Kamay Botany Bay National Park

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until 1897, when a northern burial section was established and used until 1952. The cemetery was used as a burial ground for the La Perouse Aboriginal reserve, though it served predominantly as a burial ground for patients who died of infectious diseases at Prince Henry Hospital. There are 90 marked graves in the Coast Hospital Cemetery, but it is estimated that up to 3,000 people are buried there. The area was selected as an Aboriginal repatriation and reburial site because of its long-standing significance to the local Aboriginal people. The cemetery contains the burials of several family members. Aboriginal ancestral remains were reburied within the Dharawal Resting Place (previously known as the Little Bay Cemetery Resting Place) in 2002 and 2005. Members of the La Perouse and Metropolitan Local Aboriginal Land councils and other Dharawal descendants regularly visit the area, maintaining close connections to Country and ancestors.

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south to Potter Point. Within the cliff landscape and dunes of this area there have been archaeological excavations, these areas are also considered to have archaeological potential. Dune landscape characterises the southern part of the park inland. Vegetation is mainly Kurnell dune forest, which grows on the sand hills that overlook the coast where Cook is said to have landed. There are pockets of dry eucalypt forest on the higher reaches, and this forest continues over Cape Solander Drive and up to the sandstone heights approaching the sandstone cliffs falling to the ocean on the east.

1119: 226: 980:, which was located within the boundaries of the Botany Bay National Park behind Congwong Beach. Those who arrived at Happy Valley simply selected a spot and erected their home from corrugated iron or whatever could be found. Reputedly there was much positive interaction between residents at Happy Valley and those on the Aboriginal reserve. While life was hard at Happy Valley, some unemployed residents valued the site for its carefree existence and beach access. In 1939, after intense lobbying by the neighbouring golf club, 1850: 1836: 1097:

Cultures ceremony and the structured involvement of local Aboriginal elders in the ceremony. In addition Aboriginal people have been closely involved in other important events in the park, such as the start to the Olympic Torch Relay in 2000, which was begun by one of the Aboriginal park rangers. A significant amount of work has been done to the interpret the history and connections of the site: in particular, the opening of interpretive walks and the re-opening of the freshwater stream.

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with spears, to which Cook ordered either one or two muskets fired. One shot found its mark and hit one of the warriors, who ran to find a shield and continued the defence of his country. As Cook and his party landed, one of the warriors threw a spear before they retreated and commenced to ignore the intruders for the entire time the British were anchored in the bay. This is consistent with the customary right of country owners to demand to meet visitors on their own terms.

1521: 1733:. The two-storey octagonal sandstone tower with castellated turret top built in circa1811, as a military guardhouse and lookout station, is a distinctive feature on the headland. The Doric column memorial to the Lapérouse expedition is another feature of the grouping on the northern headland. On the southern headland a commemorative obelisk marking Captain Cook's landing site erected in to 1822 is another distinctive landmark. 233: 1745:

it is the home of their ancestors, it is the place where their ancestors are buried and where they lived before Europeans arrived. It is also important to Aboriginal people as one of the earliest sites of resistance to British colonisation. The place is also an important site of cultural renewal as the story of the arrival of Cook and those that followed remains an important story within the Aboriginal community.

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Indigenous people and the colonisers. The place plays a central role in the European history of arrival and the history of Indigenous dispossession and devastation through illness, land grants, cultivation and development. The meeting of Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australia is a story that is central to the development of the colony and of symbolic importance to the state .

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place where the shared history of Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australia began. It was the place where Lieutenant James Cook first stepped ashore to claim the country for Britain and plays a central role in the European history of arrival, the history of Indigenous resistance, dispossession and devastation through illness, land grants, cultivation and development.

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The place is of state significance as a place of important technical achievement with the collecting efforts of Banks and Solander who during their visit in 1770 made the first important collection of fauna and flora from Australia. The Banks and Solander collection included many items that had never

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Kamay Botany Bay National Park and Towra Point Nature Reserve are historically significant as the place where Joseph Banks's and Daniel Solander's unique botanical collection was sourced and later classified using the Linnaean system of classification. Kurnell Peninsula and Towra Point were the sites

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reserve of 386 ha is located on the shores of Botany and Wooloware bays to the west of Kurnell village. The Towra Point landscape of alluvial and marine sands supports vegetation communities that are now rare in the Sydney region. There are vegetated dunes and coastal banksia woodlands, littoral

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An important element, historically and environmentally is the stream that flows into Botany Bay near the landing place. It was here that Cook and his party restocked their fresh water supplies under the eye of the local Aboriginal people. There have been a number of archaeological excavations in this

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The former cable station is a two-storey rendered masonry building situated on a grassy knoll of La Perouse Headland facing north overlooking Frenchman's Bay. The orientation of the building is attributed to the positioning of the telegraph cable, which came ashore at Frenchman's Bay. Designed by the

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The total area of the proposed listing is 878 hectares (2,170 acres). 492 hectares (1,220 acres) of the listing comprises Kamay Botany Bay National Park, situated on the north and south sandstone headlands of Botany Bay. The headlands create the dramatic entrance to Botany Bay, which is located about

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Like La Perouse, the Kurnell section of Botany Bay National Park had a shanty town. This was established in the cliff overhangs and caves overlooking the Pacific Ocean at Cape Solander and Tabbagi Gap. The earliest dwelling was built in 1919, and others were constructed during the Great Depression in

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Holt established a scientific oyster farming program at Quibray Bay, attempted to raise sheep on specially planted pastures of imported grass and dabbled in timber and even coal mining on the Kurnell Peninsula. This work was done with the assistance of many employees, including a number of Aboriginal

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Many Aboriginal people who had traditionally lived in the La Perouse area left after the establishment of European settlement, but by the 1870s Aboriginal people, including descendants from families associated with La Perouse and Botany Bay, along with Aboriginal people from the south coast, began to

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In traditional Aboriginal culture it is customary for visitors to wait to be invited to approach the custodians of that area, so when Cook and his men landed, the local people attempted to discourage the strangers from entering the land: two warriors painted in ceremonial ochre threatened the British

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The Towra Point Keeping Place Aboriginal Place and the Dharawal Resting Place - Coast Hospital Cemetery repatriation sites are highly significant places to members of the La Perouse Local Aboriginal Land Council and the Dharawal Aboriginal people associated with Botany Bay. Visitation to these sites

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Both the northern and southern sections of the Botany Bay National Park are of state heritage significance for members of the local and statewide Aboriginal community as it is the site of the first meeting of Indigenous and European cultures. For many people who live locally and throughout the state

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Traditional Aboriginal custodians of the land and the current Aboriginal community have strong historical association with Kamay Botany Bay National Park and Towra Point Nature Reserve. Gweagal warriors resisted the arrival of Cook and continue to be important symbols of Aboriginal resilience. There

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Within the nature reserve is the Towra Point Keeping Place Aboriginal Place, which is an Aboriginal reburial site where ancestral remains have been returned to Country. Evidence of past Aboriginal occupation (campsites evidenced by shell middens and stone artefact scatters) can be found in the local

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The Meeting Place contains a number of monuments and memorials to Cook; the botanist Solander; Sir Joseph Banks; and Forby Sutherland, an Endeavour crew member who died at Botany Bay. It also contains Alpha House, previously known as the Kurnell accommodation house, constructed by the Captain Cook's

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The huge sand dunes and their large freshwater ponds were a strong memory for Sonny Simms, who as a child regularly swam in these. The dunes survived relatively unaffected up until the 1950s, when the oil refinery was established there. It was not until the Sydney building boom in the late 1960s and

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The Aboriginal people of La Perouse retained a strong link with the Kurnell section of the Botany Bay National Park throughout the 20th century. Kurnell was a frequent destination for family groups who would travel over by ferry and spend the day fishing, swimming, foraging for bush foods. The banks

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The reserve was the responsibility of the Department of Lands up until 1967 and was managed by a trust right up until 1974. The trust employed a caretaker and field staff to maintain the reserve. It also spent considerable time and money on siting and erecting monuments to Cook and his crew. In 1918

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Aboriginal ancestral remains have been reburied in the park. These remains, taken from the Botany Bay region, were stored in various museum collections until repatriation. For Aboriginal people, the return of ancestors' remains to Country is highly significant because it then reunites ancestors with

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Banksia Scrub community, the littoral rainforest and Kurnell dune forest, a vast array of threatened and endangered bird species such as the little tern, frogs such as the green and gold bell frog and mammals like the grey headed flying fox. The park is an important link in the network of parks and

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The northern shores of Botany Bay, the La Perouse peninsula, has a very special association for the French community in Australia and French people overseas as it was the last landfall of the noted French explorer, Jean-Francois Galaup de Lapérouse. The esteem the expedition is held in is marked by

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Kamay Botany Bay National Park is historically significant as it was the first point of landing of the first fleet of settlers in Australia and the site of later developments in colonial defences and customs regulation. It also demonstrates the early development of communications in the colony. The

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bushland include Botany Cone at 55 metres (180 ft) above sea level and Long Nose at 101 metres (331 ft). There are many small points and cliff formations and several walking tracks. The carpark and lookout at the end of the Yena Track is popular for whale watching in the migration season.

