Bowfin - Knowledge

859:(in a dormant state) in a chamber 4 inches (10 cm) below the ground surface, 8 inches (20 cm) in diameter, .25 miles (0.4 km) from a river. It was further noted that flood levels had previously reached the area, and receded. It is not unusual for riverine species like bowfin to move into backwaters with flood currents, and become trapped when water levels recede. While aestivation is anecdotally documented by multiple researchers, laboratory experiments have suggested instead that bowfin are physiologically incapable of surviving more than three to five days of air exposure. However, no field manipulation has been performed. Regardless of the lack of evidence confirming the bowfin's ability to aestivate, it has been noted that bowfin can survive prolonged conditions of exposure to air because they have the ability to breathe air. Their gill filaments and 1276:, but also known to be opportunistic. Some common examples of prey include frogs, bass, other bowfin, dragonflies, sunfish, crawfish, etc. Bowfin are remarkably agile, can move quickly through the water, and they have a voracious appetite. Their undulating dorsal fin propels them silently through the water while stalking their prey. The attack is straightforward and swift with a movement that lasts approximately 0.075 seconds. There were also some studies regarding the capacity of the bowfin to survive without food. In 1916, a female bowfin was starved for twenty months. It was the longest period that any vertebrate had been without food, as far the writer was aware during the observation. Some independent studies focus on the bowfin's ability to use organic material as a source of food and studied the structure of the 1411:

rescue and transfer" efforts, or the importance of nongame fish to the ecological balance of aquatic ecosystems. Introductions of bowfin to areas they were considered a non-indigenous species included various lakes, rivers and drainages in Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. Many of the introductions were intentional stockings; however, there is no way to positively determine distribution resulting from flood transfers, or other inadvertent migrations. Bowfin are typically piscivorous, but as an introduced species are capable of being voracious predators that pose a threat to native fish and their prey.

930: 1524:. They were once considered a nuisance fish by anglers and early biologists who believed the bowfin's predatory nature was harmful to sport fish populations. As a result, efforts were taken to reduce their numbers. Research has since proven otherwise, and that knowledge together with a better understanding of maintaining overall balance of ecosystems, regulations were introduced to help protect and maintain viable populations of bowfin. Bowfin are strong fighters, a prized trait in game fish. However, they do have a jaw full of sharp teeth which requires careful handling. The current tackle record is 21.5 lb (9.8 kg) 742: 609: 1513: 738:

the bowfin to withstand lateral bending that puts the column under compression without breaking. This, in turn, allows the bowfin to have more controlled and powerful movements, in comparison to fish that had only a notochord. The bowfin has a rounded heterocercal tail that resembles a homocercal tail. This type of tail gives the body a streamlined shape which allows the bowfin to improve its swimming ability by reducing drag. These types of tails are common in fish with gas bladders, because the bladder supplies the fish with natural buoyancy.

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seven to nine days required for yolk-sac absorption, they attach to vegetation by means of an adhesive organ on their snout, and remain protected by the parent male bowfin. Bowfin aggressively protect their spawn from the first day of incubation to a month or so after the eggs have hatched. When the fry are able to swim and forage on their own, they will form a school and leave the nest accompanied by the parent male bowfin who slowly circles them to prevent separation.

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nudges, and chasing behavior by the male until the female becomes receptive, at which time the pair lie side by side in the nest. She deposits her eggs while he shakes his fins in a vibratory movement, and releases his milt for fertilization to occur. A male often has eggs from more than one female in his nest, and a single female often spawns in several nests.

573:. The chondrocranium layer cannot be seen because it is located below the dermal bones. The bowfin skull is made up of 28 fused bones, which compose the dermatocranium. The roof of the mouth is made up of three bones, the ectopterygoid, the palantine, and the vomer. They have two sets of teeth, including one set of larger sharp teeth coming out of the 558:) that is commonly encircled by an orange-yellowish border, while the female's is black, if present at all. It is thought the purpose of the eyespot is to confuse predators, deflecting attacks away from the head of the fish to its tail, which affords the bowfin an opportunity to escape predation. The bowfin is so named for its long, undulating 1429:(61–66 °F). The males construct circular nests in fibrous root mats, clearing away leaves and stems. Depending on the density of surrounding vegetation there may be a tunnel-like entrance at one side. The diameter of the nests commonly range between 39–91 cm (15–36 in), at a water depth of 61–92 cm (24–36 in). 718:

more active lifestyle. The jaw of a bowfin has several adaptations. The maxilla and premaxilla are fused and the posterior chondrocranium articulates with the vertebra which allows the jaw freedom to rotate. The suspensorium includes several bones and articulates with the snout, brain case, and the mandible. When the jaw opens

485:. Their preferred habitat includes vegetated sloughs, lowland rivers and lakes, swamps, and backwater areas; they are also occasionally found in brackish water. They are stalking, ambush predators known to move into the shallows at night to prey on fish and aquatic invertebrates such as crawfish, mollusks, and aquatic insects. 848:

to water oxygen content and water temperature, as water temperatures play a role in oxygen content. In the lab, bowfin showed an increase in the breathing rate when the temperatures were raised above 10°C. Bowfin also showed an increase in breathing rate when exposed to lower oxygen levels in the water.

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regulation for respiration control. Experiments manipulating the oxygen content, carbon dioxide content, and pH of bowfin extradural fluid did not affect breathing rate, heart rate, or blood pressure pointing to a lack of central chemoreceptor regulation. Instead, bowfin respiratory patterns respond

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are the major support for the body, whereas in earlier fish the notochord was the main form of support. In bowfin neural spines and ribs also increase in prominence, an evolutionary aspect that helps provide additional support and stabilize unpaired fins. The evolution of the vertebral column allows

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Bowfin prefer vegetated sloughs, lowland rivers and lakes, swamps, backwater areas, and are occasionally found in brackish water. They are well camouflaged, and not easy to spot in slow water with abundant vegetation. They often seek shelter under roots, and submerged logs. Oxygen-poor environments

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Research from the late 1800s to the 1980s suggests a trend of intentional stockings of non-indigenous fish into ponds, lakes and rivers in the United States. At that time, little was known about environmental impacts, or long-term effects of new species establishment and spread as a result of "fish

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waters. The fish becomes inactive in waters below 10 °C (50 °F); at this temperature they breathe almost no air; however, with increasing temperature their air breathing increases. Their preferred temperature range is between 12–26 °C (54–79 °F), with 18 °C (64 °F) the

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During spawning season, the fins and underside of male bowfin often change in color to a bright lime green. The courtship/spawning sequence lasts one to three hours, and can repeat up to five times. Courtship begins when a female approaches the nest. The ritual consists of intermittent nose bites,

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to brown in color, often with vertical bars and dark reticulations or another camouflaged pattern. The dorsal fin has horizontal bars, and the caudal fin has irregular vertical bars. The underside is white or cream, and the paired fins and anal fin are bright green. During larval stage, hatchlings

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is usually related to size of the fish, so it is not unusual for the roe of a large gravid female to contain over 55,000 eggs. Bowfin eggs are adhesive, and will attach to aquatic vegetation, roots, gravel, and sand. After hatching, larval bowfin do not swim actively in search of food. During the

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The first fish lacked jaws and used negative pressure to suck their food in through their mouths. The jaw in the bowfin is a result of their evolutionary need to be able to catch and eat bigger and more nutritious prey. As a result of being able to gather more nutrients, Bowfin are able to live a

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on their caudal peduncle, a tan and olive coloration, a shorter anal fin, a more rounded head, pelvic fins at a greater distance from the pectoral fins than in the northern snakehead and the presence of the gular plate on the ventral side of the lower jaw. Another noticeable difference is that

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Another three bones make up the lower jaw: the dentary, the angular, and the surangular. The cranial surface of the skull is made up of the nasals, the antorbital, the lacrimal, the parietal, the intertemporal, the post parietal, the supratemporal, the extra scapular, the post temporal, and the

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The typical length of a bowfin is 50 cm (20 in); females typically grow to 65–70 cm (26–28 in), males to 50–65 cm (20–26 in). They can reach 109 cm (43 in) in length, and weigh 9.75 kg (21.5 lb). Young of the year typically grow to 13–23 cm

639:, and a bony gular plate. The bony gular plate is located underneath the head on the exterior of the lower jaw between the two sides of the lower jaw bone. Other distinguishing characteristics include long, sharp teeth, and two protruding tube-like nostrils. Unlike all of the most primitive 1428:

Bowfin spawn in the spring or early summer, typically between April and June, more commonly at night in abundantly vegetated, clear shallow water in weed beds over sand bars, and also under stumps, logs, and bushes. Optimum temperatures for nesting and spawning range between 16–19 °C

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are the second major occurrence in the evolution of ray-finned fish and today include the majority of modern bony fish. They are distinguished from their earlier ancestors by major changes to the jaws, shape of the skull, and tail. They are divided into three divisions:

1280:. They concluded that it did not benefit from the organic material in the water because the gill rakers were short with blunt processes and a short space between them. Even bacteria could enter and exit through the gill easily. Its structure alone indicated that the 662:

Lateral view of a bowfin skull: The dermal bones that are seen are composed of dermatocranium and cover the chondrocranium which is present but is located underneath the layer of dermatocranium. This specimen came from the Pacific Lutheran University Natural History

513: 512: 509: 926:(teleost fishes). Sturgeons, paddlefish, bichirs and reed fish compose the thirty-eight species of chondrosteans, and are considered relict species. Included in the over 23,000 species of neopterygians are eight relict species comprising gars and the bowfin. 761:. In this group of fish the fins function to maneuver, brake, and for slight positional adjustments. The pectoral girdle of the bowfin has six parts. The post temporal, supracleithrum, postcleithrum, cleithrum, scapulacoracoid, and the clavicle make up the 514: 1267:

Bowfin are stalking, ambush predators that customarily move into the shallows at night to prey on fish, amphibians, and aquatic invertebrates such as crawfish, other crustaceans, mollusks, and aquatic insects. Young bowfin feed mostly on small

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fish native to the rivers and estuaries of China, Russia, and Korea that have been introduced and become established in parts of North America. However, unlike bowfin which are native to North America, the northern snakehead is considered an

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fish native to streams and lakes of North America and Eurasia, is also commonly mistaken for bowfin. Burbots can be distinguished by their flat head and chin barbel, long anal fin, and pelvic fins situated beneath the pectoral fins.

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Bowfin were once considered to have little commercial value because of its poor-tasting meat which has been referred to as "soft, bland-tasting and of poor texture". However, it is considered quite palatable if cleaned properly and

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were once widespread in both freshwater and marine environments across North and South America, Europe, Asia, and Africa. Now, their range is limited to much of the eastern United States and adjacent southern Canada, including the

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bowfin scales do not continue uniformly from their body to their head. Bowfin heads are smooth and free of scales, whereas the northern snakehead has scales that uniformly continue from their body through to their head.

