
A revolução brasílica: o projeto político e a estratégia da Independência
2121:
1893:
1642:
1429:
627:
597:
450:
341:
191:
2242:
2056:
to secure the province's loyalty to the Brazilian cause. He reached its
2048:
after giving the news of the Brazilian independence on 7 September 1822.
4391:
4342:
4311:
3995:
3558:
3221:. Edições do Senado Federal (in Brazilian Portuguese). Senado Federal.
2301:
2269:
2246:
2234:
1968: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1915:
1692:
1445:
991:
776:
713:
1908:
1695:
to Brazil, establishing Rio de Janeiro as the de facto capital of the
27:
1821–24 movement for Brazilian independence from the Portuguese Empire
4253:
2281:
2168:
1849:
1661:
763:
547:
1943:
3659:
1528:
1424:
broke out in Portugal and the royal family was forced to return to
981:
728:
557:
196:
159:
3477:
2277:
2254:
2250:
1646:
4258:
3443:"Argentina, primeiro país a reconhecer a independência do Brasil"
2180:
1715:
1631:
4346:
3508:
3467:
3071:
The audacious Admiral Cochrane: the true life of a naval legend
1803:
1791:
1452:, with a republican government, but it was harshly repressed.
1425:
89:
2120:, sent to the other Chambers of the country the news that the
1706:
After Napoleon's Imperial French army was finally defeated at
1691:) fled across the Atlantic Ocean with the help of the British
3239:
Citizen emperor: Pedro II and the making of Brazil, 1825–1891
2230:
1888:
gradually shifted to the Brazilian cause. His wife, princess
1794:
since 1808, who elevated Brazil to a kingdom as part of the
1557:
to exile in Brazil on 29 November 1807, under pressure from
3386:. Perfis brasileiros. São Paulo, SP: Companhia das Letras.
3009:
2997:
2985:
2221:
Meanwhile, the Imperial government had to create a regular
1825:
approved a decree that subordinated the governments of the
3242:(repr. ed.). Stanford, Calif: Stanford Univ. Press.
2478:(15th ed.). Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
1456:
signing two treaties with the United Kingdom by which it
3110:(in Brazilian Portuguese). Nova Fronteira. p. 163.
1934:
From United Kingdom under Portugal to independent empire
3177:(8th ed.). Boston: Cengage Learning. p. 221.
2393:
The last Portuguese soldiers left Brazil in 1824. The
1798:
in 1815 and who nominated his son and heir prince Dom
4478:
João Lustosa da Cunha Paranaguá, Marquis of Paranaguá
2213:
after the surrender of the Portuguese forces in 1823.
1876:(in civilian clothes) can be seen next to the prince.
3021:
2410:
2260:
By 1822, Brazilian forces were firmly in control of
3288:O pacto imperial: origens do federalismo no Brasil
1796:
United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
1585:
United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
1368:
United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
123:
United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
3349:
2044:Prince Pedro is surrounded by a cheering crowd in
3353:Historia Geral Da Civilizacao Brasileira – Vol. 3
2794:
2792:
2779:
2777:
2656:
2654:
2629:
2627:
2108:) that suggested that the Prince should be named
1775:), that would have to create the kingdom's first
1413:(later king John VI of Portugal), to elevate the
4671:
2833:
2831:
2505:Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database
1911:, where they would await transport to Portugal.
1868:Prince Pedro (right) orders Portuguese officer
2789:
2774:
2651:
2624:
2131:Coronation ceremony of Emperor Pedro I in the
1527:that date than to all the other places in the
4327:
3493:
2828:
2388:
2124:would occur on Pedro's birthday, 12 October.
2082:", the declaration of Brazil's independence,
1783:at the same time demanded the return of King
1339:
3456:(31). Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão: 501–524.
3440:
3419:
3356:(in Brazilian Portuguese). Bertrand Brasil.
3063:
3061:
3015:
3003:
2991:
2945:
2897:
2885:
2837:
2158:
1928:Constituent and Legislative General Assembly
3335:(in Brazilian Portuguese). Nova Fronteira.
