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616:, can grow large thick shelves that may contribute to the death of the tree, and then feed off the wood for years after. Their hardiness means they are very resilient and can live for quite a long time, with many species even developing beautiful multi-coloured circles of colour that are actually annual growth rings. Polypores are among the most efficient decomposers of
1266:
Binder, Manfred; Justo, Alfredo; Riley, Robert; Salamov, Asaf; Lopez-Giraldez, Francesc; Sjökvist, Elisabet; Copeland, Alex; Foster, Brian; Sun, Hui; Larsson, Ellen; Larsson, Karl-Henrik; Townsend, Jeffrey; Grigoriev, Igor V.; Hibbett, David S. (2013). "Phylogenetic and phylogenomic overview of the
706:
For most declining species the main problem is lack of dead wood in the forest. When suitable tree trunks are too sparse in the landscape, not all species are able to spread to new trunks after old ones have been consumed, causing the population to decline and eventually vanish. Thus, species that
663:
Almost all polypores are dependent on trees for their survival. Deforestation and intensive forest management cause declines in polypore abundance and diversity. For many species the changes can be too much, and they start a slow slide towards extinction. Since most polypore species are relatively
654:
Polypores and other decomposer fungi are the first step in food chains that feed on decomposed plant material. A rich fauna of insects, mites and other invertebrates feed on polypore mycelium and fruiting bodies, further providing food for birds and other larger animals. Woodpeckers and other hole
448:
Structure of the fruit bodies is simple. Effused or resupinate fruit bodies typically consist of two layers - a tube layer of vertically arranged tubes that open downwards, and supporting layer called subiculum that supports and attached the tubes to substrate. In fruit bodies with a cap (pileate
863:
The
Polyporales in the modern sense are not only polypores but also other fruiting body types such as crust fungi, hydnoid fungi and agaricoid mushrooms. The term polypore describing a morphological group should not be confused with the taxonomic groups Polyporales or Polyporaceae of the modern
738:
in Europe. They are good indicators of invertebrate diversity on dead wood and include many endangered species. Polypores make good indicators because they are relatively easy to find â many species produce conspicuous and long-lasting fruiting bodies â and because they can be identified in the
650:
fungi are polypores. These species have lost their lignin degradation ability but are very efficient in degrading cellulose. Brown-rot fungi are prevalent on conifer hosts and open, sun-exposed habitats. The fungal community in any single trunk may include both white-rot and brown-rot species,
890:
but are still considered polypores, since in all other respects they are similar to closely related polypores, forming tough fruiting bodies on the wood. A couple of species where the tubes have not fused together in a honey-comb manner are variably classified as polypores or not (e.g.
867:
Currently polypores are divided into about 170 genera. That number is bound to rise significantly through better understanding of evolutionary relationships between species and through mapping of uncovered diversity in the tropics. All in all classification of polypores is in flux.
293:
297:
295:
291:
305:
Conks, the fruiting bodies of polypores, lie in a close planar grouping of separate or interconnected horizontal rows. Brackets can range from only a single row of a few caps, to dozens of rows of caps that can weigh several hundred pounds. They are mainly found on
296:
232:
Polypores are used in traditional medicine, and they are actively studied for their medicinal value and various industrial applications. Several polypore species are serious pathogens of plantation trees and are major causes of timber spoilage.
742:
The first indicator list of polypores widely used in forest inventories and conservation work was developed in northern Sweden in 1992 ("Steget före" method). "Steget före" list included six polypores in three value classes. In
Finland,
294:
216:
Over one thousand polypore species have been described to science, but a large part of the diversity is still unknown even in relatively well-studied temperate areas. Polypores are much more diverse in old natural forests with abundant
389:
The group includes many different shapes and forms that are common in the tropical forests, including the hard 'cup fungi' and the 'shell', 'plate' and 'bracket' fungus commonly found growing off logs and still standing dead trees.
690:
In addition to the host tree individual, the characteristics of the surrounding habitat also matter. Some species prefer closed-canopy forest with a moist, even microclimate that could be disturbed for instance by logging (e.g.
1012:
have caused poisoning in several people with effects including kidney dysfunction and deregulation of central nervous system functions. Some polypores have been used in ritual and for utilitarian purposes for ages; the famous
1661:
Binder, Manfred; Larsson, Karl-Henrik; Matheny, P. Brandon; Hibbett, David S. (2010). "Amylocorticiales ord. Nov. And
Jaapiales ord. Nov.: Early diverging clades of Agaricomycetidae dominated by corticioid forms".
