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3979:, Vol. 8, No. 3, Women in China: Current Directions in Historical Scholarship, Fall 1981, pp. 179–199. "Besides improvements in civil engineering, progress was made in social areas as well. The traditional Chinese practice of foot binding was widespread in Taiwan's early years. Traditional Chinese society perceived women with smaller feet as being more beautiful. Women would bind their feet with long bandages to stunt growth; housemaids were divided into those with bound feet and those without. The former served the daughters of the house, while the latter were assigned heavier work. This practice was later regarded as barbaric. In the early years of the Japanese colonial period, the Foot-binding Liberation Society was established to promote the idea of natural feet, but its influence was limited. The fact that women suffered higher casualties in the 1906 Meishan quake with 551 men and 700 women dead and 1,099 men and 1,334 women injured—very different from the situation in Japan—raised public concern. Foot binding was blamed and this gave impetus to the drive to stamp out the practice."
798:, where it was largely a practice of women in the provincial capitals or among the gentry. Feet were bound to their smallest in the northern provinces of Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi and Shaanxi, but the binding was less extreme and less common in the southern provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan and Guizhou, where not all daughters of the wealthy had bound feet. Footbinding limited the mobility of girls, so they became engaged in handwork from childhood. It is thought that the necessity for female labour in the fields owing to a longer growing season in the South and the impracticability of bound feet working in wet rice fields limited the spread of the practice in the countryside of the South. However some farming women bound their daughter's feet, but "the process began later than in elite families, and feet were bound more loosely among the poor."
44:
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984:. Despite the amount of care taken in regularly trimming the toenails, they would often in-grow, becoming infected and causing injuries to the toes. Sometimes, for this reason, the girl's toenails would be peeled back and removed altogether. The tightness of the binding meant that the circulation in the feet was faulty, and the circulation to the toes was almost cut off, so injuries to the toes were unlikely to heal and were likely to gradually worsen and lead to infected toes and rotting flesh. The necrosis of the flesh would initially give off a foul odour. Later the smell may have come from various microorganisms that colonized the folds. Most of the women receiving treatment did not go out often and were disabled.
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1827:, but where women were required to do heavy farm work they often did not bind their feet because it hindered physical work. These scholars argued that the coming of the mechanized industry at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, such as the introduction of industrial textile processes, resulted in a loss of light handwork for women, removing a reason to maintain the practice. Mechanization resulted in women who worked at home facing a crisis. Coupled with changes in politics and people's consciousness, the practice of foot binding disappeared in China forever after two generations. More specifically, the 1842
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marriage). Footbinding is believed to have spread from elite women to civilian women and there were large differences in each region. The body and labor of unmarried daughters belonged to their parents, thereby the boundaries between work and kinship for women were blurred. They argued that foot binding was an instrumental means to reserve women to handwork, and can be seen as a way by mothers to tie their daughters down, train them in handwork, and keep them close at hand. This argument has been challenged by
Shepherd 2018, who shows there was no connection between handicraft industries and the proportion of women bound in Hebei.
1803:, who underwent the painful process of unbinding her own bound feet, attacked footbinding and other traditional practices. She argued that women, by retaining their small bound feet, made themselves subservient as it would mean women imprisoning themselves indoors. She believed that women should emancipate themselves from oppression, that girls can ensure their independence through education, and that they should develop new mental and physical qualities fitting for the new era. The ending of the practice is seen as a significant event in the process of female emancipation in China, and a major event in the history of
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530:) long—around 11 cm (4.3 in). This pride was reflected in the elegantly embroidered silk slippers and wrappings girls and women wore to cover their feet. Handmade shoes served to exhibit the embroidery skill of the wearer as well. These shoes also served as support, as some women with bound feet might not have been able to walk without the support of their shoes and would have been severely limited in their mobility. Contrary to missionary writings, many women with bound feet were able to walk and work in the fields, albeit with greater limitations than their non-bound counterparts.
7793:
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691:, also argued that it weakened the nation, since enfeebled women supposedly produced weak sons. In his "On Women's Education", Liang Qichao asserts that the root cause of national weakness inevitably lies the lack of education for women. Qichao connected education for women and footbinding: "As long as foot binding remains in practice, women's education can never flourish." Qichao was also disappointed that foreigners had opened the first schools as he thought that the Chinese should be teaching Chinese women. At the turn of the 20th century, early
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were still soft. Bones in the girls' feet would often be deliberately broken again to further change the size or shape of the feet. This was especially the case with the girl's toes, which were broken several times since small toes were especially desirable. Older women were more likely to break hips and other bones in falls, since they could not balance properly on their feet, and were less able to rise to their feet from a sitting position. Other issues that may have arisen from footbinding included paralysis and
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under the foot and around the heel, the broken toes being pressed tightly into the sole of the foot. At each pass around the foot, the binding cloth was tightened, pulling the ball of the foot and the heel together, causing the broken foot to fold at the arch, pressing the toes beneath the sole. The binding was pulled so tightly that the girl could not move her toes at all and the ends of the binding cloth were then sewn so that the girl could not loosen it.
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483:(who nevertheless noted the dainty walk of Chinese women, who took very small steps), perhaps an indication that it was not a widespread or extreme practice at that time. The practice was encouraged by Mongol rulers for their Chinese subjects. The practice became increasingly common among the gentry families, later spreading to the general populace, as commoners and theatre actors alike adopted footbinding. By the
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605:. This missionary-led opposition had stronger impacts than earlier Han or Manchu opposition. Western missionaries established the first schools for girls, and encouraged women to end the practice of footbinding. Christian missionaries did not conceal their shock and disgust either when explaining the process of footbinding to Western peers and their descriptions shocked their audience back home.
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peasants two or three times a week), with fresh bindings. It was generally an elder female member of the girl's family or a professional footbinder who carried out the initial breaking and ongoing binding of the feet. It was considered preferable to have someone other than the mother do it, as she might have been sympathetic to her daughter's pain and less willing to keep the bindings tight.
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slightly and swaying to maintain proper movement and balance, a dainty walk that was also considered to be erotically attractive to some men. Some men found the smell of the bound feet attractive and some also apparently believed that bound feet would cause layers of folds to develop in the vagina, and that the thighs would become sensuously heavier and the vagina tighter. The psychoanalyst
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preserved, showed that her feet fit into the narrow, pointed slippers that were buried with her. The style of bound feet found in Song dynasty tombs, where the big toe was bent upwards, appears to be different from the norm of later eras, and the excessive smallness of the feet—an ideal known as the 'three-inch golden lotus'—may be a later development in the 16th century.
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foot. Cotton bandages, 3 m (10 ft) long and 5 cm (2 in) wide, were prepared by soaking them in the blood and herb mixture. To enable the size of the feet to be reduced, the toes on each foot were curled under, then pressed with great force downwards and squeezed into the sole of the foot until the toes broke.
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1084:(5 Chinese inches—around 17 cm or 6.7 in—or larger, and thus the least desirable for marriage). Therefore people had greater expectations for footbinding brides. The belief that footbinding made women more desirable to men is widely used as an explanation for the spread and persistence of footbinding.
1021:(the practice imposed by men with sexual perversions), inexplicable deformation, child abuse and extreme cultural traditionalism. In the late 20th century some feminists introduced positive overtones, reporting that it gave some women a sense of mastery over their bodies and pride in their beauty.
816:, did not bind their feet. The most a Manchu woman might do was to wrap the feet tightly to give them a slender appearance. The Manchus, wanting to emulate the particular gait that bound feet necessitated, adapted their own form of platform shoes to cause them to walk in a similar swaying manner. These
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Some scholars such as Laurel Bossen and Hill Gates reject the notion that bound feet in China were considered more beautiful, or that it was a means of male control over women, a sign of class status, or a chance for women to marry well (in general, bound women did not improve their class position by
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also dispute any causal link between neo-Confucianism and footbinding. It has been noted that
Confucian doctrine in fact prohibits mutilation of the body as people should not "injure even the hair and skin of the body received from mother and father". It is argued that such injunction applies less to
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The girl's broken feet required a great deal of care and attention and they would be unbound regularly. Each time the feet were unbound they were washed, the toes checked for injury, and the nails trimmed. When unbound, the broken feet were also kneaded to soften them and the soles of the girl's feet
581:). MacGowan held the view that footbinding was a serious problem that called into doubt the whole of Chinese civilization; he felt that "the nefarious civilization interferes with Divine Nature." Members of the Heavenly Foot Society vowed not to bind their daughters' feet. In 1895, Christian women in
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It was simply what a loving mother did to prepare her daughter to make a good marriage into a respectable family. Not to bind would be a failure of maternal duty." While the social implications of footbinding may have included a sexual element, mothers who were binding their daughter's feet were not
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in the north. Bright Moon, the daughter of a main character Mei-Ling, has her feet bound to increase her chances of a good marriage, and the practice is described in detail. The character soon resents that she has her feet bound, as it causes her severe pain, and stops her from participating in many
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account that mentioned a proposal to "entice to civilize their customs" by encouraging footbinding among their womenfolk. The practice was carried out only by women on girls, and it served to emphasize the distinction between male and female, an emphasis that began from an early age. Anthropologist
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the latter half of the 19th century, the writings that were done on this topic, particularly by educated men, frequently alluded to the erotic nature and appeal of bound feet in their poetry. The desirability varies with the size of the feet—the perfect bound feet and the most desirable (called
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in some areas, such as
Sichuan. In late 19th century Guangdong it was customary to bind the feet of the eldest daughter of a lower-class family who was intended to be brought up as a lady. Her younger sisters would grow up to be bond-servants or domestic slaves and be able to work in the fields, but
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Fred Blake argued that the practice of footbinding was a form of discipline undertaken by women themselves, and perpetuated by women on their daughters, so as to inform their daughters of their role and position in society, and to support and participate in the neo-Confucian way of being civilized.
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and is thought to be one of its antecedents. For many, the bound feet were an enhancement to a woman's beauty and made her movement more dainty, and a woman with perfect lotus feet was likely to make a more prestigious marriage. Even while not much was written on the subject of footbinding prior to
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to combat the practice, and anti-footbinding societies appeared across the country, with membership for the movement claimed to reach 300,000. The anti-footbinding movement stressed pragmatic and patriotic reasons rather than feminist ones, arguing that abolition of footbinding would lead to better
2059:. One of the three main characters is an 18th-century Chinese woman who arrives in a modern hospital waiting room, seeking medical help for complications resulting from her bound feet. She describes the foot-binding process, as well as the physical and psychological harm her bound feet have caused.
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At the beginning of the binding, many of the foot bones would remain broken, often for years. However as the girl grew older the bones would begin to heal. Even after the foot bones had healed, they were prone to rebreaking repeatedly, especially when the girl was in her teenage years and her feet
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Immediately after this procedure, the girl's broken toes were folded back under and the feet were rebound. The bindings were pulled even tighter each time the girl's feet were rebound. This unbinding and rebinding ritual was repeated as often as possible (for the rich at least once daily, for poor
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The broken toes were held tightly against the sole of the foot, while the foot was drawn down straight with the leg and the arch of the foot forcibly broken. The bandages were repeatedly wound in a figure-eight movement, starting at the inside of the foot at the instep, then carried over the toes,
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to bind her feet in white silk into the shape of the crescent moon and perform a dance on the points of her feet on the lotus. Yao Niang's dance was said to be so graceful that others sought to imitate her. The binding of feet was then replicated by other upper-class women and the practice spread.
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An effect of the bound feet was the lotus gait, the tiny steps and swaying walk of a woman whose feet had been bound. Women with such deformed feet avoided placing weight on the front of the foot and tended to walk predominantly on their heels. Walking on bound feet necessitated bending the knees
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First, each foot would be soaked in a warm mixture of herbs and animal blood. This was intended to soften the foot and aid the binding. Then the toenails were cut back as far as possible to prevent in-growth and subsequent infections, since the toes were to be pressed tightly into the sole of the
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declared the founding of the new Qing dynasty, then in 1638, and another in 1664 by the Kangxi
Emperor. Few Han Chinese complied with the edicts, and Kangxi eventually abandoned the effort in 1668. By the 19th century, it was estimated that 40–50% of Chinese women had bound feet. Among upper
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as clothing or a form of bodily embellishment rather than mutilation. One from 1591, for example, placed footbinding in a section on "Female
Adornments" that included hairdos, powders, and ear piercings. According to Ko, the perception of footbinding as a civilized practice may be evinced from a
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and
Chinese reformers challenged the practice but it was not until the early 20th century that the practice began to die out, following the efforts of anti-footbinding campaigns. Additionally, upper-class and urban women dropped the practice of footbinding sooner than poorer rural women. By
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in 1644, as it was then practised only by Han women. During the Qing dynasty, attempts were made by the
Manchus to ban the practice but failed, and it has been argued the attempts at banning may have in fact led to a spread of the practice among Han Chinese in the 17th and 18th centuries.