4518:Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias
4334:
4320:
3500:
3486:
3285:
3167:
1397:, which had refused to participate in the
1346:
1332:
377:Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil
3144:
3058:
2028:Learn how and when to remove this message
4569:1993 Brazilian constitutional referendum
4341:
3211:
2798:
2672:
2645:
2582:
2558:
2534:
2320:
2200:
2126:
2039:
1863:
1819:Jorge de Avilez Zuzarte de Sousa Tavares
1745:
1482:
3420:Vianna, Helio; Donato, Hernâni (1994).
3400:
3384:D. Pedro I: um herói sem nenhum caráter
3381:
3374:O movimento da independência: 1821–1822
3256:
3130:
3044:. London ; New York: I.B. Tauris.
2861:
2822:
2810:
2783:
2768:
2756:
2744:
2732:
2720:
2708:
2696:
2684:
2660:
2633:
2618:
2606:
2594:
2570:
2546:
2522:
2165:United Provinces of the Río de la Plata
2112:. On 17 September the President of the
1733:
14:
4672:
4361:Brazilian Patrianovist Imperial Action
3235:
2933:
2471:
2190:
1687:in 1807, the Portuguese royal family (
1610:in 1567, and to the northwest, taking
4473:José Paranhos, Viscount of Rio Branco
4315:
3481:
3405:(in Brazilian Portuguese). Objetiva.
3325:
3304:
3102:
3027:
2973:from the original on 28 December 2021
2512:from the original on 27 October 2013.
2073:, and said: "Friends, the Portuguese
1497:arrival of the Portuguese naval fleet
18:Brazilian Declaration of Independence
3377:(in Brazilian Portuguese). Topbooks.
3370:
3067:
3039:
2921:
2909:
2873:
2849:
1966:adding citations to reliable sources
1937:
1738:
3574:Sixth (New) Republic (1985–present)
3507:
3350:Buarque de Holanda, Sérgio (1993).
1899:After Pedro's decision to defy the
1859:
1515:divided the territory into fifteen
563:Declaration of majority of Pedro II
24:
3205:
2300:There are still today no reliable
2089:on the night of 7 September 1822,
1471:. Pedro of Braganza was acclaimed
367:Spanish–Portuguese War (1776–1777)
352:Spanish–Portuguese War (1735–1737)
25:
4731:
4488:Luiz Philippe of Orléans-Braganza
3569:Military dictatorship (1964–1985)
3461:
2171:), in June 1823, followed by the
918:March of the One Hundred Thousand
108:José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva
4624:Prince Pedro Carlos (since 2007)
4390:
3554:First (Old) Republic (1889–1930)
3466:
2475:The New Encyclopaedia Britannica
2413:
2376:
2308:
1942:
1572:
1542:
1315:
158:
125:and subsequent formation of the
46:
4710:1822 in international relations
3236:Barman, Roderick James (2001).
3212:Armitage, João (4 April 2011).
3161:
3124:
3096:
3033:
2951:
2939:
2927:
2915:
2903:
2891:
2879:
2867:
2855:
2843:
2816:
2804:
2762:
2750:
2738:
2726:
2714:
2702:
2690:
2678:
2666:
2639:
2612:
2600:
2449:Treaty of Rio de Janeiro (1825)
2337:
1953:needs additional citations for
1852:), and the Bonifacians, led by
1491:in Brazil, South America, 1500.
4371:Diretório Monárquico do Brasil
3441:Wiese Randig, Rodrigo (2017).
2588:
2576:
2564:
2552:
2540:
2528:
2516:
2492:
2465:
1880:The Portuguese members of the
1378:, the date when prince regent
987:1993 Constitutional referendum
977:Impeachment of Fernando Collor
426:Conquest of the Banda Oriental
396:Invasion of the Banda Oriental
133:(1798–1834; reigned 1822–1831)
13:
1:
3403:Dicionário Do Brasil Imperial
2459:
2197:War of Independence of Brazil
1718:status of Brazil to an equal
1699:during the ensuing worldwide
1478:
1007:Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff
239:Letter of Pero Vaz de Caminha
227:Pedro Álvares Cabral's voyage
40:Brazilian War of Independence
3263:. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva.
3146:10.1590/2236-463331ef00622en
3131:Pimenta, João Paulo (2022).
