807:), journalistic investigations and activist reports shows how the formerly densely forested interior has been thinned to an extent, that almost all of Botum Sakor National Park has been directly affected. Many of the densely forested habitats are now degraded and categorized as so-called mixed forest habitat because of this thinning. There seems to be a number of reasons for the new illegal logging practices and various groups participate, spanning from opportunistic locals, some of the companies involved in the concessions (see above) and organized criminal syndicates. Some of the logged timbers are
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25:
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664:(~30 km/year). These initial crimes and large scale destructive activities, was eventually halted at the beginning of the new millennium, but the national park is now facing an increasing threat of destruction under the pretext of so-called development at both local, national and international levels.
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A simple calculation reveals that the total area involved in the agricultural, industrial and constructional projects, adds up to more than 119,120 ha (1191.2 km). This comprise 70% of the national park. Needless to say, if the projects are allowed to unfold as they are planned, it will mean the
672:
After establishing the Botum Sakor
National Park in 1993, the Government of Cambodia apparently decided, that a large part of the land should be used for various agro-industrial and construction projects. A series of Economic Land Concessions has been issued and signed in recent years. How land is
793:
satellite images, journalistic investigations and activist reports clearly shows how large areas have been clear-cut at an accelerated pace in the concessions since 2008. Especially the coastal mangrove has suffered and is almost non-existing throughout the park, as of 2012.
513:
from a global conservational viewpoint, they are threatened in South-east Asia. In
Cambodia, saltwater crocodiles are thought to be restricted to Koh Kong Province. Two threatened species of turtle and one species of tortoise is also found in the Cardamom mountain range.
464:
Surprisingly only a relatively small number of amphibian species have been found on the premisses of the national park. The area was expected to hold a large number of species, since the
Cardamom Mountains are home to many, there are a broader variety of
802:
There is now substantial evidence, that the criminal practices of illegal logging on the premises of the national park, has become a problem once again in the last few years and at an alarmingly accelerated pace even. Satellite images (Landsat and
872:
of the national park is a concern. The recently completed highway route 48 along the northern boundary of the park isolates it from the southern
Cardamom Mountains. While some animals can cope, the highway have clearly fragmented and confined the
586:(butterflies and moths) in Botum Sakor is also preliminary and at the same time unique for the country as a whole, since very little research on this group have been published on Cambodia at all. As of 2009, 147 species of
730:
In August 2009, a concession agreement was signed with Koh Kong sez Co., Ltd., to initiate a large scale agro-industrial project in a 9,977 ha (99.77 km) area. The land is located within the Kiri Sakor
District.
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of the environment. The relatively high percentage of
Nymphalidae species in Botum Sakor are, in addition to other factors, reflecting that the habitats are indeed disturbed by excessive clear cutting and logging.
1876:
993:
Daltry, J.C. & Traeholt, C. (2003). Biodiversity assessment of the
Southern Cardamoms and Botum Sakor Peninsula (Report). Phnom Penh: WildAid: Cambodia Program and Department of Forestry and Wildlife.
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In
January 2011, a concession agreement was signed with the company Paradise Investment Co., Ltd. for business activities in a 9,835 ha (98.35 km) area. The land is located in the interior of the
1871:
1932:
1952:
1861:
1553:
Royan, A. (2009) Confirmation of the endangered fishing cat
Prionailurus viverrinus in Botum-Sakor National Park, Southwest Cambodia. Bulletin of the IUCN/SSC cat specialist group, 51: 10–11.
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in some of the parks creeks. Cambodia in fact retains the world's largest population of this critically endangered species, which was recently (2007) thought to be extinct even. The larger
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has been registered in the swampy forest habitats; a mean of 38 species per habitat area. The most common species in the park overall, seems to be the common evening brown butterfly (
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1108:
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There are hundreds of species of birds to be found within the park area, but only preliminary research has been carried out so far. Of particular interest to conservationists is the
1983:
1942:
1912:
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species have their home in Botum Sakor
National Park, in fact over a quarter of the mammalian species here are of conservation interest due to their global status. These include
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857:, and the opportunistic hunting of small mammal species for food. The poaching in Cambodia have many reasons, but one of the reasons in Botum Sakor National Park is feeding the
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in Cambodias national parks remains extremely rampant and Botum Sakor is no exclusion to this trend. The methods that are most disturbing in Botum Sakor are the setting of
2014:
1674:
1550:
Royan, A. (2009) Avifaunal inventory with annotated accounts for Botum-Sakor National Park, Southwest Cambodia. Cambodian Journal of Natural History, 2009 (1): 26–39.