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Approximately 168 hectares (420 acres) of Kamay Botany Bay National Park is located on the northern headland and includes Cape Banks, the coast land at Cruwee Cove, Henry Head, Congwong Beach, scrub-covered dune to Anzac Parade and the peninsula on the north-eastern corner of Botany Bay known as La

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Despite Holt's efforts at Kurnell, none of the enterprises were very successful, and by 1881 he began subdividing the estate. Even this exercise was not successful, and unsold lots within the current national park were set aside as a public reserve in the 1899, along with an area similarly reserved

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In 1821, another grant was made of 1,000 acres at the nearby Quibray Bay to John Connell, a free settler who arrived in NSW in 1801 and set up a large ironmongery in Sydney. When in 1828 Birnie was declared insane, Connell bought Alpha Farm, and by 1838 he owned almost the entire Kurnell Peninsula.

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A small Anglican Aboriginal mission was established in the area in 1885 and a church built in 1894. In 1895 the camp at Frenchmans Bay, La Perouse was gazetted as an Aboriginal reserve. The people who lived there worked as fishermen, in the Chinese Gardens, or at the timber mills and wool washes in

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La Perouse headland was the site where the overseas underwater telegraphic cable emerged in 1876. The first makeshift facility of tents and huts was replaced in 1881 by a brick cable station sited centrally on the west of the headland overlooking Frenchman's Beach. After 1917, when it was no longer

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Perhaps the most significant events to have been held in the park in recent years have been the repatriation burials. These events are of great importance to the local Aboriginal community as local elders received back the remains of their ancestors from public institutions where they were studied

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The Coast Hospital Cemetery is an Aboriginal Place and is an important burial, repatriation, and reburial site for the La Perouse and Metropolitan Local Aboriginal Land councils and Dharawal Aboriginal people. In 1881, the first part of the Coast Hospital Cemetery was opened. This section was used

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even constructed huts for them at the camp, justifying the decision to parliament by arguing that the camp was economically viable. By 1881 there were two camps with 35 Aboriginal people recorded to be living at La Perouse and a further 15 in Botany Bay within the boundaries of what is today Kamay

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reserve. From about 1820, a small contingent of Government troops were stationed at La Perouse headland to scout for the unexpected arrival of ships and to monitor and control smuggling activity. By 1822, these troops were housed in Macquarie's Tower, a sandstone castellated watchtower. From 1829,

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to "Gurung-gubba", the pelican of their Dreamtime stories. The Endeavour entered Botany Bay and lay anchor opposite the location of a small bark hut village on the southern shores of Kamay Botany Bay. Here James Cook and some of his crew prepared to land on the shores of Gweagal country. It is now

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Kamay Botany Bay National Park and Towra Point Nature Reserve have aesthetic value as landmark headlands and natural areas with a collection of historic monuments that, combined, have important symbolism to the state of NSW. Both northern and southern parts of the national park, together with the

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The southern and eastern boundary of the park follows the 40-metre (130 ft) high Hawkesbury sandstone cliff landscape of Cape Solander, which is punctuated by deep narrow gorges at Tabagai Gap and Yena Gap. Further to the south this rocky coastal boundary gives way to sand dunes which extend

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Behind the headland is the original Coast Hospital Cemetery, which is now a designated Aboriginal Place: the Dharawal Resting Place – Coast Hospital Cemetery. It contains approximately 3,000 burials. There are some headstones and the remains of a paved stone road to the site. Aboriginal ancestral

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Rare vegetation communities in the park include the wet heath between Henry Head and Cape Banks and the closed forest around Happy Valley. The stands of Eastern Suburbs banksia scrub are considered to be an endangered community. An area of land bordering on Grose Street contains over 140 species,

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Sonny Simms, who grew up at La Perouse in the 1930s and 1940s, recalled that the resources of the bay, its fish and shellfish, were an important supplement to the family's food resources when his father left and his mother became the sole provider for her family of nine children. The family would

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and Bonna Point were subject to a buildup of sand from about 6,500 years ago. At about the same time a series of parallel dunes formed behind Bate Beach and Towra Point as the Georges River estuary shifted and sand and mud were dropped to the north of the Kurnell isthmus. The mud and sand deposit

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are of outstanding state heritage significance as a rare place demonstrating the continuous history of occupation of the east coast of Australia. The place holds clear and valuable evidence of Indigenous occupation prior to European settlement and the natural history of the state. It is also the

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From the 1820s Captain Cook's Landing Place was a popular destination for people with an interest in European history in Australia. Many people visited various places of interest, such as the plaque at Inscription Point, which had been installed by the Philosophical Society of Australasia in the

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By 1869, in response to the perceived threat of armed attack by foreign forces, a program to bolster the colony's defences was in place and a military road was constructed to the La Perouse headland. By 1871 a gun battery was in place on Henry Head. In 1881 a large "mass concrete" fort was under

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explored the shores and hinterland areas around Botany Bay. The main purpose of visiting Botany Bay was to obtain fresh water for the next leg of the journey. On the second day of their stay, Cook and his men found a stream located near the bark hut village, from which they replenished the ships

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The people living on the headlands and shores at the entrance to Botany Bay benefited from the many food and other resources and the mild climate of the area. On both shorelines are many midden sites providing evidence of the rich variety of sea foods enjoyed by the Indigenous people, as well as

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Kamay Botany Bay National Park is a representative example of a site with an extensive grouping of memorials commemorating highly significant historic events: the historic meeting of Indigenous and British cultures, the exploration of Captain James Cook, the important scientific collection work

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The Kurnell Peninsula has an important association with one of the colony's noted entrepreneurs and politicians, Thomas Holt. It also has historic association with members of the Aboriginal community who lived and worked with the first settlers on the Kurnell Peninsula and those who lived at La

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Traditional Aboriginal owners of the land and the current Aboriginal community have strong historical association with Kamay Botany Bay National Park and Towra Point Nature Reserve. The place is associated with the Gweagal warriors who resisted the arrival of arrival of Cook and the crew of the

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The Meeting Place precinct contains many items of pre-contact Aboriginal heritage: shell middens, burial sites, a bora ring, a birthing tree and other items of Aboriginal heritage significance. It also contains post-contact heritage items of significance to both European and Aboriginal history.

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From 4,500 years ago swamps developed in the low parts of the dunes and a series of moving dunes formed as a result of violent weather events. These new dunes covered the peninsula and the tidal flats of Botany Bay. Here again, swamps formed in these new dunes, allowing soils and dune forest to

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Under the management of National Parks and Wildlife Service much work has been done to redress the balance in articulating the Aboriginal and European historical and cultural values of the place. This is evidenced in the renaming of the longstanding Commemoration Day ceremony as the Meeting of

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In 1967 the reserve at Kurnell was handed over to the National Parks and Wildlife Service, which, besides its environmental charter, had custody of historic sites, of which Captain Cook's Landing Place at Kurnell was one. By 1974 National Parks and Wildlife Service was able to take on the full

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On the Kurnell Peninsula, about 20,000 years ago at the height of the ice age, the Kurnell headland was a sandstone hill. The old dunes formed much of what is now Botany Bay and the Kurnell headland. Between 18,000 and 10,000 years ago, as the sea level rose, seagrass, salt marsh and mangroves

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The departure of Phillip and then Lapérouse from Botany Bay marked a period of time where, at least on the southern shores of the bay, Aboriginal people did not come into much contact with Europeans. The Kurnell headland was a remote spot and was not subject to a land grant until 1815. On the

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The cliffs edging the sea side entrance to Kamay Botany Bay National Park in both the northern and southern sections are of state heritage significance for their strong and dramatic landmark qualities that take on a symbolic aspect in relation to the historic events that took place after the

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Kamay Botany Bay Park is of exceptional heritage significance for the state as the place where the shared Indigenous and European history of Australia began. It was the place where Lieutenant James Cook first stepped ashore to claim the country for Britain and the first meeting place between

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The French spent six weeks at La Perouse, during which time they repaired damage done during the Samoan battle. An observatory was established on the northern headland for the use of Joseph Lepaute Dagelet, whose observations and scientific experiments are among the first European scientific

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Kurnell was possibly a semi-permanent home for the Gweagal. A marker tree distinguished by a ring-shaped hole in its trunk marks the site of a women's camp. The area also contains carved trees from which the bark for canoes and coolamons were taken and a women's birthing site, indicating the

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Kamay Botany Bay National Park has an important association with the First Fleet and Governor Arthur Phillip, first Governor of NSW. Governor Macquarie is also associated with the site as he commissioned the erection of the earliest known sandstone tower building in Australia, the Macquarie

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The place is of state significance for the technical achievement of Banks and Solander who during their visit in 1770 made the first important collection of fauna and flora from Australia which included some items that had never before been described and classified. Previous archaeological

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Cook's landing place is important to the European community as it marks the arrival of the British and the establishment of Britain's southernmost colony. It is regarded as the birthplace of the European Australian Nation and the first meeting place of Aboriginal and British communities.

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In the years after the Second World War, under the management of the trust, the area became a hugely popular holiday destination for campers. Families who faithfully returned to camp there each year set up semi-permanent camps in small timber cabins and tents painted with calcimine for

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reptiles and mammals which also lived in the heath and forests. Fishing was the major source of food for the Indigenous people of the area. Fish hooks were made from turban shells, and fishing lines and nets were made from bark and native grasses. Timber from the forests at Kurnell and

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including plants regarded as rare and the last remaining example of the full diversity of Eastern Suburbs banksia scrub. It also contains several rare freshwater swamps. This part of the park attracts over 70 species of native birds, as well as possums, flying foxes, bats and snakes.

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Similarly, the La Perouse section of the park contains evidence of everyday lives of Aboriginal people before European settlement, including middens and engravings that illustrate the everyday observations and preoccupations of the Indigenous people before European contact.