1540:, or in fishballs or fishcakes. Over the years, global efforts have imposed strict regulations on the international trade of caviar, particularly on the harvest of sturgeons from the Caspian Sea where the highly prized 1560:, bowfin are harvested in the wild, and cultured commercially in hatcheries for their meat and roe. The roe is processed into caviar, and sold as "Cajun caviar", or marketed under the trade name "Choupiquet Royale". 808:. When performing low-level physical activity, bowfin obtain more than half of their oxygen from breathing air. The fish have two distinct air-breathing mechanisms used to ventilate the gas bladder. Air breathing 546:

from about 7–10 mm (0.28–0.39 in) total length are black and tadpole-like in appearance. At approximately 25 mm (0.98 in) total length they have been described as looking like miniature

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in the tissues of larger, long-lived predatory fish. When compared to smaller, short-lived fish, bowfin tend to concentrate mercury at higher levels thereby making them less safe for human consumption.

679:) are commonly mistaken for bowfin because of similarities in appearance, most noticeably their elongated, cylindrical shape, and long dorsal fin that runs along their backs. Northern snakeheads are 3460:

Imogen A. Hurley; Rachel Lockridge Mueller; Katherine A. Dunn; Eric J. Schmidt; Matt Friedman; Robert K. Ho; Victoria E. Prince; Ziheng Yang; Mark G. Thomas & Michael I. Coates (February 2007).

4046:"Potential Adverse Socio-Economic And Biological Impacts Of Aquatic Animal Pathogens Due To Hatchery-Based Enhancement Of Inland Open-Water Systems, And Possibilities For Their Minimisation" 1436:

Females vacate the nest after spawning, leaving the male behind to protect the eggs during the eight to ten days of incubation. A nest may contain 2,000 to 5,000 eggs, possibly more.

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Dorsal view of a bowfin skull, showing the pharyngeal tooth patches which are connected to the internal portion of the hyomandibular bone. Acquired from Pacific Lutheran University.

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Fossil deposits indicate amiiforms included freshwater and marine species that were once widely distributed in North America, South America, Eurasia and Africa. Today, bowfin (

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Bowfin reach sexually maturity at two to three years of age. They can live up to 33 years in the wild, and 30 years in captivity. Bowfin may live decades at adult size.

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The extant ray-finned fish of the subclass Actinopterygii include 42 orders, 431 families and over 23,000 species. They are currently classified into two infraclasses,

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act to close the lower jaw. This ability to open and close the jaw helps the bowfin to be an active predator that can catch bigger prey and digest them.

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The lower figure is a skeleton of the bowfin. The pelvic and pectoral girdles are both visible and the axial and cranial elements are also both present.

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originates. The bans imposed on Caspian sturgeons have created lucrative markets for affordable substitutes in the United States including

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event in their lineage. The presence of an intact ParaHox gene cluster suggests that bowfin ancestors separated from other fish before the

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Brownstein, C.D.; Kim, D.; Orr, O.D.; Hogue, G.M.; Tracy, B.H.; Pugh, M.W.; Singer, R.; Myles-McBurney, C.; et al. (27 July 2022).

765:. The pectoral girdle is attached to the skull. The paired pectoral and pelvic fins of fish are homologous with the limbs of tetrapods. 6057: 5640: 6689: 5907: 843:

temperature of maximum activity. Air breathing is at a maximum in the range 18.4–29.6 °C (65.1–85.3 °F). Bowfin do not use

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connected from the foregut to the gas bladder. They can break the surface to gulp air, which allows them to survive conditions of

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Kanae Kikugawa; Kazutaka Katoh; Shigehiro Kuraku; Hiroshi Sakurai; Osamu Ishida; Naoyuki Iwabe; Takashi Miyata (March 11, 2004).

3584:"A Phylogenomic Perspective on the Radiation of Ray-Finned Fish Based upon Targeted Sequencing of Ultraconserved Elements (UCEs)" 2467: 1915: 1483:). These small crustaceans infest the skin and bases of fins, with consequences ranging from slowed growth to death. The mollusk 585:

bone, is made up of pharyngeal tooth patches, which are used for sorting out nutrients and grinding down larger pieces of food.

5338: 624:" because they retained some of the primitive characters common to their ancestors, including a modified (rounded externally) 4142: 4116: 4089: 3999: 3923: 3853: 3168: 3051: 2991: 2930: 2548: 2490: 2234: 2020: 1960: 6524: 6581: 3106:

Horn, M. H.; Riggs, C. (1973). "Effects of Temperature and Light on the Rate of Air Breathing of the Bowfin, Amia calva".

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are short with blunt processes and with a small space in between them. They are connected to the gill arch of the gills.

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are rigid in structure which helps prevent the lamellae from collapsing and aids gas exchange even during air exposure.

4231: 4176: 835:(low-oxygen) conditions. Bowfin air breath more frequently when they are in darkness, and correspondingly more active. 4515:"Characterization of insulins and proglucagon-derived peptides from a phylogenetically ancient fish, the paddlefish: 4211: 4152: 3730: 3360: 3333: 3198: 2425: 2163: 1588:, there are posted signs with warnings about the consumption of fish caught in those areas. Concentration of mercury 911:

analyses, in an independent study of fossil and extant fish, and in an analysis of ultraconserved genomic elements.

6694: 6633: 2507: 2620: 6704: 6573: 5420: 4562:"Structure and biological activity of glucagon and glucagon-like peptide from a primitive bony fish, the bowfin: 4351: 1489:

lays eggs in the bowfin gills, that are then externally fertilized by sperm passing in the water flow. The small

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appeared. Bowfin are thus possibly a better model to study vertebrate genome organization than common teleost

887:, a group that includes many extinct species in several families. Halecomorphs were generally accepted as the 6651: 4409: 1677: 4683: 4646: 3237: 1331:, and their range is restricted to freshwater environments in North America, including much of the eastern 719: 4337: 3535: 1736: 1568:

In some areas of the United States where aquatic environments have tested positive for elevated levels of

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that would be lethal to most other species. The bowfin is long-lived, with age up to 33 years reported.

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bones to grasp and control the prey. The other set of teeth, located posteriorly and connected to the

6638: 2948:"The contribution of air breathing to aerobic scope and exercise performance in the banded knifefish 860: 754: 2946:

McKenzie, David J.; Steffensen, John F.; Taylor, Edwin W. & Abe, Augusto S. (19 December 2011).

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Like gars, bowfin are bimodal breathers—they have the capacity to breathe both water and air. Their

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Lackmann, Alec R.; Bielak-Lackmann, Ewelina S.; Butler, Malcolm G.; Clark, Mark E. (2022-08-23).

813: 741: 501: 113: 6612: 3413:"The oldest ionoscopiform from China sheds new light on the early evolution of halecomorph fish" 2590: 6547: 6511: 6368: 3947: 3325: 1395: 844: 827:

air breaths are inhalation alone, which is believed to regulate gas bladder volume, to control

800:, to "breath" in two ways: they can extract oxygen from the water when breathing through their 3720: 3350: 589:

opercular. The entirety of the skull is attached to the girdle through another set of bones.

6607: 5324: 4106: 4079: 3991: 3913: 3843: 3562: 3041: 2538: 2277:"The Morphology of the Petrosal Bone and of the Sphenoidal Region of the Skull of Amia Calva" 2224: 2186: 2151: 2010: 1950: 879:

and relatives, including their relationship among basal extant teleosts, and organization of

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consisting of 145 to 250 rays that runs from the middle of the back to the base of the tail.

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as it passes up the food chain from organisms on lower trophic levels to apex predators. It

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and environmentally harmful there. Some contrasting differences in bowfin include a black

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that serves to maintain buoyancy, and also allows them to breathe air by means of a small

8: 6679: 5589: 4961: 2727:"Bowfin vs Snakehead 101: How to tell the difference between these two fish | Wild Hydro" 1708: 1549: 832: 608: 58: 24: 3763: 3599: 3519:"Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis reveals the pattern and tempo of bony fish evolution" 3278: 2370: 2323: 2276: 1858: 734: 5178: 5103: 5057: 4908: 4590: 4561: 4543: 4514: 4496: 4467: 4454: 4321: 3894: 3782: 3747: 3618: 3583: 3545: 3518: 3494: 3481: 3461: 3437: 3412: 3393: 3298: 3131: 3123: 2917:. Advances in Comparative and Environmental Physiology. Vol. 6. pp. 279–345. 2873: 2805:. Fish / Biol 311 (class notes). Biology of Fish. Seattle, WA: University of Washington 2748: 2443: 2398: 2351: 2304: 1921:. Wisconsin State Department of Natural Resources. University of Wisconsin. p. 254 1883: 1842: 1818: 1805: 1768: 1383: 1336: 1300: 812:

is consistent with the action of exhale / inhale exchange, stimulated by either air or

672: 246: 108: 6342: 4468:"Structure and receptor-binding activity of insulin from a holostean fish, the bowfin: 4380: 3696: 3669: 3376:

Arratia, Gloria (2001). "The Sister-Group of Teleostei: Consensus And Disagreements".

648: 6594: 6441: 6336: 5273: 4880: 4872: 4595: 4548: 4501: 4446: 4207: 4148: 4112: 4085: 3995: 3984: 3919: 3849: 3806: 3787: 3726: 3701: 3647:"SUBCLASS ACTINOPTERYGII: RELICT SPECIES OF RAY-FINNED FISH & ORIGIN OF TELEOSTS" 3623: 3550: 3499: 3442: 3356: 3329: 3318: 3290: 3194: 3164: 3088: 3047: 2973: 2926: 2854: 2544: 2486: 2431: 2421: 2390: 2343: 2296: 2250: 2230: 2159: 2016: 1956: 1888: 1870: 1822: 1810: 1629: 1387: 1363: 689: 644: 551: 470: 4045: 3397: 3302: 3135: 2648:"Northern Snakehead Fish, Invasive Species, May Not Be As Bad As Originally Thought" 5283: 5258: 5143: 5108: 4913: 4857: 4813: 4784: 4585: 4577: 4538: 4530: 4491: 4483: 4458: 4436: 4428: 3886: 3777: 3767: 3691: 3681: 3613: 3603: 3540: 3530: 3489: 3473: 3432: 3424: 3385: 3282: 3184: 3156: 3115: 3080: 2963: 2918: 2910: 2844: 2589:

Fuller, P.L; Benson, A.J.; Nunez, G.; Fusaro, A.; Neilson, M. (31 December 2019) .

2382: 2335: 2288: 1878: 1862: 1800: 1790: 1647: 1606: 1512: 1452: 1187: 966: 938: 852: 730: 685: 640: 429: 6446: 3069:"An Examination of Central Chemosensitivity in an Air-Breathing Fish (Amia Calva)" 2537:

Gene Helfman; Bruce B. Collette; Douglas E. Facey; Brian W. Bowen (3 April 2009).