1759:Constitutionalist Revolution
1450:Confederation of the Equator
796:Constitutionalist Revolution
663:Proclamation of the Republic
508:Confederation of the Equator
409:United Kingdom with Portugal
104:Archduchess Maria Leopoldina
7:
4376:Imperial Patrianovist Guard
4016:Water supply and sanitation
3564:Fourth Republic (1946–1964)
3539:Colonial Brazil (1500–1815)
3286:Dolhnikoff, Miriam (2005).
3171:; Haynes, Keith A. (2009).
3074:. London: Conway Maritime.
2967:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
2406:
2349:
1890:Maria Leopoldina of Austria
1681:French invasion of Portugal
466:Recognition of Independence
456:Declaration of Independence
10:
4736:
4685:Military history of Brazil
4649:List of monarchs of Brazil
4381:National Restorative Union
3544:United Kingdom (1815–1822)
3257:Diégues, Fernando (2004).
3174:A History of Latin America
2389:Peace treaty and aftermath
2194:
898:1964 Brazilian coup d'état
821:1937 Brazilian coup d'état
806:Communist uprising of 1935
578:Liberal rebellions of 1842
431:Constituent Cortes of 1820
4705:Brazil–Portugal relations
4631:
4609:
4578:
4531:
4513:José Bonifácio de Andrada
4498:Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira
4450:
4399:
4388:
4353:
4273:
4142:
4034:
3936:
3927:
3905:
3819:
3810:
3798:President of the Republic
3716:
3707:
3591:
3582:
3519:
3401:Vainfas, Ronaldo (2009).
3311:. London: Penguin Books.
2454:Independence Day (Brazil)
2159:International recognition
2085:Returning to the city of
1854:José Bonifácio de Andrada
1848:(with the support of the
1836:Dissatisfaction over the
1790:, who had been living in
1393:In 1807, the French army
958:1988 Constituent Assembly
903:Vacancy in the Presidency
843:Ousting of Getúlio Vargas
784:Second Brazilian Republic
709:Coffee with milk politics
643:Post–abolition of slavery
493:1823 Constituent Assembly
421:Conquest of French Guiana
113:
95:
85:
67:
45:
37:
4563:Revolta de Ribeirãozinho
4493:Arlindo Veiga dos Santos
3721:Administrative divisions
3382:Lustosa, Isabel (2006).
2946:Vianna & Donato 1994
2898:Vianna & Donato 1994
2886:Vianna & Donato 1994
2838:Vianna & Donato 1994
2472:Benton, William (1977).
2395:Treaty of Rio de Janeiro
1977:"Independence of Brazil"
1712:King John VI of Portugal
1579:Acclamation ceremony of
1388:Treaty of Rio de Janeiro
868:Construction of Brasília
863:Lott's preventative coup
3371:Lima, Oliveira (1997).
2205:Triumphal entry of the
1831:Rio de Janeiro Province
1674:Treaty of San Ildefonso
1666:Bishop and Pope of Rome
372:Minas Gerais Conspiracy
73:; 202 years ago
4720:Independence of Brazil
4700:Separatism in Portugal
4539:Independence of Brazil
4427:Moderate Liberal Party
3877:Science and technology
3559:Vargas Era (1930–1946)
3473:Independence of Brazil
2404:
2214:
2136:
2110:Constitutional Emperor
2106:Joaquim Gonçalves Ledo
2049:
1877:
1846:Joaquim Gonçalves Ledo
1754:
1517:hereditary captaincies
1492:
1374:. It is celebrated on
1360:independence of Brazil
1002:Car Wash investigation
913:Araguaia Guerrilla War
593:Eusébio de Queirós Law
33:Independence of Brazil
4551:Federalist Revolution
3475:at Wikimedia Commons
2399:
2321:In Piauí and Maranhão
2204:
2175:in May 1824, and the
2130:
2118:José Clemente Pereira
2043:
1867:
1749:
1658:Treaty of Tordesillas
1620:Colônia do Sacramento
1595:, temporary capital,
1553:royal family of the
1505:Tupi–Guarani language
1486:
891:Military dictatorship
697:Federalist Revolution
673:Republic of the Sword
623:Revolt of the Muckers
518:Abdication of Pedro I
310:Quilombo dos Palmares
222:Treaty of Tordesillas
55:Independence or Death
4695:Separatism in Brazil
4654:Monarchism in Brazil
3695:World Heritage Sites
3628:Environmental issues
3601:Brazilian Antarctica
3305:Green, Toby (2020).