1801:
Justo, Alfredo; Miettinen, Otto; Floudas, Dimitrios; Ortiz-Santana, Beatriz; Sjökvist, Elisabet; Lindner, Daniel; Nakasone, Karen; NiemelÀ, Tuomo; Larsson, Karl-Henrik; Ryvarden, Leif; Hibbett, David S. (2017).
643:
period 300 million years ago to the evolution of lignin-degrading basidiomycetes. More efficient degradation of wood by fungi meant less plant material (and hence less coal) accumulating in the soil.
913:
mushrooms are a separate morphological group not included in polypores even though they have tubes. Fleshy fruiting bodies with a stalk and microscopic characters separate boletes from polypores.
472:. The tubes offer shelter for developing spores and help to increase the area of the spore-producing surface. Pore size and shape vary a lot between species, but little within a species â some
766:
fruiting body has evolved numerous times in the past. Modern DNA-based evolutionary classification places polypores to at least 12 orders. The orders containing most polypore species are the
988:, the artist's conk, is used as a substrate for drawings. Fresh specimens develop dark brown lines when drawn upon with a stylus. The lines become permanent when the specimen is dried.
292:
895:). There's no clear distinction between polypores and hydnoid fungi - some polypores with irregularly poroid lower surface have been considered both polypores and hydnoid fungi (e.g.
747:
was published in 1993 and widely adopted. Later a similar list for pine-dominated forests was published. Longer lists of indicator species have since been published in Sweden.
318:. Some form annual fruiting bodies while others are perennial and grow larger year after year. Bracket fungi are typically tough and sturdy and produce their spores, called
726:
Climate change may cause a problem for polypores that are already dependent on a few fragments of old-growth forests and may be unable to migrate with changing vegetation.
754:, but not necessarily all. National red lists of fungi typically include many polypores and are used as indicator lists of conservation value in many European countries.
1378:. In Kraus, D.; Krumm, F. (eds.). Integrative approaches as an opportunity for the conservation of forest biodiversity (Report). European Forest Institute. p. 140.
699:
445:). Most species of polypores develop new, short-lived fruit bodies annually or several times every year. Abundant fruit takes place during the autumn or rainy season.
1593:
1504:
Parmasto, Erast (2001). "Fungi as indicators of primeval and old-growth forests deserving protection". In Moore, David; Nauta, Marijke M.; Evans, Shelley E. (eds.).
500:
494:
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Polypore tubes are a honeycomb-like structure, where the individual tubes have fused together. Their sides are covered with a spore-forming surface, the
457:
221:
than in younger managed forests or plantations. Consequently, a number of species have declined drastically and are under threat of extinction due to
484:
spp. are invisible to naked eye with 15 pores per mm. Generally the larger the pores, the larger the spores. A few polypores produce asexual spores (
1952:
Grienke, Ulrike; Zöll, Margit; Peintner, Ursula; Rollinger, Judith M. (2014). "European medicinal polyporesâa modern view on traditional uses".
1098:
744:
1454:(Report). Portland, Oregon: Interagency Special Status/Sensitive Species Program. USDA Forest Service and USDI Bureau of Land Management.
553:
2177:
1310:
Floudas, Dimitrios; et al. (2012). "The
Paleozoic Origin of Enzymatic Lignin Decomposition Reconstructed from 31 Fungal Genomes".
762:
For most of 20th century polypores were treated as a family, the
Polyporaceae. Reconstructions of family trees of fungi show that the
664:
widespread, this process is typically slow. Regional extinctions can happen relatively quickly and have been documented (for instance
569:
2112:
Rai, M.K.; Gaikwad, S.; Nagaonkar, D.; dos Santos, C.A. (2015). "Current advances in the antimicrobial potential of species of genus
624:, the main components of wood. Due to this ability they dominate communities of wood-rotting organisms in land ecosystems along with
535:
687:
of the
Northwestern USA. Both of these species also have a rather restricted range, making them more vulnerable to extinction.
1893:
1868:
1383:
1216:
1128:
439:) that develop on dead wood. Perennial fruit bodies of some species growing on living trees can grow over 80 years old (e.g.