608:). Due to the lack of identification literature on butterflies and moths in Cambodia, a number of unidentifiable species have been caught during research projects.
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in a 60,200 ha (602 km) area. More than 80% of the land is located within Botum Sakor National Park in the north-east and constitutes roughly 40% of the
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Understanding the distribution and development of the butterflies and moths are important in understanding and managing the national parks, as they are good
2009:
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plantations and conduct unspecified agro-industrial business activities in a 4,280 ha (42.80 km) area. The land is located in the interior of the
1547:
Royan, A. (2010) Significant mammal records from Botum-Sakor National Park, Southwest Cambodia. Cambodian Journal of Natural History, 2010 (1): 22–26.
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and other purposes. Many spots where illegal timbers and plant harvests are processed or cut up, have been uncovered within the national park itself.
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alone. Almost all the lepidopteran species (and individuals) were found in the dense forests or the swamp forests, with very few in the open areas of
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Disturbance of Botum Sakor National Park is extremely high. In the years 1997 - 2002, an estimated 229 km of evergreen forest was lost through
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contribution to the national park. The project was initially scheduled to be carried out in 6 stages, converting 10,000 ha of the national park to
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forms a considerable population and it has been speculated, that the national park might in fact contain as much as 10% of the global population.
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501:. Snakes are regularly seen and subsequently hacked to death by local residents at local plantations. There is also a small population of
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per day, with a range of approximately 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in). The human population of Botum Sakor National Park is unknown.
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exploited, sold and leased in Cambodia is notoriously murky, but below is a list of well documented projects in relation to the park:
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to be found in Botum Sakor. Many of the amphibians found in the park, are of great importance nonetheless. Both the Mortensen's frog (
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In April 2008, a concession agreement lasting 99 years was signed with Tianjin Union Development Group for the purpose of developing
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Botum Sakor National Park has a very rich and varied wildlife, but little on-location research has been done and published on the
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In April 2010, a concession agreement lasting 90 years was signed with the Cambodian company L.Y.P Group Co., Ltd. To construct
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Note: Only known from interviews and unidentified bear marks at present though. (Source: REPORT 4, Frontier Cambodia 2010, p.6)
711:. Resort brochures show ambitious plans: a new airport with a capacity of 10 million passengers a year, double the capacity of
317:
species have been found within the national park boundaries, eight of which are of high conservation priority, being listed as
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1607:
2056:
2030:
239:
1978:
1917:
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712:
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1491:
1458:
1025:
Traeholt, C.; Bonthoeun, R.; Rawson, B.; Samuth, M.; Virak, C.; Sok, V. (2005). Status review of pileated gibbon,
254:
The majority of Botum Sakor National Park's area comprises gently sloping lowland, covered by evergreen woods and
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in a 4,097 ha (40.97 km) area. The land is located in the upper-middle of the national park, mainly in the
222:. The national park comprises an area of 1,825.85 km (704.96 sq mi) and spans three districts of
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2004:
1557:
1775:
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REPORT 4 Fauna and flora diversity studies in Botum Sakor National Park, Cambodia April 2005 – September 2009
893:
759:
In July 2011, a concession agreement was signed with the company Sinimexim Investment Co., Ltd. to construct
1515:
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dam, involving a 6,771 ha (67.71 km) area. The land is apparently located in the Botum Sakor District.
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1800:
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1684:
1471:
858:
1320:
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1720:
1630:
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For nuances on the exact area, see the talk page under "Agriculture, industry and construction projects".