6348: 5819: 5612: 5293: 5233: 5193: 5133: 5090: 4969: 4663: 3870: 3670:"Basal jawed vertebrate phylogeny inferred from multiple nuclear DNA-coded genes" 3608: 3228: 1573: 1545: 993: 900: 762: 555: 533: 3745: 2922: 831:. Bimodal respiration helps bowfin survive and maintain their metabolic rate in 592: 5669: 5543: 5405: 5377: 5173: 5148: 5118: 5065: 5037: 5027: 5018: 4951: 4943: 4885: 4700: 4641: 1537: 1529: 1379: 1371: 1359: 1340: 1304: 1240: 805: 789: 750: 621: 570: 566: 497: 482: 466: 452:, commonly found throughout much of the eastern United States, and in southern 416: 412: 404: 155: 3160: 2371:"The Homologies of the Occipital and First Spinal Nerves of Amia and Teleosts" 1785: 6668: 6532: 6420: 6391: 6213: 5892: 5870: 5767: 5745: 5198: 5188: 5158: 5138: 5113: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4731: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4128: 3355:. Vol. 1: Petromyzontidae to Catostomidae. JHU Press. pp. 288–289. 3092: 2726: 2435: 2394: 2347: 2300: 1976: 1874: 1638: 1593: 1541: 1332: 1324: 793: 617: 542: 541:

The body of the bowfin is elongated and cylindrical, with the sides and back

445: 78: 73: 3772: 1255: 804:, but can also break the water's surface to breathe or gulp air through the 5997: 5990: 5983: 5847: 5738: 5704: 5690: 5511: 5489: 5459: 5347: 5263: 5218: 5203: 5183: 5168: 5098: 5042: 5032: 5007: 5002: 4903: 4737: 4235: 4180: 3791: 3705: 3627: 3554: 3503: 3477: 3446: 3428: 3294: 3215: 3067:

HEDRICK, M. S.; BURLESON, M. L.; JONES, D. R.; MILSOM, W. K. (1991-01-01).

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from Quebec to northern Minnesota, the St. Lawrence-Great Lakes, including

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exchange gases in the water allowing them to breathe, but they also have a

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Gene Helfman; Bruce B. Collette; Douglas E. Facey; Brian W. Bowen (2009).

3084: 2913:(1990). "Control and Co-Ordination of Gas Exchange in Bimodal Breathers". 2858: 6555: 6493: 6400: 6193: 6136: 5804: 5796: 5553: 5432: 5383: 5288: 5248: 5213: 5128: 5123: 5075: 4984: 4847: 4839: 4795: 4776: 4766: 4441: 2849: 2828: 2054:(Thesis). Thibodaux, Louisiana: Nicholls State University. Archived from 1476: 1460: 1375: 1352: 1273: 1269: 957: 934: 923: 915: 896: 856: 758: 632: 600: 493: 474: 198: 3485: 3410: 3068: 2044:

Reproductive Biology, Life History and Population Structure of a Bowfin

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Thomas, Chad; Bonner, Timothy; Whiteside, Timothy H. (18 June 2007).

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Primary aquatic animal health care in rural, small-scale, aquaculture

2324:"The Early Stages in the Development of the Hypophysis of Amia Calva" 1557: 1490: 1485: 1437: 1328: 1244: 1227:

fish, which have a fragmented ParaHox cluster, probably because of a

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Drawing of a bowfin skull showing the bony plates protecting the head

489: 449: 125: 6362: 3890: 3748:"Breakup of a homeobox cluster after genome duplication in teleosts" 3236:(Report). University of Florida. pp. 117, 8–pdf. Archived from 3119: 2386: 2339: 2292: 1292: 907:

Holostei. Monophyletic Holostei were also recovered by at least two

6467: 6385: 6253: 6233: 6203: 6166: 6120: 5605: 5389: 5371: 5163: 5153: 4994: 4805: 4719: 4234:. New York Department of Environmental Conservation. Archived from 4179:. New York Department of Environmental Conservation. Archived from 3213: 1985: 1713: 1581: 1553: 1501: 1472: 1323:) are the only remaining species in the order Amiiformes; they are 828: 797: 773: 722:

lift the chondrocranium, which is attached to the upper jaw, while

705: 574: 438: 237: 145: 4513:

Nguyen, T. M.; Mommsen, T. P.; Mims, S. M.; Conlon, J. M. (1994).

3348: 1840: 903:, a different result was produced with fossil taxa which showed a 433:, the eyespot bowfin. The closest living relatives of bowfins are 6646: 6263: 6184: 6173: 6098: 5942: 4933: 4829: 4043: 1577: 1521: 1344: 1308: 1236: 1224: 1209: 652: 453: 188: 3911: 1948: 1315:, westward around Great Lakes in southern Ontario into Minnesota 375:) is a bony fish, native to North America. Common names include 6459: 5365: 5316: 4755: 4713: 1585: 1569: 1358:

Historically, their distribution in North America included the

1348: 1312: 1216: 1205: 817: 697: 457: 135: 44: 3229:

Wolfgang J. Plunk; Peter B. Bayley; Richard E. Sparks (1989).

712: 6620: 5662: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4067: 3746:

Mulley, John F.; Chiu, Chi-hua; Holland, Peter W. H. (2006).

2829:"Control of gill ventilation and air-breathing in the bowfin 1520:

As a sport fish, bowfin are not considered desirable to many

1399: 880: 801: 733:

in bowfin is ossified and in comparison to earlier fish, the

4698: 4286:"Choupique may be a trash fish for some, treasure to others" 565:

The skull of the bowfin is made of two layers of skull, the

4277: 3390:

10.1671/0272-4634(2001)021[0767:TSGOTC]2.0.CO;2

2418:

Vertebrates : comparative anatomy, function, evolution

899:

clades was produced in morphology-based analyses of extant

839: 4379:. North Carolina Division of Public Health. Archived from 4064: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3066: 2746: 2465: 1420:

can be tolerated because of their ability to breathe air.

4862: 4104: 3411:

Guang-Hui Xu; Li-Jun Zhao; Michael I. Coates (May 2014).

2749:"Snakehead, Bowfin, or Burbot — Know the difference" 1729: 970: 895:

but not without question. While a halecostome pattern of

658: 434: 4366: 3739: 3218:. Florida State Museum Biological Sciences. p. 183. 2826: 2036: 2034: 2032: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1769:"Hidden species diversity in a living fossil vertebrate" 969: – the relict gars which include extant species of 537:

Diagram showing fins and eyespot of a bowfin, USF&WS

4512: 3824: 3466:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

2588: 3905: 3320:

The Diversity of Fish: Biology, Evolution, and Ecology

2679:

Alerts and Notifications, event calendar press release

2540:

The Diversity of Fish: Biology, Evolution, and Ecology

2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1299:

distribution in the eastern U.S., as well as from the

4560:

Conlon, J. M.; Youson, J. H.; Mommsen, T. P. (1993).

4465: 4261:. International Game Fish Association. Archived from 4195: 4140: 3536:

10.1371/currents.tol.2ca8041495ffafd0c92756e75247483e

2784:

Vertebrates: Comparative anatomy, function, evolution

2029: 1933: 1766: 16:

Bony fish related to gars in the infraclass Holosteii

6309: 6299: 6289: 6279: 6269: 6259: 6249: 6239: 6229: 6219: 6209: 6199: 6147: 6132: 6041: 5722: 5586: 5571: 5560: 5549: 5539: 5528: 4335: 4329: 4168: 3862: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2099:

Ichthyology at the Florida Museum of Natural History

1007:

from which modern fish arose, including most of the

4559: 4283: 4232:"The Bowfin, New York's Disrespected Living Fossil" 4177:"The Bowfin: New York's disrespected living fossil" 4008: 3752:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA

3231:

The Flood Pulse Concept in River-Floodplain Systems

2567:. New York Department of Environmental Conservation 2530: 2040: 1993: 1700: 1686:

NatureServe Explorer An online encyclopedia of life

1563: 643:, the scales of bowfin differ in that they are not 4466:Conlon, J.M.; Youson, J.H.; Whittaker, J. (1991). 4308: 3983: 3349:Melvin L. Warren Jr.; Brooks M. Burr (July 2014). 2797: 2506: 796:to their digestrive tract. This allows them, like 6700:Freshwater fish of the Southeastern United States 3149:Glass, Mogens L.; Wood, Stephen C., eds. (2009). 2770: 2707:. Ontario Federation of Anglers and Hunters. 2024 2645: 2480: 2092: 1949:Kenneth Stewart; Douglas Watkinson (3 May 2004). 1493:larvae then hatch and develop in the gill tubes. 411:, a group of fish that first appeared during the 407:, being one of only two surviving species of the 6666: 4098: 4078:Miller, Rudolph John; Robison, Henry W. (2004). 4052:. Inland Water Resources and Aquaculture Service 3462:"A New Time-Scale for Ray-Finned Fish Evolution" 3039: 2621:"Bowfin and Snakeheads: Distinguishing Features" 2468:"The Skeletal System of the Bowfin (Amia calva)" 437:, with the two groups being united in the clade 419:" because they have retained some morphological 3375: 3260: 2909: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2119: 1284:do not use microorganisms as a source of food. 753:which means that the pectoral girdle is partly 4147:. Texas A&M University Press. p. 23. 3261:McKenzie, D. J.; Randall, D. J. (1990). "Does 3214:Loftus, William F.; Kushlan, James A. (1987). 2601:. Gainesville, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey 2461: 2459: 1653:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T201942A2730796.en 5404: 5332: 4684: 4609:"A compendium of fossil marine animal genera" 4314: 3712: 3575: 3510: 2872:Jackson, D.C.; Farmer, C.G. (March 5, 1998). 2871: 2008: 1672: 1670: 667: 4344: 4105:Joshua Laerm; B. J. Freeman (January 2008). 4084:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 58. 3986:Deep Alberta: Fossil Facts and Dinosaur Digs 3977: 3975: 3973: 3958:. Gainesville, Florida: US Geological Survey 3848:. Univ of South Carolina Press. p. 80. 3842:Arndt, Rudolf G.; Foltz, Jeffrey W. (2009). 3805:Indiana Department of Fish & Wildlfife. 3567:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 ( 3254: 2705:Ontario's Invading Species Awareness Program 2584: 2582: 2448:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2226:Ken Schultz's Field Guide to Freshwater Fish 2222: 2205: 1762: 1760: 855:reported in 1950 that he unearthed a bowfin 651:scales closer in similarity to more derived 5509: 4111:. University of Georgia Press. p. 37. 3956:USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database 3945: 3912:Hart, Paul J.B.; Reynolds, John D. (2002). 3718: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 2874:"Air-breathing during activity in the fish 2827:Hedrick, M.S.; Jones, D.R. (January 1999). 2456: 2158:. University of Chicago Press. p. 52. 2015:. Academy of Natural Sciences. p. 40. 1706: 1627: 1287: 875:and debates continue over the evolution of 713:Bowfin body-shape evolution and development 5339: 5325: 4691: 4677: 4174: 3981: 3841: 3222: 3046:. Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 94. 2984: 2865: 2639: 2466:Jared Handley & Jesse Fielder (2004). 2149: 1910: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1667: 999:Division 3. Division Teleostei – the 883:. Bowfin are the last remaining member of 866: 89: 67: 43: 4589: 4542: 4495: 4440: 4407: 4338:"Bowfin: North America's Freshwater Thug" 4336:Scharpf, Christopher (30 December 2013). 4229: 4044:J. Richard Arthur; Rohana P. Subasinghe. 4016:"Early Limnological and Fishery Research" 3970: 3868: 3812:. Indiana Department of Natural Resources 3781: 3771: 3725:. Chelsea House Publishers. p. 144. 3695: 3685: 3617: 3607: 3581: 3544: 3534: 3516: 3493: 3436: 3152:Cardio-Respiratory Control in Vertebrates 3148: 3105: 2967: 2848: 2681:. Indiana Department of Natural Resources 2579: 2256:. Indiana Department of Natural Resources 1882: 1804: 1794: 1784: 1757: 1651: 952: 4606: 3016: 2756:Wisconsin Anglers Want To Know brochures 2088: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2076: 1511: 1467:. The same parasite also attacks bowfin. 1451: 1291: 1254: 988:), the only extant species in the order 928: 772: 740: 657: 647:, rather they are large, single-layered 607: 599: 591: 532: 506: 423:. It is one of two species in the genus 421:characteristics of their early ancestors 3941: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3649:. University of Edinburgh. January 2007 3641: 3639: 3637: 3309: 2903: 2790: 2781: 2627:. Texas Parks & Wildlife Department 2499: 2321: 1975: 1955:. Univ. of Manitoba Press. p. 51. 1899: 6667: 4225: 4223: 3915:Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries 3342: 2992:"Canon Envirothon Water Quality Study" 2822: 2820: 2786:. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. 2758:. Wisconsin Dept. of Natural Resources 2599:Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database 2474: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2175: 1623: 1621: 1335:and adjacent southern Canada from the 6367: 6366: 5358: 5320: 4672: 4284:Bourgeois, David A. (April 5, 2009). 4201: 4025:. University of Wisconsin. p. 29 4023:Wisconsin Fish and Fishery Management 3798: 3453: 3216:"Freshwater fish of southern Florida" 3183: 2740: 2666: 2613: 2557: 2543:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 37. 2368: 2274: 2229:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 64. 2143: 2113: 2073: 1223:. This is in contrast, however, with 6652:7895E785-6F85-42EA-B316-1FF0E262A954 6626:FA4BDF92-0F59-0EE5-1F48-3D19C67379D2 4421:The Journal of Comparative Neurology 4250: 3932: 3634: 2243: 2048:Population in Southeastern Louisiana 1836: 1834: 1832: 1414: 1355:in southern Ontario into Minnesota. 477:, and various rivers exiting in the 6675:IUCN Red List least concern species 4220: 4037: 3661: 3404: 3369: 3004:from the original on April 13, 2013 2939: 2889:The Journal of Experimental Biology 2817: 2672: 2416:V., Kardong, Kenneth (2012-01-01). 2172: 2101:. Florida Museum of Natural History 1639:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1618: 1250: 1199: 13: 4613:Bulletins of American Paleontology 4401: 3378:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 3190:Copeia, 1950, An estivating bowfin 2646:Deborah Zabarenko (May 30, 2013). 2508:"Actinopterygians: What Are They?" 2415: 2362: 2315: 2268: 14: 6721: 4635: 4354:. Environmental Protection Agency 4206:. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. 3990:. University of Alberta. p. 3845:Freshwater Fish of South Carolina 2223:Schultz, Ken (15 December 2010). 2150:Berra, Tim (September 15, 2008). 2041:Davis, Johnathan G. (Fall 2003). 2009:Stauffer, Jay (1 December 2007). 1969: 1829: 1552:, bowfin, and various species of 1020:The following is a species list 616:Bowfin are often referred to as " 6690:Freshwater fish of North America 6347: 6341: 6335: 5346: 4408:McCormick, Catherine A. (1981). 4256: 3871:"Twenty months of starvation in 3352:Freshwater Fish of North America 3267:Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 2747:Bureau of Fisheries Management. 1744:Deeplyfish – fishes of the world 1564:Accumulation of toxic substances 838:Bowfin blood can adapt to warm, 112: 3207: 3177: 3142: 3099: 3073:Journal of Experimental Biology 3060: 2956:Journal of Experimental Biology 2719: 2693: 2675:"Bowfin mistaken as snakeheads" 2409: 4657:Bowfin info by Brent Courchene 3982:John Acorn (7 February 2007). 3946:Fuller, Pam (31 March 2020) . 3869:Smallwood, W.M. (1916-01-01). 3517:Broughton, Richard E. (2013). 3043:The Inland Fish of Mississippi 2962:(8): 1323–1330, Introduction. 2485:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1707:Froese, R.; Pauly, D. (2017). 1507: 519:Bowfin activity in an aquarium 1: 4352:"Fish Consumption Advisories" 4315:Saulny, Susan (9 June 2012). 3719:Thom Holmes (June 28, 2008). 2516:Biology of Fish-Fish/Biol 311 2369:Allis, Edward Phelps (1898). 2275:Allis, Edward Phelps (1897). 1612: 1423: 788:, meaning they have a small " 768: 612:Inset, drawing of gular plate 524: 4374:"What fish are safe to eat?" 4204:Freshwater Fish Distribution 4108:Fish of the Okefenokee Swamp 3609:10.1371/journal.pone.0065923 3582:Faircloth, Brant C. (2013). 2782:Kardong, Kenneth V. (2015). 2156:Freshwater Fish Distribution 984: – the relict bowfin, ( 7: 3324:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 2923:10.1007/978-3-642-75380-0_9 2129:Wildlife Diversity Notebook 1952:Freshwater Fish of Manitoba 1600: 1447: 1405: 1011:we are familiar with today. 973:that first appeared in the 460:. Fossil deposits indicate 10: 6726: 4317:"A roe, by any other name" 2518:. University of Washington 2481:Nelson, Joseph S. (2006). 2470:. Murray State University. 1272:, while adults are mostly 1075:Yabumoto & Grande 2013 1015: 749:The bowfin is a member of 668:Fish similar in appearance 18: 6375: 6333: 6183: 6146: 6128: 6119: 6081: 6052: 6040: 6029: 5966: 5925: 5733: 5721: 5585: 5524: 5520: 5505: 5486: 5458: 5440: 5431: 5413: 5400: 5354: 5089: 5056: 5016: 4993: 4960: 4942: 4894: 4871: 4838: 4827: 4804: 4793: 4775: 4764: 4746: 4708: 4652:FishBase info for Amiidae 3161:10.1007/978-3-540-93985-6 3040:Ross, Stephen T. (2001). 2565:"Northern Snakehead Fish" 1786:10.1101/2022.07.25.500718 1390:drainage in southeastern 554:on the base of the tail ( 252: 245: 227: 220: 109:Scientific classification 107: 87: 65: 56: 51: 42: 37: 4144:Freshwater Fish of Texas 2193:. University of Michigan 2120:Jeff Hansbarger (2006). 1979:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 1378:, Ontario, south to the 1288:Distribution and habitat 1229:whole genome duplication 631:, a highly vascularized 6695:Fish of the Great Lakes 4607:Sepkoski, Jack (2002). 3773:10.1073/pnas.0600341103 3539:(inactive 2024-07-14). 