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Because of its bountiful resources, the north and south headlands of Botany Bay were important ceremonial gathering places for the Dharawal on the south of Botany Bay and the Darug on the northern shores. At Kurnell there are several important ceremonial sites, including a

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Behind Congwong Beach is the location of a former settlement known as Happy Valley, a collection of shacks erected during the Depression. The shacks have been removed and vegetation has regenerated. There is potential for archaeology dating from this period of occupation.

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early 1820s. In 1870 Thomas Holt erected Cook's Obelisk to mark the European arrival at Botany Bay. To cope with the area's increasing visitation, Holt built the first wharf at Kurnell just adjacent to the obelisk, and a steam ferry began to operate some time around 1882.

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The southern section of Kamay Botany Bay National Park covers an area of about 324 hectares (800 acres) on the eastern end of the Kurnell Peninsula. The area of the park to the north-east of Kurnell village is bounded by the waters of Botany Bay and large rock platforms.

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The coast is characterised by rocky sandstone cliffs demonstrating a fine example of the stratification of Hawkesbury sandstone. The cliff formations are punctuated by large gorges, the result of eroded basalt dykes which formed in the sedimentary rock in the early

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weatherproofing, with stoves and camp beds. Most of their food they brought with them, but fresh milk was sourced daily from the caretaker's wife, who managed a herd of cows which roamed the reserve. Holiday camping at the park continued until around 1977, when the

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made a grant of 700 acres of land to James Birnie at Kurnell. Here Birnie established a farm, raising vegetables and stock and constructing a homestead on the site of the current Alpha House near Captain Cooks Landing Place in the Kamay Botany Bay National Park.

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Other resources found in the park and at Towra Point were the mangrove knees, which up until the late 1960s were harvested to make boomerangs for the tourist trade. The shells for the La Perouse women's shell craft work were collected from the beach at Wanda.

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Kamay Botany Bay National Park and Towra Point Nature Reserve are of state heritage significance as they contains rare remnant vegetation and flora communities and is a critical link in the network of parks and reserves that conserve the biodiversity of NSW.

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just north of the northern section of the Botany Bay National Park and also a cave on Cape Solander in the southern section of the park in which it is believed that skeletal remains from these outbreaks were found, though this has not been confirmed.

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Kamay Botany Bay National Park and Towra Point Nature Reserve also have the ability to clearly demonstrate Indigenous pre-contact history of the state and to demonstrate aspects of the way of life of the Aboriginal people before European settlement.

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the 1930s. These dwellings were constructed of tin and timber, and stoves and other home wares were installed to make the place comfortable. They continued to be used during the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s by recreational fishermen and local eccentrics.

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The extent and quality of the specimens collected led Cook to name the bay Botany Bay in acknowledgment of the important work undertaken by Banks and Solander. Besides being described and classified by Solander, every specimen was sketched by

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the area, or they made boomerang and other artefacts for sale to tourists, who flocked to the area after the construction of the tramway to La Perouse at the turn of the century. Many women and children crafted shell decorations for sale.

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By 7,400 years ago the sea level stopped rising and the cliffs and rock platforms at Kurnell were eroded by wave action to form sheer cliffs. Between 9,000 and 6,000 years ago the Kurnell isthmus began to form as the mud and sand of the

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Kamay Botany Bay National Park is a unique place with state level rarity values as it is the place where the British colonisers first stepped ashore in Eastern Australia and the meeting place of Indigenous and white colonial Australia.

883:. Receveur died at La Perouse on 17 February 1788 and was the first French person to be buried on the mainland. He was interred in a headland grave marked with a common headstone. In 1829, a tomb was erected over the site of his grave. 1776:

The La Perouse headland is significant as the place where the crew of Lapérouse's expedition of exploration made camp was where Joseph Lapaute Dagelet set up his observatory and made the first astronomical observations in Australia.

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A number of memorials commemorating Australia's history are located at the entrance to the Kurnell Peninsula portion of the park. This area has a coast walk connecting the memorials and is near the information centre and a museum.

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area, on the flat between the wharf and the stream, and in the vicinity of the Alpha House site. The area is considered to have high archaeological potential. The place is marked by a plaque and by more recent interpretive works.

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In the days preceding 29 April 1770 Dharawal people of the southern coastal area between Nowra and Kurnell observed a large "white bird" (oral tradition of the local people) or "floating island" which was Lieutenant James Cook's

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Kamay Botany Bay National Park and Towra Point Nature Reserve is significant for its association with important European explorers and scientists and their life's work. These include James Cook, Joseph Banks, Daniel Solander,

1353:), which are rare in the Sydney region. As well as pockets of dry eucalyptus forest, there are also several pockets of Kurnell dune forest in the southern reaches of the park and important patches of littoral rainforest. 1652:

The La Perouse part the national park provides evidence of the history of French exploration in the Pacific in the late 19th century and continues to have ongoing cultural associations with the French community today.

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Kamay Botany Bay National Park contains evidence of the intensive occupation by Indigenous people before the arrival and settlement by Europeans and is representative of the pre-contact Indigenous cultural landscape.

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and regarded as curiosities in their own land. The La Perouse museum precinct in Botany Bay National Park is to be reinvigorated, with the NSW Government and Randwick City Council moving to lease the historic site.

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14 km south of the centre of Sydney. The listing boundary also includes the Towra Point Nature Reserve, an area of 386.4 hectares (955 acres) of wetlands located to the west of Kurnell village in Botany Bay.

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While their land was not immediately settled by Europeans, white colonisation had a profound impact on the people of the area, the most significant being the spread of disease such as smallpox. There are caves at

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Phillip was disappointed at the lack of water on the shores of the bay and dismayed by the large numbers of Aboriginal people inhabiting the place. By 26 January 1788, Phillip had left Botany Bay and sailed for

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Banks and Solander collected many plant and animal specimens at Botany Bay, including many which had not been collected or described previously and became the type specimens of species and genera, including the

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The sandy soils are covered with diverse vegetation comprising over 350 species once common in the eastern suburbs of Sydney, including rare species and communities. The most common vegetation cover is heath

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Hospital and then in 1934 became Prince Henry Hospital. Associated with the Coast Hospital is the Coast Cemetery, which is located south of the hospital and now is enclosed by Kamay Botany Bay National Park.

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The geological and botanical features of Kamay Botany Bay National Park and Towra Point Nature Reserve are of state heritage significance for their ability to demonstrate the natural history of the state.

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Kamay Botany Bay National Park and the Towra Point Nature Reserve wetlands contain rare remnant vegetation and fauna communities threatened and endangered species and vegetation communities such as: the

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northern shores of the bay, the La Perouse peninsula remained relatively unsettled until the 1860s and 1880s, when a pioneering fishing community worked the waters at Botany Bay and lived in La Perouse.

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Receveur, the priest and naturalist of the French expedition, was erected many years after his death. The grave was initially marked by an inscription on a tree and over time became more formalised.

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The remnant vegetation communities of Towra Point Nature Reserve and Kamay Botany Bay National Park are representative of the original vegetation communities which would have been evident from

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The place is also significant for its historical association with important European explorers and scientists and their life's work. These include James Cook, Joseph Banks, Daniel Solander,

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Receveur's grave, the cable station (now the La Perouse Museum), the Coast Cemetery, fortifications including Henry Head Battery and Fort Banks, and the site of the Happy Valley settlement.

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Watchtower. The place is also associated with French explorers under the command of Comte de Lapérouse who were the first Europeans to stay in the place for an extended period of 6 weeks.

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A cottage was erected on the site of the first Alpha Farm House, providing accommodation for visitors as well as for the reserve caretaker, whose wife operated a kiosk from the kitchen.

1374:). Ninety-six species of bird frequent the scrub, forest wetlands and shores of the Kurnell Peninsula. Some of the species noted to be of local, state or regional significance are the 1127:

Perouse Headland. As Bare Island and the causeway joining it to the mainland are already listed on the State Heritage Register, they are not included in the curtilage of this listing.

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The green peninsula of Towra Point Nature Reserve is an aesthetically appealing natural landscape amidst an otherwise industrial or suburban setting on the south side of Botany Bay.

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The former Cable Station at La Perouse is significant for its role in telegraphic communication connecting New Zealand with Australia by sub-marine cable for the first time in 1876.

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endeavours in Australia. Dagelet undertook calculations on map positions of Botany Bay and carried out astronomical observations which he later shared with Englishman William Dawes.

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develop. As these dunes eroded, sandstone was exposed and eventually sandstone heath colonised that area. Between 3,000 and 2,000 years ago the sea level dropped to current levels.

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developed and moved inland. The first evidence of Indigenous occupation of the area appears to be about 12,000 years ago. At this time the swales of the old dunes contained swamps.

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Previous archaeological excavations indicate that Kamay Botany Bay National Park and Towra Point Nature Reserve have significance for their high level of archaeological potential.

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This area, which is sometimes referred to as "The Meeting Place", extends over approximately 20 hectares (49 acres) of the eastern part of the park. Silver Beach is located here.

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The northern section of Kamay Botany Bay National Park contains a number of sites relating to the pre-contact Aboriginal occupation, including rock engravings and shell middens.

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As well as the natural features of the site there are significant structures which have aesthetic value. The former cable station was designed by the noted colonial architect,

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In 1831, the watchtower was acquired by the Customs Department to house a tide waiter, or customs officer, and two boatmen who manned the La Perouse customs house outstation.