409:
1541:
1841:
1805:
1740:
1444:; David O'Shea (reporter). SBS Dateline 2012. Investigations on the shooting of environmental activist
898:
34:
1947:
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1371:
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1815:
271:
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An overview of the use and trade of plants and animals in traditional medicine systems in Cambodia
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126:
8:
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441:
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342:
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was signed with the Chinese company The Green Rich Co., Ltd. to plant, grow and harvest
643:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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in Asia. There are a number of other threatened or near-threatened birds here too, like
41:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
1999:
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species used in luxury buildings and for expensive furniture, but also plants like the
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334:
235:
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112:
719:, docking facilities for full-size cruise ships, and high-speed rail connections to
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to the south west of Cambodia and the Thailand-owned section of the mountain range.
752:. Paradise Investment Co., Ltd. is South Korean based and primarily engaged in the
207:
189:
Cambodian Ministry of Environment, Department of Nature Conservation and Protection
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business, but it operates in three associated segments: casinos, hotels and spas.
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661:
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1418:
Adam Yamaguchi (reporter). Vanguard 2009. Hosted by Cambodian Information Center
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1398:
1308:
835:
816:
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In December 2012, a contract was signed with an unknown company to construct a
604:
493:
Most of the many reptiles of Botum Sakor are snakes, including the charismatic
382:
326:
66:
1599:
1441:
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in each stage, but disputes with the Cambodian Ministry of Environment arose.
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1377:(Report). Ha Noi, Viet Nam: TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, Greater Mekong Programme.
1024:
824:
583:
535:
510:
322:
199:
153:
140:
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Frontier Cambodia, January 2010. Society for Environmental Exploration 2010.
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a senior research project. North Carolina State University (Dr. Erin Sills)
302:
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1237:
926:
831:
760:
591:
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have been recorded in the park, with as many as 49 species in the family
587:
433:
374:
259:
231:
211:
1445:
854:
775:
767:, just north of the land concession with Paradise Investment Co., Ltd.
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720:
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on an area of 36,000 ha (360 km) for tourism. The land is in both
700:
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494:
405:
318:
227:
1093:
1922:
1785:
771:
745:, but involving all of the three districts contributing to the park.
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and more than 40 times the number of visitors who arrived in 2017 at
599:
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and river edge habitats. A larger number of species of the subfamily
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466:
453:
255:
215:
242:, and a small part of the park is included in the Southern Cardamom
874:
850:
812:
808:
681:
449:
203:
116:
1428:
1033:, in Cambodia (Report). Phnom Penh: FFI Cambodia Programme Office.
667:
286:
929:. United Nations Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre
804:
790:
735:
482:
325:, some of them critically. These endangered species includes the
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1479:
International Centre for Environmental Management & Partners
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ultimate destruction dissolution of Botum Sakor National Park.
753:
685:
595:
314:
1527:
1339:
Yellow vine is aka. Voer Romiet, with the scientific names of
1013:
Botum Sakor National Park: A threatened haven of biodiversity
827:
358:
834:
are being cut and collected to make psychoactive drugs like
1583:
Lonely Planet's page on travel to Botum Sakor National Park
886:
275:
1461:
SBS Dateline. The film link does not work on this website.
1015:
The Earth Times, 12. August 2011 (retrieved February 2014)
1472:"Protected areas and development: lessons from Cambodia"
992:
1369:
1240:
Official homepage for the company. English available,
1151:
Concession Profile - Union Development Group Co., Ltd
1250:Concession Profile - Sinimexim Investment Co., Ltd
1126:"Chinese mega-resort in Cambodia raises red flags"
1207:Concession Profile - Paradise Investment Co., Ltd
95:
37:may be compromised due to out-of-date information
2048:
924:
877:species population such as the pileated gibbon.
1629:
1297:Global Forest Change (interactve map 2000-2012)
668:Agriculture, industry and construction projects
238:. The park is under the administration of the
1615:
1588:Botumsakor Community Development Organization
1564:Cambodian Government authorises clear-cutting
1228:Financial Times (retrieved 10. February 2014)
530:), which is endangered and one of the rarest
1558:"Work on $ 5 billion tourism project begins"
1106:Concession Profile - The Green Rich Co., Ltd
864:
1118:
1044:
1042:
1040:
74:
1622:
1608:
1299:University of Maryland. Landsat satellite.