3290:. São Paulo: Globo.
3068:Vale, Brian (2004).
3040:Vale, Brian (1996).
2969:. 26 November 2014.
2959:"Argentine Republic"
1962:improve this article
1773:Constituent Assembly
1734:Path to independence
1630:region (present-day
1501:Pedro Álvares Cabral
1489:Pedro Álvares Cabral
1462:Atlantic slave trade
1399:continental blockade
1012:Coronavirus pandemic
833:Integralist Uprising
638:Abolition of Slavery
382:Opening of the ports
117:Independence of the
4503:Antônio Conselheiro
4244:Syncretic Religions
4152:Freedom of religion
3834:Automotive industry
2383:Siege of Montevideo
2361:Battle of Itaparica
2191:War of Independence
2116:of Rio de Janeiro,
1827:Brazilian provinces
1622:on the bank of the
1437:war of independence
1128:Rio Grande do Norte
538:1834 Additional Act
461:War of Independence
337:War of the Emboabas
100:Pedro, Prince Royal
34:
4659:Brazilian nobility
4508:José do Patrocínio
4442:Progressive League
4437:Conservative Party
4204:Eastern Orthodoxy
4197:Ukrainian Catholic
3892:Telecommunications
3549:Empire (1822–1889)
3534:Indigenous peoples
3423:História do Brasil
3215:História do Brasil
2900:, pp. 417–418
2825:, pp. 150–153
2735:, pp. 132–134
2723:, pp. 123–124
2711:, pp. 121–122
2609:, pp. 113–114
2573:, pp. 109–110
2327:Battle of Jenipapo
2215:
2137:
2135:, 1 December 1822.
2054:São Paulo Province
2052:Pedro departed to
2050:
1905:Royal Police Guard
1878:
1755:
1599:, 6 February 1818.
1533:Western Hemisphere
1493:
1422:liberal revolution
1390:, signed in 1825.
1088:Mato Grosso do Sul
1025:By federative unit
908:Institutional Acts
791:Revolution of 1930
764:Lieutenant revolts
749:Revolt of the Lash
729:Annexation of Acre
719:Amazon rubber boom
315:France Equinoxiale
295:France Antarctique
234:European discovery
187:Indigenous Peoples
32:
4715:Pedro I of Brazil
4667:
4666:
4639:Kingdom of Brazil
4632:Relevant Articles
4611:Petrópolis branch
4545:Revolta da Armada
4532:Historical Events
4400:Political Parties
4309:
4308:
4269:
4268:
4211:
4199:
4192:
4185:
4178:
4176:Armenian Catholic
3981:Income inequality
3923:
3922:
3806:
3805:
3793:Political parties
3788:National Congress
3751:Freedom of speech
3736:Foreign relations
3703:
3702:
3471:Media related to
3433:978-85-06-01999-3
3412:978-85-7302-930-7
3393:978-85-359-0807-7
3363:978-85-286-0198-5
3342:978-85-209-2409-9
3327:Gomes, Laurentino
3318:978-0-14-197766-9
3297:978-85-250-4039-8
3270:978-85-7302-613-9
3249:978-0-8047-4400-3
3228:978-85-7018-373-6
3117:978-85-209-2409-9
3104:Gomes, Laurentino
3081:978-0-85177-986-7
3051:978-1-86064-060-5
3016:Wiese Randig 2017
3004:Wiese Randig 2017
2992:Wiese Randig 2017
2485:978-0-85229-315-7
2444:History of Brazil
2371:Siege of Salvador
2114:Municipal Chamber
2038:
2037:
2030:
2012:
1921:French Revolution
1697:Portuguese Empire
1689:House of Braganza
1555:House of Braganza
1549:Departure of the
1473:Emperor of Brazil
1380:Pedro of Braganza
1364:Kingdom of Brazil
1356:
1355:
1322:Brazil portal