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Footbinding is an oppressive practice against women who were victims of a sexist culture. It is also widely seen as a form of violence against women. Bound feet rendered women dependent on their families, particularly the men, as they became largely restricted to their homes. Thus, the practice
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If the infection in the feet and toes entered the bones, it could cause them to soften, which could result in toes dropping off. This was seen as a benefit because the feet could then be bound even more tightly. Girls whose toes were more fleshy would sometimes have shards of glass or pieces of
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background whose women did not bind their feet, and they outlawed footbinding in areas under their control. However the rebellion failed and
Christian missionaries, who had provided education for girls and actively discouraged what they considered a barbaric practice that had deleterious social
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found that 18% of women had bound feet, while in some remote rural areas, such as Yunnan
Province, it continued to be practiced until the 1950s. In most parts of China the practice had virtually disappeared by 1949. The practice was also stigmatized in Communist China, and the last vestiges of
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The earliest archeological evidence for foot binding dates to the tombs of Huang Sheng, who died in 1243 at the age of 17, and Madame Zhou, who died in 1274. Each woman's remains showed feet bound with gauze strips measuring 1.8 m (6 ft) in length. Zhou's skeleton, particularly well
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in the Inner City of
Beijing did not bind their feet either, and it was reported in the mid-1800s that around 50–60% of non-banner women had unbound feet. Han immigrant women to the Northeast came under Manchu influence and abandoned footbinding. Bound feet nevertheless became a significant
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made a pretence of binding while keeping their feet natural. Not all women were always bound—some women once bound remained bound throughout their lives, some were only briefly bound and some were bound only until marriage. Footbinding was most common among women whose work involved domestic
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where foreigners could live and trade. This led to foreign citizens residing in the area, where many proselytized as Christian missionaries. These foreigners condemned many long-standing Chinese cultural practices like footbinding as "uncivilized" — marking the beginning of the end for the
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women, rather it is meant to emphasize the sacred link between sons and their parents. Furthermore, it is argued that Confucianism institutionalized the family system in which women are called upon to sacrifice themselves for the good of the family, a system that fostered such practice.
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Province formed a regional dance troupe to perform for tourists in the late 20th century, though age has since forced the group to retire. In other areas, women in their 70s and 80s assisted in the rice fields (albeit in a limited capacity) even into the early 21st century.
2033:'s short story "A Visit from the Footbinder", from her collection of short stories of the same name (1982), describes the last few hours of a young Chinese girl's childhood before the professional footbinder arrives to initiate her into the adult woman's life of beauty and pain.
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proposed that footbinding may be an expression of the Confucian ideals of civility and culture in the form of correct attire or bodily adornment, and that footbinding was seen as a necessary part of being feminine as well as being civilized. Footbinding was often classified in
1929:(1931), the accounts are relatively neutral or empirical, implying respect for Chinese culture. Sometimes, the accounts seem intended to rouse like-minded Chinese and foreign opinion to abolish the custom, and sometimes the accounts imply condescension or contempt for China.
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emperors attempted to ban the practice in the 17th century but failed. In some areas, footbinding raised marriage prospects. It has been estimated that by the 19th century 40–50% of all Chinese women may have had bound feet, rising to almost 100% among upper-class
1810:
In the late 20th century, some feminists have pushed back against the prevailing Western critiques of footbinding, arguing that the presumption that footbinding was done solely for the sexual pleasure of men denies the agency and cultural influence of women.
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The process was started before the arch of the foot had a chance to develop fully, usually between the ages of four and nine. Binding usually started during the winter months since the feet were more likely to be numb and the pain would not be as extreme.
1004:. By the turn of the century footbinding had been exposed in photographs, X-rays and detailed textual descriptions. These scientific investigations detailed how footbinding deformed the leg, covered the skin with cracks and sores and altered the posture.
963:
Once a girl's foot had been crushed and bound, attempting to reverse the process by unbinding was painful, and the shape could not be reversed without a woman undergoing the same pain again. The timing and degree of footbinding varied among communities.
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also enforced the ban. The campaign against footbinding was successful in some regions. In one province, a 1929 survey showed that, while only 2.3% of girls born before 1910 had unbound feet, 95% of those born after were not bound. In a region south of
1918:
The bound foot has played a prominent part in many media works, both Chinese and non-Chinese, modern and traditional. These depictions are sometimes based on observation or research and sometimes on rumors or supposition. Sometimes, as in the case of
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footbinding were stamped out, with the last new case of footbinding reported in 1957. By the 21st century, only a few elderly women in China still had bound feet. In 1999, the last shoe factory making lotus shoes, the Zhiqian Shoe Factory in
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period the practice was no longer the preserve of the gentry and had instead come to be considered a status symbol. As footbinding restricted the movement of a woman, one side effect of its rising popularity was the corresponding decline of the
374:. In the story, Pan Yunu, renowned for having delicate feet, performed a dance barefoot on a floor decorated with the design of a golden lotus, after which the Emperor, expressing admiration, said that "lotus springs from her every step!" (
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to blame women with bound feet for being a national weakness in the eyes of other nations. Many members of anti-footbinding groups pledged to not bind their daughters' feet nor to allow their sons to marry women with bound feet. In 1902,
1999:, who is assigned as a foreigner the task by a local Mandarin to unbind the feet of young women, an unpopular order that the civil government had failed to fulfil. Later, the children are able to escape troops by walking miles to safety.
1964:), which describes a Chinese woman attempting to run a race and barely finishing the boys' course, yet still getting applause for the effort. Bunina used the custom as an allegory to her own difficulties in getting recognition as a poet.
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legend of Padmavati, under whose feet lotus springs forth. This story may have given rise to the terms 'golden lotus' or 'lotus feet' used to describe bound feet; there is no evidence, however, that Consort Pan ever bound her feet.
2083:(2005) is about two Chinese girls who are destined to be friends. The novel is based upon the sacrifices women make to be married and includes the two girls being forced into getting their feet bound. The book was adapted into
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were unusual among Han Chinese in not practising footbinding. Most non-Han Chinese people, such as the Manchus, Mongols and Tibetans, did not bind their feet. Some non-Han ethnic groups did. Footbinding was practised by the
411:
Some of the earliest possible references to footbinding appear around 1100, when a couple of poems seemed to allude to the practice. Soon after 1148, in the earliest extant discourse on the practice of footbinding, scholar
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wrote the first known criticism of the practice: "Little girls not yet four or five years old, who have done nothing wrong, nevertheless are made to suffer unlimited pain to bind small. I do not know what use this is."
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There are many interpretations to the practice of footbinding. The interpretive models used include fashion (with the Chinese customs somewhat comparable to the more extreme examples of Western women's fashion such as
1703:
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explored the unbinding of a woman's feet, experienced as frightening and painful yet finally empowering, as part of her transition into a new, more modern and more individualistic persona under her doctor husband's
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health and more efficient labour. Kang Youwei submitted a petition to the throne commenting on the fact that China had become a joke to foreigners and that "footbinding was the primary object of such ridicule."
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of the Qing period where the genitalia may be shown, the bound feet were never depicted uncovered. Howard Levy, however, suggests that the barely revealed bound foot may also only function as an initial tease.
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the eldest daughter would be assumed never to have the need to work. Women, their families and their husbands took great pride in tiny feet, with the ideal length, called the 'Golden Lotus', being about three
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wrote that a bound foot should be arch shaped and small. He observed that "women's footbinding began in recent times; it was not mentioned in any books from previous eras." In the 13th century, scholar
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Liang Qichao. "On Women's Education", in The Birth of Chinese Feminism: Essential Texts in Transnational Theory, by Lydia He Liu, Rebecca E. Karl and Dorothy Ko (Columbia University Press, 2013), 202.
2143:(2021) is set in a futuristic world inspired by medieval China that still practices footbinding. The main character, Wu Zetian, had her feet bound in childhood and suffers from chronic pain due to it.
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broken tiles inserted within the binding next to her feet and between her toes to cause injury and introduce infection deliberately. Disease inevitably followed infection, meaning that death from
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Some also considered bound feet to be intensely erotic. Some men preferred never to see a woman's bound feet, so they were always concealed within tiny 'lotus shoes' and wrappings. According to
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1049:. This tale of a girl who lost her shoe and then married a king who sought the owner of the shoe as only her foot was small enough to fit the shoe contains elements of the European story of
736:, where over 99% of women once had bound feet, no new cases were found among those born after 1919. In Taiwan, the practice was also discouraged by the ruling Japanese from the beginning of
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class Han Chinese women, the figure was almost 100%. Bound feet became a mark of beauty and were also a prerequisite for finding a husband. They also became an avenue for poorer women to
801:
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In the 19th and early 20th century there were dancers with bound feet as well as circus performers who stood on prancing or running horses. Women with bound feet in one village in
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considering these implications. They were performing this exceptionally painful act out of love for their child, in order to secure what they believed would be a better future for her.
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in Shanxi, engaged in their own sustained campaign against footbinding with foot inspectors and fines for those who continued the practice, while regional governments of the later
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suggests that this story might be fictitious, and argued that the practice arose so as to emphasize the gender distinction during a period of societal change in the Song dynasty.
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and those in urban areas; it was also more common in northern China, where it was widely practised by women of all social classes, but less so in parts of southern China such as
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1729:
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856:); they have a platform generally made of wood 5–20 cm (2–6 in) in height and fitted to the middle of the sole, or they have a small central tapered pedestal. Many
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could result from footbinding, and a surviving girl was more at risk of medical problems as she grew older. It is thought that as many as 10% of girls may have died from
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Bossen, Laurel; Xurui, Wang; Brown, Melissa J.; Gates, Hill (2011). "Feet and Fabrication: Footbinding and Early Twentieth-Century Rural Women's Labor in Shaanxi".
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Shepherd 2018 provides a critical review of the evidence cited for the notion that footbinding was an expression of "Han identity" and rejects this interpretation.
401:, just before the Song dynasty. Li Yu created a 1.8-meter-tall (6 ft) golden lotus decorated with precious stones and pearls and asked his concubine Yao Niang
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Brown, Melissa J., et al., "Marriage Mobility and Footbinding in Pre-1949 Rural China: A Reconsideration of Gender, Economics, and Meaning in Social Causation".
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The prevalence and practice of footbinding varied over time and by region and social class. The practice may have originated among court dancers during the
293:, was the Chinese custom of breaking and tightly binding the feet of young girls to change their shape and size. Feet altered by footbinding were known as
6264:
Brown, Melissa J., and Damian Satterthwaite-Phillips. "Economic correlates of footbinding: Implications for the importance of Chinese daughters' labor".
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were often beaten to make the joints and broken bones more flexible. The feet were also soaked in a concoction that caused necrotic flesh to fall off.
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and a mark of feminine beauty. However, footbinding was a painful practice that limited the mobility of women and resulted in lifelong disabilities.
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881:, descendants of Hui from northwestern China who fled to central Asia, were also practising footbinding up to 1948. In southern China, in Canton (
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Footbinding was practised in various forms and its prevalence varied in different regions. A less severe form in Sichuan, called "cucumber foot" (
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566:) in 1874. 60–70 Christian women in Xiamen attended a meeting presided over by a missionary, John MacGowan, and formed the Natural Foot Society (
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as a way of encouraging chastity among women; that by restricting their movement, it would help keep men and women separate. However, historian
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Some Confucian moralists in fact disapproved of the erotic associations of footbinding, and unbound women were also praised. The Neo-Confucian
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It has been argued that while the practice started out as a fashion, it persisted because it became an expression of Han identity after the
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noted a mosque that had a placard denouncing footbinding, saying Islam did not allow it since it constituted violating the creation of God.
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Shepherd, John R. Footbinding as Fashion: Ethnicity, Labor, and Status in Traditional China. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2018.
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Opposition to footbinding had been raised by some Chinese writers in the 18th century. In the mid-19th century, many of the leaders of the
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Reform-minded Chinese intellectuals began to consider footbinding to be an aspect of their culture that needed to be eliminated. In 1883,
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6315:'...the Binding Altered Not only My Feet but My Whole Character': Footbinding and First-World Feminism in Chinese American Literature".
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5019:"Sociocultural Epistasis and Cultural Exaptation in Footbinding, Marriage Form, and Religious Practices in Early 20th-Century Taiwan"
740:, and from 1911 to 1915 it was gradually made illegal. The practice lingered on in some regions in China. In 1928, a census in rural
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and lobbying of the Qing court, placing emphasis on the fact that no other culture in the world practised the custom of footbinding.
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in the 14th century, during the Yuan dynasty. However no other foreign visitors to Yuan China mentioned the practice, including
2900:"Marriage Mobility and Footbinding in Pre-1949 Rural China: A Reconsideration of Gender, Economics, and Meaning in Social Causation"
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some would also drink directly from the shoe itself. This practice was called 'toast to the golden lotus' and lasted until the late
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Zito, Angela (March 2007). "Secularizing the Pain of Footbinding in China: Missionary and Medical Stagings of the Universal Body".
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was said to be against footbinding and his family and descendants did not bind their feet. Modern Confucian scholars such as
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Xu Ji 徐積 《詠蔡家婦》: 「但知勒四支,不知裹两足。」(translation: "knowing about arranging the four limbs, but not about binding her two feet);
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Brown, Melissa J. (2020). "Footbinding in Economic Context: Rethinking the Problems of Affect and the Prurient Gaze".
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1946:): "displaying her exquisite feet, three inches long and no wider than a thumb, very pointed and with high insteps."
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1972:(1837) by Ju-Chen Li includes chapters set in the "Country of Women", where men bear children and have bound feet.
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stressed the inferiority of women as well as the need to keep men and women strictly separate. It was claimed by
2071:(1999) follows a girl named Ailin in China who refuses to have her feet bound, which comes to affect her future.
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The general view is that the practice is likely to have originated during the reign of the 10th-century Emperor
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Sexual life in ancient China: A Preliminary Survey of Chinese Sex and Society from ca. 1500 B.C. Till 1644 A.D.