3721: 3536: 1487:. The area is bordered by sandstone cliffs, eroded to a few metres above sea level in the north and higher in the south. The highest point is about 100 metres (330 ft) 644:

breached sea level and a dune formed on the deposit. This dune was vegetated with Kurnell dune forest, treed wetland, littoral rainforest, mangroves, sheoaks and saltmarsh.

1770:, a full colour edition which included illustrations and descriptions of the entire collection from the voyage in 1770, was the culmination of Banks's and Solander's work. 1077:

travel to Kurnell, where their mother taught them how to catch fish, lobster and abalone. The fish caught would be cooked in an old five-gallon drum and eaten on the spot.

4234: 3586: 3289: 3153: 3072: 1471:), all of which are listed as threatened in NSW. Full details of the vegetation communities at Towra Point can be found in Towra Point Nature Reserve Plan of Management. 991:

Bay. The Aboriginal community has resisted these efforts and the La Perouse community remains one of the strongest and most established Aboriginal communities in Sydney.

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are two important burial repatriation sites within the curtilage which are designated Aboriginal Places and have high social significance for the Aboriginal community.

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used as offices for the telegraph company, it became a nurses' home and later a home run by the Salvation Army. Most recently it is used as the La Perouse Museum.

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Landing Place Trust in 1902. The accommodation house was built on the remains of two earlier dwellings, and a cellar of one of these remains beneath the cottage.

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nature reserve, contain a valuable research resource relating to Indigenous occupation, the natural history of the state and the early settlement of the colony.

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In 1881, there was an outbreak of smallpox in the colony. To deal with the epidemic, an isolation hospital was established at Little Bay; it became known as the

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Receveur. These monuments are still frequently visited by the French and are the site of events such as a memorial ceremony on Bastille Day each year, a mass to

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The location of the Endeavour's landfall and Cook's claim of the east coast of the continent for Britain is now commonly known as Captain Cook's Landing Place.

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anchored near Frenchman's Beach on 24 January 1788. Captain Hunter of the First Fleet established contact with the French in the absence of Governor Phillip.

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The place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history.

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excavations indicate that Kamay Botany Bay National Park and Towra Point Nature Reserve have significance for their high level of archaeological potential.

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Most archaeological evidence relates to Indigenous occupation in the area from about 3,000 to 2,000 years ago. People living to the south of Botany Bay to

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The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.

699:, a spinach-like leafy plant that grew along the local fresh water streams on both northern and southern headlands. Other foods included the nectar from 1255:

There are coastal fortifications located on Henry Head and Cape Banks designed and constructed by the British army from the late 19th century onwards.

2574: 5046: 854: 815:. These sketches were rendered as watercolours when Banks and Solander returned to England and then engraved and later included in the publication 5061: 3009: 2891: 1236:

Also situated on the La Perouse Headland is a monument to the French expedition of 1788 led by Jean-Franois de Galaup Lapérouse and the grave of

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The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.

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The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.

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Receveur were erected, the watchtower was used as accommodation for a caretaker employed to look after the Lapérouse Monument and the tomb of

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His grandson John inherited the estate on John senior's death in 1851. He cleared the land heavily and sold the timber to the Sydney market.

754:, as it passed along the coast towards the headlands of Kamay ( Botany Bay). Further south the Yuin people attributed their sightings of the 1822:

Towra Point Nature Reserve and Kamay Botany Bay National Park represent the role of parks and reserves in the conservation of biodiversity.

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The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.

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at an earlier date. The reserve, totalling 100 hectares at the time, was managed by a trust under the auspices of the Department of Lands.

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remains were reburied within the Dharawal Resting Place (previously known as the Little Bay Cemetery Resting Place) in 2002 and 2005.

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understood that Cook's bold arrival and landing on Dharawal land was a severe breach of Indigenous etiquette and an affront to the

17: 1368:), both threatened, have been recorded in the southern part of the park, along with the more common eastern long-necked tortoise ( 664:

language group. The people moving through and living in the Kurnell area were the northernmost clan of the Dharawal speakers, the

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Among the diversity of fauna living on the Kurnell Peninsula are endangered or vulnerable species. The green and gold bell frog (

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The area down to Potters Point supports heath lands on sandstone and heath on dunes, which are characterised by old man banksia (

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The area is recognised for its outstanding cultural and historic heritage values to Australia. It is a place where botanist Sir

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rainforest patches and stands of rare bangalay and swamp oak forests. There are also a few stands of the magenta brush cherry (

4562: 2973: 2545: 1453:) and the only breeding place in the Sydney region. Other species which live in the wetlands include the pied oystercatcher ( 5081: 1757:

the Monument to Lapérouse commissioned in 1829 by the French and the annual ceremonies celebrating the visit of Lapérouse.

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management of the park and the reserve trust was disbanded. The Botany Bay National Park was finally gazetted in 1988.

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on 10 September 2017. It is also included in a UNESCO World Heritage serial nomination 'The Rise of Systemic Biology'.

199: 1217:. The structure has window openings which have been in-filled with sandstone blocks and an entry door on the southern 5076: 5056: 4997: 4699: 4058: 560: 486:. The 456-hectare (1,130-acre) national park is situated approximately 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) south-east of the 324: 987:

During the 1960s, a wave of new white residents arrived at La Perouse and lobbied for the removal of the reserve at

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The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.

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The La Perouse Headland contains significant historic items including Macquarie Watchtower, Lapérouse Monument,

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people such as William Rowley, a Gweagal man, who was also an enterprising local fisherman born at Towra Point.

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The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.

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Perouse throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and whose descendants continue to live in the area.

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Kamay Botany Bay National Park (North and South) and Towra Point Nature Reserve; La Perouse Monument; Tomb of

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park is historically significant as it contains evidence of French exploration during the late 18th century.

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Draft Kamay Botany Bay La Perouse Headland and Bare Island Interpretation, Landscape and Architectural Plan

2195: 864: 122: 2582: 2191:"Kamay Botany Bay: botanical collection sites, Captain Cook Dr, Kurnell, NSW, Australia (Place ID 106162)" 1819:

undertaken on the site by Banks and Solander, the noted French explorer Comte de Lapérouse and his party.

1179:). In sheltered areas such as behind little Congwong Bay lies a low closed forest of smooth-barked apple ( 4884: 4719: 4424: 4401: 4295: 4280: 4053: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3641: 3531: 3526: 3259: 3254: 3208: 3188: 3097: 2629:

Design 5 Architects & Biosis Research and Geoffrey Brittan 2006 The Meeting Place Heritage Assessment

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of Cook's Stream was a source of warrigal greens, and further afield one could find five-corner berries,

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first set foot on Australian soil in 1770, marking the beginning of Britain's interest in Australia.

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on its northern facade and a U-shaped plan. Originally symmetrical, the building has had additional

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The Kurnell Peninsula portion includes much of the eastern half of the promontory, adjacent to the

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area. Local vegetation is dominated by sclerophyll forest and includes coast banksia and tea tree.

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By 1830, the land which is now the northern section of Botany Bay National Park was dedicated as a

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pit located near the current site of the oil refinery which provided pigment for such ceremonies.

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tower approximately seven metres (twenty-three feet) tall. The walls are topped by a castellated

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in Australia. Banks and Solander collected many iconic Australian plant species, including some

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Council moved all the residents to more suitable accommodation and demolished the shanty town.

977: 657: 584:; these have important scientific and research value. The national park is also the site where 2980:

published by the State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) 2018 under

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Receveur and Joseph Lepaute Dagelet. It is also associated with the First Fleet and the first

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Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under

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Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under

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of the first scientific investigation of the east coast of Australia by British scientists.

1329:). There are also wetlands on sandstone and wetlands in dunes which sustain native grasses ( 781:

One of the most significant activities undertaken that week was the botanical collecting by

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comprising modified sedimentary deposits laid down about 270 million years ago during the

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reserves in NSW and plays an important role in conserving the biodiversity of the state.

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Facing financial ruin in 1860, John Connell Jr mortgaged his landholdings at Kurnell to

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At the same time, Botany Bay was visited by the French expedition under the command of

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Kamay Botany Bay: botanical collection sites, Captain Cook Dr, Kurnell, NSW, Australia

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and there are two mapped lookouts, Kurnell Lookout and Houston Lookout. Hills of dry

1379: 1375: 1331: 1181: 1000: 790: 714: 685: 548: 461: 789:. On completing his studies in Sweden, Solander travelled to England to promote the 4909: 4754: 4724: 4521: 1702: 1624: 1484: 1467: 1415: 1407: 1395: 1391: 1383: 1240:

Receveur. The Lapérouse monument has a central obelisk topped by a spherical brass

1203: 1157: 812: 786: 617: 605: 797:. He was employed by Banks in 1768 to assist him on Cook's voyage of exploration. 4769: 4627: 4602: 3029: 2143:"Kamay Botany Bay National Park (North and South) and Towra Point Nature Reserve" 1313: 1015:, who took ownership in 1861. Holt, a successful wool merchant and member of the 621: 571: 479: 264: 40: 1749:

enables Dharawal people to maintain close connections to Country and ancestors.

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Kamay Botany Bay National Park (North and South) and Towra Point Nature Reserve

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Many of the local plants were edible, such as the roots of the common fern and

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Kamay Botany Bay National Park (North and South) and Towra Point Nature Reserve

399: 4370: 1902:. Department of Environment Climate Change and Water: 274–275. November 2010. 5010: 4986: 4859: 4804: 4689: 4607: 3025: 1907: 1849: 1726:

Endeavour laid anchor inside Botany Bay and Cook stepped onto Dharawal land.