2915:Vertebrate Gas Exchange 2328:The Biological Bulletin 2322:Prather, J. M. (1900). 2093:University of Florida. 1989:. January 2009 version. 1916:"Bowfin Family-Amiidae" 1847:Journal of Fish Biology 992:which date back to the 867:Evolution and phylogeny 777:Dissection of a bowfin 6705:Fish described in 1766 4202:Berra, Tim M. (2001). 3478:10.1098/rspb.2006.3749 3429:10.1098/rsbl.2014.0204 2251:"Bowfin (Almia calva)" 1796:10.1098/rsbl.2022.0395 1517: 1468: 1316: 1264: 953:Infraclass Neopterygii 949: 792:" that connects their 781: 746: 664: 613: 605: 597: 538: 521: 403:. It is regarded as a 6685:Fish of North America 6608:Paleobiology Database 4647:Bowfin Anglers' Group 4619:: 560. Archived from 4433:10.1002/cne.901970102 3918:. Wiley. p. 27. 3807:"Bowfin (Amia calva)" 3687:10.1186/1741-7007-2-3 3085:10.1242/jeb.155.1.165 2673:DNR (June 27, 2012). 2652:Huffington Post Green 2012:Fish of West Virginia 1646:: e.T201942A2730796. 1532:, or prepared fried, 1516:Freshly caught bowfin 1515: 1455: 1343:drainage of southern 1307:drainage of southern 1295: 1258: 932: 845:central chemoreceptor 776: 744: 661: 611: 603: 595: 536: 517: 21:Balao-class submarine 4386:on 20 September 2013 3722:The First Vertebrate 2876:Lepisosteus oculatus 2850:10.1242/jeb.202.1.87 2701:"Northern Snakehead" 2191:Animal Diversity Web 1825:. Art. No. 20220395. 1717:. nversion (02/2017) 1628:NatureServe (2013). 1504:have been reported. 1486:Megalonaias gigantea 1351:westward around the 1233:last common ancestor 635:lung, vestiges of a 4962:Protacanthopterygii 4952:Lepidogalaxiiformes 4265:on October 12, 2018 3879:Biological Bulletin 3764:2006PNAS..10310369M 3758:(27): 10369–10372. 3600:2013PLoSO...865923F 3279:1990FPBio...8..147M 2375:Zoological Bulletin 2281:Zoological Bulletin 2152:"Families and Maps" 2131:. West Virginia DNR 1859:2022JFBio.101.1301L 1208:contains an intact 933:Three divisions of 673:Northern snakeheads 59:Conservation status 52:Bowfin in aquarium 5179:Cyprinodontiformes 5104:Trachichthyiformes 5058:Paracanthopterygii 4909:Alepocephaliformes 4703:orders by subclass 4662:2011-09-27 at the 4322:The New York Times 3287:10.1007/BF00004442 2969:10.1242/jeb.064543 2950:Gymnotus carapo L. 2061:on August 18, 2016 1688:. 7.1. NatureServe 1518: 1469: 1384:Gulf Coastal Plain 1337:St. Lawrence River 1317: 1301:St. Lawrence River 1265: 1219:and to most other 1153:Amia whiteavesiana 1099:Amia macrospondyla 1036:Amia dictyocephala 980:Division 2. Order 965:Division 1. Order 950: 782: 747: 665: 614: 606: 598: 539: 522: 6662: 6661: 6595:Open Tree of Life 6369:Taxon identifiers 6360: 6359: 6356: 6355: 6331: 6330: 6327: 6326: 6323: 6322: 6115: 6114: 6025: 6024: 6021: 6020: 5761:Archaeosemionotus 5501: 5500: 5497: 5496: 5482: 5481: 5478: 5477: 5314: 5313: 5310: 5309: 5306: 5305: 5302: 5301: 5274:Tetraodontiformes 5229:Chaetodontiformes 5164:Pleuronectiformes 5119:Batrachoidiformes 4881:Osteoglossiformes 4873:Osteoglossomorpha 4582:10.1042/bj2950857 4535:10.1042/bj3000339 4517:Polyodon spathula 4488:10.1042/bj2760261 4482:(Pt 1): 261–264. 4296:on March 14, 2016 4238:on April 27, 2021 4118:978-0-8203-3135-5 4091:978-0-8061-3610-3 4001:978-0-88864-481-7 3925:978-0-632-05412-1 3855:978-1-57003-680-4 3472:(1609): 489–498. 3170:978-3-540-93984-9 3053:978-1-57806-246-1 2932:978-3-642-75382-4 2729:. 3 November 2021 2550:978-1-4443-1190-7 2492:978-0-471-25031-9 2483:Fish of the World 2236:978-1-118-03987-8 2022:978-1-4223-1783-9 1962:978-0-88755-374-5 1867:10.1111/jfb.15201 1475:of bowfin is the 1415:Preferred habitat 1388:Susquehanna River 1364:Mississippi River 1215:, similar to the 1193: 1182: 1174: 1165: 1157: 1148: 1139: 1130: 1121: 1112: 1103: 1094: 1085: 1076: 1067: 1058: 1049: 1040: 1031: 515: 471:Mississippi River 363: 362: 356: 348: 340: 332: 331:Valenciennes 1847 324: 323:Valenciennes 1847 316: 315:Valenciennes 1847 308: 307:Valenciennes 1847 300: 299:Valenciennes 1847 292: 291:Valenciennes 1847 284: 283:Valenciennes 1847 276: 275:Valenciennes 1847 268: 264:Amia occidentalis 258: 102: 82: 6717: 6655: 6654: 6642: 6641: 6629: 6628: 6616: 6615: 6603: 6602: 6590: 6589: 6577: 6576: 6564: 6563: 6551: 6550: 6541: 6540: 6528: 6527: 6515: 6514: 6502: 6501: 6489: 6488: 6476: 6475: 6463: 6462: 6450: 6449: 6437: 6436: 6424: 6423: 6411: 6410: 6409: 6396: 6395: 6394: 6364: 6363: 6351: 6345: 6339: 6311: 6301: 6291: 6281: 6271: 6261: 6251: 6241: 6231: 6221: 6211: 6201: 6149: 6134: 6126: 6125: 6050: 6049: 6043: 6038: 6037: 5731: 5730: 5724: 5590:Parasemionotidae 5588: 5573: 5562: 5551: 5541: 5530: 5522: 5521: 5518: 5517: 5507: 5506: 5438: 5437: 5411: 5410: 5402: 5401: 5395: 5394: 5356: 5355: 5341: 5334: 5327: 5318: 5317: 5284:Centrarchiformes 5259:Priacanthiformes 5254:Scatophagiformes 5209:Uranoscopiformes 5154:Istiophoriformes 5144:Synbranchiformes 5109:Holocentriformes 5076:Stylephoriformes 5028:Ateleopodiformes 4914:Gonorynchiformes 4858:Notacanthiformes 4836: 4835: 4832: 4814:Lepisosteiformes 4802: 4801: 4798: 4785:Acipenseriformes 4773: 4772: 4769: 4693: 4686: 4679: 4670: 4669: 4631: 4629: 4628: 4603: 4593: 4556: 4546: 4509: 4499: 4462: 4444: 4418: 4396: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4385: 4378: 4370: 4364: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4348: 4342: 4341: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4312: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4292:. Archived from 4281: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4254: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4227: 4218: 4217: 4199: 4193: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4183:on 27 April 2021 4175:Jackson, Randy. 4172: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4138: 4123: 4122: 4102: 4096: 4095: 4081:Fish of Oklahoma 4075: 4062: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4041: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4020: 4012: 4006: 4005: 3989: 3979: 3968: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3943: 3930: 3929: 3909: 3903: 3902: 3866: 3860: 3859: 3839: 3822: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3811: 3802: 3796: 3795: 3785: 3775: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3716: 3710: 3709: 3699: 3689: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3643: 3632: 3631: 3621: 3611: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3566: 3558: 3548: 3538: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3497: 3457: 3451: 3450: 3440: 3408: 3402: 3401: 3373: 3367: 3366: 3346: 3340: 3339: 3323: 3313: 3307: 3306: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3249: 3248: 3242: 3235: 3226: 3220: 3219: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3181: 3175: 3174: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3103: 3097: 3096: 3064: 3058: 3057: 3037: 3014: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3003: 2996: 2988: 2982: 2981: 2971: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2907: 2901: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2886: 2869: 2863: 2862: 2852: 2824: 2815: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2804: 2801: 2794: 2788: 2787: 2779: 2768: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2753: 2744: 2738: 2737: 2735: 2734: 2723: 2717: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2697: 2691: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2670: 2664: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2643: 2637: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2617: 2611: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2586: 2577: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2561: 2555: 2554: 2534: 2528: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2513: 2510: 2503: 2497: 2496: 2478: 2472: 2471: 2463: 2454: 2453: 2447: 2439: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2366: 2360: 2359: 2319: 2313: 2312: 2272: 2266: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2255: 2247: 2241: 2240: 2220: 2203: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2183: 2170: 2169: 2147: 2141: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2126: 2117: 2111: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2090: 2071: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2060: 2053: 2038: 2027: 2026: 2006: 1991: 1990: 1981:"Family Amiidae" 1973: 1967: 1966: 1946: 1931: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1920: 1912: 1897: 1896: 1886: 1853:(5): 1301–1311. 1838: 1827: 1826: 1808: 1798: 1788: 1764: 1755: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1741: 1733: 1727: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1704: 1698: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1674: 1665: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1655: 1625: 1607:Snakehead (fish) 1251:Feeding behavior 1200:Genome evolution 1194:(Eyetail bowfin) 1191: 1188:Amia ocellicauda 1180: 1172: 1164: 1155: 1146: 1137: 1128: 1126:Amia newberriana 1119: 1110: 1101: 1092: 1090:Amia lewesiensis 1083: 1074: 1065: 1056: 1047: 1038: 1029: 967:Lepisosteiformes 939:Lepisosteiformes 901:actinopterygians 731:vertebral column 724:adductor muscles 686:invasive species 641:actinopterygians 516: 479:Eastern Seaboard 430:Amia ocellicauda 354: 346: 338: 330: 328:Amia subcoerulea 322: 320:Amia lintiginosa 314: 306: 298: 290: 282: 274: 266: 256: 233: 117: 116: 96: 93: 92: 76: 71: 70: 47: 35: 34: 6725: 6724: 6720: 6719: 6718: 6716: 6715: 6714: 6710:Freshwater fish 6665: 6664: 6663: 6658: 6650: 6645: 6637: 6632: 6624: 6619: 6611: 6606: 6598: 6593: 6585: 6580: 6572: 6567: 6559: 6554: 6546: 6544: 6536: 6531: 6523: 6518: 6510: 6505: 6497: 6492: 6484: 6479: 6471: 6466: 6458: 6453: 6445: 6440: 6432: 6427: 6419: 6414: 6405: 6404: 6399: 6390: 6389: 6384: 6371: 6361: 6352: 6319: 6179: 6142: 6111: 6077: 6034: 6017: 5968:Ophiopsiellidae 5962: 5921: 5820:Heterolepidotus 5726:Ionoscopiformes 5717: 5613:Candelarialepis 5581: 5514: 5493: 5474: 5454: 5427: 5396: 5361: 5360: 5350: 5345: 5315: 5298: 5294:Scorpaeniformes 5234:Acanthuriformes 5194:Gobiesociformes 5134:Syngnathiformes 5091:Acanthopterygii 5085: 5052: 5048:Polymixiiformes 5012: 4989: 4970:Argentiniformes 4956: 4938: 4890: 4867: 4828: 4823: 4794: 4789: 4765: 4760: 4756:Polypteriformes 4742: 4704: 4697: 4664:Wayback Machine 4638: 4626: 4624: 4416: 4404: 4402:Further reading 4399: 4389: 4387: 4383: 4376: 4372: 4371: 4367: 4357: 4355: 4350: 4349: 4345: 4334: 4330: 4313: 4309: 4299: 4297: 4282: 4278: 4268: 4266: 4255: 4251: 4241: 4239: 4230:Randy Jackson. 