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2013:
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presents a satirical picture of the movement to abolish the practice, which is seen as part of Chinese culture.
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woman. It describes her feet being bound and later unbound when she needed to help her family with farm labor.
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Sexual life in ancient China:A Preliminary Survey of Chinese Sex and Society from Ca. 1500 B.C. Till 1644 A.D
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Bodies under Siege: Self-mutilation, Nonsuicidal Self-injury, and Body Modification in Culture and Psychiatry
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Sexual life in ancient China:A Preliminary Survey of Chinese Sex and Society from Ca. 1500 B.C. Till 1644 A.D
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Bodies under Siege: Self-mutilation, Nonsuicidal Self-injury, and Body Modification in Culture and Psychiatry
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government banned footbinding, though the ban was not actively implemented, and leading intellectuals of the
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Patricia Buckley Ebrey, "Gender and Sinology: Shifting Western Interpretations of Foot binding, 1300-1890",
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Rachel Keeling. "The Anti-Footbinding Movement, 1872-1922: A Cause for China Rather Than Chinese Women", in
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Before footbinding was practised in China, admiration for small feet already existed as demonstrated by the
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Cummings, S. & Stone, K. (1997) "Consequences of Foot Binding Among Older Women in Beijing China", in:
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had her feet bound when she was young as part of the "Emerald Witch" hoax invented by the German military.
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the status of women declined and a common argument is that the decline was the result of the revival of
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6447:, by James Hastings, John Alexander Selbie, Louis Herbert Gray, a publication from 1916, now in the
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Keeling. "The Anti-Footbinding Movement, 1872-1922: A Cause for China Rather Than Chinese Women", in
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1618:
1511:
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Shepherd, John R. "The Qing, the Manchus, and Footbinding: Sources and Assumptions Under Scrutiny."
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3412:"The Tian Zu Hui (Natural Foot Society): Christian Women in China and the Fight against Footbinding"
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Patricia Ebrey, "Gender and Sinology: Shifting Western Interpretations of Footbinding, 1300–1890",
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3220:. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 46.
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There are a number of stories about the origin of footbinding before its establishment during the
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6158:"The Readerly Politics of Western Domination : Emily Prager's "A Visit from the Footbinder""
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2008:
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effect on women, then played a part in changing elite opinion on footbinding through education,
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2007, only a small handful of elderly Chinese women whose feet had been bound were still alive.
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The Lotus Lovers: The Complete History of the Curious Erotic Tradition of Foot Binding in China
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The Lotus Lovers: The Complete History of the Curious Erotic Tradition of Foot Binding in China
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Small bound feet were once considered beautiful while large unbound feet were judged as crude.
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Why the West Rules - For Now: The Patterns of History, and What They Reveal About the Future
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among others, probably based on an oral tradition, that Zhu Xi also promoted footbinding in
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A comparison between a woman with un-bound feet (left) and a woman with bound feet in 1902
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Drucker, "The Influence of Western Women on the Anti-Footbinding Movement 1840-1911", in
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The religions of China: Confucianism and Tâoism described and compared with Christianity
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The religions of China: Confucianism and Tâoism described and compared with Christianity
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ensured that women were much more reliant on their husbands. The early Chinese feminist
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Ambivalent Orientalism: Footbinding in Chinese American History, Culture and Literature
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5788:"Revisiting Footbinding: The Evolution of the Body as Method in Modern Chinese History"
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5511:"The Body as Attire: The Shifting Meanings of Footbinding in Seventeenth-Century China"
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presents the story of Yu-fang, the grandmother, who had bound feet from the age of two.
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saw footbinding as a major symbol of China's backwardness. Provincial leaders, such as
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Gamble, Sidney D. (September 1943). "The Disappearance of Foot-Binding in Tinghsien".
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Footbinding, Feminism, and Freedom: The Liberation of Women's Bodies in Modern China
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Footbinding, Feminism, and Freedom: The Liberation of Women's Bodies in Modern China
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issued a number of edicts to ban the practice, first in 1636 when the Manchu leader
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Footbinding, Feminism and Freedom: The Liberation of Women's Bodies in Modern China
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4087:"Traveling Across China to Tell the Story of a Generation of Women With Bound Feet"
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Mackie, Gerry (1996). "Ending Footbinding and Infibulation: A Convention Account".
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2021:
1623:
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1319:
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1091:, the bound feet were also considered the most intimate part of a woman's body. In
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839:
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101:
5345:
McMahan, Aubrey L. "Why Chinese Neo-Confucian Women Made a Fetish of Small Feet".
4520:
4022:"Women with Bound Feet in China: Cessation of Bound Feet during the Communist Era"
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3788:"The Art of Social Change: Campaigns against foot-binding and genital mutilation"
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For Our Daughters: How Outstanding Women Worldwide Have Balanced Home and Career
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Gates, Hill (2001). "Footloose in Fujian: Economic Correlates of Footbinding".
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features neutral or empirical accounts of foot binding, Buck's previous novel,
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1996:
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Gecgil, Emine (2018). Bhattacharjee, Subashish; Narayan Ray, Girindra (eds.).
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Teachers of the Inner Chambers: Women and Culture in Seventeenth-century China
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The Inner Quarters: Marriage and the Lives of Chinese Women in the Sung Period
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in 10th-century China and gradually became popular among the elite during the
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Research on Women in Modern Chinese History / Jindai Zhongguo Funu Shi Yanjiu
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4184:
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Hu, Alex. "The Influence of Western Women on the Anti-Footbinding Movement".
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Wang Ke-wen (1996). Reilly, Thomas; Bangsbo, Jens; Williams, A. Mark (eds.).
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Bound feet, young hands: tracking the demise of footbinding in village China
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The Manchu Way: the Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China
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6209:"Children's Book Review: Ties That Bind, Ties That Break by Lensey Namioka"
5529:
5455:"Foot-Binding in Neo-Confucian China and the Appropriation of Female Labor"
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differentiating marker between Han women and Manchu or other banner women.
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Mei Ching Liu, "Women and the Media in China: An Historical Perspective",
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Footbinding as Fashion: Ethnicity, Labor, and Status in Traditional China
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6135:. Translated by Wakefield, David. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
5725:
5294:
Chinese Outcasts: Discrimination and Emancipation in Late Imperial China
5060:
4894:(2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 160–161.
3094:
3035:
2933:
2844:
Chinese Outcasts: Discrimination and Emancipation in Late Imperial China
805:
The Manchu "flower bowl" shoes designed to imitate bound feet, mid-1880s
562:
The earliest-known Western anti-footbinding society was formed in Amoy (
350:
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4192:
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1979:
1920:
1890: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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2898:; BOSSEN, LAUREL; GATES, HILL; SATTERTHWAITE-PHILLIPS, DAMIAN (2012).
2894:
1144:, it also contributed to the development of footbinding. According to
7625:
7373:
7272:
7093:
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6560:
4824:
Footbinding: A Jungian Engagement with Chinese Culture and Psychology
4486:
Hastings, James; Selbie, John Alexander; Gray, Louis Herbert (1916).
4458:
4416:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 246–249.
3909:
Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics
3680:
The Chinese Medical Ministries of Kang Cheng and Shi Meiyu, 1872–1937
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The first European to mention footbinding was the Italian missionary
153:
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699:, called for the end of footbinding. In 1906, Zhao Zhiqian wrote in
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New Women's Writing: Contextualising Fiction, Poetry and Philosophy
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4710:"Consequences of foot binding among older women in Beijing, China"
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The Taiping Ideology: Its Sources, Interpretations, and Influences
1140:
and that, in addition to promoting the seclusion of women and the
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7268:
6946:
6162:
Journal of the Short Story in English. Les Cahiers de la nouvelle
4475:. Seattle: University of Washington Press. pp. 43–44, 89–95.
3161:
3117:. Ebookcentral: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 66.
2131:(2014) describes Chinese family traditions including footbinding.
1800:
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902:
795:
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5882:. ProQuest Ebook Central: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 66.
5017:
Brown, Melissa J.; Feldman, Marcus W.; Ehrlich, Paul R. (2009).
4850:"Asian Origins of Cinderella: The Zhuang Storyteller of Guangxi"
3537:
354:
18th-century illustration showing Yao Niang binding her own feet
6996:
6986:
6482:
5377:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History: 4 Volume Set
5182:(third ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 117.
4275:
2451:蘇軾 《菩薩蠻》:「塗香莫惜蓮承步,長愁羅襪凌波去;只見舞回風,都無行處踪。偷穿宮樣穩,並立雙趺困,纖妙說應難,須從掌上看。」
2448:
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1157:
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considered footbinding to be a "perversion that corresponds to
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Schema of an X-ray comparison between an unbound and bound foot
914:
847:
829:
746:
741:
563:
534:
321:
316:. Footbinding eventually spread to lower social classes by the
280:
5862:
Dorothy Ko, "Rethinking sex, female agency, and footbinding",
5699:
Claire M. Renzetti; Jeffrey L. Edleson, eds. (6 August 2008).
3297:. Feminist Press at The City University of New York. pp.
6532:
5726:
Laura L. O'Toole; Jessica R. Schiffman, eds. (1 March 1997).
4919:. The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group. p. 47.
4521:
Touraj Atabaki, Sanjyot Mehendale; Sanjyot Mehendale (2005).
3622:
American Doctors in Canton: Modernization in China, 1835–1935
2107:
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issued an anti-footbinding edict, but it was soon rescinded.
551:
5958:. Seattle: University of Washington Press. pp. 113–143.
5675:
Ordinary Violence: Everyday Assaults against Women Worldwide
4684:
Ordinary Violence: Everyday Assaults against Women Worldwide
4524:
Central Asia and the Caucasus: transnationalism and diaspora
4441:. Seattle: University of Washington Press. pp. 144–163.
3882:
Ordinary Violence: Everyday Assaults against Women Worldwide
2733:
Marco Polo's China: A Venetian in the Realm of Khubilai Khan
7725:
7056:
6248:"Foot binding in a Ming dynasty cemetery near Xi'an, China"
5553:
4047:
Cinderella's Sisters: A Revisionist History of Footbinding.
3145:"Bound by History: The Last of China's 'Lotus-Feet' Ladies"
2786:
2578:
1341:
976:
Feet of a Chinese woman, showing the effect of foot-binding
6340:
Cinderella's Sisters: A Revisionist History of Footbinding
6335:. Diss. Université de Lausanne, Faculté des lettres, 2017.
5972:
Cinderella's Sisters: A Revisionist History of Footbinding
4651:. Seattle: University of Washington Press. pp. 78–83.
4594:
Splendid Slippers: A Thousand Years of an Erotic Tradition
4492:. Vol. 8. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark. p. 893.
4332:
Cinderella's Sisters: A Revisionist History of Footbinding
4306:
Cinderella's Sisters: A Revisionist History of Footbinding
4107:
Cinderella's Sisters: A Revisionist History of Footbinding
3825:
Cinderella's Sisters: A Revisionist History of Footbinding
3514:
Cinderella's Sisters: A Revisionist History of Footbinding
3381:
Cinderella's Sisters: A Revisionist History of Footbinding
2625:
Cinderella's Sisters: A Revisionist History of Footbinding
2530:
Cinderella's Sisters: A Revisionist History of Footbinding
5705:. Vol. 1. SAGE Publications. p. 276–277.
4057:. "The last case of girls binding ever occurred in 1957."
193:
179:
165:
6319:. Vol. 10 (1): 31–58. Project Muse and Ethnic Newswatch.
3765:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 67–68.
3293:
The Cross-cultural Study of Women: A Comprehensive Guide
6466:, by James Legge, a publication from 1880, now in the
6048:. Singapore: Graham Brash (PTE) Ltd. 1979. p. 101.
5617:
5317:
2759:
2612:
Original text: 妇人纒脚不知起于何时,小儿未四五岁,无罪无辜而使之受无限之苦,纒得小来不知何用。
1074:(4 Chinese inches—around 13 cm or 5.1 in) or
301:. In late imperial China, bound feet were considered a
5621:
Confucianism and Women: A Philosophical Interpretation
5437:
Confucian thought: selfhood as creative transformation
5321:
Confucianism and Women: A Philosophical Interpretation
5263:
2763:
Confucianism and Women: A Philosophical Interpretation
2460:
1855:
7781:
6401:
6061:
Women in Nineteenth-Century Russia: Lives and Culture
5121:
3005:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2976:"China's "Golden Lotus Feet" - Foot-binding Practice"
2867:
2402:
1033:
Bound feet were considered beautiful and even erotic.
771:
567:
375:
141:
127:
113:
4944:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 45.
4309:. University of California Press. pp. 111–115.
3538:
Vincent Goossaert; David A. Palmer (15 April 2011).
2675:
2628:. University of California Press. pp. 187–191.
2533:. University of California Press. pp. 111–115.
2314:"Painful Memories for China's Footbinding Survivors"
6187:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 191–205.
5236:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 10.
5016:
3744:"1907: Qiu Jin, Chinese feminist and revolutionary"
3712:
3531:
3069:
Footbinding: Search for the Three Inch Golden Lotus
2159:, when footbinding was still common practice among
1337:
Post-assault treatment of victims of sexual assault
6422:The Virtual Museum of The City of San Francisco, "
6128:
6095:
5754:
5671:
5586:
5175:
4820:
4768:
4766:
4485:
4386:. Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 15.