1597:
2013:
Bishop, Karen S.; Kao, Chi H. J.; Xu, Yuanye; Glucina, Marcus P.; Paterson, R. Russell M.; Ferguson, Lynnette R. (2015).
520:
1513:
936:
723:
are dominant species in North
European old-growth spruce forests from Poland to Norway, but absent in managed forests.
671:
Polypores can decline for many reasons. They can be dependent on a single host or a very special habitat. For instance
111:
1542:
1191:
370:. The name polypores is often used for a group that includes many of the hard or leathery fungi, which often lack a
130:
83:
1704:
Ryvarden L, de Meijer AAR (2002) Studies in neotropical polypores 14. New species from the state of ParanĂĄ, Brazil.
1057:, contemporary research has suggested many applications of polypores for the treatment of illnesses related to the
1372:
1145:
2014:
406:
The fungal individual that develops the fruit bodies that are identified as polypores resides in soil or wood as
90:
2159:
1448:
68:
17:
919:
2200:
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fruit bodies) the tissue between upper surface and the pore layer is called context. A few polypores (e.g.
1146:"Four Things to Know about Fungi "Climate Warriors" BU researchers explain how fungi fight climate change"
277:
97:
201:
Most polypores inhabit tree trunks or branches consuming the wood, but some soil-inhabiting species form
1465:
Olsson, Jörgen; Jonsson, Bengt Gunnar (2010). "Restoration fire and wood-inhabiting fungi in a
Swedish
1800:
1002:
Most polypores are edible or at least non-toxic, however one genus of polypores has members that are
697:). Others suffer from lack of open forest-fire habitat in areas where fire suppression is done (e.g.
683:
79:
64:
963:
is another, which is used in
Chinese medicine. They can also be used as a wick in an oil/fat lamp.
2077:
Zjawiony, Jordan K. (2004). "Biologically active compounds from
Aphyllophorales (polypore) fungi".
897:
1618:
Hibbett, David S.; et al. (2007). "A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi".
2205:
339:
57:
2195:
1951:
673:
647:
636:
190:, and they characteristically produce woody, shelf- or bracket-shaped or occasionally circular
2171:
1860:
1853:
956:
713:
461:) also have a core between context and substrate. A minority of polypores also have a stalk (
351:
282:
2033:
1815:
1478:
1319:
1049:
1019:
984:
693:
681:
swamps in the Northeastern USA. Species can be dependent on very old tree individuals like
678:
639:). A 2012 study linked the end of formation of large-scale coal deposits in the end of the
598:
Bracket fungi often grow in semi-circular shapes, looking like trees or wood. They can be
416:
363:
2012:
8:
1204:
1043:
1032:
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441:
367:
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31:
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343:
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1509:
1379:
1345:
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1212:
1187:
1124:
1093:
1025:
968:
882:
628:. Through decomposing tree trunks they recycle a major part of nutrients in forests.
451:
191:
182:, and not all polypores are closely related to each other. Polypores are also called
2045:
1938:
1761:
1691:
1357:
1296:
263:
2125:
2086:
2049:
2041:
1996:
1961:
1918:
1823:
1739:
1731:
1718:
Garbelotto, Matteo; Gonthier, Paolo (2013). "Biology, epidemiology, and control of
1671:
1647:
1627:
1486:
1335:
1327:
1276:
1233:
1087:
1068:
Several species have been studied for their ability to produce compounds with anti-
1037:
960:
829:
719:
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462:
436:
435:
Forms of polypore fruit bodies range from mushroom-shaped to thin effused patches (
429:
371:
269:
210:
206:
655:
nesting birds typically carve their nests in softer wood decomposed by polypores.
2111:
1828:
1803:
1631:
1490:
1118:
997:
792:
711:
with abundant dead wood can be totally absent from managed forests. For instance
703:
in Nordic countries where forest fires are part of the natural forest dynamics).
585:
465:) that attach to the cap either laterally or centrally depending on the species.