1358: 1349: 1285: 633: 576: 467: 292: 279: 144: 131: 2901:

Essays on Danial Solander, Joseph Banks, Compte de La Perouse, Pere Receuver

903: 4824: 4794: 4491: 4429: 1812: 1730: 1461: 1443: 1399: 1267: 842: 782: 609: 567: 1896:"Department of Environment Climate Change and Water Annual Report 2009-10" 1161:). To the west of the park is a thick covering of coastal tea tree scrub ( 1085:

1970s that the demand for sand resulted in the dunes becoming degraded by

4934: 4834: 4819: 4612: 4587: 4506: 2745:"Kamay Botany Bay National Park: Exploring cultural heritage in the park" 1808: 1492: 1431: 1387: 1086: 834: 829:

On 18 January 1788, eighteen years after the first visit by the British,

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Kurnell Peninsula, a guide to the plants animals, ecology and landscapes

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Kurnell Peninsula, a guide to the plants animals, ecology and landscapes

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the trust erected the Solander Obelisk and in 1947 the Banks Memorial.

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known as the Botany Basin which in turn is situated within the larger

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collected plant specimens in 1770 as part of the first landing of the

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discontinued this use and disposed of the semi-permanent dwellings.

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Design5 Architects, Biosis Research and Geoffry Britton (2006).

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intensive use of the area by the pre-contact Gweagal community.

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During the following eight days the passengers and crew of the

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on 29 November 2013 having satisfied the following criteria.

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Colonial Architects Office, the building has a single-storey

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and soon took up a position classifying collections at the

2832:"The Meeting Place Precinct: Conservation Management Plan" 2607:. Sutherland Shire Environmental Centre. 7 February 2008. 2934: 1766:

before been described and classified. The publication of

904:

Settlement during the 19th and 20th centuries: La Perouse

2898: 2772: 2575:"Happy Valley, Chinese market gardens and migrant camps" 616:. The northern and southern headlands feature cliffs of 1610:

As at 29 July 2013, Kamay Botany Bay National Park and

668:. On the northern headland the people were most likely 232: 86: 2774:"The Cape Bailey Light at the entrance to Botany Bay" 2223:

Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment

1831: 1202:

The Macquarie Watchtower is a two-storey, octagonal

976:, La Perouse was the site of a shanty town known as 845:, where the first settlement in Australia was made. 240:

Location of Kamay Botany Bay National Park in Sydney

2715: 2713: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2662: 2660: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2540: 2538: 2528: 2526: 2455: 2453: 2425: 2423: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2251: 2249: 402:(Fr.) Receveur; Macquarie Watchtower; Cable Station 2851:Towra Point - internationally significant wetlands 2340: 2338: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2287: 2285: 2269: 2267: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2919:La Perouse Headland: Conservation Management Plan 2532:La Perouse Mission Church SHR Nomination OEH 2012 2398:La Perouse Headland: Conservation Management Plan 1656:Kamay Botany Bay National Park was listed on the 5008: 2710: 2684: 2675: 2657: 2632: 2597: 2535: 2523: 2514: 2499: 2468: 2450: 2420: 2404: 2382: 995:Settlement in the 19th and 20th century: Kurnell 709:which lived in the stems of banksia and wattle. 651: 4400: 2944:NSW Office of Environment and Heritage (2013). 2917:Jill Sheppard Heritage Consultants P/L (2009). 2830:Context Pty Ltd with Urban Initiatives (2008). 2667:NSW Office of Environment and Heritage (2013). 2477:"1788 Joseph Dagelet's Letter to William Dawes" 2396:Jill Sheppard Heritage Consultants P/L (2009). 2335: 2301: 2282: 2264: 2226: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2972:This Knowledge article contains material from 2115: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2007: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1937: 775:water supplies. The stream still flows today. 4955:Walter Burley Griffin Incinerator, Willoughby 4386: 3010: 2869:Towra Point Nature Reserve Plan of Management 2722:Towra Point Nature Reserve Plan of Management 1935: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1421: 513:area at Cape Solander Drive is also known as 2221:National Heritage Places - Kurnell Peninsula 1547:introducing citations to additional sources 490:, on the northern and southern headlands of 29:Protected area in New South Wales, Australia 2890:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2860:Botany Bay National Park Plan of Management 2704:Botany Bay National Park Plan of Management 1288:, toward the east of the Kurnell Peninsula. 209:Historic site in New South Wales, Australia 4393: 4379: 3017: 3003: 2820: 2803:Andersen, Sue; Hamilton, Mary Ann (2006). 2649:Andersen, Sue; Hamilton, Mary Ann (2006). 2459: 2412:Andersen, Sue; Hamilton, Mary Ann (2006). 2327:Andersen, Sue; Hamilton, Mary Ann (2006). 2293:Andersen, Sue; Hamilton, Mary Ann (2006). 1914: 559:on 29 November 2013, and was added to the 58: 2878:Heritage Assessment for the Meeting Place 2579:New South Wales Migration Heritage Centre 692:leaves were woven together to make bags. 624:, between 200 and 250 million years ago. 545:NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service 190:NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service 4502:Sydney Cove West Archaeological Precinct 2907: 2505: 2356:Department of Planning & Environment 2153:Department of Planning & Environment 1888: 1537:Relevant discussion may be found on the 1280: 1266: 1117: 1033: 740: 5047:New South Wales State Heritage Register 2978:New South Wales State Heritage Register 2474: 2351:New South Wales State Heritage Register 2148:New South Wales State Heritage Register 1658:New South Wales State Heritage Register 1055:NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service 1040:New South Wales State Heritage Register 1038:Captain Cooks Landing Place Reserve, a 848: 557:New South Wales State Heritage Register 470:that is located in the eastern part of 14: 5062:Nature conservation in New South Wales 5009: 2925: 2544: 2481:Australia's migration history timeline 2429: 2141: 541:NSW Office of Environment and Heritage 313:NSW Office of Environment and Heritage 4563:Australian Botanic Garden Mount Annan 4374: 2998: 2955:La Perouse Headland: A Shared History 2866: 2857: 2848: 2719: 2701: 2258:La Perouse Headland: A Shared History 2189: 1709:Receveur and Joseph Lepaute Dagelet. 1233:added to either end of the building. 824: 596: 4998:Parks and gardens in New South Wales 2952: 2811: 2749:Office of Environment & Heritage 2611:from the original on 31 October 2018 2554:Office of Environment & Heritage 2487:from the original on 31 October 2018 2273: 2255: 2185: 2183: 1514: 1089:over much of the Kurnell Peninsula. 913:when the monuments to Lapérouse and 785:and Daniel Solander, noted pupil of 684:provided bark for huts, canoes, and 620:cliffs, which was formed during the 555:. Kamay Botany Bay was added to the 5037:Protected areas established in 1984 4588:Bents Basin State Conservation Area 4536:In all other local government areas 2844:from the original on 21 March 2011. 1510: 1262: 1113: 24: 5052:Historic preservation in Australia 4745:Joseph Banks Native Plants Reserve 4362:Protected areas of New South Wales 2935:Migration Heritage Centre (2011). 2928:A Contextual History of Botany Bay 2546:"Dharawal Coast Hospital Cemetery" 2447:Australian Dictionary of Biography 2432:A Contextual History of Botany Bay 1876:Protected areas of New South Wales 736: 179:4.56 km (1.8 sq mi) 25: 5093: 5072:Australian National Heritage List 5022:National parks of New South Wales 4700:Garawarra State Conservation Area 2990: 2899:Disctionary of Biography (2011). 2550:New South Wales Heritage Database 2483:. NSW Migration Heritage Centre. 2180: 872:The French ships had sailed from 855:Jean-Francois Galaup de Lapérouse 791:Linnaean system of classification 561:Australian National Heritage List 388:New South Wales Heritage Register 325:Australian National Heritage List 52:V (protected landscape/seascape) 5067:Research institutes in Australia 5042:1984 establishments in Australia 2967: 2946:"NSW Atlas of Aboriginal Places" 2669:"NSW Atlas of Aboriginal Places" 2367: 2165: 1848: 1834: 1558:"Kamay Botany Bay National Park" 1530:relies largely or entirely on a 1519: 1499:Also present in the park is the 498:and the southern headland is at 488:Sydney central business district 410:State heritage (complex / group) 231: 224: 85: 78: 4765:Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park 2788: 2780:. Lighthouses of Australia Inc. 2766: 2737: 2728: 2623: 2567: 2520:OEH Comments on Draft Text 2012 1167:) consisting of coast banksia ( 833:arrived at Botany Bay with the 4750:Kamay Botany Bay National Park 4665:Central Gardens Nature Reserve 2962: 2778:Lighthouses of New South Wales 2214: 1341:), lemon-scented bottlebrush ( 1104: 936:; it was operational by 1890. 494:. The northern headland is at 458:Kamay Botany Bay National Park 215:Kamay Botany Bay National Park 93:Kamay Botany Bay National Park 36:Kamay Botany Bay National Park 13: 1: 4977:Wetherill Park Nature Reserve 4715:George Kendall Riverside Park 2805:Kamay Botany Bay Oral History 2753:Government of New South Wales 2651:Kamay Botany Bay Oral History 2647:Elder Gloria Ardler cited in 2414:Kamay Botany Bay Oral History 2410:Aunty Beryl Timbery cited in 2329:Kamay Botany Bay Oral History 2295:Kamay Botany Bay Oral History 1881: 1211: 652:Aboriginal people pre-contact 553:Government of New South Wales 4970:Western Sydney Regional Park 4945:Wadim (Bill) Jegorow Reserve 4920:Sydney Harbour National Park 4790:Lower Prospect Canal Reserve 4593:Berowra Valley Regional Park 4452:Chinese Garden of Friendship 2987:, accessed on 2 June 2018. 2976:, entry number 01918 in the 2196:Australian Heritage Database 1362:) and the tinkling froglet ( 925:Receveur and Lapérouse Day. 7: 5082:La Perouse, New South Wales 4860:Penrith Lakes Regional Park 4720:Georges River National Park 4402:Parks and gardens of Sydney 3204:Narriearra Caryapundy Swamp 1825: 1474: 717:ring used for rites and an 639:The locations now known as 539:. The property is owned by 100:Location in New South Wales 10: 5098: 4890:Rockdale Bicentennial Park 4543:Anderson Park, Neutral Bay 4088:Southeast & Tablelands 3233:Hunter & Central Coast 1612:Towra Point Nature Reserve 1422:Towra Point Nature Reserve 953:Botany Bay National Park. 745:Cook landing with his crew 591: 164:23 November 1984 4995: 4982:Yellomundee Regional Park 4950:Wallumatta Nature Reserve 4535: 4408: 4359: 4243: 4087: 3996: 3735: 3504: 3418: 3232: 3146: 3040: 2821:Clendinnen, Inga (2003). 2460:Clendinnen, Inga (2003). 1871:New South Wales Golf Club 944:return to the area. When 450: 446: 438: 430: 422: 414: 406: 394: 385: 381: 373: 365: 355: 347: 339: 331: 322: 318: 308: 271: 248: 219: 214: 195: 183: 175: 160: 121: 109: 73: 57: 47: 34: 5077:Kurnell, New South Wales 5057:Farms in New South Wales 4965:Western Sydney Parklands 3041:Central West & Orana 2908:Karskens, Grace (2009). 2506:Karskens, Grace (2009). 2475:Dagelet, Joseph (1788). 1465:) and peregrine falcon ( 1152:Leptospermum juniperinum 763:of the land at Kurnell. 505:The visitor attraction, 18:Botany Bay National Park 4880:Prospect Nature Reserve 4850:Oxford Falls Peace Park 4840:Oatley Pleasure Grounds 4780:Lane Cove National Park 4775:Lane Cove Bushland Park 4770:Lake Parramatta Reserve 4730:Heathcote National Park 4685:Fairfield Park Precinct 2937:At the Beach Exhibition 2812:Bear, Virginia (2011). 2274:Bear, Virginia (2011). 1456:Haematopis longirostris 1210:that was reconstructed 1164:Leptospermum laevigatum 831:Governor Arthur Phillip 68:from Inscription Point. 4900:Rosford Street Reserve 4815:Mortdale Memorial Park 4785:Louise Sauvage Pathway 4558:Auburn Botanic Gardens 4244:Sydney & Surrounds 3505:New England-North West 2926:Nugent, Maria (2005). 2823:Dancing with Strangers 2581:. 2011. Archived from 2462:Dancing with Strangers 2430:Nugent, Maria (2005). 1842:New South Wales portal 1432:Ramsar listed wetlands 1412:New Holland honeyeater 1347:), and heath banksia ( 1289: 1274: 1123: 1042: 746: 145:34.02056°S 151.22472°E 4810:Moore Reserve, Oatley 4705:Garigal National Park 4578:Bede Spillane Gardens 4467:Jessie Street Gardens 4413:local government area 3978:Yarrahapinni Wetlands 2681:NPWS, 22 August 2016. 