4068:"Unbound: China's last 'lotus feet' – in pictures"
4005:"In China, foot binding slowly slips into history"
3878:
3828:. University of California Press. pp. 50–63.
3517:. University of California Press. pp. 14–16.
3490:. Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 46.
3384:. University of California Press. pp. 14–17.
3290:
3168:. University of Washington Press. pp. 27–29.
2994:
2655:. University of California Press. pp. 21–24.
2467:. University of California Press. pp. 37–39.
2352:. University of California Press. pp. 32–34.
812:women, as well as Mongol and Chinese women in the
6527:
6233:
5148:
4707:
3268:. Oxford University Press USA. pp. 327–329.
3265:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History
2106:feature a ghost of a foot-bound woman inhabits a
7817:
4282:(7th Revised ed.). Wadsworth. p. 282.
4276:William Duiker; Jackson Spielvoge, eds. (2012).
3659:
3657:
6059:Rosslyn, Wendy; Tosi, Alessandra, eds. (2012).
5729:Gender Violence: Interdisciplinary Perspectives
5380:. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 358–.
5373:
4763:
4361:. University of Washington Press. p. 100.
4334:. University of California Press. p. 139.
3676:
3650:. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 67.
3288:
3188:
2820:. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 32–.
2755:
2753:
6342:. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
5290:
4779:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield.
3262:Blake, C. Fred (2008). Bonnie G. Smith (ed.).
3142:
2840:
2398:
2396:
2379:. University of California Press. p. 42.
601:, who thought that Christianity could promote
7224:
6808:
6513:
6445:Encyclopædia of religion and ethics, Volume 8
6239:Berg, Eugene E., MD, "Chinese Footbinding".
5905:
5452:
4708:Cummings, S. R.; Ling, X.; Stone, K. (1997).
4619:
4110:. University of California Press. p. 9.
3654:
3544:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 70–.
2492:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2484:
1953:
1779:
776:
572:
525:
402:
380:
233:
219:
83:
69:
5264:Patricia Buckley Ebrey (19 September 2002).
4827:. Taylor & Francis Ltd. pp. 75–78.
4454:Encyclopedia of Contemporary Chinese Culture
3912:. Cornell University Press. pp. 64–65.
3906:Keck, Margaret E.; Sikkink, Kathryn (1998).
3162:Vincent Yu-Chung Shih; Yu-chung Shi (1968).
2750:
2250:
1007:
980:The most common problem with bound feet was
757:
6246:Berger, Elizabeth, Liping Yang, and Wa Ye.
6126:
6058:
5678:(2nd ed.). Praeger. pp. 423–437.
5434:
5259:
5257:
4587:
4585:
4583:
4554:
3905:
3848:
3618:
3445:Journal of the American Academy of Religion
2760:Li-Hsiang Lisa Rosenlee (1 February 2012).
2393:
2261:. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
1823:Footbinding was common when women could do
1024:
996:and other infections owing to footbinding.
48:A Chinese woman showing her foot, image by
7231:
7217:
6822:
6815:
6801:
6520:
6506:
5968:
5926:
5875:
5584:
5549:
5547:
5367:
5229:
5094:
5090:
5088:
4964:
4939:
4914:
4772:
4381:
4302:
4248:
4221:
4164:Comparative Studies in Society and History
3760:
3738:
3736:
3645:
3608:. New York: Prometheus Books. p. 322.
3570:
3568:
3510:
3485:
3409:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3215:
3107:
2946:
2648:
2621:
2572:
2526:
2481:
2461:Patricia Buckley Ebrey (1 December 1993).
2372:
2345:
2330:
1786:
1772:
297:and the shoes made for them were known as
6093:
6068:
5901:
5899:
5618:Li-Hsiang Lisa Rosenlee (February 2012).
5448:
5446:
5358:
5068:
5042:
4733:
4405:
4403:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4084:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3318:
2915:
2813:
2585:. Yale University Press. pp. 38–40.
2506:. McClelland & Stewart. p. 424.
1906:Learn how and when to remove this message
5999:
5953:
5930:Footbinding and Women's Labor in Sichuan
5835:
5808:
5752:
5732:. New York University Press. p. 6.
5644:
5415:
5254:
5098:Footbinding and Women's Labor in Sichuan
4969:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 45.
4646:
4580:
4561:. London: Hodder and Stoughton. p.
4470:
4436:
4354:
4252:Footbinding and Women's Labor in Sichuan
4225:Footbinding and Women's Labor in Sichuan
2950:Footbinding and Women's Labor in Sichuan
2807:
2652:Every Step a Lotus: Shoes for Bound Feet
2376:Every Step a Lotus: Shoes for Bound Feet
2349:Every Step a Lotus: Shoes for Bound Feet
2256:
1814:
1119:
1028:
971:
946:
938:
800:
761:
494:
447:
349:
6386:Aching for Beauty: Footbinding in China
6252:International journal of paleopathology
5757:The Great Chinese Revolution, 1800–1985
5578:
5544:
5418:"Foot-binding and Ruism (Confucianism)"
5267:Women and the Family in Chinese History
5085:
4891:'Cambridge Illustrated History of China
4681:Stewart, Mary White (27 January 2014).
4680:
4615:
4613:
4591:
4409:
3733:
3683:. Lehigh University Press. p. 51.
3625:. Transaction Publishers. p. 257.
3599:
3597:
3565:
3282:
3248:
2973:
2834:
2817:Aching for Beauty: Footbinding in China
2706:Women and the Family in Chinese History
2454:
1995:portrays a British missionary to China
1952:mentions the custom in her 1810 fable "
1197:
1148:, the prominent Song Confucian scholar
1115:
14:
7818:
6241:Radiology Review – Orthopaedic Nursing
6182:
6155:
5896:
5761:. New York: Harper & Row. p.
5702:Encyclopedia of Interpersonal Violence
5672:Mary White Stewart (27 January 2014).
5593:. Stanford University Press. pp.
5554:Valerie Steele; John S. Major (2000).
5443:
5318:Li-Hsiang Lisa Rosenlee (April 2006).
5230:Hershatter, Gail (September 4, 2018).
5202:
4821:Shirley See Yan Ma (4 December 2009).
4661:
4400:
4149:
3932:
3879:Mary White Stewart (27 January 2014).
3874:
3872:
3817:
3815:
3785:
3541:The Religious Question in Modern China
3334:
3315:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3064:
2787:Valerie Steele; John S. Major (2000).
2579:Valerie Steele; John S. Major (2000).
2496:
310:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
195:
143:
7212:
7167:Prosecution of gender-targeted crimes
6796:
6501:
6281:
6278:(2012), Vol. 71 Issue 4, pp 1035–1067
5439:. State University of New York Press.
5400:
4887:
4847:
4626:. Greenwood Press. pp. 116–117.
4160:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3261:
2793:. Yale University Press. p. 37.
2702:
2335:. Rowman and Littlefield. p. 68.
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2282:
2280:
2278:
1720:Prosecution of gender-targeted crimes
7238:
6462:This article incorporates text from
6443:This article incorporates text from
6372:
4989:
4610:
3786:Appiah, Kwame Anthony (2010-10-22).
3603:
3594:
3442:
3143:Simon Montlake (November 13, 2009).
2682:. Parkstone Press Ltd. p. 164.
2669:
2214:
2110:and cursed those who holds the item.
1888:adding citations to reliable sources
1859:
6243:24, no. 5 (September/October) 66–67
5344:
4489:Encyclopædia of religion and ethics
4133:"The Shoes Fit, but Feet Grow Rare"
4036:, stories collected by Joseph Rupp.
3869:
3855:. Taylor & Francis. p. 8.
3812:
3716:Chinese Women in Christian Ministry
3131:
2974:Manning, Mary Ellen (10 May 2007).
2729:
2403:Victoria Pitts-Taylor, ed. (2008).
2311:
2209:Women in ancient and imperial China
1856:In literature, film, and television
820:were known as "flower bowl" shoes (
24:
6424:Chinese Foot Binding – Lotus Shoes
6345:
6284:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
6261:(Stanford University Press, 2017).
6106:. University of California Press.
5906:Colleen Walsh (December 9, 2011).
5785:
5508:
5152:Sexuality Now: Embracing Diversity
4577:(Original from Harvard University)
4329:
4103:
3821:
3713:Mary Keng Mun Chung (1 May 2005).
3398:
3377:
3195:. Praeger Publishers. p. 57.
2298:
2275:
967:
25:
7872:
6604:Three Obediences and Four Virtues
6475:
6324:Footbinding, Feminism and Freedom
6317:Journal of Asian American Studies
5176:Armando R. Favazza (2 May 2011).
4758:American Journal of Public Health
4714:American Journal of Public Health
4130:
4085:Rosenberg, David (May 21, 2015).
3419:Southeast Review of Asian Studies
2406:Cultural Encyclopedia of the Body
2167:In episode 9 of the anime series
885:), 19th-century Scottish scholar
7803:
7791:
7764:
7763:
7193:
7192:
6481:
6455:
6436:
6388:. New York: Anchor Books, 2002.
6257:Bossen, Laurel, and Hill Gates.
6201:
6176:
6149:
6120:
6087:
6052:
6038:
6025:
6012:
5993:
5962:
5947:
5920:
5869:
5856:
5829:
5802:
5779:
5746:
5719:
5692:
5665:
5638:
5611:
5502:
5428:
5409:
5405:. 北京: 中华书局. p. 卷9,第2册,页455.
5394:
5338:
5311:
5284:
5223:
5196:
5169:
5142:
5115:
5010:
4983:
4958:
4888:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (2010).
4662:Newham, Fraser (21 March 2005).
4527:. Psychology Press. p. 31.
4511:Original from Harvard University
4049:University of California Press.
2221:
2155:: An Epic Novel, is set in late
1864:
913:
901:
658:Problems playing this file? See
633:
610:
501:Louise Weiss collection, Saverne
42:
7861:Violence against women in China
5347:Grand Valley Journal of History
5155:. Cengage Learning. p. 8.
4933:
4908:
4881:
4841:
4814:
4750:
4701:
4674:
4655:
4640:
4548:
4514:
4479:
4464:
4451:Lawrence Davis, Edward (2005).
4445:
4430:
4375:
4348:
4323:
4296:
4269:
4242:
4215:
4124:
4097:
4078:
4060:
4039:
4014:
3997:
3982:
3969:
3926:
3899:
3842:
3779:
3754:
3706:
3697:
3670:
3639:
3612:
3581:
3504:
3479:
3436:
3371:
3209:
3182:
3155:
3101:
3058:
2967:
2940:
2888:
2861:
2780:
2723:
2696:
2642:
2615:
2605:
2599:
2547:
2520:
2068:Ties that Bind, Ties that Break
1875:needs additional citations for
1124:A woman with her feet unwrapped
332:In the late 19th century,
194:
180:
166:
6402:Robert Hans van Gulik (1961).
6348:"Perspectives on Foot-binding"
6234:References and further reading
6006:University of Washington Press
5977:University of California Press
5122:Robert Hans van Gulik (1961).
4623:Encyclopedia of Body Adornment
4355:Shepherd, John Robert (2019).
3885:. Praeger. pp. 4237–428.
3665:Social and Political Movements
3589:Social and Political Movements
2868:Robert Hans van Gulik (1961).
2730:Haw, Stephen G. (2006-11-22).
2703:Ebrey, Patricia (2003-09-02).
2441:
2423:
2366:
2339:
2324:
2184:Artificial cranial deformation
2080:Snow Flower and the Secret Fan
1988:The Inn of the Sixth Happiness
852:
834:
362:. One of these accounts is of
285:
276:
268:
234:
220:
209:Alternative (Min) Chinese name
142:
128:
114:
84:
70:
13:
1:
6586:In ancient and imperial times
6393:Frontiers of History in China
6377:. New York: Prometheus Books.
5879:Women and China's Revolutions
5815:. Routledge. pp. 90–96.
5270:. Routledge. pp. 10–12.
5233:Women and China's Revolutions
4967:Women and China's Revolutions
4942:Women and China's Revolutions
4917:Women and China's Revolutions
4776:Women and China's revolutions
4384:Women and China's Revolutions
4003:Gillet, Kit (16 April 2012).
3935:American Journal of Sociology
3648:Women and China's Revolutions
3488:Women and China's Revolutions
3114:Women and China's Revolutions
2766:. SUNY Press. pp. 141–.
2736:. Routledge. pp. 55–56.
2676:Marie-Josèphe Bossan (2004).
2333:Women and China's Revolutions
2312:Lim, Louisa (19 March 2007).
1940:
1665:International legal framework
1108:", and that it appeased male
499:A lotus shoe for bound feet,
490:art of women's dance in China
443:
366:, a favourite consort of the
53:
7024:Violence against prostitutes
6700:Traditional Chinese marriage
6556:All-China Women's Federation
6156:Newman, Judie (2007-06-01).
5908:"Unraveling a brutal custom"
5753:Fairbank, John King (1986).
4863:(2): 447–496. Archived from
3988:Favazza, Armando R. (2011),
3763:Women and China's Revolution
3337:American Sociological Review
3218:Women and China's Revolution
2904:The Journal of Asian Studies
2243:
2055:(1994) deals with themes of
2002:Ruthanne Lum McCunn wrote a
1760:Violence against LGBT people
1634:Online gender-based violence
1330:Violence against prostitutes
627:Read by Availle for LibriVox
7:
5624:. SUNY Press. p. 139.
5557:China Chic: East Meets West
4990:King, Ian (31 March 2017).
