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1230:
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48:
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1203:
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and self-fertilisation often injurious, at least with the plants on which I experimented." An important adaptive benefit of outcrossing is that it allows the masking of deleterious mutations in the genome of progeny. This beneficial effect is also known as hybrid vigor or heterosis. Once outcrossing is established, subsequent switching to inbreeding becomes disadvantageous since it allows expression of the previously masked deleterious recessive mutations, commonly referred to as inbreeding depression.
2724:
2717:
2694:
2773:
1258:
1869:
2759:
2745:
2688:
1494:
2710:
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2787:
2731:
2794:
2738:
17567:
16457:
14689:
803:
5402:
1672:
5222:
2424:
14677:
5769:
790:
18925:
14709:
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13171:
90:
5755:
2752:
1244:
2766:
4788:
4787:
4784:
4789:
4786:
5589:, have now been answered. Investigating how plant species are related to each other allows botanists to better understand the process of evolution in plants. Despite the study of model plants and increasing use of DNA evidence, there is ongoing work and discussion among taxonomists about how best to classify plants into various
5353:. The combination is the name of the species. When writing the scientific name of an organism, it is proper to capitalise the first letter in the genus and put all of the specific epithet in lowercase. Additionally, the entire term is ordinarily italicised (or underlined when italics are not available).
9470:
Demole, E.; Lederer, E.; Mercier, D. (1962). "Isolement et détermination de la structure du jasmonate de méthyle, constituant odorant caractéristique de l'essence de jasmin isolement et détermination de la structure du jasmonate de méthyle, constituant odorant caractéristique de l'essence de jasmin".
5082:
The root system and the shoot system are interdependent – the usually nonphotosynthetic root system depends on the shoot system for food, and the usually photosynthetic shoot system depends on water and minerals from the root system. Cells in each system are capable of creating cells of the other and
5206:
Although reference to major morphological categories such as root, stem, leaf, and trichome are useful, one has to keep in mind that these categories are linked through intermediate forms so that a continuum between the categories results. Furthermore, structures can be seen as processes, that is,
3867:
Charles Darwin in his 1878 book The
Effects of Cross and Self-Fertilization in the Vegetable Kingdom at the start of chapter XII noted "The first and most important of the conclusions which may be drawn from the observations given in this volume, is that generally cross-fertilisation is beneficial
1402:
in 1545 is usually considered to be the first which is still in its original location. These gardens continued the practical value of earlier "physic gardens", often associated with monasteries, in which plants were cultivated for suspected medicinal uses. They supported the growth of botany as an
5095:
are examples of shoots that can grow roots. Roots that spread out close to the surface, such as those of willows, can produce shoots and ultimately new plants. In the event that one of the systems is lost, the other can often regrow it. In fact it is possible to grow an entire plant from a single
4241:
regions of the DNA and prevent that region of the DNA code from being expressed. Epigenetic marks may be added or removed from the DNA during programmed stages of development of the plant, and are responsible, for example, for the differences between anthers, petals and normal leaves, despite the
10703:
Lee, Ernest K.; Cibrian-Jaramillo, Angelica; Kolokotronis, Sergios-Orestis; Katari, Manpreet S.; Stamatakis, Alexandros; Ott, Michael; Chiu, Joanna C.; Little, Damon P.; Stevenson, Dennis W.; McCombie, W. Richard; Martienssen, Robert A.; Coruzzi, Gloria; Desalle, Rob (2011). Sanderson, Michael J
5488:
describes this as having "direct access to the genetic basis of evolution." As a simple example, prior to the use of genetic evidence, fungi were thought either to be plants or to be more closely related to plants than animals. Genetic evidence suggests that the true evolutionary relationship of
3031:
is a chemically resistant polymer found in the outer cell walls of spores and pollen of land plants responsible for the survival of early land plant spores and the pollen of seed plants in the fossil record. It is widely regarded as a marker for the start of land plant evolution during the
3500:
from indigenous people that is gathered by ethnobotanists. This information can relay a great deal of information on how the land once was thousands of years ago and how it has changed over that time. The goals of plant ecology are to understand the causes of their distribution patterns,
2380:
Among the important botanical questions of the 21st century are the role of plants as primary producers in the global cycling of life's basic ingredients: energy, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and water, and ways that our plant stewardship can help address the global environmental issues of
5232:
Systematic botany is part of systematic biology, which is concerned with the range and diversity of organisms and their relationships, particularly as determined by their evolutionary history. It involves, or is related to, biological classification, scientific taxonomy and
1571:
Botany was originally a hobby for upper-class women. These women would collect and paint flowers and plants from around the world with scientific accuracy. The paintings were used to record many species that could not be transported or maintained in other environments.
2644:
while reflecting and transmitting the green light that we see as the characteristic colour of these organisms. The energy in the red and blue light that these pigments absorb is used by chloroplasts to make energy-rich carbon compounds from carbon dioxide and water by
4778:
could be maintained in culture containing IAA, followed by the observation in 1947 that it could be induced to form roots and shoots by controlling the concentration of growth hormones were key steps in the development of plant biotechnology and genetic modification.
4396:
group and are placed in various divisions, some more closely related to plants than others. There are many differences between them in features such as cell wall composition, biochemistry, pigmentation, chloroplast structure and nutrient reserves. The algal division
5483:
sequences, rather than morphological characters like the presence or absence of spines and areoles. The difference is that the genetic code itself is used to decide evolutionary relationships, instead of being used indirectly via the characters it gives rise to.