4228: 4221: 4214: 4200: 4196: 4186: 4184: 4173: 4169: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4139: 4126: 4119: 4103: 4099: 4092: 4076: 4065: 4055: 4053: 4042: 4038: 4028: 4026: 4018: 4014: 4013: 4009: 4002: 3980: 3971: 3961: 3959: 3952:Linnaeus, 1766" 3944: 3933: 3926: 3910: 3906: 3891:10.2307/1536322 3867: 3863: 3856: 3840: 3825: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3803: 3799: 3744: 3740: 3733: 3717: 3713: 3666: 3662: 3652: 3650: 3645: 3644: 3635: 3580: 3576: 3560: 3559: 3515: 3511: 3458: 3454: 3423:(5): 20140204. 3417:Biology Letters 3409: 3405: 3374: 3370: 3363: 3347: 3343: 3336: 3314: 3310: 3259: 3255: 3246: 3244: 3240: 3233: 3227: 3223: 3212: 3208: 3201: 3182: 3178: 3171: 3147: 3143: 3120:10.2307/1443063 3104: 3100: 3065: 3061: 3054: 3038: 3017: 3007: 3005: 3001: 2994: 2990: 2989: 2985: 2944: 2940: 2933: 2911:Boutilier, R.G. 2908: 2904: 2894: 2892: 2884: 2870: 2866: 2825: 2818: 2808: 2806: 2802: 2796: 2795: 2791: 2780: 2771: 2761: 2759: 2751: 2745: 2741: 2732: 2730: 2725: 2724: 2720: 2710: 2708: 2699: 2698: 2694: 2684: 2682: 2671: 2667: 2657: 2655: 2644: 2640: 2630: 2628: 2619: 2618: 2614: 2604: 2602: 2595:(Cantor, 1842)" 2587: 2580: 2570: 2568: 2563: 2562: 2558: 2551: 2535: 2531: 2521: 2519: 2511: 2505: 2504: 2500: 2493: 2479: 2475: 2464: 2457: 2441: 2440: 2428: 2420:. McGraw-Hill. 2414: 2410: 2387:10.2307/1535454 2367: 2363: 2340:10.2307/1535750 2320: 2316: 2293:10.2307/1535409 2273: 2269: 2259: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2248: 2244: 2237: 2221: 2206: 2196: 2194: 2185: 2184: 2173: 2166: 2148: 2144: 2134: 2132: 2124: 2118: 2114: 2104: 2102: 2091: 2074: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2051: 2039: 2030: 2023: 2007: 1994: 1974: 1970: 1963: 1947: 1934: 1924: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1913: 1900: 1839: 1830: 1773:Biology Letters 1765: 1758: 1748: 1746: 1739: 1735: 1734: 1730: 1720: 1718: 1705: 1701: 1691: 1689: 1676: 1675: 1668: 1658: 1656: 1626: 1619: 1615: 1603: 1566: 1546:beluga sturgeon 1510: 1500:and with fatal 1450: 1426: 1417: 1408: 1382:; Atlantic and 1360:drainage basins 1290: 1253: 1241:model organisms 1202: 1197: 1162:Amia pattersoni 1144:Amia uintaensis 1135:Amia selwyniana 1018: 994:Triassic period 955: 869: 821: 771: 763:pectoral girdle 720:epaxial muscles 715: 670: 556:caudal peduncle 527: 520: 507: 502:aquatic hypoxia 467:drainage basins 359: 355:(Linnaeus 1766) 336:Amia thompsonii 304:Amia reticulata 260: 259: 241: 235: 229: 216: 111: 103: 94: 90: 83: 72: 68: 61: 31: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6723: 6713: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6660: 6659: 6657: 6656: 6643: 6630: 6617: 6604: 6591: 6578: 6565: 6552: 6542: 6529: 6516: 6503: 6490: 6477: 6464: 6451: 6438: 6425: 6412: 6397: 6381: 6379: 6373: 6372: 6358: 6357: 6354: 6353: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6328: 6325: 6324: 6321: 6320: 6318: 6317: 6307: 6297: 6287: 6277: 6267: 6257: 6247: 6237: 6227: 6217: 6207: 6197: 6189: 6187: 6181: 6180: 6178: 6177: 6170: 6163: 6155: 6153: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6140: 6129: 6123: 6117: 6116: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6109: 6102: 6095: 6087: 6085: 6079: 6078: 6076: 6075: 6068: 6061: 6053: 6047: 6035: 6030: 6027: 6026: 6023: 6022: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6015: 6008: 6001: 5994: 5987: 5980: 5972: 5970: 5964: 5963: 5961: 5960: 5953: 5950:Quetzalichthys 5946: 5939: 5931: 5929: 5923: 5922: 5920: 5919: 5912: 5904: 5897: 5889: 5886:Schernfeldfuro 5882: 5879:Sanctusichthys 5875: 5867: 5863:Panxianichthys 5859: 5852: 5844: 5837: 5830: 5823: 5816: 5808: 5801: 5793: 5786: 5779: 5772: 5764: 5757: 5750: 5742: 5734: 5728: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5715: 5708: 5701: 5694: 5687: 5680: 5673: 5670:Parasemionotus 5666: 5659: 5651: 5644: 5637: 5630: 5623: 5616: 5609: 5602: 5594: 5592: 5583: 5582: 5580: 5579: 5576:Prosantichthys 5569: 5558: 5547: 5544:Cipactlichthys 5537: 5525: 5515: 5510: 5503: 5502: 5499: 5498: 5495: 5494: 5487: 5484: 5483: 5480: 5479: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5472: 5471: 5470: 5464: 5462: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5452: 5451: 5450: 5441: 5435: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5425: 5424: 5423: 5421:Actinopterygii 5414: 5408: 5406:Actinopterygii 5398: 5397: 5393: 5392: 5386: 5380: 5378:Actinopterygii 5374: 5368: 5352: 5351: 5344: 5343: 5336: 5329: 5321: 5312: 5311: 5308: 5307: 5304: 5303: 5300: 5299: 5297: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5279:Pempheriformes 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5174:Atheriniformes 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5149:Anabantiformes 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5095: 5093: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5066:Percopsiformes 5062: 5060: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5038:Myctophiformes 5035: 5030: 5024: 5022: 5019:incertae sedis 5014: 5013: 5011: 5010: 5005: 4999: 4997: 4991: 4990: 4988: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4966: 4964: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4954: 4948: 4946: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4900: 4898: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4888: 4886:Hiodontiformes 4883: 4877: 4875: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4865: 4863:Anguilliformes 4860: 4855: 4850: 4844: 4842: 4833: 4825: 4824: 4822: 4821: 4816: 4810: 4808: 4799: 4791: 4790: 4788: 4787: 4781: 4779: 4770: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4758: 4752: 4750: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4740: 4734: 4728: 4722: 4716: 4709: 4706: 4705: 4701:Actinopterygii 4696: 4695: 4688: 4681: 4673: 4667: 4666: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4637: 4636:External links 4634: 4633: 4632: 4604: 4576:(3): 857–861. 4557: 4529:(2): 339–345. 4510: 4463: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4397: 4365: 4343: 4328: 4307: 4276: 4249: 4219: 4212: 4194: 4167: 4153: 4124: 4117: 4097: 4090: 4063: 4036: 4007: 4000: 3969: 3931: 3924: 3904: 3885:(6): 453–464. 3861: 3854: 3823: 3797: 3738: 3731: 3711: 3660: 3633: 3574: 3509: 3452: 3403: 3384:(4): 767–773. 3368: 3361: 3341: 3334: 3328:, Chapter 13. 3308: 3253: 3221: 3206: 3199: 3176: 3169: 3141: 3114:(4): 653–657. 3098: 3079:(1): 165–174. 3059: 3052: 3015: 2983: 2938: 2931: 2902: 2891:(201): 943–948 2864: 2816: 2789: 2769: 2739: 2718: 2692: 2665: 2638: 2612: 2578: 2556: 2549: 2529: 2498: 2491: 2473: 2455: 2426: 2408: 2361: 2334:(2): 57–80–1. 2314: 2267: 2242: 2235: 2204: 2171: 2164: 2142: 2112: 2072: 2028: 2021: 1992: 1977:Froese, Rainer 1968: 1961: 1932: 1898: 1828: 1756: 1728: 1699: 1666: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1610: 1609: 1602: 1599: 1594:bioaccumulates 1565: 1562: 1538:courtbouillion 1509: 1506: 1449: 1446: 1425: 1422: 1416: 1413: 1407: 1404: 1396:Colorado River 1380:Gulf of Mexico 1372:Lake Nipissing 1341:Lake Champlain 1305:Lake Champlain 1289: 1286: 1252: 1249: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1195: 1184: 1175: 1166: 1158: 1149: 1140: 1131: 1122: 1113: 1104: 1095: 1086: 1077: 1068: 1059: 1050: 1041: 1032: 1022: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1012: 997: 986:halecomorphids 978: 954: 951: 868: 865: 851:Herpetologist 823:gas exchange; 819: 816:, to regulate 806:pneumatic duct 790:pneumatic duct 770: 767: 751:actinopterygii 714: 711: 669: 666: 622:primitive fish 618:living fossils 571:chondrocranium 567:dermatocranium 526: 523: 518: 498:pneumatic duct 483:Gulf of Mexico 417:primitive fish 413:Early Triassic 361: 360: 358: 357: 352:Amiatus calvus 349: 341: 333: 325: 317: 309: 301: 293: 285: 277: 272:Amia marmorata 269: 255: 254: 253: 250: 249: 243: 242: 236: 225: 224: 218: 217: 210: 208: 204: 203: 196: 192: 191: 186: 182: 181: 176: 172: 171: 166: 159: 158: 156:Actinopterygii 153: 149: 148: 143: 139: 138: 133: 129: 128: 123: 119: 118: 105: 104: 88: 85: 84: 66: 63: 62: 57: 54: 53: 49: 48: 40: 39: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6722: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6672: 6670: 6653: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6543: 6539: 6534: 6530: 6526: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6417: 6413: 6408: 6402: 6398: 6393: 6387: 6383: 6382: 6380: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6365: 6350: 6346: 6344: 6338: 6316: 6315: 6308: 6306: 6305: 6304:Solnhofenamia 6298: 6296: 6295: 6288: 6286: 6285: 6278: 6276: 6275: 6268: 6266: 6265: 6258: 6256: 6255: 6248: 6246: 6245: 6238: 6236: 6235: 6228: 6226: 6225: 6218: 6216: 6215: 6214:Calamopleurus 6208: 6206: 6205: 6198: 6196: 6195: 6191: 6190: 6188: 6186: 6182: 6176: 6175: 6171: 6169: 6168: 6164: 6162: 6161: 6157: 6156: 6154: 6152: 6145: 6139: 6138: 6131: 6130: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6118: 6108: 6107: 6106:Catutoichthys 6103: 6101: 6100: 6096: 6094: 6093: 6089: 6088: 6086: 6084: 6080: 6074: 6073: 6069: 6067: 6066: 6062: 6060: 6059: 6055: 6054: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6039: 6036: 6033: 6028: 6014: 6013: 6009: 6007: 6006: 6005:Placidichthys 6002: 