2790:China Chic: East Meets West
2582:China Chic: East Meets West
2177:
1976:The Three-Inch Golden Lotus
772:
752:
568:
376:
10:
7877:
6741:LGBTQ culture in Hong Kong
6311:Cassel, Susie Lan (2007).
6046:The Golden Lotus, Volume 1
6000:Shepherd, John R. (2018).
5954:Shepherd, John R. (2018).
5518:Journal of Women's History
5416:Bin Song (16 March 2017).
5149:Janell L. Carroll (2009).
4647:Shepherd, John R. (2018).
4592:Jackson, Beverley (1997).
4471:Shepherd, John R. (2018).
4034:When I was a girl in China
4024:. University of Virginia.
3410:Whitefield, Brent (2008).
2709:. Routledge. p. 196.
2409:. Greenwood. p. 203.
2257:Shepherd, John R. (2018).
1300:Sexual violence statistics
943:An X-ray of two bound feet
892:
603:equality between the sexes
541:
340:
7836:History of women in China
7759:
7718:
7690:
7634:
7603:
7565:
7470:
7392:
7246:
7190:
7154:
7032:
6910:Female genital mutilation
6830:
6746:LGBTQ culture in Shanghai
6708:
6648:Chinese-foreign marriages
6637:
6546:
6539:
5876:Hershatter, Gail (2018).
5866:(1999), Vol. 7, pp 75–105
5101:. Routledge. p. 56.
4965:Hershatter, Gail (2019).
4940:Hershatter, Gail (2019).
4915:Hershatter, Gail (2019).
4773:Hershatter, Gail (2019).
4410:Elliott, Mark C. (2001).
4382:Hershatter, Gail (2019).
4255:. Routledge. p. 20.
4177:10.1017/S0010417501003619
3761:Hershatter, Gail (2019).
3646:Hershatter, Gail (2019).
3486:Hershatter, Gail (2019).
3216:Hershatter, Gail (2018).
2917:10.1017/S0021911812001271
2431:"Han Chinese Footbinding"
2331:Hershatter, Gail (2019).
2199:Foot Emancipation Society
2094:The Filipino horror film
1954:
1840:centuries-long practice.
1619:Intimate partner violence
1512:Female genital mutilation
1290:Causes of sexual violence
1008:Views and interpretations
843:
838:) or "horse-hoof" shoes (
825:
777:
758:Variations and prevalence
573:
526:
403:
381:
345:
254:
245:
241:
227:
213:
208:
187:
173:
159:
152:
135:
121:
107:
100:
95:
91:
77:
63:
41:
37:
32:
7731:International Fetish Day
7002:Islamic religious police
6982:Murder of pregnant women
6736:LGBTQ culture in Chengdu
6731:LGBTQ culture in Beijing
6680:Marriage in modern China
6653:Family planning policies
6373:Levy, Howard S. (1991).
6276:Journal of Asian Studies
5842:. Routledge. p. 1.
5836:Hong Fan (1 June 1997).
5809:Hong Fan (1 June 1997).
5374:Bonnie G. Smith (2008).
4996:. Springer. p. 59.
4760:EBSCO Host. October 1997
4687:. Praeger. p. 423.
4228:. Routledge. p. 7.
3852:Science and Football III
3677:Connie A. Shemo (2011).
3604:Levy, Howard S. (1991).
3425:: 203–12. Archived from
3289:Mary I. Edwards (1986).
3240:: CS1 maint: location (
3189:Olivia Cox-Fill (1996).
3020:10.1177/0097700411403265
2953:. Routledge. p. 8.
2320:. National Public Radio.
2113:Sieglinde Sullivan from
2039:'s family autobiography
1835:) opened five cities as
1025:Beauty and erotic appeal
673:Anti-Footbinding Society
215:Traditional Chinese
65:Traditional Chinese
7604:Controversial / illegal
7384:Wet and messy fetishism
7012:Kano State Hisbah Corps
6838:Abuse during childbirth
6581:Ideals of female beauty
6576:Globalization and women
6268:13.9 (2018): e0201337.
5786:Le, Huy Anh S. (2014).
5645:Fan Hong (2013-04-03).
5291:Anders Hansson (1996).
5203:Hacker, Authur (2012).
5044:10.1073/pnas.0907520106
4993:The Aesthetics of Dress
4726:10.2105/AJPH.87.10.1677
4437:Shepherd, John (2018).
3065:Bossen, Laurel (2004).
2841:Anders Hansson (1996).
2435:Textile Research Centre
2009:Thousand Pieces of Gold
1847:in 1279, and later the
1471:Secondary victimisation
1295:Child sexual initiation
1282:Sexual assault and rape
229:Simplified Chinese
79:Simplified Chinese
7841:Controversies in China
7333:Paraphilic infantilism
6824:Violence against women
6597:Good Wife, Wise Mother
6561:Female migrant workers
6494:) at Wikimedia Commons
6002:Footbinding as Fashion
5956:Footbinding as Fashion
5530:10.1353/jowh.2010.0171
5453:C. Fred Blake (1994).
5128:. Brill. p. 218.
4649:Footbinding as Fashion
4620:Margo DeMello (2007).
4473:Footbinding as Fashion
4439:Footbinding as Fashion
3977:Historical Reflections
3576:Historical Reflections
2288:"Chinese Foot Binding"
2259:Footbinding as Fashion
2170:The Apothecary Diaries
1755:Violence against women
1215:Violence against women
1142:cult of widow chastity
1125:
1045:written around 850 by
1034:
977:
952:
944:
806:
767:
621:"Chinese Women's Feet"
503:
453:
385:), a reference to the
355:
334:Christian missionaries
7045:Campus sexual assault
6488:Category:Foot binding
6470:in the United States.
6451:in the United States.
6395:11.2 (2016): 279–322.
6296:10.1353/jas.2020.0007
6098:Flowers in the Mirror
5562:Yale University Press
5297:. Brill. p. 46.
5209:. Turtle Publishing.
4009:The Los Angeles Times
3457:10.1093/jaarel/lfl062
2847:. Brill. p. 46.
2290:. BBC. Archived from
1969:Flowers in the Mirror
1845:Mongols invaded China
1815:Other interpretations
1629:Marry-your-rapist law
1624:Marriage by abduction
1481:Virgin cleansing myth
1123:
1032:
975:
950:
942:
920:A bandaged bound foot
818:Manchu platform shoes
804:
765:
579:Heavenly Foot Society
498:
451:
353:
27:Former Chinese custom
7131:Cybersex trafficking
7033:Sexual assault, rape
7017:Polisi Syariat Islam
6355:ASIANetwork Exchange
6346:Ko, Dorothy (2008).
6326:. London: Frank Cass
6131:The Three Inch Lotus
6127:Jicai, Feng (1994).
6020:Journalism Quarterly
5509:Ko, Dorothy (1997).
5435:Tu Wei-ming (1985).
4811:(1999) 20#2 pp 1-34.
4664:"The ties that bind"
4555:James Legge (1880).
4330:Ko, Dorothy (2008).
4104:Ko, Dorothy (2008).
3822:Ko, Dorothy (2008).
3619:Guangqiu Xu (2011).
3378:Ko, Dorothy (2007).
2982:on 28 September 2013
2874:Brill. p. 222.
2233:East Wind: West Wind
2012:(1981, adapted into
1884:improve this article
1614:Forced sterilisation
1310:Cybersex trafficking
1198:Feminist perspective
1186:Chinese encyclopedia
1116:Role of Confucianism
706:Empress Dowager Cixi
701:Beijing Women's News
591:Natural Foot Society
7308:Gaining and feeding
7162:Istanbul Convention
7050:Mass sexual assault
6967:Forced prostitution
6368:on 3 December 2011.
6361:(3). Archived from
6338:Ko, Dorothy (2005)
6035:20.2 (1999): 1-34.
6033:Late Imperial China
5969:Dorothy Ko (2008).
5927:Hill Gates (2014).
5585:Dorothy Ko (1994).
5095:Hill Gates (2014).
5035:2009PNAS..10622139B
5029:(52): 22139–22144.
4809:Late Imperial China
4596:. Ten Speed Press.
4303:Dorothy Ko (2008).
4249:Hill Gates (2014).
4222:Hill Gates (2014).
3511:Dorothy Ko (2008).
3149:Wall Street Journal
2947:Hill Gates (2014).
2679:The Art of the Shoe
2649:Dorothy Ko (2002).
2622:Dorothy Ko (2008).
2527:Dorothy Ko (2008).
2373:Dorothy Ko (2002).
2346:Dorothy Ko (2002).
1956:Пекинское ристалище
1305:Forced prostitution
717:May Fourth Movement
623:Scientific American
473:Odoric of Pordenone
273:traditional Chinese
7746:Leather Pride flag
7741:Leather subculture
7705:Ethnic pornography
7259:Autassassinophilia
6932:Female infanticide
6695:Polyandry in Tibet
6668:Three-child policy
6627:Female infanticide
6094:Ruzhen Li (1965).
5564:. pp. 40–41.
4045:Ko, Alice (2007).
4028:2020-07-31 at the
3792:The New York Times
2814:Ping Wang (2000).
2194:Corset controversy
2157:Qing Dynasty China
2004:biographical novel
1962:The Peking Stadium
1545:Narcissistic abuse
1126:
1110:castration anxiety
1035:
978:
953:
945:
807:
768:
683:Reformers such as
504:
456:At the end of the
454:
356:
265:simplified Chinese
7831:Body modification
7779:
7778:
7323:Medical fetishism
7206:
7205:
6972:Human trafficking
6873:Domestic violence
6790:
6789:
6786:
6785:
6486:Media related to
6329:Hughes, Roxane.
6254:24 (2019): 79–88.
6214:Publishers Weekly
6194:978-1-5275-0814-9
6113:978-0-520-00747-5
6102:. translation by
6080:978-1-906924-65-2
6070:10.11647/obp.0018
6022:62 (1985): 45-52.
6008:. pp. 23–31.
5986:978-0-520-25390-2
5940:978-0-415-52592-3
5889:978-1-4422-1570-2
5792:Inquiries Journal
5604:978-0-8047-2359-6
5571:978-0-300-07931-9
5387:978-0-19-514890-9
5331:978-0-7914-6749-7
5206:China Illustrated
5162:978-0-495-60499-0
5108:978-0-415-52592-3
4976:978-1-4422-1568-9
4926:978-1-4422-1568-9
4786:978-1-4422-1569-6
4720:(10): 1677–1679.
4694:978-1-4408-2937-6
4633:978-0-313-33695-9
4603:978-0-89815-957-8
4534:978-0-415-33260-6
4423:978-0-8047-3606-0
4393:978-1-4422-1568-9
4341:978-0-520-21884-0
4316:978-0-520-21884-0
4289:978-1-111-83165-3
4262:978-0-415-52592-3
4235:978-0-415-52592-3
4137:Los Angeles Times
4117:978-0-520-25390-2
3919:978-0-8014-8456-8
3892:978-1-4408-2937-6
3862:978-0-419-22160-9
3835:978-0-520-25390-2
3772:978-1-4422-1570-2
3748:ExecutedToday.com
3726:978-0-8204-5198-5
3690:978-1-61146-086-5
3632:978-1-4128-1829-2
3551:978-0-226-30416-8
3524:978-0-520-25390-2
3497:978-1-4422-1569-6
3432:on 18 April 2016.
3308:978-0-935312-02-7
3275:978-0-19-514890-9
3202:978-0-275-95199-3
3175:978-0-295-73957-1
2960:978-0-415-52592-3
2896:BROWN, MELISSA J.
2827:978-0-8166-3605-1
2800:978-0-300-07931-9
2773:978-0-7914-8179-0
2689:978-1-85995-803-2
2662:978-0-520-25390-2
2635:978-0-520-25390-2
2592:978-0-300-07931-9
2555:"墨庄漫录-宋-张邦基 8-卷八"
2540:978-0-520-25390-2
2513:978-1-55199-581-6
2416:978-0-313-34145-8
2386:978-0-520-23284-6
2359:978-0-520-23284-6
2215:Explanatory notes
2189:Body modification
2147:Edward Rutherfurd
2057:body modification
1916:
1915:
1908:
1849:Manchus' conquest
1829:Treaty of Nanjing
1796:
1795:
1651:Toxic masculinity
1583:Droit du seigneur
1560:Domestic violence
1315:Human trafficking
713:Republic of China
639:
548:Taiping Rebellion
258:
257:
250:
249:
204:
203:
161:Yale Romanization
102:Standard Mandarin
16:(Redirected from
7868:
7808:
7807:
7806:
7796:
7795:
7794:
7787:
7767:
7766:
7495:Thigh-high boots
7303:Forced seduction
7288:Erotic lactation
7240:Sexual fetishism
7233:
7226:
7219:
7210:
7209:
7196:
7195:
6962:Forced pregnancy
6817:
6810:
6803:
6794:
6793:
6690:New Marriage Law
6663:Two-child policy
6658:One-child policy
6544:
6543:
6522:
6515:
6508:
6499:
6498:
6485:
6459:
6458:
6440:
6439:
6419:
6378:
6369:
6367:
6352:
6322:Fan Hong (1997)
6314:
6307:
6227:
6226:
6224:
6222:
6205:
6199:
6198:
6180:
6174:
6173:
6153:
6147:
6146:
6134:
6124:
6118:
6117:
6101:
6091:
6085:
6084:
6072:
6056:
6050:
6049:
6042:
6036:
6029:
6023:
6016:
6010:
6009:
5997:
5991:
5990:
5966:
5960:
5959:
5951:
5945:
5944:
5924:
5918:
5917:
5903:
5894:
5893:
5873:
5867:
5860:
5854:
5853:
5833:
5827:
5826:
5806:
5800:
5799:
5783:
5777:
5776:
5760:
5750:
5744:
5743:
5723:
5717:
5716:
5696:
5690:
5689:
5669:
5663:
5662:
5642:
5636:
5635:
5615:
5609:
5608:
5592:
5582:
5576:
5575:
5551:
5542:
5541:
5515:
5506:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5496:
5490:
5484:. Archived from
5459:
5450:
5441:
5440:
5432:
5426:
5425:
5413:
5407:
5406:
5398:
5392:
5391:
5371:
5365:
5364:
5362:
5342:
5336:
5335:
5315:
5309:
5308:
5288:
5282:
5281:
5261:
5252:
5251:
5227:
5221:
5220:
5200:
5194:
5193:
5173:
5167:
5166:
5146:
5140:
5139:
5119:
5113:
5112:
5092:
5083:
5082:
5072:
5046:
5014:
5008:
5007:
4987:
4981:
4980:
4962:
4956:
4955:
4937:
4931:
4930:
4912:
4906:
4905:
4885:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4875:
4869:
4854:
4848:Beauchamp, Fay.