1243:Jewish Brazilians
1133:Rio Grande do Sul
965:1988 Constitution
928:Redemocratization
923:Brazilian Miracle
873:Legality Campaign
856:Populist Republic
826:1937 Constitution
801:1934 Constitution
739:Taubaté Agreement
668:1891 Constitution
633:Military Question
571:Reign of Pedro II
503:1824 Constitution
416:Pernambuco Revolt
202:Marajoara culture
152:History of Brazil
137:
136:
119:Kingdom of Brazil
16:(Redirected from
4727:
4644:Empire of Brazil
4580:Vassouras branch
4463:Machado de Assis
4432:Regressive Party
4412:Portuguese Party
4394:
4336:
4329:
4322:
4313:
4312:
4289:
4282:
4207:
4195:
4188:
4181:
4174:
4099:National symbols
3934:
3933:
3872:
3844:Economic history
3829:Animal husbandry
3817:
3816:
3714:
3713:
3589:
3588:
3502:
3495:
3488:
3479:
3478:
3470:
3457:
3450:Cadernos do CHDD
3447:
3437:
3416:
3397:
3378:
3367:
3346:
3322:
3301:
3282:
3253:
3232:
3220:
3200:
3199:
3193:
3191:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3148:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3065:
3056:
3055:
3037:
3031:
3025:
3019:
3013:
3007:
3001:
2995:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2955:
2949:
2943:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2907:
2901:
2895:
2889:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2865:
2859:
2853:
2847:
2841:
2835:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2796:
2787:
2781:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2675:, pp. 48–51
2670:
2664:
2658:
2649:
2648:, pp. 43–44
2643:
2637:
2631:
2622:
2616:
2610:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2469:
2429:Empire of Brazil
2423:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2356:Battle of Pirajá
2177:Kingdom of Benin
2145:Empire of Brazil
2033:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2013:
2011:
1970:
1946:
1938:
1860:Avilez rebellion
1660:division of the
1576:
1546:
1531:(and the entire
1521:governor-general
1411:John of Braganza
1395:invaded Portugal
1372:Brazilian Empire
1348:
1341:
1334:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1063:Federal District
681:
486:Reign of Pedro I
479:Empire of Brazil
390:
357:Treaty of Madrid
347:Vila Rica Revolt
264:
256:Brazilwood cycle
162:
139:
138:
127:Empire of Brazil
81:
79:
78:7 September 1822
74:
71:7 September 1822
50:
35:
31:
21:
4735:
4734:
4730:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4680:1820s conflicts
4670:
4669:
4668:
4663:
4627:
4605:
4574:
4527:
4483:José de Alencar
4446:
4417:Brazilian Party
4395:
4386:
4349:
4340:
4310:
4305:
4292:
4285:
4278:
4265:
4138:
4124:Science fiction
4114:Public holidays
4030:
3991:Life expectancy
3919:
3901:
3870:
3802:
3778:Law enforcement
3699:
3685:Water resources
3665:Protected areas
3578:
3515:
3506:
3464:
3445:
3434:
3413:
3394:
3364:
3343:
3319:
3298:
3271:
3250:
3229:
3218:
3208:
3206:Further reading
3203:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3166:
3162:
3139:(31): ef00622.