6000: 5999: 5995: 5993: 5992: 5988: 5986: 5985: 5981: 5979: 5978: 5977:Congophiopsis 5974: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5965: 5959: 5958: 5954: 5952: 5951: 5947: 5945: 5944: 5940: 5938: 5937: 5933: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5924: 5918: 5917: 5913: 5910: 5909: 5905: 5903: 5902: 5901:Subortichthys 5898: 5895: 5894: 5893:Sinoeugnathus 5890: 5888: 5887: 5883: 5881: 5880: 5876: 5873: 5872: 5871:Robustichthys 5868: 5865: 5864: 5860: 5858: 5857: 5853: 5850: 5849: 5845: 5843: 5842: 5838: 5836: 5835: 5834:Italophiopsis 5831: 5829: 5828: 5827:Holzmadenfuro 5824: 5822: 5821: 5817: 5814: 5813: 5809: 5807: 5806: 5802: 5799: 5798: 5794: 5792: 5791: 5787: 5785: 5784: 5780: 5778: 5777: 5776:Brachyichthys 5773: 5770: 5769: 5768:Asialepidotus 5765: 5763: 5762: 5758: 5756: 5755: 5751: 5748: 5747: 5746:Allolepidotus 5743: 5741: 5740: 5736: 5735: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5720: 5714: 5713: 5709: 5707: 5706: 5702: 5700: 5699: 5695: 5693: 5692: 5688: 5686: 5685: 5681: 5679: 5678: 5677:Piveteaunotus 5674: 5672: 5671: 5667: 5665: 5664: 5660: 5657: 5656: 5652: 5650: 5649: 5645: 5643: 5642: 5638: 5636: 5635: 5631: 5629: 5628: 5624: 5622: 5621: 5617: 5615: 5614: 5610: 5608: 5607: 5603: 5601: 5600: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5584: 5578: 5577: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5565:Promecosomina 5559: 5556: 5555: 5548: 5546: 5545: 5538: 5535: 5534: 5533:Angolaichthys 5527: 5526: 5523: 5519: 5516: 5513: 5508: 5504: 5492: 5491: 5485: 5468: 5467: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5461: 5457: 5449: 5445: 5444: 5443: 5442: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5430: 5422: 5418: 5417: 5416: 5415: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5391: 5387: 5385: 5381: 5379: 5375: 5373: 5369: 5367: 5363: 5362: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5342: 5337: 5335: 5330: 5328: 5323: 5322: 5319: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5239:Lutjaniformes 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5224:Ephippiformes 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5199:Blenniiformes 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5159:Carangiformes 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5139:Scombriformes 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5114:Ophidiiformes 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5088: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5063: 5061: 5059: 5055: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5020: 5015: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4992: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4980:Salmoniformes 4978: 4976: 4975:Galaxiiformes 4973: 4971: 4968: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4959: 4953: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4944:Lepidogalaxii 4941: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4929:Gymnotiformes 4927: 4925: 4924:Characiformes 4922: 4920: 4919:Cypriniformes 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4893: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4870: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4837: 4834: 4831: 4826: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4803: 4800: 4797: 4792: 4786: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4774: 4771: 4768: 4763: 4757: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4745: 4739: 4735: 4733: 4732:Gnathostomata 4729: 4727: 4723: 4721: 4717: 4715: 4711: 4710: 4707: 4702: 4694: 4689: 4687: 4682: 4680: 4675: 4674: 4671: 4665: 4661: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4639: 4623:on 2009-02-20 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4565: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4518: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4471: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4443: 4442:2027.42/50011 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4415: 4413: 4406: 4405: 4382: 4375: 4369: 4353: 4347: 4340:. USF&WS. 4339: 4332: 4324: 4323: 4318: 4311: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4280: 4264: 4260: 4253: 4237: 4233: 4226: 4224: 4215: 4213:0-12-093156-7 4209: 4205: 4198: 4182: 4178: 4171: 4156: 4154:9781585445707 4150: 4146: 4145: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4120: 4114: 4110: 4109: 4101: 4093: 4087: 4083: 4082: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4051: 4047: 4040: 4024: 4017: 4011: 4003: 3997: 3993: 3988: 3987: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3957: 3953: 3951: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3927: 3921: 3917: 3916: 3908: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3874: 3865: 3857: 3851: 3847: 3846: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3808: 3801: 3793: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3742: 3734: 3732:9780816059584 3728: 3724: 3723: 3715: 3707: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3664: 3653:September 29, 3648: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3629: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3594:(6): e65923. 3593: 3589: 3585: 3578: 3570: 3564: 3556: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3523:PLOS Currents 3520: 3513: 3505: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3456: 3448: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3407: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3372: 3364: 3362:9781421412016 3358: 3354: 3353: 3345: 3337: 3335:9781405124942 3331: 3327: 3322: 3321: 3312: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3273:(2): 147–58. 3272: 3268: 3265:aestivate?". 3264: 3257: 3243:on 2010-06-21 3239: 3232: 3225: 3217: 3210: 3202: 3200:9780521739672 3196: 3192: 3191: 3186: 3180: 3172: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3153: 3145: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3102: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3063: 3055: 3049: 3045: 3044: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3000: 2993: 2987: 2979: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2951: 2942: 2934: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2906: 2890: 2883: 2881: 2877: 2868: 2860: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2832: 2823: 2821: 2800: 2799:"Swimbladder" 2793: 2785: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2757: 2750: 2743: 2728: 2722: 2706: 2702: 2696: 2680: 2676: 2669: 2653: 2649: 2642: 2626: 2622: 2616: 2600: 2596: 2594: 2585: 2583: 2566: 2560: 2552: 2546: 2542: 2541: 2533: 2517: 2509: 2502: 2494: 2488: 2484: 2477: 2469: 2462: 2460: 2451: 2445: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2427:9780073524238 2423: 2419: 2412: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2365: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2318: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2271: 2252: 2246: 2238: 2232: 2228: 2227: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2197:September 25, 2192: 2188: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2167: 2165:9780226044439 2161: 2157: 2153: 2146: 2135:September 25, 2130: 2123: 2116: 2100: 2096: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2057: 2050: 2049: 2045: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2024: 2018: 2014: 2013: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1988: 1987: 1982: 1978: 1972: 1964: 1958: 1954: 1953: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1917: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1763: 1761: 1745: 1738: 1732: 1716: 1715: 1710: 1703: 1687: 1683: 1681: 1673: 1671: 1654: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1640: 1635: 1633: 1624: 1622: 1617: 1608: 1605: 1604: 1598: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1525: 1523: 1514: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1487: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1434: 1430: 1421: 1412: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1333:United States 1330: 1326: 1322: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1262: 1257: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1211: 1207: 1190: 1189: 1185: 1181:Linnaeus 1766 1179: 1176: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1154: 1150: 1145: 1141: 1136: 1132: 1127: 1123: 1118: 1114: 1109: 1105: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1087: 1082: 1081:Amia gracilis 1078: 1073: 1069: 1066:(Jordan 1927) 1064: 1060: 1055: 1051: 1046: 1042: 1037: 1033: 1028: 1027:Amia depressa 1024: 1023: 1021: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 976: 972: 968: 964: 963: 962: 959: 958:Neopterygians 948: 944: 940: 936: 931: 927: 925: 921: 917: 912: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 864: 862: 858: 854: 849: 846: 841: 836: 834: 830: 826: 822: 815: 814:water hypoxia 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 794:swim bladders 791: 787: 780: 775: 766: 764: 760: 756: 752: 743: 739: 736: 732: 727: 725: 721: 710: 707: 703: 699: 694: 691: 687: 682: 678: 674: 660: 656: 654: 650: 646: 645:ganoid scales 642: 638: 634: 630: 627: 623: 619: 610: 602: 594: 590: 587: 584: 583:hyomandibular 580: 576: 572: 568: 563: 561: 557: 553: 549: 544: 535: 531: 505: 503: 499: 495: 491: 486: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 442: 440: 436: 432: 431: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 373: 368: 353: 350: 345: 344:Amia piquotii 342: 337: 334: 329: 326: 321: 318: 313: 310: 305: 302: 297: 294: 289: 286: 281: 278: 273: 270: 265: 262: 261: 251: 248: 244: 239: 234: 232: 226: 223: 222:Binomial name 219: 215: 214: 213:A. calva 209: 206: 205: 202: 201: 197: 194: 193: 190: 187: 184: 183: 180: 177: 174: 173: 170: 167: 164: 161: 160: 157: 154: 151: 150: 147: 144: 141: 140: 137: 134: 131: 130: 127: 124: 121: 120: 115: 110: 106: 100: 86: 80: 75: 74:Least Concern 64: 60: 55: 50: 46: 41: 36: 33: 29: 27: 22: 6376: 6340: 6312: 6302: 6294:Pseudamiatus 6292: 6282: 6272: 6262: 6252: 6242: 6232: 6222: 6212: 6202: 6192: 6172: 6165: 6158: 6135: 6104: 6097: 6090: 6070: 6063: 6056: 6010: 6003: 5998:Petalopteryx 5996: 5991:Ophiopsiella 5989: 5984:Macrepistius 5982: 5975: 5955: 5948: 5941: 5934: 5927:Ionoscopidae 5914: 5906: 5899: 5891: 5884: 5877: 5869: 5861: 5854: 5848:Oligopleurus 5846: 5839: 5832: 5825: 5818: 5812:Gymnoichthys 5810: 5803: 5795: 5788: 5783:Cerinichthys 5781: 5774: 5766: 5759: 5754:Altmuehlfuro 5752: 5744: 5737: 5710: 5705:Thomasinotus 5703: 5696: 5691:Stensionotus 5689: 5682: 5675: 5668: 5661: 5653: 5646: 5639: 5632: 5625: 5618: 5611: 5604: 5597: 5574: 5563: 5552: 5542: 5531: 5512:Halecomorphi 5490:Halecomorphi 5488: 5460:Halecomorphi 5388:Infraclass: 5348:Halecomorphi 5269:Lophiiformes 5264:Caproiformes 5244:Lobotiformes 5219:Moroniformes 5204:Gerreiformes 5189:Mugiliformes 5184:Beloniformes 5169:Cichliformes 5099:Beryciformes 5043:Lampriformes 5033:Aulopiformes 5017: 5008:Stomiiformes 5003:Osmeriformes 4934:Siluriformes 4904:Clupeiformes 4853:Albuliformes 4738:Osteichthyes 4730:Infraphylum 4625:. 