876:
Most polypores have a poroid hymenium, but not all species. A few, for instance
209:
are the most important agents of wood decay, playing a very significant role in
857:
845:
841:
833:
816:
510:
2000:
1965:
410:. Polypores are often restricted to either deciduous (angiosperm) or conifer (
2189:
2166:
1433:
1058:
926:
903:
853:
640:
632:
485:
375:
355:
338:. Although the term 'bracket fungi' classically was reserved for polypores,
331:
226:
179:
170:
1331:
734:
Polypores have been used as indicator species of healthy natural forests or
2137:
2098:
2063:
1973:
1930:
1837:
1753:
1683:
1639:
1349:
1288:
319:
1804:"A revised family-level classification of the Polyporales (Basidiomycota)"
1546:
164:
that form large fruiting bodies with pores or tubes on the underside (see
1008:
980:
the Iceman. It has also been used to make a material similar to leather.
849:
768:
480:
249:
1744:
1340:
825:
821:
810:
603:
599:
411:
347:
255:
202:
2090:
2054:
1053:(Japanese Kofuki-saru-no-koshikake). Beyond their traditional use in
1909:
Saviuc, P.; Danel, V. (2006). "New syndromes in mushroom poisoning".
1054:
837:
804:
780:
621:
612:
149:
2170:
1117:
Bessette, Alan E.; Smith, Dianna; Bessette, Arleen R. (2021-09-15).
398:
272:
showing the red bruising, which is one identification characteristic
46:
1675:
1581:
Signalarter. Indikatorer pÄ skyddsvÀrd skog. Flora över kryptogamer
1464:
1370:
1280:
1069:
798:
786:
751:
469:
407:
330:
Because bracket fungi are defined by their growth form rather than
315:
2116:(higher Basidiomycetes) against human pathogenic microorganisms".
1987:
Peintner, U.; Pöder, R.; PĂŒmpel, T. (1998), "The iceman's fungi",
1859:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: The University of Michigan Press. pp.
143:
1717:
489:
222:
1120:
Polypores and Similar Fungi of Eastern and Central North America
977:
2154:
1888:. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. p. 386.
1081:
1062:
973:
910:
887:
763:
617:
607:
414:) host trees. Some species depend on a single tree genus (e.g.
374:, growing straight out of wood. "Polypore" is derived from the
175:
161:
1617:
236:
1023:, notable for its long usage in European folk medicines, and
774:
421:
335:
1883:
1207:; Alexopoulos, Constantine J.; Delevoryas, Theodore (1987).
322:, within the pores that typically make up the undersurface.
1660:
1137:
346:, a well-known bracket fungus, is actually a member of the
307:
213:
and aiding carbon dioxide absorption by forest ecosystems.
35:
1788:
245:, a colorful bracket fungus, commonly known as turkey tail
1211:(5th ed.). New York: Harper & Row. p. 773.
1203:
651:
complementing each other's wood degradation strategies.
1309:
1265:
814:). Economically perhaps the most significant polypores
504:) or without the presence of a sexual fruit body (e.g.
30:"Conks" redirects here. For the British submarine, see
1364:
1144:
Averill, Colin; Bhatnagar, Jennifer (15 August 2018).
1231:
1116:
635:
are known to initiate lignin degradation (i.e. cause
575:
bottom side polypore with pores/tubes clearly visible
2076:
1986:
1908:
1084:, a flammable substance prepared from bracket fungi
1017:was found carrying two different polypore species:
168:for exceptions). They are a morphological group of
71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1852:
1404:MetsÀhallituksen luonnonsuojelujulkaisuja, sarja A
955:Some species of bracket fungi are edible, such as
820:spp., pests of conifer plantations, belong to the
402:Schematic drawing of a pileate polypore fruit body
342:studies have revealed some odd relationships. The
1794:
1528:Karström M (1992) Steget före â en presentation.
1259:
1186:Phillips, Roger (2006), Mushrooms. Pub. McMilan,
745:a list of 30 species for spruce-dominated forests
2187:
1143:
478:spp. have 5 mm wide pores whereas pores of
1711:
1503:
1197:
1508:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 81â88.
1371:Jonsson, Bengt Gunnar; Siitonen, Juha (2013).
165:
2070:
1497:
1172:Ainsworth and Bisby's dictionary of the fungi
2181:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
2118:International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms
1945:
1877:
1850:
1029:, which was likely used for starting fires.
871:
2006:
1902:
1570:. 2nd ed. Suomen ympÀristökeskus, Helsinki.
1225:
1150:The Brink - Research from Boston University
1099:List of world's largest mushrooms and conks
1458:
1182:
1180:
492:) in the upper surface of their cap (e.g.