1060:
880:
1771:Phnom Thnout-Phnom Pok Wildlife Sanctuary
1188:Concession Profile - L.Y.P Group Co., Ltd
1169:Concession Profile - Koh kong sez co.,ltd
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
173:1,825.85 km (704.96 sq mi)
1650:Central Cardamom Mountains National Park
1037:
285:
1075:REPORT 4; Frontier Cambodia, 2010, p.29
1066:REPORT 4; Frontier Cambodia, 2010, p.23
1048:REPORT 4; Frontier Cambodia, 2010, p.6.
909:
619:
2049:
1933:Phnom Neang Kong Rey Multiple Use Area
1370:Ashwell, D. & Walston, N. (2008).
1084:REPORT 4, Frontier Cambodia 2010, p.36
941:
920:
918:
1953:Sorsor Sdam Sat Tor Multiple Use Area
1603:
1029:, and yellow-cheeked crested gibbon,
1003:REPORT 4, Frontier Cambodia 2010, p.4
889:are known to be active in the area:
623:
18:
2062:Protected areas established in 1993
1405:2009. Hosted by Drug Documentaries.
915:
475:) and spine-glanded mountain frog (
13:
2031:Roneam Daun Sam Wildlife Sanctuary
1321:Forest Cover - Regional animations
797:
14:
2098:
1979:Phnom Tbeng Natural Heritage Park
1918:Boeng Yeak Laom Multiple Use Area
1796:Sanka Rokhavan Wildlife Sanctuary
1655:Hun Sen Russei Trep National Park
1576:
969:"Southern Cardamom REDD+ Project"
958:REPORT 4; Frontier Cambodia, 2010
240:Cambodian Ministry of Environment
16:Largest national park in Cambodia
1756:Phnom Nam Lyr Wildlife Sanctuary
1736:Kulen Promtep Wildlife Sanctuary
1494:Lonely Planet (7. February 2014)
713:Phnom Penh International Airport
628:
509:is also here, although it is of
313:As of 2009, evidence of over 44
249:
94:
87:
23:
2087:1993 establishments in Cambodia
2082:Cardamom Mountains rain forests
2077:Tourist attractions in Cambodia
1984:Phnom Yat Natural Heritage Park
1766:Phnom Sankos Wildlife Sanctuary
1695:Southern Cardamom National Park
1596:Open Development Cambodia (ODC)
1521:
1509:
1506:Flora & Fauna International
1497:
1485:
1464:
1451:
1434:
1421:
1408:
1381:
1363:
1333:
1314:
1302:
1290:
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1231:
1219:
1200:
1181:
1162:
1144:
1099:
1087:
1078:
1069:
894:Flora & Fauna International
456:might be present here as well.
206:. Situated on the coast of the
2067:Geography of Koh Kong province
1943:Punchearkrek Multiple Use Area
1913:Boeng Chhmar Multiple Use Area
1781:Prek Prasab Wildlife Sanctuary
1761:Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary
1751:Phnom Aural Wildlife Sanctuary
1746:Peam Krasop Wildlife Sanctuary
1492:Koh Kong Conservation Corridor
1051:
1018:
1006:
997:
986:
961:
717:Sihanouk International Airport
218:projecting southwest from the
1:
1776:Preah Roka Wildlife Sanctuary
1700:Vensai Siempang National Park
1670:Koh Rong Marine National Park
1429:Cambodia's Forests of Ecstasy
859:traditional Chinese medicinal
459:
1811:Stung Sen Wildlife Sanctuary
1801:Siem Pang Wildlife Sanctuary
1786:Prey Lang Wildlife Sanctuary
1731:Keo Seima Wildlife Sanctuary
1685:Preah Monivong National Park
1427:Dominguez, Robert Jonathan:
1309:Maps of forest cover by year
1094:Land Tenure Cambodia Profile
154:11.11553035°N 103.24969205°E
7:
2005:Tonlé Sap Biosphere Reserve
1963:Tonle Sap Multiple Use Area
1958:Stung Sen Multiple Use Area
1938:Prek Toal Multiple Use Area
1928:Kbal Chay Multiple Use Area
1923:Dong Peng Multiple Use Area
1877:Prasat Bakan (Kampong Svay)
1721:Beng Per Wildlife Sanctuary
1631:Protected areas of Cambodia
1594:Interactive map of the area
927:"Botum-Sakor National Park"
845:
488:
410:large-toothed ferret-badger
281:
75:
10:
2103:
2057:National parks of Cambodia
1806:Sre Pok Wildlife Sanctuary
1741:Lomphat Wildlife Sanctuary
1535:
1518:Conservation International
1394:February 22, 2014, at the
1226:Paradise Investment Co Ltd
899:Conservation International
577:
308:
2023:
1992:
1971:
1948:Samlaut Multiple Use Area
1905:
1824:
1791:Sambor Wildlife Sanctuary
1726:Chhaeb Wildlife Sanctuary
1713:
1680:Phnom Kulen National Park
1645:Botum Sakor National Park
1637:
1570:Open Development Cambodia
1132:. Bloomberg. 20 July 2019
925:Protected Planet (2018).