2201:Australian Government 1371:Chelodina longicollis 1326:Xanthorrhoea resinosa 1320:Allocasuarina distyla 1284: 1270: 1176:Eucalyptus botryoides 1149:), prickly tea tree ( 1121: 1037: 744: 511:heritage conservation 4885:Queen Elizabeth Park 4870:Prince Alfred Square 4845:Oatley Point Reserve 4760:Koala Park Sanctuary 4695:Fred Hollows Reserve 4670:Chipping Norton Lake 4643:Centennial Parklands 4497:Royal Botanic Garden 4482:Paddington Reservoir 4472:Macquarie Place Park 4435:Centennial Parklands 3419:Illawarra-Shoalhaven 1543:improve this article 1459:), terek sandpiper ( 1438:Syzygium paniculatum 1344:Callistemon citrinus 1170:Banksia integrifolia 849:Arrival of Lapérouse 618:Hawkesbury sandstone 604:lies within a small 533:Macquarie Watchtower 507:natural conservation 293:34.0195°S 151.2258°E 185:Managing authorities 150:-34.02056; 151.22472 111:Nearest town or city 4915:St Thomas Rest Park 4420:Balfour Street Park 4059:Murrumbidgee Valley 2605:"Earliest Settlers" 2291:Merv Ryan cited in 1485:Caltex Oil Refinery 1388:common eastern tern 1323:) and grass trees ( 1017:Legislative Council 606:tectonic depression 543:and managed by the 519:La Perouse Monument 289: / 141: / 4940:Terry Lamb Complex 4830:Nurragingy Reserve 4618:Brickpit Ring Walk 4573:Balls Head Reserve 4487:Prince Alfred Park 4425:Barangaroo Reserve 4215:South East Forests 2953:Tuck, Dan (2008). 2256:Tuck, Dan (2008). 1856:Environment portal 1768:Banks' Florilegium 1637:, Arthur Phillip. 1450:Sternula albifrons 1338:Scirpus littoralis 1290: 1275: 1146:Banksia ericifolia 1124: 1043: 1001:Governor Macquarie 825:Arrival of Phillip 818:Banks' Florilegium 761:traditional owners 747: 597:Geological history 586:Captain James Cook 570:and naturalist Dr 423:Reference no. 356:Reference no. 298:-34.0195; 151.2258 200:Protected areas of 5027:Kurnell Peninsula 5004: 5003: 4960:Waverley Cemetery 4598:Bicentennial Park 4548:Angophora Reserve 4368: 4367: 4301:Ku-ring-gai Chase 3863:Limeburners Creek 3677:Oxley Wild Rivers 1608: 1607: 1593: 1501:Cape Bailey Light 1332:Gahnia sieberiana 1182:Angophora costata 1155:) and paperbark ( 857:, whose frigates 454: 453: 351:10 September 2017 207: 206: 16:(Redirected from 5089: 4910:St Leonards Park 4755:Kellys Bush Park 4725:Grey Box Reserve 4638:Centenary Square 4583:Ben Buckler Park 4522:Wild Life Sydney 4477:Observatory Park 4395: 4388: 4381: 4372: 4371: 4311:Malabar Headland 4291:Kamay Botany Bay 3898:Mount Nothofagus 3843:Guy Fawkes River 3647:Mount Nothofagus 3607:Guy Fawkes River 3496:Seven Mile Beach 3133:Weddin Mountains 3078:Gardens of Stone 3019: 3012: 3005: 2996: 2995: 2971: 2958: 2949: 2940: 2931: 2922: 2913: 2904: 2895: 2889: 2881: 2872: 2863: 2854: 2845: 2843: 2836: 2826: 2817: 2808: 2799: 2782: 2781: 2770: 2764: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2741: 2735: 2732: 2726: 2725: 2717: 2708: 2707: 2699: 2682: 2679: 2673: 2672: 2664: 2655: 2654: 2645: 2630: 2627: 2621: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2601: 2595: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2585:on 21 April 2018 2571: 2565: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2542: 2533: 2530: 2521: 2518: 2512: 2511: 2503: 2497: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2472: 2466: 2465: 2457: 2448: 2445: 2436: 2435: 2427: 2418: 2417: 2408: 2402: 2401: 2393: 2380: 2371: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2342: 2333: 2332: 2324: 2299: 2298: 2289: 2280: 2279: 2271: 2262: 2261: 2253: 2224: 2218: 2212: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2187: 2178: 2169: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2139: 1912: 1911: 1892: 1858: 1853: 1852: 1844: 1839: 1838: 1837: 1603: 1600: 1594: 1592: 1551: 1523: 1515: 1511:Heritage listing 1468:Falco peregrinus 1416:superb fairywren 1408:red-browed finch 1396:red-necked stint 1392:peregrine falcon 1263:Southern section 1216: 1213: 1204:Sydney sandstone 1173:) and bangalay ( 1158:Melaleuca nodosa 1114:Northern section 974:Great Depression 932:construction on 813:Sydney Parkinson 787:Carolus Linnaeus 783:Sir Joseph Banks 676:language group. 418:29 November 2013 304: 303: 301: 300: 299: 294: 290: 287: 286: 285: 282: 235: 234: 228: 212: 211: 186: 171: 169: 156: 155: 153: 152: 151: 146: 142: 139: 138: 137: 134: 112: 89: 88: 82: 62: 43: 37: 32: 31: 21: 5097: 5096: 5092: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5087: 5086: 5017:IUCN Category V 5007: 5006: 5005: 5000: 4991: 4855:Parramatta Park 4648:Centennial Park 4628:Carss Bush Park 4603:Birchgrove Park 4531: 4440:Centennial Park 4404: 4399: 4369: 4364: 4355: 4341:Thirlmere Lakes 4239: 4083: 3997:Riverina-Murray 3992: 3918:Nymboi-Binderay 3893:Mount Jerusalem 3833:Gibraltar Range 3753:Bellinger River 3731: 3602:Gibraltar Range 3500: 3414: 3320:Hunter Wetlands 3245:Barrington Tops 3228: 3142: 3036: 3030:New South Wales 3023: 2993: 2965: 2883: 2882: 2841: 2834: 2794: 2791: 2786: 2785: 2771: 2767: 2757: 2755: 2743: 2742: 2738: 2733: 2729: 2718: 2711: 2700: 2685: 2680: 2676: 2665: 2658: 2646: 2633: 2628: 2624: 2614: 2612: 2603: 2602: 2598: 2588: 2586: 2573: 2572: 2568: 2558: 2556: 2543: 2536: 2531: 2524: 2519: 2515: 2504: 2500: 2490: 2488: 2473: 2469: 2458: 2451: 2446: 2439: 2428: 2421: 2409: 2405: 2394: 2383: 2360: 2358: 2343: 2336: 2325: 2302: 2290: 2283: 2272: 2265: 2254: 2227: 2219: 2215: 2205: 2203: 2188: 2181: 2158: 2156: 2140: 1915: 1894: 1893: 1889: 1884: 1862: 1861: 1854: 1847: 1840: 1835: 1833: 1828: 1792:Eastern Suburbs 1635:Governor of NSW 1604: 1598: 1595: 1552: 1550: 1536: 1524: 1513: 1507:built in 1950. 1489:above sea level 1477: 1424: 1314:Banksia serrata 1293: 1265: 1214: 1133:Tertiary period 1116: 1107: 997: 946:George Thornton 906: 851: 827: 739: 737:Arrival of Cook 707:witchetty grubs 654: 622:Triassic period 599: 594: 572:Daniel Solander 480:New South Wales 462:heritage-listed 390: 327: 297: 295: 291: 288: 283: 280: 278: 276: 275: 265:New South Wales 244: 243: 242: 241: 238: 237: 236: 210: 202:New South Wales 201: 184: 167: 165: 149: 147: 143: 140: 135: 132: 130: 128: 127: 110: 105: 104: 103: 102: 101: 97: 96: 95: 94: 90: 69: 53: 41:New South Wales 39: 38: 35: 30: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5095: 5085: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5002: 5001: 4996: 4993: 4992: 4990: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4973: 4972: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4865:Petersham Park 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4800:McLeod Reserve 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4735:Iloura Reserve 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4710:Garrison Point 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4675:Coral Sea Park 4672: 4667: 4662: 4661: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4640: 4635: 4633:Centenary Park 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4553:Astrolabe Park 4550: 4545: 4539: 4537: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4517:Wentworth Park 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4448: 4447: 4442: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4416: 4414: 4406: 4405: 4398: 4397: 4390: 4383: 4375: 4366: 4365: 4360: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4336:Sydney Harbour 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4256:Blue Mountains 4253: 4251:Berowra Valley 4247: 4245: 4241: 4240: 4238: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4180:Macquarie Pass 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4115:Blue Mountains 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4091: 4089: 4085: 4084: 4082: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4039:Lachlan Valley 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4000: 3998: 3994: 3993: 3991: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3933:Richmond Range 3930: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3903:Mount Pikapene 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3883:Middle Brother 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3803:Cottan-Bimbang 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3739: 3737: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3577:Cottan-Bimbang 3574: 3569: 3567:Cathedral Rock 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3508: 3506: 3502: 3501: 3499: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3471:Macquarie Pass 3468: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3428: 3422: 3420: 3416: 3415: 3413: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3350:Scone Mountain 3347: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3330:Middle Brother 3327: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3310:Goulburn River 3307: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3275:Brisbane Water 3272: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3236: 3234: 3230: 3229: 3227: 3226: 3221: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3150: 3148: 3144: 3143: 3141: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3103:Lachlan Valley 3100: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3044: 3042: 3038: 3037: 3026:National parks 3022: 3021: 3014: 3007: 2999: 2992: 2991:External links 2989: 2964: 2961: 2960: 2959: 2950: 2941: 2932: 2923: 2914: 2905: 2896: 2873: 2867:DECCW (2001). 2864: 2858:DECCW (2002). 2855: 2849:DECCW (2010). 2846: 2827: 2818: 2809: 2800: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2783: 2765: 2736: 2727: 2720:DECCW (2001). 2709: 2702:DECCW (2002). 