350:. Other examples of bracket fungi include
2053:
2019:to recent developments in nutraceuticals"
1827:
1743:
1506:Fungal Conservation. Issues and Solutions
1440:
1339:
334:, the group contains members of multiple
131:Learn how and when to remove this message
2165:
2105:
1844:
1446:
584:
397:
288:
276:
262:
248:
235:
142:
1884:Roberts, Peter; Evans, Shelley (2011).
1177:
529:sp. fruit bodies with stalk (Indonesia)
352:chicken of the woods (or sulphur shelf)
14:
2188:
301:Bracket fungus on tree in Tokyo, Japan
205:with trees. Polypores and the related
1434:"æ»ćźăźćă«ăăčăăăš â ééæšĄćăźèČ·ćă§BăăŹă€ăłă·ă§ăŒăăŁăŒăźèČ·ć"
1238:. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 447.
69:adding citations to reliable sources
40:
2130:10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.v17.i10.20
1736:10.1146/annurev-phyto-082712-102225
1583:. Skogsstyrelsen förlag, Jönköping.
1235:Comparative Morphology of the Fungi
1090:have a similar form, but are gilled
757:
606:, or both. One of the more common
24:
1398:Junninen K (2009) Conservation of
729:
25:
2217:
2147:
1415:Gilbertson RL, Ryvarden L (1986)
1373:"2.6 Managing for target species"
1248:Gilbertson RL, Ryvarden L (1986)
991:
325:
2153:
1923:10.2165/00139709-200625030-00004
935:
918:
824:. Other polypore orders are the
568:
552:
534:
519:
382:, meaning "much" or "many", and
153:sp.) growing on a tree in Borneo
45:
2046:10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.02.015
1980:
1781:
1768:
1724:Annual Review of Phytopathology
1698:
1654:
1611:
1586:
1573:
1560:
1535:
1522:
1426:
1409:
1392:
56:needs additional citations for
1594:"Signalarter - Skogsstyrelsen"
1566:Kotiranta H, NiemelÀ T (1996)
1303:
1256:Lindtneria. Oslo, Fungiflora.
1242:
1232:GĂ€umann, Ernst Albert (1928).
1209:Morphology of Plants and Fungi
1164:
1110:
393:
13:
1:
1471:Forest Ecology and Management
1423:Lindtneria. Oslo, Fungiflora.
1123:. University of Texas Press.
1104:
1954:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
1829:10.1016/j.funbio.2017.05.010
1632:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.004
1491:10.1016/j.foreco.2010.02.008
1417:North American polypores 1,
1250:North American polypores 1,
1174:. 10th edition. CABI Europe.
1006:. Polypores from the genus
259:sp.) with a tough, woody cap
7:
2079:Journal of Natural Products
1568:Uhanalaiset kÀÀvÀt Suomessa
1075:
1035:polypores in use today are
976:since at least the time of
750:Many indicator species are
10:
2222:
995:
658:
580:
29:
2001:10.1017/S0953756298006546
1966:10.1016/j.jep.2014.04.030
1530:Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift
1451:Bridgeoporus nobilissimus
872:Delimitation (morphology)
684:Bridgeoporus nobilissimus
34:. For the hairstyle, see
898:Echinodontium tinctorium
700:Gloeophyllum carbonarium
646:On the other hand, most
594:growing on a rotting log
559:Effused fruit bodies of
2178:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1789:http://www.mycobank.org
1332:10.1126/science.1221748
1038:Ganoderma lucidum coll.
950:
945:, a polypore with gills
677:has been found only in
501:Oligoporus ptychogaster
1170:Kirk PM et al. (2008)
893:Porotheleum fimbriatum
674:Echinodontium ballouii
595:
426:Perenniporia corticola
403:
310:(living and dead) and
302:
286:
274:
260:
246:
154:
2172:"Bracket-Fungi"
1911:Toxicological Reviews
1851:Kuo, Michael (2007).
1543:"Steget Före-metoden"
1041:(reishi or lingzhi),
714:Amylocystis lapponica
588:
495:Echinopora aculeifera
401:
300:
283:Laetiporus sulphureus
280:
266:
252:
239:
146:
2162:at Wikimedia Commons
2015:"From 2000 years of
1989:Mycological Research
1855:100 Edible Mushrooms
1722:species worldwide".