865:Fragmentation of habitats
781:
637:This section needs to be
196:Botum Sakor National Park
185:
177:
169:
159:11.11553035; 103.24969205
132:
122:
108:
82:
70:
65:
61:Botum Sakor National Park
60:
2036:Snoul Wildlife Sanctuary
2015:Koh Kae Protected Resort
1816:Tatai Wildlife Sanctuary
1457:Documentary transcript:
821:Cinnamomum parthenoxylon
517:
272:tropical monsoon climate
268:freshwater swamp forests
76:Ŏtyéanchéatĕ Bŏtŭm Sakôr
881:Active NGOs in the area
811:and various threatened
478:Quasipaa fasciculispina
379:Prionailurus viverrinus
347:Trachypithecus germaini
2024:Former protected areas
1972:Natural Heritage Sites
1892:Sambor Prey Kok Temple
1705:Virachey National Park
572:Haliaeetus ichthyaetus
568:grey-headed fish eagle
524:white-winged wood duck
339:Nycticebus bengalensis
298:
258:, emerging in coastal
1675:O'Yadav National Park
1665:Kirirom National Park
1556:The Phnom Penh Post:
1350:Coscinium fenestratum
870:Habitat fragmentation
838:for south-east Asian
548:Leptoptilos javanicus
448:) and more. Possibly
289:
214:(or Botumsakor) is a
1872:Phnom Krang Dey Meas
1825:Protected Landscapes
1714:Wildlife Sanctuaries
1560:, October 1.st 2010.
910:References and notes
840:traditional medicine
765:Botum Sakor District
750:Botum Sakor District
743:Botum Sakor District
709:Botum Sakor District
678:concession agreement
676:In November 1998, a
620:Threats and concerns
582:The research on the
556:Anhinga melanogaster
528:Asarcornis scutulata
472:Sylvirana mortenseni
1459:Death in the Forest
1442:Death in the Forest
1031:Nomascus gabriellae
705:Kiri Sakor District
560:great pied hornbill
507:saltwater crocodile
442:large-spotted civet
430:Lutra perspicillata
426:smooth-coated otter
270:. It experiences a
186:Governing body
150: /
71:ឧទ្យានជាតិបុទុមសាគរ
2072:Cardamom Mountains
2010:Stung Treng Ramsar
2000:Boeng Tonle Chhmar
1906:Multiple Use Areas
1690:Ream National Park
1440:Documentary film:
1387:Documentary film:
1356:Coscinium usitatum
1345:Coscinium usitatum
1326:2014-02-14 at the
1274:2014-02-22 at the
1269:concession Profile
1255:2014-02-22 at the
1212:2014-02-22 at the
1193:2014-02-22 at the
1174:2014-02-22 at the
1156:2014-02-22 at the
1111:2014-02-22 at the
1027:Hylobates pileatus
823:, a member of the
690:Koh Kong Districts
684:, fruit trees and
503:Siamese crocodiles
414:Melogale personata
395:Hylobates pileatus
299:
295:Hylobates pileatus
220:Cardamom Mountains
2044:
2043:
1837:Ang Trapeng Thmor
1660:Kep National Park
1528:Wildlife Alliance
1416:Forest of Ecstasy
1389:Forest of Ecstasy
904:Wildlife Alliance
658:
657:
613:indicator species
499:Malayan pit viper
446:Viverra megaspila
418:hairy-nosed otter
371:Neofelis nebulosa
335:Bengal slow loris
224:Koh Kong Province
193:
192:
123:Nearest city
113:Koh Kong Province
56:
55:
2094:
1862:Boeung Prek Lpov
1624:
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1016:
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990:
984:
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980:
965:
959:
956:
939:
938:
936:
934:
922:
653:
650:
644:
632:
631:
624:
564:Buceros bicornis
343:Germain's langur
264:mangrove forests
246:Project (SCRP).