4845:
4839:
4838:
4818:
4812:
4805:
4799:
4798:
4770:
4761:
4754:
4748:
4747:
4737:
4705:
4699:
4698:
4678:
4672:
4671:
4659:
4653:
4652:
4644:
4638:
4637:
4617:
4608:
4607:
4589:
4578:
4576:
4571:
4569:
4552:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4541:
4518:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4483:
4477:
4476:
4468:
4462:
4449:
4443:
4442:
4434:
4428:
4427:
4407:
4398:
4397:
4379:
4373:
4372:
4352:
4346:
4345:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4158:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4131:X (2002-04-08).
4128:
4122:
4121:
4101:
4095:
4094:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4064:
4058:
4043:
4037:
4032:. Excerpts from
4018:
4012:
4001:
3995:
3986:
3980:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3876:
3867:
3866:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3819:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3750:. July 15, 2011.
3740:
3731:
3730:
3710:
3704:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3674:
3668:
3661:
3652:
3651:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3601:
3592:
3585:
3579:
3572:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3416:
3407:
3396:
3395:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3332:
3313:
3312:
3296:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3259:
3246:
3245:
3239:
3231:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3140:
3129:
3128:
3109:Hershatter, Gail
3105:
3099:
3098:
3087:10.2307/25606208
3062:
3056:
3055:
3003:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2978:. Archived from
2971:
2965:
2964:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2919:
2910:(4): 1035–1067.
2892:
2886:
2885:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2757:
2748:
2747:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2619:
2613:
2611:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2557:. Archived from
2551:
2545:
2544:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2494:
2479:
2478:
2458:
2452:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2400:
2391:
2390:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2309:
2296:
2295:
2284:
2273:
2272:
2254:
2237:
2225:
2053:The Waiting Room
2022:Chinese American
1959:
1958:
1945:
1942:
1911:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1891:
1868:
1860:
1805:Chinese feminism
1788:
1781:
1774:
1609:Forced pregnancy
1202:
1201:
1146:Robert van Gulik
1138:neo-Confucianism
1089:Robert van Gulik
1083:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1002:muscular atrophy
917:
905:
854:
845:
836:
827:
780:
779:
775:
711:In 1912 the new
689:Social Darwinism
687:, influenced by
645:Audio 00:04:29 (
641:
640:
628:
614:
589:, also formed a
576:
575:
571:
529:
528:
434:
422:
406:
405:
384:
383:
379:
377:bù bù shēng lián
287:
278:
270:
243:
242:
237:
236:
223:
222:
200:
199:
198:
183:
182:
169:
168:
148:
147:
146:
131:
130:
117:
116:
93:
92:
87:
86:
73:
72:
58:
55:
46:
30:
29:
21:
7876:
7875:
7871:
7870:
7869:
7867:
7866:
7865:
7816:
7815:
7814:
7804:
7802:
7792:
7790:
7782:
7780:
7775:
7755:
7751:Sexual roleplay
7714:
7686:
7635:Culture / media
7630:
7599:
7561:
7466:
7388:
7354:Total enclosure
7293:Erotic spanking
7283:Erotic hypnosis
7247:Actions, states
7242:
7237:
7207:
7202:
7186:
7150:
7146:Sexual violence
7136:Sex trafficking
7028:
7007:Guidance Patrol
6957:Forced marriage
6952:Forced abortion
6915:Gishiri cutting
6826:
6821:
6791:
6782:
6756:same-sex unions
6704:
6633:
6535:
6526:
6478:
6456:
6437:
6416:
6365:
6350:
6312:
6308:Review article.
6236:
6231:
6230:
6220:
6218:
6207:
6206:
6202:
6195:
6181:
6177:
6154:
6150:
6143:
6125:
6121:
6114:
6092:
6088:
6081:
6057:
6053:
6044:
6043:
6039:
6030:
6026:
6017:
6013:
5998:
5994:
5987:
5979:. p. 266.
5967:
5963:
5952:
5948:
5941:
5925:
5921:
5913:Harvard Gazette
5904:
5897:
5890:
5874:
5870:
5861:
5857:
5850:
5834:
5830:
5823:
5807:
5803:
5784:
5780:
5773:
5751:
5747:
5740:
5724:
5720:
5713:
5697:
5693:
5686:
5670:
5666:
5659:
5643:
5639:
5632:
5616:
5612:
5605:
5583:
5579:
5572:
5552:
5545:
5513:
5507:
5503:
5494:
5492:
5488:
5457:
5451:
5444:
5433:
5429:
5422:Huffington Post
5414:
5410:
5399:
5395:
5388:
5372:
5368:
5360:10.1.1.648.2278
5353:(1 Article 3).
5343:
5339:
5332:
5324:. p. 139.
5316:
5312:
5305:
5289:
5285:
5278:
5262:
5255:
5244:
5228:
5224:
5217:
5201:
5197:
5190:
5174:
5170:
5163:
5147:
5143:
5136:
5120:
5116:
5109:
5093:
5086:
5015:
5011:
5004:
4988:
4984:
4977:
4963:
4959:
4952:
4938:
4934:
4927:
4913:
4909:
4902:
4886:
4882:
4873:
4871:
4867:
4852:
4846:
4842:
4835:
4819:
4815:
4806:
4802:
4787:
4771:
4764:
4755:
4751:
4706:
4702:
4695:
4679:
4675:
4660:
4656:
4645:
4641:
4634:
4618:
4611:
4604:
4590:
4581:
4567:
4565:
4553:
4549:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4519:
4515:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4484:
4480:
4469:
4465:
4450:
4446:
4435:
4431:
4424:
4408:
4401:
4394:
4380:
4376:
4369:
4353:
4349:
4342:
4328:
4324:
4317:
4301:
4297:
4290:
4274:
4270:
4263:
4247:
4243:
4236:
4220:
4216:
4159:
4150:
4141:
4139:
4129:
4125:
4118:
4102:
4098:
4083:
4079:
4074:. 15 June 2015.
4066:
4065:
4061:
4044:
4040:
4030:Wayback Machine
4019:
4015:
4002:
3998:
3987:
3983:
3974:
3970:
3931:
3927:
3920:
3904:
3900:
3893:
3877:
3870:
3863:
3847:
3843:
3836:
3820:
3813:
3804:
3802:
3784:
3780:
3773:
3759:
3755:
3742:
3741:
3734:
3727:
3711:
3707:
3702:
3698:
3691:
3675:
3671:
3662:
3655:
3644:
3640:
3633:
3617:
3613:
3602:
3595:
3586:
3582:
3573:
3566:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3536:
3532:
3525:
3509:
3505:
3498:
3484:
3480:
3441:
3437:
3429:
3414:
3408:
3399:
3392:
3376:
3372:
3349:10.2307/2096305
3343:(6): 999–1017.
3333:
3316:
3309:
3287:
3283:
3276:
3260:
3249:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3214:
3210:
3203:
3187:
3183:
3176:
3160:
3156:
3141:
3132:
3125:
3106:
3102:
3067:"Film Review —
3063:
3059:
3004:
2995:
2985:
2983:
2972:
2968:
2961:
2945:
2941:
2893:
2889:
2882:
2866:
2862:
2855:
2839:
2835:
2828:
2812:
2808:
2801:
2785:
2781:
2774:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2728:
2724:
2717:
2701:
2697:
2690:
2674:
2670:
2663:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2620:
2616:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2577:
2573:
2564:
2562:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2541:
2525:
2521:
2514:
2495:
2482:
2475:
2459:
2455:
2446:
2442:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2371:
2367:
2360:
2344:
2340:
2329:
2325:
2318:Morning Edition
2310:
2299:
2286:
2285:
2276:
2269:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2240:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2180:
2100:and its sequel
1943:
1912:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1881:
1869:
1858:
1833:First Opium War
1817:
1792:
1745:Sex and the law
1725:Women's shelter
1646:Sexual bullying
1604:Forced marriage
1594:Forced abortion
1517:Gishiri cutting
1486:Widow cleansing
1476:Sexual violence
1200:
1118:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1027:
1010:
970:
968:Health problems
925:
924:
923:
922:
921:
918:
910:
909:
906:
895:
760:
755:
665:
664:
656:
654:
653:
652:
651:
650:
642:
634:
631:
629:
626:
615:
599:Timothy Richard
544:
446:
428:
416:
348:
343:
59:
56:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7874:
7864:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7851:Foot fetishism
7848:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7813:
7812:
7800:
7777:
7776:
7774:
7773:
7760:
7757:
7756:
7754:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7738:
7733:
7728:
7722:
7720:
7719:Related topics
7716:
7715:
7713:
7712:
7707:
7702:
7696:
7694:
7688:
7687:
7685:
7684:
7683:
7682:
7677:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7638:
7636:
7632:
7631:
7629:
7628:
7623:
7618:
7613:
7607:
7605:
7601:
7600:
7598:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7571:
7569:
7563:
7562:
7560:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7537:Rubber and PVC
7534:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7503:
7502:
7500:Boot fetishism
7497:
7492:
7487:
7476:
7474:
7468:
7467:
7465:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7398:
7396:
7390:
7389:
7387:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7285:
7280:
7275:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7250:
7248:
7244:
7243:
7236:
7235:
7228:
7221:
7213:
7204:
7203:
7191:
7188:
7187:
7185:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7158:
7156:
7155:Related topics
7152:
7151:
7149:
7148:
7143:
7141:Sexual slavery
7138:
7133:
7128:
7127:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7071:
7070:
7069:
7064:
7054:
7053:
7052:
7047:
7040:Sexual assault
7036:
7034:
7030:
7029:
7027:
7026:
7021:
7020:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6928:
6927:
6925:Husband stitch
6922:
6917:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6891:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6870:
6865:
6863:Child marriage
6860:
6855:
6850:
6848:Breast ironing
6845:
6840:
6834:
6832:
6828:
6827:
6820:
6819:
6812:
6805:
6797:
6788:
6787:
6784:
6783:
6781:
6780:
6775:
6774:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6712:
6710:
6706:
6705:
6703:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6685:Naked marriage
6682:
6677:
6675:Ghost marriage
6672:
6671:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6650:
6644:
6642:
6635:
6634:
6632:
6631:
6630:
6629:
6622:Son preference
6619:
6614:
6609:
6608:
6607:
6600:
6593:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6552:
6550:
6541:
6537:
6536:
6531:and gender in
6525:
6524:
6517:
6510:
6502:
6496:
6495:
6477:
6476:External links
6474:
6473:
6472:
6453:
6433:
6432:
6428:
6427:
6420:
6414:
6399:
6396:
6389:
6379:
6370:
6343:
6336:
6327:
6320:
6309:
6290:(1): 179–214.
6279:
6272:
6262:
6255:
6244:
6235:
6232:
6229:
6228:
6200:
6193:
6175:
6148:
6141:
6119:
6112:
6086:
6079:
6051:
6037:
6024:
6011:
5992:
5985:
5961:
5946:
5939:
5919:
5895:
5888:
5868:
5855:
5849:978-0714646336
5848:
5828:
5822:978-0714646336
5821:
5801:
5778:
5771:
5745:
5739:978-0814780411
5738:
5718:
5712:978-1412918008
5711:
5691:
5684:
5664:
5657:
5637:
5630:
5610:
5603:
5577:
5570:
5543:
5501:
5474:10.1086/494917
5468:(3): 676–712.
5442:
5427:
5408:
5401:丁传靖 编 (1981).
5393:
5386:
5366:
5337:
5330:
5310:
5304:978-9004105966
5303:
5283:
5277:978-0415288224
5276:
5253:
5242:
5222:
5215:
5195:
5188:
5168:
5161:
5141:
5134:
5114:
5107:
5084:
5009:
5002:
4982:
4975:
4957:
4950:
4932:
4925:
4907:
4900:
4880:
4857:Oral Tradition
4840:
4833:
4813:
4800:
4785:
4762:
4749:
4700:
4693:
4673:
4654:
4639:
4632:
4609:
4602:
4579:
4547:
4533:
4513:
4498:
4478:
4463:
4444:
4429:
4422:
4399:
4392:
4374:
4368:978-0295744414
4367:
4347:
4340:
4322:
4315:
4295:
4288:
4268:
4261:
4241:
4234:
4214:
4171:(1): 130–148.