1620:Mycological Research
1449:Species Fact Sheet:
1050:Ganoderma applanatum
1020:Piptoporus betulinus
985:Ganoderma applanatum
957:chicken of the woods
930:with irregular pores
694:Skeletocutis jelicii
679:Atlantic white cedar
561:Meruliopsis taxicola
417:Piptoporus betulinus
65:improve this article
2201:Fungus common names
2038:2015PChem.114...56B
1820:2017FunB..121..798J
1778:. Fungiflora, Oslo.
1776:Genera of polypores
1483:2010ForEM.259.1971O
1324:2012Sci...336.1715F
1318:(6089): 1715â1719.
1152:. Boston University
1044:Trametes versicolor
972:) has been used as
966:The tinder fungus (
591:Trametes versicolor
544:Fomitopsis pinicola
442:Phellinus igniarius
314:, and may resemble
312:coarse woody debris
242:Trametes versicolor
32:HMS Conqueror (S48)
1774:Ryvarden L (1990)
1047:(turkey tail) and
1033:Medicinal mushroom
943:Elmerina holophaea
886:, form gills like
878:Elmerina holophaea
736:old-growth forests
709:old-growth forests
668:in North Europe).
596:
541:Perennial conk of
404:
386:, meaning "pore".
303:
287:
275:
261:
253:A bracket fungus (
247:
155:
2158:Media related to
2091:10.1021/np030372w
2017:Ganoderma lucidum
1895:978-0-226-72117-0
1886:The Book of Fungi
1870:978-0-472-03126-9
1706:Synopsis Fungorum
1477:(10): 1971â1980.
1447:Ledo, D. (2007).
1385:978-952-5980-07-3
1218:978-0-06-040839-8
1130:978-1-4773-2272-7
1094:Wood-decay fungus
1026:Fomes fomentarius
969:Fomes fomentarius
883:Lenzites betulina
452:Fomes fomentarius
298:
141:
140:
133:
115:
16:(Redirected from
2213:
2182:
2174:
2157:
2142:
2141:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2074:
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2057:
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2004:
2003:
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1949:
1943:
1942:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1858:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1831:
1798:
1792:
1785:
1779:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1747:
1715:
1709:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1596:. Archived from
1590:
1584:
1579:Nitare J (2000)
1577:
1571:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1545:. Archived from
1539:
1533:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1467:Pinus sylvestris
1462:
1456:
1455:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1430:
1424:
1413:
1407:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1377:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1343:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1275:(6): 1350â1373.
1263:
1257:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1201:
1195:
1184:
1175:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1114:
1088:Pleurotoid fungi
961:lingzhi mushroom
939:
922:
830:Amylocorticiales
772:(genera such as
720:Fomitopsis rosea
707:are abundant in
626:corticioid fungi
572:
556:
538:
523:
458:Inocutis rhaedes
344:beefsteak fungus
299:
270:blushing bracket
211:nutrient cycling
207:corticioid fungi
194:that are called
176:gilled mushrooms
136:
129:
125:
122:
116:
114:
73:
49:
41:
21:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2186:
2185:
2150:
2145:
2124:(10): 921â932.
2110:
2106:
2075:
2071:
2021:
2011:
2007:
1985:
1981:
1950:
1946:
1907:
1903:
1896:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1849:
1845:
1799:
1795:
1786:
1782:
1773:
1769:
1716:
1712:
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1612:
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1527:
1523:
1516:
1502:
1498:
1463:
1459:
1445:
1441:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1414:
1410:
1400:Antrodia crassa
1397:
1393:
1386:
1375:
1369:
1365:
1308:
1304:
1264:
1260:
1247:
1243:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1205:Bold, Harold C.
1202:
1198:
1185:
1178:
1169:
1165:
1155:
1153:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1078:
1055:herbal medicine
1015:Ătzi the Iceman
1000:
998:Medicinal fungi
994:
953:
946:
940:
931:
923:
874:
793:Hymenochaetales
760:
732:
730:Indicator value
666:Antrodia crassa
661:
583:
576:
573:
564:
557:
548:
539:
530:
524:
506:Inonotus rickii
396:
328:
289:
273:
192:fruiting bodies
160:are a group of
137:
126:
120:
117:
74:
72:
62:
50:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2219:
2209:
2208:
2206:Mushroom types
2203:
2198:
2184:
2183:
2169:, ed. (1911).