3129:
3125:
3118:
3101:
3097:
3082:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3038:
3034:
3026:
3022:
3014:
3010:
3002:
2998:
2990:
2986:
2976:
2974:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2944:
2940:
2932:
2928:
2920:
2916:
2908:
2904:
2896:
2892:
2884:
2880:
2872:
2868:
2860:
2856:
2848:
2844:
2836:
2829:
2821:
2817:
2809:
2805:
2797:
2790:
2782:
2775:
2767:
2763:
2755:
2751:
2743:
2739:
2731:
2727:
2719:
2715:
2707:
2703:
2695:
2691:
2683:
2679:
2671:
2667:
2659:
2652:
2644:
2640:
2632:
2625:
2617:
2613:
2605:
2601:
2593:
2589:
2581:
2577:
2569:
2565:
2557:
2553:
2545:
2541:
2533:
2529:
2521:
2517:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2486:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2439:Cry of Ipiranga
2434:Colonial Brazil
2419:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2391:
2379:
2366:Battle of 4 May
2352:
2340:
2332:Siege of Caxias
2323:
2315:Siege of Recife
2311:
2290:Thomas Cochrane
2199:
2193:
2161:
2133:Imperial Chapel
2080:Cry of Ipiranga
2034:
2023:
2017:
2014:
1971:
1969:
1959:
1947:
1936:
1870:Jorge de Avilez
1862:
1808:of War, of Navy
1750:The Portuguese
1744:
1736:
1701:Napoleonic Wars
1624:Río de la Plata
1604:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1577:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1547:
1481:
1415:State of Brazil
1352:
1316:
1314:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1303:Years in Brazil
1287:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1203:Catholic Church
1183:Afro-Brazilians
1177:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1027:
1017:
1016:
948:
938:
937:
893:
883:
882:
858:
848:
847:
810:
779:
769:
768:
744:Naval arms race
675:
658:
648:
647:
618:Religious Issue
603:Christie Affair
583:Praieira revolt
567:
522:
481:
471:
470:
446:
436:
435:
411:
401:
400:
384:
320:Dutch invasions
305:Jesuit missions
288:State of Brazil
284:
258:
245:
217:
215:Colonial Brazil
207:
206:
182:
172:
106:
102:
77:
75:
72:
63:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4733:
4723:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4690:1822 in Brazil
4687:
4682:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4635:
4633:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4625:
4622:
4615:
4613:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4597:
4591:
4588:Pedro Henrique
4584:
4582:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4566:
4560:
4557:War of Canudos
4554:
4548:
4542:
4535:
4533:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4468:Joaquim Nabuco
4465:
4460:
4458:André Rebouças
4454:
4452:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4422:Restorer Party
4419:
4414:
4409:
4403:
4401:
4397:
4396:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4378:
4373:
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4350:
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4261:
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4202:
4201:
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4193:
4186:
4179:
4164:
4159:
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3761:Women's rights
3758:
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3650:Largest cities
3647:
3642:
3637:
3635:Extreme points
3632:
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3630:
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3615:
3614:
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3611:Climate change
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3462:External links
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3169:Keen, Benjamin
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3106:(2021). "10".
3095:
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3057:
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3030:, p. 309.
3020:
3018:, p. 519.
3008:
3006:, p. 518.
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2262:Rio de Janeiro
2195:Main article:
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2102:Rio de Janeiro
2071:Guard of Honor
2036:
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1950:
1948:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1874:José Bonifácio
1861:
1858:
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1628:Banda Oriental
1608:Rio de Janeiro
1593:Rio de Janeiro
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1441:Brazilian Army
1430:stay in Brazil
1407:Rio de Janeiro
1403:fled to Brazil
1384:Ipiranga brook
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724:War of Canudos
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553:Ragamuffin War
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526:Regency Period
521:
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513:Cisplatine War
510:
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498:Night of Agony
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129:under Emperor
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4407:Liberal Party
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4354:Organizations
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4222:Protestantism
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4166:Christianity
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4006:States by HDI
4004:
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4001:Social issues
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3333:
3328:
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3309:
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3255:
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3209:
3198:
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3184:9780618783182
3180:
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3164:
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3127:
3119:
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3017:
3012:
3005:
3000:
2993:
2988:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2954:
2948:, p. 418
2947:
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2863:
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2840:, p. 408
2839:
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2824:
2819:
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2812:
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2799:Armitage 2011
2795:
2793:
2786:, p. 143
2785:
2780:
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2771:, p. 139
2770:
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2699:, p. 120
2698:
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2673:Armitage 2011
2669:
2663:, p. 119
2662:
2657:
2655:
2647:
2646:Armitage 2011
2642:
2636:, p. 117
2635:
2630:
2628:
2621:, p. 114
2620:
2615:
2608:
2603:
2597:, p. 112
2596:
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2583:Armitage 2011
2579:
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2559:Armitage 2011
2555:
2549:, p. 106
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2535:Armitage 2011
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2427:
2426:
2422:
2421:Brazil portal
2411:
2403:
2398:
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2384:
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2380:
2377:In Cisplatina
2372:
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2345:
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2341:
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2316:
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2312:
2309:In Pernambuco
2306:
2303:
2298:
2297:independent.