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Retrieved 2888: 2879: 2875: 2867: 2843:(1): 87–94. 2840: 2837:J. Exp. Biol 2836: 2830: 2807:. Retrieved 2792: 2783: 2760:. Retrieved 2755: 2742: 2731:. Retrieved 2721: 2709:. Retrieved 2704: 2695: 2683:. Retrieved 2678: 2668: 2656:. Retrieved 2651: 2641: 2629:. Retrieved 2624: 2615: 2603:. Retrieved 2598: 2593:Channa argus 2592: 2569:. Retrieved 2559: 2539: 2532: 2520:. Retrieved 2515: 2501: 2482: 2476: 2417: 2411: 2381:(2): 83–97. 2378: 2374: 2364: 2331: 2327: 2317: 2284: 2280: 2270: 2258:. Retrieved 2245: 2225: 2195:. Retrieved 2190: 2187:"Amia calva" 2155: 2145: 2133:. Retrieved 2128: 2115: 2103:. Retrieved 2098: 2063:. Retrieved 2056:the original 2047: 2043: 2011: 1984: 1971: 1951: 1923:. Retrieved 1850: 1846: 1776: 1772: 1747:. Retrieved 1743: 1731: 1719:. Retrieved 1712: 1702: 1690:. Retrieved 1685: 1679: 1657:. Retrieved 1643: 1637: 1631: 1590:biomagnifies 1567: 1526: 1519: 1498:liver cancer 1496:Bowfin with 1495: 1484: 1480: 1470: 1456: 1443: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1418: 1409: 1392:Pennsylvania 1368:Georgian Bay 1357: 1320: 1318: 1296: 1281: 1266: 1213:gene cluster 1203: 1186: 1177: 1170:Amia scutata 1169: 1161: 1152: 1143: 1134: 1125: 1116: 1107: 1098: 1093:Mantell 1822 1089: 1080: 1071: 1063:Amia fragosa 1062: 1053: 1045:Amia elegans 1044: 1035: 1026: 1019: 956: 913: 909:nuclear gene 905:monophyletic 897:neopterygian 889:sister group 885:Halecomorphi 876: 870: 850: 837: 825:type II 824: 809: 783: 779:swim bladder 755:endochondral 748: 728: 716: 701: 695: 677:Channa argus 676: 671: 637:spiral valve 626:heterocercal 615: 586: 579:premaxillary 564: 540: 528: 487: 444:Bowfins are 443: 428: 424: 409:Halecomorphi 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 371: 370: 366: 364: 351: 347:Duméril 1870 343: 339:Duméril 1870 335: 327: 319: 311: 303: 296:Amia cinerea 295: 288:Amia viridis 287: 279: 271: 263: 230: 228: 212: 211: 199: 169:Halecomorphi 162: 32: 25: 6556:NatureServe 6494:iNaturalist 6401:Wikispecies 6160:Ikechaoamia 6137:Tomognathus 6092:Amblysemius 6072:Strobilodus 5797:Eoeugnathus 5627:Icarealcyon 5620:Devillersia 5448:Neopterygii 5433:Neopterygii 5384:Neopterygii 5289:Perciformes 5249:Spariformes 5214:Labriformes 5129:Gobiiformes 5124:Kurtiformes 4985:Esociformes 4848:Elopiformes 4840:Elopomorpha 4796:Neopterygii 4777:Chondrostei 4767:Actinopteri 4736:Superclass 4564:Amia calva. 4427:(1): 1–15. 4290:Daily Comet 3674:BMC Biology 3185:Neill, W.T. 2287:(1): 1–26. 1659:11 November 1508:Utilization 1477:anchor worm 1461:anchor worm 1353:Great Lakes 1327:freshwater 1274:piscivorous 1270:crustaceans 1261:gill rakers 1221:vertebrates 1204:The bowfin 1117:Amia morini 1054:Amia exilis 937:comprising 935:Neopterygii 924:Neopterygii 916:Chondrostei 857:aestivating 853:W. T. Neill 810:type I 786:physostomes 784:Bowfin are 759:dermal bone 757:but mostly 681:piscivorous 663:collection. 633:gas bladder 494:gas bladder 475:Great Lakes 448:freshwater 427:along with 397:swamp trout 312:Amia canina 280:Amia ornata 99:NatureServe 6680:Amiiformes 6669:Categories 6407:Amia calva 6377:Amia calva 6274:Nipponamia 6244:Hispanamia 6151:Sinamiidae 6045:Caturoidea 6032:Amiiformes 6012:Teoichthys 5957:Spathiurus 5936:Ionoscopus 5841:Ohmdenfuro 5790:Elongofuro 5712:Watsonulus 5684:Qingshania 5655:Lombardina 5648:Lehmanotus 5599:Albertonia 5469:see below↓ 5382:Subclass: 5081:Gadiformes 4896:Otocephala 4819:Amiiformes 4726:Vertebrata 4724:Subphylum 4627:2011-05-17 4570:Biochem. J 4523:Biochem. J 4476:Biochem. J 4470:Amia Calva 4412:Amia Calva 3950:Amia calva 3873:Amia calva 3263:Amia calva 3247:2014-06-09 2880:Amia calva 2831:Amia calva 2733:2021-11-10 2046:Amia calva 1692:3 December 1680:Amia calva 1632:Amia calva 1613:References 1572:, such as 1550:paddlefish 1536:, used in 1465:Murray cod 1424:Life cycle 1329:piscivores 1321:Amia calva 1297:Amia calva 1278:gill raker 1178:Amia calva 1147:Leidy 1873 1129:Marsh 1871 1120:Priem 1911 1111:Leidy 1873 1108:Amia media 1084:Leidy 1873 1072:Amia godai 1057:Lambe 1908 1048:Leidy 1873 1030:Marsh 1871 1001:stem group 990:Amiiformes 982:Amiiformes 975:Cretaceous 943:Amiiformes 920:holosteans 873:hypotheses 871:Competing 769:Physiology 629:caudal fin 575:mandibular 560:dorsal fin 548:placoderms 525:Morphology 462:Amiiformes 450:piscivores 372:Amia calva 267:DeKay 1842 231:Amia calva 179:Amiiformes 6314:Vidalamia 6284:Pachyamia 6224:Cratoamia 6083:Caturidae 6065:Liodesmus 5916:Zandtfuro 5856:Ophiopsis 5634:Jacobulus 5364:Kingdom: 5071:Zeiformes 4830:Teleostei 4748:Cladistia 4056:August 9, 3093:0022-0949 2658:August 4, 2654:. Reuters 2631:August 4, 2522:August 8, 2444:cite book 2436:732361696 2395:0898-1051 2348:0006-3185 2301:0898-1051 1875:0022-1112 1823:251162051 1737:"Amiidae" 1709:"Amiidae" 1558:Louisiana 1544:from the 1534:blackened 1491:glochidia 1471:A common 1438:Fecundity 1386:from the 1245:zebrafish 1192:Todd 1837 1173:Cope 1875 1156:Cope 1891 1102:Cope 1891 1039:Cope 1875 1009:bony fish 1005:Teleostei 947:Teleostei 893:Teleostei 706:predatory 702:Lota lota 401:choupique 207:Species: 132:Kingdom: 126:Eukaryota 6561:2.104567 6512:10841152 6468:FishBase 6386:Wikidata 6254:Maliamia 6234:Cyclurus 6204:Amiopsis 6167:Siamamia 6121:Amioidea 6058:Eurypoma 5641:Jurongia 5606:Broughia 5390:Holostei 5372:Chordata 5370:Phylum: 5366:Animalia 4995:Stomiati 4806:Holostei 4720:Chordata 4714:Animalia 4712:Kingdom 4660:Archived 4259:"Bowfin" 4029:9 August 3962:24 March 3816:June 13, 3792:16801555 3706:15070407 3680:(1): 3. 3628:23824177 3588:PLOS ONE 3555:23788273 3504:17476768 3486:25223804 3447:24872460 3398:85895344 3303:20401237 3295:24221948 3187:(1950). 3136:86886787 3008:June 13, 2999:Archived 2978:22442370 2809:2 August 2762:June 14, 2711:24 March 2685:June 14, 2625:Brochure 2605:24 March 2571:July 22, 2260:June 13, 2122:"Bowfin" 2105:June 11, 2095:"Bowfin" 1986:FishBase 1893:36053840 1815:36448369 1714:FishBase 1601:See also 1582:chromium 1554:sturgeon 1502:leukemia 1473:parasite 1448:Diseases 1406:Stocking 1325:demersal 1243:such as 1237:teleosts 1183:(Bowfin) 1138:Ami 1891 861:lamellae 829:buoyancy 798:lungfish 653:teleosts 569:and the 446:demersal 439:Holostei 381:mud pike 247:Synonyms 238:Linnaeus 185:Family: 146:Chordata 142:Phylum: 136:Animalia 122:Domain: 95:Unranked 79:IUCN 3.1 19:For the 6647:ZooBank 6486:5207891 6392:Q491934 6264:Melvius 6185:Amiidae 6174:Sinamia 6099:Caturus 5943:Oshunia 5908:Xingyia 5376:Class: 4718:Phylum 4699:Extant 4600:8240302 4591:1134640 4553:8002937 4544:1138167 4506:2039477 4497:1151174 4459:8836961 4451:6164698 4300:June 8, 4269:June 4, 4242:June 4, 4187:11 June 3899:1536322 3783:1502464 3760:Bibcode 3619:3688804 3596:Bibcode 3546:3682800 3495:1766393 3438:4046378 3275:Bibcode 3128:1443063 2859:9841898 2403:1535454 2356:1535750 2309:1535409 2065:June 7, 1884:9826520 1855:Bibcode 1806:9709656 1781:bioRxiv 1578:arsenic 1574:mercury 1522:anglers 1481:Lernaea 1463:, on a 1457:Lernaea 1394:to the 1362:of the 1345:Ontario 1309:Ontario 1235:of all 1225:teleost 1210:ParaHox 1016:Species 833:hypoxic 690:eyespot 649:cycloid 552:eyespot 469:of the 454:Ontario 393:grinnel 389:grindle 385:dogfish 377:mudfish 257:Species 195:Genus: 189:Amiidae 175:Order: 152:Class: 97: ( 77: ( 38:Bowfin 6639:157877 6613:149596 6600:329623 6587:bowfin 6538:201942 6525:161104 6460:223782 4642:MN DNR 4598: 4588: 4551: 4541: 4504: 4494: 4457: 4449: 4390:1 July 4358:6 June 4257:IGFA. 4210: 4160:1 July 4151: 4115: 4088: 3998: 3922: 3897: 3852: 3790: 3780: 3729: 3704: 3697:387836 3694: 3626: 3616: 3553: 3543: 3502: 3492: 3484: 3445: 3435: 3396: 3359: 3332: 3301: 3293: 3197: 3167: 3134: 3126: 3108:Copeia 3091: 3050: 2976: 2929: 2895:8 June 2857: 2547: 2489: 2434: 2424: 2401: 2393: 2354: 2346: 2307: 2299: 2233: 2162: 2019: 1959: 1925:8 June 1891: 1881: 1873: 1821: 1813: 1803: 1783: 1779:(11). 1749:18 May 1721:18 May 1586:copper 1584:, and 1570:toxins 1542:caviar 1530:smoked 1376:Simcoe 1349:Quebec 1313:Quebec 1217:bichir 1206:genome 945:, and 922:) and 881:clades 840:acidic 735:centra 698:burbot 620:" or " 458:Quebec 405:relict 399:, and 367:bowfin 240:, 1766 28:Bowfin 23:, see 6634:WoRMS 6621:Plazi 6545:NAS: 6507:IRMNG 6499:58611 6434:30342 5739:Ainia 5698:Suius 5663:Ospia 4455:S2CID 4417:(PDF) 4384:(PDF) 4377:(PDF) 4019:(PDF) 3895:JSTOR 3810:(PDF) 3482:JSTOR 3394:S2CID 3299:S2CID 3241:(PDF) 3234:(PDF) 3132:S2CID 3124:JSTOR 3002:(PDF) 2995:(PDF) 2885:(PDF) 2803:(PDF) 2752:(PDF) 2512:(PDF) 2399:JSTOR 2352:JSTOR 2305:JSTOR 2254:(PDF) 2125:(PDF) 2059:(PDF) 2052:(PDF) 1919:(PDF) 1819:S2CID 1740:(PDF) 1556:. 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