2167:Chisholm, Hugh
2163:
2149:
2148:External links
2146:
2144:
2143:
2104:
2085:(2): 300â310.
2069:
2026:Phytochemistry
2005:
1979:
1960:(3): 564â583.
1944:
1917:(3): 199â209.
1901:
1894:
1876:
1869:
1843:
1814:(9): 798â824.
1808:Fungal Biology
1793:
1780:
1767:
1720:Heterobasidion
1710:
1697:
1676:10.3852/09-288
1670:(4): 865â880.
1653:
1626:(5): 509â547.
1610:
1585:
1572:
1559:
1534:
1521:
1515:978-0521048187
1514:
1496:
1457:
1439:
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1408:
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1384:
1363:
1302:
1281:10.3852/13-003
1267:Polyporales".
1258:
1241:
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1217:
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1108:
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1103:
1102:
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1096:
1091:
1085:
1077:
1074:
996:Main article:
993:
992:Medicinal uses
990:
952:
949:
948:
947:
941:
934:
932:
924:
917:
873:
870:
858:Trechisporales
846:Gloeophyllales
842:Cantharellales
834:Auriculariales
817:Heterobasidion
759:
758:Classification
756:
731:
728:
660:
657:
633:basidiomycetes
582:
579:
578:
577:
574:
567:
565:
558:
551:
549:
540:
533:
531:
525:
518:
511:Heterobasidion
486:chlamydospores
395:
392:
360:dryad's saddle
327:
326:Classification
324:
267:
171:basidiomycetes
139:
138:
53:
51:
44:
27:Group of fungi
26:
18:Bracket fungus
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2218:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2196:Basidiomycota
2194:
2193:
2191:
2180:
2179:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2160:Bracket fungi
2156:
2152:
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2020:
2018:
2009:
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1614:
1600:on 2014-10-06
1599:
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1549:on 2010-08-11
1548:
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1192:0-330-44237-6
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1073:
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1060:
1059:immune system
1056:
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975:
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964:
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958:
944:
938:
933:
929:
928:
927:Irpex lacteus
921:
916:
915:
914:
912:
908:
906:
905:
904:Irpex lacteus
900:
899:
894:
889:
885:
884:
879:
869:
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861:
859:
855:
854:Thelephorales
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
818:
813:
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807:
806:
801:
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695:
688:
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680:
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675:
669:
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656:
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642:
641:Carboniferous
638:
634:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
614:
609:
605:
601:
593:
592:
587:
571:
566:
563:on a pine log
562:
555:
550:
546:
545:
537:
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528:
522:
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391:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
364:artist's conk
361:
357:
356:birch bracket
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
323:
321:
320:basidiospores
317:
313:
309:
285:
284:
279:
271:
265:
258:
257:
251:
244:
243:
238:
234:
230:
228:
227:deforestation
224:
220:
214:
212:
208:
204:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
184:bracket fungi
181:
180:hydnoid fungi
177:
173:
172:
167:
163:
159:
152:
151:
145:
135:
132:
124:
121:November 2009
113:
110:
106:
103:
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82: â
81:
77:
76:Find sources:
70:
66:
60:
59:
54:This article
52:
48:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
2176:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2029:
2025:
2016:
2008:
1995:(10): 1153,
1992:
1988:
1982:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1885:
1879:
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1846:
1811:
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1796:
1783:
1775:
1770:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1705:
1700:
1667:
1663:
1656:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1602:. Retrieved
1598:the original
1588:
1580:
1575:
1567:
1562:
1551:. Retrieved
1547:the original
1537:
1532:86: 103-114.
1529:
1524:
1505:
1499:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1450:
1442:
1428:
1420:
1419:Abortiporus
1416:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1366:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1253:
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1149:
1139:
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1048:
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1036:
1031:
1024:
1018:
1007:
1001:
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954:
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909:
902:
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892:
881:
877:
875:
866:
864:literature.
862:
815:
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803:
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791:
785:
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712:
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698:
692:
689:
682:
672:
670:
665:
662:
653:
645:
630:
611:
604:saprotrophic
597:
589:
560:
542:
526:
509:
505:
499:
493:
479:
473:
467:
456:
450:
447:
440:
434:
430:dipterocarps
425:
415:
405:
388:
383:
379:
329:
304:
281:
254:
240:
231:
215:
200:
195:
187:
183:
169:
166:Delimitation
157:
156:
148:
127:
118:
108:
101:
94:
87:
75:
63:Please help
58:verification
55:
1745:2318/141097
1341:10261/60626
1252:Abortiporus
1009:Hapalopilus
850:Sebacinales
769:Polyporales
481:Antrodiella
394:Description
368:turkey tail
188:shelf fungi
147:Polypores (
2190:Categories
2055:1822/35268
1787:MycoBank (
1708:15: 34â69.