4148:
4123:
4116:
4096:
4077:
4059:
4055:978-0520253902
4038:
4013:
3996:
3981:
3968:
3947:10.1086/219351
3941:(2): 181–183.
3925:
3918:
3898:
3891:
3868:
3861:
3841:
3834:
3811:
3778:
3771:
3753:
3732:
3725:
3719:. Peter Lang.
3705:
3696:
3689:
3669:
3653:
3638:
3631:
3611:
3593:
3580:
3564:
3550:
3530:
3523:
3503:
3496:
3478:
3435:
3397:
3390:
3370:
3314:
3307:
3281:
3274:
3247:
3226:
3208:
3201:
3181:
3174:
3154:
3130:
3123:
3100:
3081:(2): 301–303.
3075:Anthropologica
3057:
3014:(4): 347–383.
2993:
2966:
2959:
2939:
2887:
2880:
2860:
2854:978-9004105966
2853:
2833:
2826:
2806:
2799:
2779:
2772:
2749:
2742:
2722:
2715:
2695:
2688:
2668:
2661:
2641:
2634:
2614:
2598:
2591:
2571:
2546:
2539:
2519:
2512:
2480:
2473:
2453:
2440:
2422:
2415:
2392:
2385:
2365:
2358:
2338:
2323:
2297:
2294:on 2013-11-18.
2274:
2267:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2229:The Good Earth
2219:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2165:
2144:
2135:Xiran Jay Zhao
2132:
2120:
2111:
2092:
2072:
2063:Lensey Namioka
2060:
2046:
2034:
2028:
2000:
1997:Gladys Aylward
1993:Ingrid Bergman
1983:
1973:
1965:
1947:
1933:Quoted in the
1926:The Good Earth
1914:
1913:
1872:
1870:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1825:light industry
1816:
1813:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1714:
1713:
1712:Related topics
1709:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1668:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1509:
1507:Breast ironing
1504:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1444:Sexual assault
1441:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1432:Unacknowledged
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1339:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1325:Sexual slavery
1322:
1317:
1312:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1259:Pregnant women
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1239:Honour killing
1236:
1231:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1199:
1196:
1162:Patricia Ebrey
1117:
1114:
1106:foot fetishism
1069:silver lotuses
1059:golden lotuses
1026:
1023:
1009:
1006:
969:
966:
919:
912:
911:
907:
900:
899:
898:
897:
896:
894:
891:
879:Dungan Muslims
877:Province. The
759:
756:
754:
751:
725:Nanjing regime
655:
644:
643:
632:
620:
618:
617:
616:
609:
608:
607:
557:pamphleteering
543:
540:
522:Chinese inches
445:
442:
347:
344:
342:
339:
256:
255:
252:
251:
248:
247:
246:Transcriptions
239:
238:
231:
225:
224:
217:
211:
210:
206:
205:
202:
201:
191:
185:
184:
177:
171:
170:
163:
157:
156:
154:Yue: Cantonese
150:
149:
139:
133:
132:
125:
119:
118:
111:
105:
104:
98:
97:
96:Transcriptions
89:
88:
81:
75:
74:
67:
61:
60:
47:
39:
38:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7873:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7823:
7821:
7811:
7801:
7799:
7789:
7788:
7785:
7772:
7771:
7762:
7761:
7758:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7723:
7721:
7717:
7711:
7710:Sexual racism
7708:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7697:
7695:
7693:
7689:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7672:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7639:
7637:
7633:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7608:
7606:
7602:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7585:Latex and PVC
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7572:
7570:
7568:
7564:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7482:
7481:
7478:
7477:
7475:
7473:
7469:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7399:
7397:
7395:
7391:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7298:Exhibitionism
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7251:
7249:
7245:
7241:
7234:
7229:
7227:
7222:
7220:
7215:
7214:
7211:
7201:
7200:
7189:
7183:
7182:Serial rapist
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7172:November 25th
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7159:
7157:
7153:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7076:
7075:
7074:Types of rape
7072:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7062:and pregnancy
7060:
7059:
7058:
7055:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7042:
7041:
7038:
7037:
7035:
7031:
7025:
7022:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6999:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6947:Force-feeding
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6912:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6905:Honor killing
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6889:
6888:and pregnancy
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6875:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6853:Bride burning
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6835:
6833:
6829:
6825:
6818:
6813:
6811:
6806:
6804:
6799:
6798:
6795:
6779:
6776:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6753:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6721:Homosexuality
6719:
6717:
6714:
6713:
6711:
6707:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6655:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6636:
6628:
6625:
6624:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6612:Missing women
6610:
6605:
6601:
6598:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6588:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6553:
6551:
6549:
6545:
6542:
6538:
6534:
6530:
6523:
6518:
6516:
6511:
6509:
6504:
6503:
6500:
6493:
6489:
6484:
6480:
6479:
6471:
6469:
6468:public domain
6463:
6454:
6452:
6450:
6449:public domain
6444:
6435:
6434:
6431:Attributution
6430:
6429:
6425:
6421:
6417:
6411:
6407:
6406:
6400:
6397:
6394:
6390:
6387:
6383:
6380:
6376:
6371:
6364:
6360:
6356:
6349:
6344:
6341:
6337:
6334:
6333:
6328:
6325:
6321:
6318:
6310:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6289:
6285:
6280:
6277:
6273:
6271:
6267:
6263:
6260:
6256:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6242:
6238:
6237:
6216:
6215:
6210:
6204:
6196:
6190:
6186:
6179:
6171:
6167:
6163:
6159:
6152:
6144:
6142:9780585250052
6138:
6133:
6132:
6123:
6115:
6109:
6105:
6100:
6099:
6090:
6082:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6062:
6055:
6047:
6041:
6034:
6028:
6021:
6015:
6007:
6003:
5996:
5988:
5982:
5978:
5974:
5973:
5965:
5957:
5950:
5942:
5936:
5933:. Routledge.
5932:
5931:
5923:
5915:
5914:
5909:
5902:
5900:
5891:
5885:
5881:
5880:
5872:
5865:
5859:
5851:
5845:
5841:
5840:
5832:
5824:
5818:
5814:
5813:
5805:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5782:
5774:
5772:9780060390570
5768:
5764:
5759:
5758:
5749:
5741:
5735:
5731:
5730:
5722:
5714:
5708:
5704:
5703:
5695:
5687:
5685:9781440829383
5681:
5677:
5676:
5668:
5660:
5658:9781136303142
5654:
5651:. Routledge.
5650:
5649:
5641:
5633:
5631:9780791481790
5627:
5623:
5622:
5614:
5606:
5600:
5596:
5591:
5590:
5581:
5573:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5558:
5550:
5548:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5512:
5505:
5491:on 2018-10-25
5487:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5467:
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5314:
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5300:
5296:
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5287:
5279:
5273:
5269:
5268:
5260:
5258:
5250:
5245:
5243:9781442215689
5239:
5235:
5234:
5226:
5218:
5216:9781462906901
5212:
5208:
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5199:
5191:
5189:9781421401119
5185:
5181:
5180:
5172:
5164:
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5145:
5137:
5131:
5127:
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5110:
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5058:
5054:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5013:
5005:
5003:9783319543222
4999:
4995:
4994:
4986:
4978:
4972:
4968:
4961:
4953:
4951:9781442215696
4947:
4943:
4936:
4928:
4922:
4918:
4911:
4903:
4901:9780521124331
4897:
4893:
4892:
4884:
4870:on 2017-12-15
4866:
4862:
4858:
4851:
4844:
4836:
4834:9781135190071
4830:
4826:
4825:
4817:
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4804:
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4788:
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4778:
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4605:
4599:
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4584:
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4536:
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4501:
4499:9780567065094
4495:
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4490:
4482:
4474:
4467:
4460:
4456:
4455:
4448:
4440:
4433:
4425:
4419:
4415:
4414:
4406:
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4395:
4389:
4385:
4378:
4370:
4364:
4360:
4359:
4351:
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4337:
4333:
4326:
4318:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4299:
4291:
4285:
4281:
4280:
4279:World History
4272:
4264:
4258:
4254:
4253:
4245:
4237:
4231:
4227:
4226:
4218:
4210:
4206:
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4073:
4069:
4063:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4042:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4020:Li Xiu-ying.
4017:
4010:
4006:
4000:
3993:
3992:
3985:
3978:
3972:
3964:
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3956:
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3728:
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3718:
3717:
3709:
3700:
3692:
3686:
3682:
3681:
3673:
3667:1 (2008), 14.
3666:
3660:
3658:
3649:
3642:
3634:
3628:
3624:
3623:
3615:
3607:
3600:
3598:
3591:1 (2008), 12.
3590:
3584:
3577:
3571:
3569:
3553:
3547:
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3542:
3534:
3526:
3520:
3516:
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3428:
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3404:
3402:
3393:
3391:9780520253902
3387:
3383:
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3374:
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3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3323:
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3319:
3310:
3304:
3300:
3295:
3294:
3285:
3277:
3271:
3267:
3266:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3243:
3237:
3229:
3227:9781442215689
3223:
3219:
3212:
3204:
3198:
3194:
3193:
3185:
3177:
3171:
3167:
3166:
3158:
3150:
3146:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3126:
3124:9781442215702
3120:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3104:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
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3013:
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2802:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2783:
2775:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2756:
2754:
2745:
2743:9781134275427
2739:
2735:
2734:
2726:
2718:
2716:9781134442935
2712:
2708:
2707:
2699:
2691:
2685:
2681:
2680:
2672:
2664:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2645:
2637:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2618:
2609:
2602:
2594:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2575:
2561:on 2015-02-21
2560:
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2523:
2515:
2509:
2505:
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2474:9780520913486
2470:
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2444:
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2426:
2418:
2412:
2408:
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2327:
2319:
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2293:
2289:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2270:
2268:9780295744407
2264:
2260:
2253:
2249:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2220:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2172:
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2166:
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2158:
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2109:
2105:
2104:
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2058:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1910:
1907:
1899:
1889:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1873:This section
1871:
1867:
1862:
1861:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1812:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1789:
1784:
1782:
1777:
1775:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1758:
1756:
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1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1694:Belém do Pará
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1599:Force-feeding
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1575:and pregnancy
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1494:Disfigurement
1493:
1492:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1320:Fetish slaves
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1229:Bride burning
1227:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1195:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1122:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1102:Sigmund Freud
1097:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1052:
1048:
1047:Duan Chengshi
1044:
1040:
1031:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1005:
1003:
997:
995:
991:
985:
983:
974:
965:
961:
957:
949:
941:
937:
933:
929:
916:
904:
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
867:
862:
859:
855:
849:
841:
837:
831:
823:
819:
815:
814:Eight Banners
811:
803:
799:
797:
793:
789:
784:
774:
773:huángguā jiǎo
764:
750:
748:
743:
739:
738:Japanese rule
735:
731:
726:
722:
718:
714:
709:
707:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
681:
678:
674:
670:
663:
661:
648:
630:
624:
613:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
587:Alicia Little
584:
580:
570:
565:
560:
558:
553:
549:
539:
536:
531:
523:
518:
513:
509:
502:
497:
493:
491:
486:
482:
478:
474:
469:
467:
463:
459:
450:
441:
437:
432:
427:
420:
415:
409:
400:
399:Southern Tang
396:
391:
388:
378:
373:
369:
365:
361:
352:
338:
335:
330:
328:
323:
320:(1644–1912).
319:
315:
311:
306:
304:
303:status symbol
300:
296:
292:
288:
282:
274:
266:
262:
253:
244:
240:
232:
230:
226:
218:
216:
212:
207:
197:
192:
190:
186:
178:
176:
172:
164:
162:
158:
155:
151:
145:
140:
138:
134:
126:
124:
120:
112:
110:
106:
103:
99:
94:
90:
82:
80:
76:
68:
66:
62:
51:
45:
40:
36:
31:
19:
7826:Foot binding
7768:
7700:Asian fetish
7652:Fetish clubs
7621:Rape fantasy
7490:Boot worship
7485:Ballet boots
7379:Vorarephilia
7335:(adult baby)
7313:Impregnation
7197:
7177:February 6th
7079:by deception
6942:Foot binding
6941:
6920:Infibulation
6868:Dating abuse
6858:Bride buying
6617:Prostitution
6591:Foot binding
6590:
6465:
6461:
6446:
6442:
6404:
6392:
6385:
6374:
6363:the original
6358:
6354:
6339:
6331:
6323:
6316:
6287:
6283:
6275:
6265:
6258:
6251:
6240:
6219:. Retrieved
6212:
6203:
6184:
6178:
6161:
6151:
6130:
6122:
6097:
6089:
6060:
6054:
6045:
6040:
6032:
6027:
6019:
6014:
6001:
5995:
5971:
5964:
5955:
5949:
5929:
5922:
5911:
5878:
5871:
5863:
5858:
5838:
5831:
5811:
5804:
5795:
5791:
5781:
5756:
5748:
5728:
5721:
5701:
5694:
5674:
5667:
5647:
5640:
5620:
5613:
5588:
5580:
5556:
5521:
5517:
5504:
5493:. Retrieved
5486:the original
5465:
5461:
5436:
5430:
5421:
5411:
5402:
5396:
5376:
5369:
5350:
5346:
5340:
5320:
5313:
5293:
5286:
5266:
5247:
5232:
5225:
5205:
5198:
5178:
5171:
5151:
5144:
5124:
5117:
5097:
5026:
5022:
5012:
4992:
4985:
4966:
4960:
4941:
4935:
4916:
4910:
4890:
4883:
4872:. Retrieved
4865:the original
4860:
4856:
4843:
4823:
4816:
4808:
4803:
4775:
4757:
4752:
4717:
4713:
4703:
4683:
4676:
4668:The Guardian
4667:
4657:
4648:
4642:
4622:
4593:
4573:
4566:. Retrieved
4557:
4550:
4538:. Retrieved
4523:
4516:
4503:. Retrieved
4488:
4481:
4472:
4466:
4453:
4447:
4438:
4432:
4412:
4383:
4377:
4357:
4350:
4331:
4325:
4305:
4298:
4278:
4271:
4251:
4244:
4224:
4217:
4168:
4162:
4140:. Retrieved
4136:
4126:
4106:
4099:
4090:
4080:
4072:The Guardian
4071:
4062:
4046:
4041:
4033:
4016:
4008:
3999:
3989:
3984:
3976:
3971:
3938:
3934:
3928:
3908:
3901:
3881:
3851:
3844:
3824:
3803:. Retrieved
3791:
3781:
3762:
3756:
3747:
3715:
3708:
3699:
3679:
3672:
3664:
3647:
3641:
3621:
3614:
3605:
3588:
3583:
3578:(1981), 182.