208:Gulf of Thailand
165:
164:
162:
161:
160:
155:
151:
148:
147:
146:
143:
98:
97:
91:
78:
72:
58:
57:
51:
48:
42:
35:factual accuracy
27:
26:
19:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2019:
1988:
1967:
1901:
1887:Roneam Daun Sam
1867:North Tonle Sap
1820:
1709:
1633:
1628:
1579:
1538:
1533:
1526:
1522:
1514:
1510:
1502:
1498:
1490:
1486:
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1465:
1456:
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1396:Wayback Machine
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1360:The Plant List.
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622:
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552:Oriental darter
544:lesser adjutant
520:
491:
462:
422:Lutra sumatrana
399:pileated gibbon
391:pileated gibbon
387:Elephas maximus
367:clouded leopard
351:Indian hog deer
311:
291:Pileated gibbon
284:
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198:is the largest
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1577:External links
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1566:global witness
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331:Manis javanica
327:Sunda pangolin
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1832:An Long Pring
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323:IUCN Red List
320:
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305:of the area.
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274:and two high
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1852:Boeng Lomkod
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1401:(reporter).
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1134:. Retrieved
1130:Bangkok Post
1129:
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977:. Retrieved
972:
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931:. Retrieved
884:
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649:October 2017
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540:Pavo muticus
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363:Cuon alpinus
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303:biodiversity
300:
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195:
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44:
33:
855:snare traps
832:yellow vine
739:plantations
694:plantations
592:Nymphalidae
434:sambar deer
404:Many other
375:fishing cat
260:floodplains
232:Botum Sakor
212:Botum Sakor
178:Established
157: /
145:103°14′59″E
133:Coordinates
2051:Categories
1446:Chut Wutty
1353:. Source:
979:2022-08-03
776:hydropower
721:Phnom Penh
701:Dara Sakor
532:waterfowls
495:king cobra
467:ecosystems
460:Amphibians
406:threatened
319:endangered
256:grasslands
228:Kiri Sakor
142:11°06′56″N
1341:Coscinium
772:reservoir
725:Siem Reap
682:oil palms
600:Satyrinae
454:moon bear
216:peninsula
47:June 2024
1516:Cambodia
1504:Cambodia
1403:Vanguard
1392:Archived
1324:Archived
1272:Archived
1253:Archived
1210:Archived
1191:Archived
1172:Archived
1154:Archived
1109:Archived
875:arboreal
861:market.
851:Poaching
846:Poaching
813:hardwood
809:rosewood
489:Reptiles
450:sun bear
282:Wildlife
236:Koh Kong
204:Cambodia
117:Cambodia
109:Location
1536:Sources
1136:20 July
836:ecstasy
805:Envisat
791:Landsat
736:Tapioca
639:updated
578:Insects
483:endemic
397:). The
389:), and
321:on the
309:Mammals
1842:Angkor
1358:Pierre
1343:spp.,
975:. 2021
933:26 Dec
830:) and
819:tree (
782:Impact
761:rubber
754:casino
686:acacia
596:meadow
566:) and
481:) are
315:mammal
1993:Other
1475:(PDF)
1375:(PDF)
1096:USAID
973:Verra
828:genus
518:Birds
359:dhole
276:tides
262:with
244:REDD+
67:Khmer
1590:BCDO
1138:2019
935:2018
887:NGOs
774:and
723:and
707:and
497:and
452:and
266:and
234:and
181:1993
170:Area
1572:ODC
1347:or
1330:ODC
1311:ODC
1278:ODC
1259:ODC
1216:ODC
1197:ODC
1178:ODC
1115:ODC
574:).
558:),
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202:of
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39:.
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