1604:2014-10-05
1553:2013-04-13
1406:182: 1â51.
1156:1 November
1105:References
1072:activity.
1070:pathogenic
1065:recovery.
826:Agaricales
822:Russulales
811:Trichaptum
752:red-listed
412:gymnosperm
256:Pycnoporus
203:mycorrhiza
91:newspapers
80:"Polypore"
2114:Ganoderma
2032:: 56â65.
1730:: 39â59.
1664:Mycologia
1469:forest".
1269:Mycologia
1194:. P. 314.
1004:poisonous
838:Boletales
805:Phellinus
781:Polyporus
648:brown-rot
637:white rot
622:cellulose
613:Ganoderma
600:parasitic
547:on spruce
527:Polyporus
475:Hexagonia
340:molecular
332:phylogeny
316:mushrooms
219:dead wood
158:Polypores
150:Ganoderma
2138:26756184
2099:14987072
2064:25794896
1974:24786572
1939:24320633
1931:17192123
1838:28800851
1762:30033595
1754:23642002
1692:23931256
1684:20648753
1640:17572334
1358:37121590
1350:22745431
1297:20812924
1289:23935031
1076:See also
799:Oxyporus
787:Trametes
470:hymenium
408:mycelium
2034:Bibcode
1816:Bibcode
1648:4686378
1479:Bibcode
1320:Bibcode
1312:Science
888:agarics
739:field.
659:Threats
581:Ecology
514:spp.).
490:conidia
348:agarics
223:logging
105:scholar
2136:
2097:
2062:
1972:
1937:
1929:
1892:
1867:
1836:
1760:
1752:
1690:
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1638:
1512:
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1348:
1295:
1287:
1215:
1190:
1127:
1082:Amadou
1063:cancer
974:tinder
959:; the
911:Bolete
796:(e.g.
790:) and
764:poroid
618:lignin
608:genera
437:crusts
378:words
366:, and
336:clades
174:-like
107:
100:
93:
86:
78:
2022:(PDF)
1935:S2CID
1861:79â84
1758:S2CID
1688:S2CID
1644:S2CID
1376:(PDF)
1354:S2CID
1293:S2CID
775:Fomes
631:Only
463:stipe
422:birch
384:poros
376:Greek
372:stipe
308:trees
196:conks
162:fungi
112:JSTOR
98:books
2134:PMID
2095:PMID
2060:PMID
1970:PMID
1927:PMID
1890:ISBN
1865:ISBN
1834:PMID
1750:PMID
1680:PMID
1636:PMID
1510:ISBN
1380:ISBN
1346:PMID
1285:PMID
1213:ISBN
1188:ISBN
1158:2022
1125:ISBN
1061:and
978:Ătzi
951:Uses
880:and
856:and
808:and
784:and
717:and
620:and
455:and
380:poly
268:The
225:and
178:and
84:news
36:Conk
2126:doi
2087:doi
2050:hdl
2042:doi
2030:114
1997:doi
1993:102
1962:doi
1958:154
1919:doi
1824:doi
1812:121
1740:hdl
1732:doi
1672:doi
1668:102
1628:doi
1624:111
1487:doi
1475:259
1336:hdl
1328:doi
1316:336
1277:doi
1273:105
1254:to
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488:or
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428:on
420:on
186:or
67:by
2192::
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2120:.
2093:.
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2081:.
2058:.
2048:.
2040:.
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1991:,
1968:.
1956:.
1933:.
1925:.
1915:25
1913:.
1863:.
1832:.
1822:.
1810:.
1806:.
1756:.
1748:.
1738:.
1728:51
1726:.
1686:.
1678:.
1666:.
1642:.
1634:.
1622:.
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1473:.
1421:to
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1334:.
1326:.
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1283:.
1271:.
1179:^
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1964::
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1873:.
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1674::
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1489::
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128:(
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119:(
109:·
102:·
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20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