3575:
3555:. Retrieved
3540:
3533:
3513:
3506:
3487:
3481:
3448:
3444:
3438:
3427:the original
3422:
3418:
3380:
3373:
3340:
3336:
3292:
3284:
3264:
3217:
3211:
3191:
3184:
3164:
3157:
3148:
3113:
3103:
3078:
3074:
3068:
3060:
3011:
3008:Modern China
3007:
2984:. Retrieved
2980:the original
2969:
2949:
2942:
2907:
2903:
2890:
2870:
2863:
2843:
2836:
2816:
2809:
2789:
2782:
2762:
2732:
2725:
2705:
2698:
2678:
2671:
2651:
2644:
2624:
2617:
2601:
2581:
2574:
2563:. Retrieved
2559:the original
2549:
2529:
2522:
2502:
2463:
2456:
2443:
2434:
2425:
2405:
2375:
2368:
2348:
2341:
2332:
2326:
2317:
2292:the original
2258:
2252:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2204:Hobble skirt
2168:
2150:
2138:
2126:
2116:Black Butler
2114:
2101:
2095:
2087:directed by
2078:
2066:
2052:
2040:
2031:Emily Prager
2007:
1986:
1985:In the film
1975:
1967:
1961:
1936:Jin Ping Mei
1934:
1924:
1917:
1902:
1893:
1882:Please help
1877:verification
1874:
1842:
1837:treaty ports
1822:
1818:
1809:
1797:
1656:Witch trials
1638:
1581:
1555:Dating abuse
1537:Other issues
1529:Foot binding
1528:
1522:Infibulation
1352:By Deception
1347:Acquaintance
1191:Ming dynasty
1178:
1166:
1134:Confucianism
1130:Song dynasty
1127:
1098:
1086:
1079:iron lotuses
1039:Tang dynasty
1036:
1011:
998:
990:septic shock
986:
979:
962:
958:
954:
934:
930:
926:
908:A bound foot
866:Hakka people
863:
851:
833:
808:
769:
710:
700:
685:Liang Qichao
682:
671:founded the
666:
657:
622:
595:missionaries
577:, literally
561:
550:were men of
545:
532:
505:
470:
466:Qing dynasty
462:Yuan dynasty
458:Song dynasty
455:
438:
414:Zhang Bangji
410:
392:
372:Xiao Baojuan
360:Song dynasty
357:
331:
318:Qing dynasty
314:Song dynasty
307:
294:
290:
284:
261:Foot binding
260:
259:
109:Hanyu Pinyin
57: 1870s
33:Foot binding
7616:Necrophilia
7611:Lust murder
7364:Tightlacing
7359:Transvestic
7318:Macrophilia
7278:Emetophilia
7264:Coprophilia
6900:Eve teasing
6895:Dowry death
6843:Acid attack
6778:Transgender
6004:. Seattle:
5524:(4): 8–27.
4574:mohammedan.
3451:(1): 1–24.
2498:Morris, Ian
2164:activities.
2161:Han Chinese
2128:China Dolls
2103:Feng Shui 2
2085:a 2011 film
2049:Lisa Loomer
2018:Polly Bemis
2014:a 1991 film
1950:Anna Bunina
1944: 1610
1831:(after the
1750:Victimology
1730:25 November
1589:Eve teasing
1550:Gaslighting
1502:Acid attack
1249:Infanticide
1234:Dowry death
887:James Legge
871:Hui Muslims
858:Han Chinese
669:Kang Youwei
477:Ibn Battuta
429: [
426:Che Ruoshui
417: [
368:Southern Qi
327:Han Chinese
299:lotus shoes
291:footbinding
7856:Mutilation
7820:Categories
7647:Fetish art
7394:Body parts
7254:Aquaphilia
7084:corrective
6883:management
6641:and family
6571:Healthcare
6415:9004039171
6382:Ping, Wang
6217:. May 1999
6104:Lin Tai-yi
5495:2016-10-29
5135:9004039171
4874:2017-07-25
4795:1047569427
4540:January 1,
4505:January 1,
4142:2024-08-03
3805:2017-09-03
2986:29 January
2881:9004039171
2565:2015-02-21
2140:Iron Widow
2089:Wayne Wang
2042:Wild Swans
2037:Jung Chang
1980:Feng Jicai
1978:(1994) by
1921:Pearl Buck
1896:April 2022
1740:By country
1735:6 February
1570:management
1459:In Service
1417:Statistics
1407:Prevention
1357:Corrective
1269:Sororicide
1181:Dorothy Ko
1179:Historian
1173:Tu Weiming
1154:Lin Yutang
1093:erotic art
1051:Cinderella
1019:perversion
749:, closed.
721:Yan Xishan
695:, such as
660:media help
597:including
569:Tianzu Hui
512:Hong Taiji
481:Marco Polo
444:Later eras
295:lotus feet
123:Wade–Giles
18:Bound feet
7671:Websites
7662:Magazines
7626:Zoophilia
7552:Underwear
7527:Pantyhose
7374:Urolagnia
7339:Pregnancy
7273:Cuckquean
7124:statutory
7099:genocidal
6766:Hong Kong
6529:Sexuality
6408:. Brill.
6304:235848627
6221:April 23,
6170:1969-6108
5538:145191396
5355:CiteSeerX
5053:0027-8424
4461:, p. 333.
4459:Routledge
4185:0010-4175
3994:, p. 118.
3800:0362-4331
3357:0003-1224
3236:cite book
3028:0097-7004
2926:0021-9118
2244:Citations
2236:tutelage.
2149:'s novel
2137:'s novel
2125:'s novel
2097:Feng Shui
2077:'s novel
2065:'s novel
2016:), about
1422:Statutory
1402:Pregnancy
1382:Genocidal
1274:Uxoricide
1254:Matricide
982:infection
883:Guangzhou
835:Huāpénxié
792:Guangdong
693:feminists
647:full text
181:cin4-zuk1
167:chìhn-jūk
129:ch'an-tsu
50:Lai Afong
7770:Category
7680:wikiFeet
7575:Balloons
7557:Uniforms
7472:Clothing
7417:Buttocks
7369:Tamakeri
7349:Tickling
7328:Omorashi
7199:Category
6977:Misogyny
6937:Femicide
6726:Intersex
6639:Marriage
6566:Feminism
6492:category
6266:PLOS ONE
5482:40841025
5403:《宋人轶事汇编》
5079:20080786
5061:40536412
4568:June 28,
4209:11299781
4201:18193574
4026:Archived
3963:72732576
3473:20681094
3111:(2018).
3095:25606208
3052:44529240
3044:21966702
3036:23053328
2934:23357433
2500:(2011).
2178:See also
2123:Lisa See
2075:Lisa See
2051:'s play
1991:(1958),
1704:Istanbul
1244:Femicide
1207:a series
1205:Part of
1169:Cheng Yi
1041:tale of
1015:corsetry
994:gangrene
753:Practice
734:Dingxian
583:Shanghai
517:marry up
387:Buddhist
370:Emperor
364:Pan Yunu
175:Jyutping
7810:Fashion
7784:Portals
7675:FetLife
7657:Fashion
7642:Artists
7595:Spandex
7567:Objects
7547:Spandex
7517:Diapers
7422:Eyeball
7344:Smoking
7269:Cuckold
7114:marital
6878:outline
6716:History
5070:2796906
5031:Bibcode
4744:9357353
4735:1381134
4193:2696625
3955:2770363
3557:31 July
3465:4139836
3365:2096305
2227:Though
2025:pioneer
1801:Qiu Jin
1565:outline
1437:Wartime
1397:Marital
1387:History
1372:Factors
1367:Effects
1221:Killing
1128:In the
1043:Ye Xian
893:Process
853:Mǎtíxié
840:Chinese
822:Chinese
796:Guangxi
783:Jiangsu
730:Beijing
697:Qiu Jin
585:led by
542:Decline
508:Manchus
397:of the
341:History
329:women.
7667:Models
7590:Robots
7522:Gloves
7512:Corset
7507:Clowns
7457:Navels
7442:Height
7407:Breast
7402:Armpit
7119:prison
7109:in war
7104:halala
6997:Sharia
6987:Raptio
6831:Issues
6751:Rights
6540:Topics
6460:
6441:
6412:
6302:
6270:online
6191:
6168:
6164:(48).
6139:
6110:
6077:
5983:
5937:
5886:
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3301:–256.
3272:
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3172:
3121:
3093:
3050:
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3026:
2957:
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2851:
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2770:
2740:
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2471:
2449:Su Shi
2413:
2383:
2356:
2265:
1699:Maputo
1640:Raptio
1449:Campus
1427:Threat
1412:Prison
1158:Fujian
1150:Zhu Xi
850::
848:pinyin
842::
832::
830:pinyin
824::
810:Manchu
788:crafts
747:Harbin
742:Shanxi
677:Canton
564:Xiamen
535:Yunnan
346:Origin
322:Manchu
289:), or
286:chánzú
283::
281:pinyin
275::
267::
115:chánzú
7798:China
7580:Dolls
7542:Shoes
7532:Latex
7480:Boots
7462:Noses
7437:Hands
7412:Belly
6771:Macau
6761:Tibet
6548:Women
6533:China
6366:(PDF)
6351:(PDF)
6300:S2CID
6166:eISSN
5798:(10).
5534:S2CID
5514:(PDF)
5489:(PDF)
5478:S2CID
5462:Signs
5458:(PDF)
5057:JSTOR
4868:(PDF)
4853:(PDF)
4205:S2CID
4189:JSTOR
4091:Slate
3959:S2CID
3951:JSTOR
3461:JSTOR
3430:(PDF)
3415:(PDF)
3361:JSTOR
3091:JSTOR
3048:S2CID
3032:JSTOR
2930:JSTOR
2608:"脚气集"
2606:车若水.
2152:China
2108:bagua
1689:DEVAW
1679:CEDAW
1674:DEDAW
1454:Child
875:Gansu
675:near
574:(天足会)
552:Hakka
433:]
421:]
395:Li Yu
7846:Foot
7736:Kink
7726:BDSM
7692:Race
7452:Legs
7447:Hair
7432:Feet
7094:gang
7089:date
7067:laws
7057:Rape
6992:Sati
6709:LGBT
6410:ISBN
6223:2018
6189:ISBN
6137:ISBN
6108:ISBN
6075:ISBN
5981:ISBN
5935:ISBN
5884:ISBN
5844:ISBN
5817:ISBN
5767:ISBN
5734:ISBN
5707:ISBN
5680:ISBN
5653:ISBN
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4998:ISBN
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4921:ISBN
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4791:OCLC
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4689:ISBN
4628:ISBN
4598:ISBN
4570:2010
4542:2011
4529:ISBN
4507:2011
4494:ISBN
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4388:ISBN
4363:ISBN
4336:ISBN
4311:ISBN
4284:ISBN
4257:ISBN
4230:ISBN
4197:PMID
4181:ISSN
4112:ISBN
4051:ISBN
3914:ISBN
3887:ISBN
3857:ISBN
3830:ISBN
3796:ISSN
3767:ISBN
3721:ISBN
3685:ISBN
3627:ISBN
3559:2012
3546:ISBN
3519:ISBN
3492:ISBN
3469:PMID
3386:ISBN
3353:ISSN
3303:ISBN
3270:ISBN
3242:link
3222:ISBN
3197:ISBN
3170:ISBN
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3040:PMID
3024:ISSN
2988:2012
2955:ISBN
2922:ISSN
2876:ISBN
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2738:ISBN
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2535:ISBN
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2469:ISBN
2411:ISBN
2381:ISBN
2354:ISBN
2263:ISBN
2020:, a
1684:VDPA
1464:Mass
1392:Laws
1377:Gang
1362:Date
1342:Rape
1264:Sati
864:The
794:and
625:1880
506:The
485:Ming
479:and
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6292:doi
6065:doi
5597:–.
5595:149
5526:doi
5470:doi
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5039:doi
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