2683: 2674: 2656: 2631: 2622: 2596: 2566: 2534: 2522: 2513: 2498: 2467: 2449: 2437: 2419: 2403: 2381: 2334: 2300: 2281: 2263: 2225: 2213: 2179: 1913: 1886: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1879: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1860: 1859: 1845: 1830: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1705:de Lapérouse, 1606: 1605: 1541:. Please help 1527: 1525: 1518: 1512: 1509: 1476: 1473: 1423: 1420: 1402:(threatened), 1376:Japanese snipe 1365:Crinia tinnula 1291: 1264: 1261: 1122:Congwong Beach 1115: 1112: 1106: 1103: 1067:wombat berries 996: 993: 905: 902: 850: 847: 826: 823: 795:British Museum 738: 735: 672:people of the 653: 650: 614:Permian period 598: 595: 593: 590: 582:type specimens 528:(Fr.) Receveur 452: 451: 448: 447: 444: 443: 440: 436: 435: 432: 428: 427: 424: 420: 419: 416: 412: 411: 408: 404: 403: 396: 392: 391: 386: 383: 382: 379: 378: 375: 371: 370: 367: 363: 362: 357: 353: 352: 349: 345: 344: 341: 337: 336: 333: 329: 328: 323: 320: 319: 316: 315: 310: 306: 305: 273: 269: 268: 250: 246: 245: 239: 230: 229: 223: 222: 221: 220: 217: 216: 208: 205: 204: 197: 193: 192: 187: 181: 180: 177: 173: 172: 162: 158: 157: 125: 119: 118: 113: 107: 106: 99: 98: 92: 91: 84: 83: 77: 76: 75: 74: 71: 70: 64:A view across 63: 55: 54: 48: 45: 44: 28: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5094: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5014: 5012: 4999: 4994: 4988: 4987:Yurulbin Park 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4971: 4968: 4967: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4875:Prospect Hill 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4805:Moore Reserve 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4690:Ferndale Park 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4645: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4608:Bradleys Head 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4568:Ballast Point 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4540: 4538: 4534: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4512:Victoria Park 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4437: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4407: 4403: 4396: 4391: 4389: 4384: 4382: 4377: 4376: 4373: 4363: 4358: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4296:Kanangra-Boyd 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4281:Georges River 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4248: 4246: 4242: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4092: 4090: 4086: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4054:Murray Valley 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3995: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3773:Border Ranges 3771: 3769: 3768:Bongil Bongil 3766: 3764: 3763:Biriwal Bulga 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3740: 3738: 3734: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3722:Watsons Creek 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 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321: 317: 314: 311: 307: 302: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 251: 247: 227: 218: 213: 203: 198: 194: 191: 188: 182: 178: 174: 163: 159: 154: 126: 124: 120: 117: 114: 108: 81: 72: 67: 61: 56: 51: 50:IUCN category 46: 42: 33: 27: 19: 4905:Rowland Park 4825:Nielsen Park 4795:Magdala Park 4749: 4740:Ivanhoe Park 4658:Queen's Park 4623:Burwood Park 4527:Wynyard Park 4492:Redfern Park 4430:Belmore Park 4290: 4235:Yanununbeyan 4185:Mimosa Rocks 4175:Mares Forest 3853:Junuy Juluum 3828:Fortis Creek 3637:Mount Clunie 3587:Crawney Pass 3522:Basket Swamp 3461:Jerrawangala 3290:Crawney Pass 3154:Brindingabba 3128:Warrumbungle 3073:Drillwarrina 2966: 2954: 2936: 2927: 2918: 2909: 2900: 2877: 2868: 2859: 2850: 2822: 2813: 2804: 2795: 2789:Bibliography 2777: 2768: 2756:. Retrieved 2748: 2739: 2730: 2721: 2703: 2677: 2650: 2625: 2613:. Retrieved 2599: 2587:. Retrieved 2583:the original 2578: 2569: 2557:. Retrieved 2549: 2516: 2507: 2501: 2489:. Retrieved 2480: 2470: 2461: 2431: 2413: 2406: 2397: 2359:. Retrieved 2349: 2328: 2294: 2275: 2257: 2216: 2204:. Retrieved 2194: 2157:. Retrieved 2146: 1899: 1890: 1821: 1817: 1813:Port Hacking 1806: 1802: 1798: 1797: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1779: 1775: 1772: 1767: 1764: 1760: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1738: 1735: 1731:James Barnet 1728: 1724: 1720: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1706: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1690: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1662: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1630: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1609: 1596: 1586: 1579: 1572: 1565: 1553: 1529: 1498: 1482: 1478: 1466: 1462:Tringa terek 1460: 1454: 1448: 1444:Gahnia filum 1442: 1436: 1429: 1425: 1400:powerful owl 1369: 1363: 1357: 1355: 1348: 1342: 1336: 1330: 1324: 1318: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1276: 1272:Silver Beach 1257: 1254: 1250: 1245: 1237: 1235: 1223: 1201: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1187: 1180: 1174: 1168: 1162: 1156: 1150: 1144: 1140: 1137: 1129: 1125: 1108: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071:sarsaparilla 1063: 1059: 1051: 1048: 1044: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1010: 1006: 998: 986: 978:Happy Valley 971: 967: 963: 955: 942: 938: 930: 927: 922: 918: 914: 907: 893: 889: 885: 878: 871: 865: 859: 852: 843:Port Jackson 839: 828: 816: 809: 802: 799: 780: 777: 771: 769: 765: 755: 751: 748: 731: 727: 723: 711: 705:flowers and 700: 694: 678: 655: 646: 641:Silver Beach 638: 630: 626: 610:Sydney Basin 600: 575: 568:Joseph Banks 565: 536: 532: 525: 522: 518: 514: 504: 457: 455: 26: 4935:Taronga Zoo 4835:Oatley Park 4820:Muston Park 4613:Brenan Park 4507:Sydney Park 4225:Tarlo River 4205:Murramarang 4200:Mount Imlay 4150:Eurobodalla 4140:Clyde River 4125:Brindabella 4095:Abercrombie 4044:Livingstone 4009:Brindabella 3963:Willi Willi 3908:New England 3868:Mallanganee 3838:Goonengerry 3788:Bungawalbin 3736:North Coast 3657:New England 3652:Mummel Gulf 3617:Kings Plain 3572:Coolah Tops 3486:Murramarang 3426:Bimberamala 3405:Wyrrabalong 3340:Myall Lakes 3335:Mount Royal 3280:Coolah Tops 3265:Booti Booti 3108:Marrangaroo 3068:Coolah Tops 3048:Abercrombie 2963:Attribution 1866:Bare Island 1809:Sydney Cove 1697:Endeavour. 1629:Lapérouse, 1493:sclerophyll 1317:), sheoak ( 1215: 1961 1143:community ( 1105:Description 1087:sand mining 1013:Thomas Holt 972:During the 934:Bare Island 860:La Boussole 835:First Fleet 296: / 284:151°13′33″E 272:Coordinates 267:, Australia 161:Established 148: / 136:151°13′29″E 123:Coordinates 5032:Botany Bay 5011:Categories 4930:Tania Park 4925:Sydney Zoo 4680:Fagan Park 4653:Moore Park 4457:The Domain 4445:Moore Park 4331:Scheyville 4316:Marramarra 4230:Wadbilliga 4220:Tallaganda 4170:Kosciuszko 4100:Bangadilly 4074:Woomargama 4064:Oolambeyan 4034:Kosciuszko 3983:Yarriabini 3958:Werrikimbe 3808:Crowdy Bay 3783:Bundjalung 3778:Broadwater 3748:Bago Bluff 3727:Werrikimbe 3707:Wallabadah 3667:Nullamanna 3592:Cunnawarra 3547:Capoompeta 3542:Butterleaf 3466:Jervis Bay 3360:Tilligerry 3355:Tapin Tops 3315:Gin-Doo-Ee 3305:Gir-um-bit 3295:Crowdy Bay 3199:Mutawintji 3184:Koonaburra 3164:Gundabooka 3083:Garrawilla 2734:DECCW 2002 2615:31 October 2589:31 October 2559:31 October 2491:31 October 1882:References 1569:newspapers 1505:lighthouse 910:Government 897:Little Bay 682:La Perouse 660:spoke the 636:built up. 602:Botany Bay 496:La Perouse 492:Botany Bay 472:Botany Bay 442:Aboriginal 415:Designated 348:Designated 281:34°01′10″S 257:La Perouse 168:1984-11-23 133:34°01′14″S 66:Botany Bay 4895:Rofe Park 4462:Hyde Park 4306:Lane Cove 4286:Heathcote 4069:Willandra 4014:Cocoparra 3968:Wollumbin 3943:Toonumber 3938:Sea Acres 3858:Kumbatine 3798:Chaelundi 3512:Bald Rock 3456:Heathcote 3380:Wallingat 3345:Saltwater 3285:Coorabakh 3034:Australia 2982:CC-BY 4.0 2886:cite book 2758:29 August 2374:CC-BY 4.0 2346:"{{{2}}}" 2206:4 October 2172:CC-BY 4.0 1908:1838-5958 1707:Compte de 1539:talk page 1404:silvereye 1242:astrolabe 999:In 1815, 866:Astrolabe 772:Endeavour 756:Endeavour 752:Endeavour 729:Country. 686:coolamons 577:Endeavour 484:Australia 465:protected 4266:Dharawal 4165:Kooraban 4135:Budderoo 4130:Budawang 4110:Biamanga 4024:Jindalee 4019:Jimberoo 4004:Benambra 3988:Yuraygir 3953:Washpool 3948:Ulidarra 3928:Ramornie 3923:Nymboida 3913:Nightcap 3848:Hat Head 3813:Dooragan 3758:Bindarri 3717:Washpool 3712:Warrabah 3687:Timbarra 3672:Nymboida 3662:Nowendoc 3632:Maryland 3627:Kwiambal 3622:Koreelah 3612:Indwarra 3582:Couradda 3562:Cataract 3451:Dharawal 3436:Budderoo 3431:Budawang 3390:Werakata 3385:Watagans 3375:Wallarah 3179:Kinchega 3174:Kemendok 3147:Far West 3093:Goulburn 3063:Conimbla 3058:Capertee 3053:Breelong 2839:Archived 2609:Archived 2485:Archived 2361:3 August 2155:. H01918 1826:See also 1475:Features 1380:whimbrel 982:Randwick 950:Thornton 881:Receveur 697:warrigal 690:lomandra 662:Dharawal 549:agencies 523:Tomb of 439:Category 249:Location 196:See also 4409:In the 4346:Wollemi 4276:Garigal 4155:Gourock 4120:Bournda 4049:Minjary 4029:Kalyarr 3888:Mooball 3823:Dunggir 3818:Dorrigo 3743:Arakwal 3697:Towarri 3692:Tooloom 3557:Cascade 3446:Conjola 3400:Wollemi 3370:Tomaree 3365:Towarri 3250:Belford 3240:Barakee 3219:Toorale 3169:Kalyarr 3138:Wollemi 3088:Goobang 2985:licence 2798:. 2011. 2377:licence 2175:licence 1583:scholar 1227:veranda 1208:parapet 1141:Banksia 804:Banksia 702:Banksia 670:Cadigal 666:Gweagal 592:History 551:of the 547:, both 500:Kurnell 253:Kurnell 166: ( 4411:Sydney 4321:Nattai 4271:Dharug 4261:Cattai 4210:Nattai 4195:Morton 4160:Gulaga 3973:Yabbra 3878:Mebbin 3793:Carrai 3682:Single 3552:Carrai 3517:Barool 3481:Morton 3441:Bugong 3325:Karuah 3300:Dharug 3270:Bouddi 3159:Culgoa 3118:Popran 3113:Nangar 2910:Colony 2508:Colony 2159:2 June 1906: 1585: 1578: 1571: 1564: 1556: 1219:facade 688:, and 476:Sydney 360:106162 343:Listed 261:Sydney 116:Sydney 4351:Yengo 4326:Royal 4190:Monga 4105:Beowa 4079:Yanga 3873:Maria 3702:Warra 3491:Royal 3476:Meroo 3410:Yengo 3224:Yanga 3214:Sturt 3194:Mungo 3123:Turon 2842:(PDF) 2835:(PDF) 1703:Comte 1625:Comte 1590:JSTOR 1576:books 989:Yarra 958:Coast 874:Samoa 719:ochre 674:Darug 658:Nowra 460:is a 309:Owner 4145:Deua 3597:Dowe 3395:Woko 2892:link 2760:2010 2617:2018 2591:2018 2561:2018 2493:2018 2363:2018 2208:2017 2161:2018 1904:ISSN 1631:Père 1562:news 1503:, a 1430:The 1414:and 1335:and 1246:Père 1238:Père 1231:bays 1197:Père 1069:and 923:Père 919:Père 915:Pere 879:Père 863:and 715:bora 535:and 526:Père 509:and 456:The 431:Type 426:1918 407:Type 400:Père 366:Type 340:Type 176:Area 3028:of 1811:to 1545:by 1185:). 474:in 259:in 5013:: 3032:, 2888:}} 2884:{{ 2837:. 2776:. 2751:. 2747:. 2712:^ 2686:^ 2659:^ 2634:^ 2577:. 2552:. 2548:. 2537:^ 2525:^ 2479:. 2452:^ 2440:^ 2422:^ 2384:^ 2354:. 2348:. 2337:^ 2303:^ 2284:^ 2266:^ 2228:^ 2199:. 2193:. 2182:^ 2151:. 2145:. 1916:^ 1898:. 1815:. 1627:de 1418:. 1410:, 1406:, 1398:, 1394:, 1390:, 1386:, 1382:, 1378:, 1221:. 1212:c. 1135:. 1073:. 821:. 531:, 521:, 517:, 502:. 482:, 478:, 263:, 4394:e 4387:t 4380:v 3018:e 3011:t 3004:v 2957:. 2948:. 2939:. 2930:. 2921:. 2912:. 2903:. 2894:) 2880:. 2871:. 2862:. 2853:. 2825:. 2816:. 2807:. 2762:. 2724:. 2706:. 2671:. 2653:. 2619:. 2593:. 2563:. 2510:. 2495:. 2464:. 2434:. 2416:. 2400:. 2379:. 2365:. 2331:. 2297:. 2278:. 2260:. 2210:. 2177:. 2163:. 1910:. 1601:) 1597:( 1587:· 1580:· 1573:· 1566:· 1549:. 1535:. 255:/ 170:) 20:)

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