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2207:Imperial Army
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2173:United States
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2010:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1989:
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1982:
1979: –
1978:
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1973:Find sources:
1967:
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1957:
1956:
1951:This section
1949:
1945:
1940:
1939:
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1499:commanded by
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1459:
1458:agreed to ban
1453:
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1420:In 1820, the
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608:Uruguayan War
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57:
56:
49:
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41:
36:
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19:
4619:Pedro Gastão
4602:(since 2022)
4538:
4011:Unemployment
3961:Demographics
3839:Central Bank
3746:Human rights
3726:Constitution
3596:Amazon basin
3465:
3453:
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3173:
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2962:
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2929:
2917:
2905:
2893:
2881:
2869:
2862:Lustosa 2006
2857:
2845:
2823:Lustosa 2006
2818:
2811:Lustosa 2006
2806:
2801:, p. 61
2784:Lustosa 2006
2769:Lustosa 2006
2764:
2757:Lustosa 2006
2752:
2745:Lustosa 2006
2740:
2733:Lustosa 2006
2728:
2721:Lustosa 2006
2716:
2709:Lustosa 2006
2704:
2697:Lustosa 2006
2692:
2687:, p. 70
2685:Diégues 2004
2680:
2668:
2661:Lustosa 2006
2641:
2634:Lustosa 2006
2619:Lustosa 2006
2614:
2607:Lustosa 2006
2602:
2595:Lustosa 2006
2590:
2585:, p. 41
2578:
2571:Lustosa 2006
2566:
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2554:
2547:Lustosa 2006
2542:
2537:, p. 36
2530:
2525:, p. 97
2523:Lustosa 2006
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2494:
2474:
2467:
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2392:
2338:In Grão-Pará
2299:
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2259:
2220:
2216:
2162:
2153:Ancient Rome
2149:
2138:
2100:returned to
2096:
2084:
2074:
2065:
2051:
2024:
2015:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1972:
1960:Please help
1955:verification
1952:
1925:
1913:
1900:
1898:
1885:
1881:
1879:
1841:
1837:
1835:
1822:
1816:
1780:
1777:constitution
1766:
1757:In 1820 the
1756:
1751:
1740:
1705:
1678:
1670:Alexander VI
1655:
1639:Minas Gerais
1636:
1616:Amazon River
1605:
1581:King John VI
1535:) combined.
1525:
1510:
1494:
1466:
1454:
1434:
1432:and rebel.
1419:
1392:
1359:
1357:
1208:Constitution
1093:Minas Gerais
972:Plano Collor
946:New Republic
838:World War II
704:Belle Époque
692:Navy Revolts
687:Encilhamento
656:Old Republic
588:Coffee cycle
533:April Revolt
444:Independence
443:
325:Dutch Brazil
300:Bandeirantes
169:Miller Atlas
164:
96:Participants
54:
38:Part of the
29:
4621:(1940–2007)
4596:(1981–2022)
4590:(1921–1981)
4559:(1896-1897)
4553:(1893-1895)
4547:(1893-1894)
4366:Black Guard
4170:Catholicism
4084:Malandragem
4049:Archaeology
3976:Immigration
3882:Stock index
3824:Agriculture
3623:Environment
2977:29 December
2934:Barman 2001
2500:"Estimates"
2122:Acclamation
1930:in Brazil.
1761:erupted in
1739:Portuguese
1714:raised the
1683:by Emperor
1679:During the
1643:Mato Grosso
1583:of the new
1487:Landing of
1435:During the
1376:7 September
1273:Transgender
1253:Nationality
1083:Mato Grosso
953:Lost Decade
814:Estado Novo
759:World War I
676: [
628:Grande Seca
598:Platine War
543:Malê Revolt
451:Dia do Fico
385: [
362:Guaraní War
342:Mascate War
278:Slave trade
268:Sugar cycle
259: [
249:Captaincies
131:Dom Pedro I
4674:Categories
4343:Monarchism
4209:Antiochian
4134:Television
4104:Newspapers
4079:Literature
3951:Corruption
3946:Censorship
3871:(currency)
3741:Government
3028:Green 2020
2460:References
2302:statistics
2270:Montevideo
2247:Pernambuco
2235:Cisplatina
1988:newspapers
1850:Freemasons
1812:of Finance
1693:Royal Navy
1685:Napoleon I
1641:, current
1563:Napoleon I
1551:Portuguese
1479:Background
1446:Cisplatina
1113:Pernambuco
992:Plano Real
933:Diretas Já
777:Vargas Era
714:Coronelism
332:Gold cycle
4254:Quimbanda
4249:Candomblé
4119:Sculpture
4094:Mythology
4044:Animation
3986:Languages
3966:Education
3907:Transport
3768:Judiciary
3731:Elections
3680:Time Zone
3655:Mountains
3618:Coastline
3584:Geography
3155:2236-4633
2922:Lima 1997
2910:Lima 1997
2874:Lima 1997
2850:Lima 1997
2282:guerrilla
2239:Grão-Pará
2169:Argentina
2167:(today's
2087:São Paulo
2046:São Paulo
2018:June 2017
1916:statesman
1662:New World
1651:gold rush
1626:, in the
1589:Paço Real
1469:São Paulo
1366:from the
1298:Conflicts
1268:Socialism
1223:Etymology
1193:Animation
1188:Anarchism
1163:Tocantins
1153:São Paulo
548:Cabanagem
121:from the
52:Painting
4600:Bertrand
4296:Category
4234:Hinduism
4183:Maronite
4162:Buddhism
4144:Religion
4109:Painting
4059:Carnaval
3941:Abortion
3887:Taxation
3859:Industry
3783:Military
3709:Politics
3690:Wildlife
3660:Pantanal
3529:Timeline
3513:articles
3329:(2021).
3279:60449716
3137:Almanack
3090:56464583
2971:Archived
2510:Archived
2407:See also
2350:In Bahia
2295:de facto
2274:São Luís
2266:Salvador
2243:Maranhão
2211:Salvador
2062:Ipiranga
1763:Portugal
1708:Waterloo
1612:São Luís
1561:Emperor
1529:Americas
1513:John III
1293:Timeline
1286:Research
1248:Military
1228:Football
1138:Rondônia
1078:Maranhão
1048:Amazonas
997:Mensalão
982:Mercosul
558:Balaiada
197:Kuhikugu
144:a series
142:Part of
86:Location
4280:Outline
4259:Umbanda
4239:Judaism
4190:Melkite
4074:Cuisine
4036:Culture
4021:Welfare
3929:Society
3897:Tourism
3854:Exports
3812:Economy
3670:Regions
3645:Islands
3640:Geology
3606:Climate
3521:History
3190:18 June
2181:Dahomey
2141:João VI
2058:capital
2002:scholar
1909:Niterói
1842:Cortes'
1788:John VI
1720:kingdom
1716:de jure
1664:by the
1632:Uruguay
1587:in the
1370:as the
1218:Ethanol
1213:Economy
1158:Sergipe
1143:Roraima
1103:Paraíba
1038:Alagoas
273:Slavery
114:Outcome
76: (
4571:(1993)
4565:(1902)
4541:(1822)
4451:People
4347:Brazil
4301:Portal
4157:Baháʼí
4129:Sports
4069:Comics
4064:Cinema
3996:People
3971:Health
3864:Mining
3849:Energy
3675:Rivers
3511:
3509:Brazil
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2004:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1975:
1901:Cortes
1886:Cortes
1882:Cortes
1838:Cortes
1823:Cortes
1804:regent
1792:Brazil
1781:Cortes
1779:. The
1768:Cortes
1752:Cortes
1741:Cortes
1597:Brazil
1559:French
1426:Lisbon
1258:Postal
1176:Topics
1108:Paraná
171:, 1519
146:on the
90:Brazil
4383:(UNR)
4287:Index
4229:Islam
4089:Music
4026:Youth
3956:Crime
3869:Real
3446:(PDF)
3219:(PDF)
2278:Belém
2255:Piauí
2251:Ceará
2231:Bahia
2209:into
2098:Pedro
2091:Pedro
2009:JSTOR
1995:books
1800:Pedro
1726:, as
1724:Pedro
1647:Goiás
1118:Piauí
1073:Goiás
1058:Ceará
1053:Bahia
1043:Amapá
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4054:Arts
3756:LGBT
3428:ISBN
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3313:ISBN
3292:ISBN
3275:OCLC
3265:ISBN
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3192:2020
3179:ISBN
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3076:ISBN
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2979:2022
2480:ISBN
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