11305:
Mithila, J.; Hall, J.C.; Victor, J.M.; Saxena, P.K. (January 2003). "Thidiazuron
Induces Shoot Organogenesis at Low Concentrations and Somatic Embryogenesis at High Concentrations on Leaf and Petiole Explants of African Violet (Saintpaulia ionantha Wendl)".
3942:
between two different species. Both autopolyploid and allopolyploid plants can often reproduce normally, but may be unable to cross-breed successfully with the parent population because there is a mismatch in chromosome numbers. These plants that are
12387:
Sun, Yuh-Ju; Forouhar, Farhad; Li Hm, Hsou-min; Tu, Shuh-Long; Yeh, Yi-Hong; Kao, Sen; Shr, Hui-Lin; Chou, Chia-Cheng; Chen, Chinpan; Hsiao, Chwan-Deng (2002). "Crystal
Structure of Pea Toc34, a Novel GTPase of the Chloroplast Protein Translocon".
9184:
Chini, A.; Fonseca, S.; Fernández, G.; Adie, B.; Chico, J.M.; Lorenzo, O.; García-Casado, G.; López-Vidriero, I.; Lozano, F.M.; Ponce, M.R.; Micol, J.L.; Solano, R. (2007). "The JAZ Family of
Repressors is the Missing Link in Jasmonate Signaling".
4901:
In addition to being the primary energy source for plants, light functions as a signalling device, providing information to the plant, such as how much sunlight the plant receives each day. This can result in adaptive changes in a process known as
2303:
within its tissues for at least part of its life, even in the seed plants, where the gametophyte itself is nurtured by its parent sporophyte. Other groups of organisms that were previously studied by botanists include bacteria (now studied in
5114:(a mass of unspecialised cells) that can grow into a new plant. In vascular plants, the xylem and phloem are the conductive tissues that transport resources between shoots and roots. Roots are often adapted to store food such as sugars or
2074:
have botanical subfields. These are commonly denoted by prefixing the word plant (e.g. plant taxonomy, plant ecology, plant anatomy, plant morphology, plant systematics, plant ecology), or prefixing or substituting the prefix phyto- (e.g.
9779:
17058:
2940:
and almost all other organic molecules of biological origin are synthesised. Some of the glucose is converted to starch which is stored in the chloroplast. Starch is the characteristic energy store of most land plants and algae, while
16947:
5003:
4785:
4584:
including all animals, all fungi, all completely parasitic plants, and non-photosynthetic bacteria take in organic molecules produced by photoautotrophs and respire them or use them in the construction of cells and tissues.
2203:
Historically, all living things were classified as either animals or plants and botany covered the study of all organisms not considered animals. Botanists examine both the internal functions and processes within plant
1422:(1498–1554) (also called Hieronymus Tragus). Fuchs and Brunfels broke away from the tradition of copying earlier works to make original observations of their own. Bock created his own system of plant classification.
17034:
11245:
McNeill, J.; Barrie, F.R.; Buck, W.R.; Demoulin, V.; Greuter, W.; Hawksworth, D.L.; Herendeen, P.S.; Knapp, S.; Marhold, K.; Prado, J.; Prud'homme Van Reine, W.F.; Smith, G.F.; Wiersema, J.H.; Turland, N.J. (2011).
5451:
have leafless, rounded bodies adapted to water conservation similar to those of globular cacti, but characters such as the structure of their flowers make it clear that the two groups are not closely related. The
13109:
4774:(IAA), which promotes cell growth, was only isolated from plants about 50 years later. This compound mediates the tropic responses of shoots and roots towards light and gravity. The finding in 1939 that plant
1280:. The early recorded history of botany includes many ancient writings and plant classifications. Examples of early botanical works have been found in ancient texts from India dating back to before 1100 BCE,
16955:
4756:, and concluded "It is hardly an exaggeration to say that the tip of the radicle . . acts like the brain of one of the lower animals . . directing the several movements". About the same time, the role of
4452:
vascular plants with true xylem and phloem that reproduced by spores germinating into free-living gametophytes evolved during the
Silurian period and diversified into several lineages during the late
997:
with the efforts of early humans to identify – and later cultivate – plants that were edible, poisonous, and possibly medicinal, making it one of the first endeavours of human investigation. Medieval
5585:
for flowering plants based on an analysis of DNA sequences from most families of flowering plants. As a result of this work, many questions, such as which families represent the earliest branches of
4853:
in the chloroplasts and other plastids. It inhibits cell division, promotes seed maturation, and dormancy, and promotes stomatal closure. It was so named because it was originally thought to control
3730:
4727:
such as light, touch, and injury by moving or growing towards or away from the stimulus, as appropriate. Tangible evidence of touch sensitivity is the almost instantaneous collapse of leaflets of
9427:
9786:
2176:
into sugars that can be used both as a source of chemical energy and of organic molecules that are used in the structural components of cells. As a by-product of photosynthesis, plants release
16963:
4330:, an alternative hypothesis is that plants set their gene expression patterns using positional information from the environment and surrounding cells to determine their developmental fate.
5456:
takes a systematic approach to characters, distinguishing between those that carry no information about shared evolutionary history – such as those evolved separately in different groups (
1576:
illustrated over 900 species in extreme detail with watercolor and oil paintings. Her work and many other women's botany work was the beginning of popularizing botany to a wider audience.
2502:
is the study of the relationships between plants and people. When applied to the investigation of historical plant–people relationships ethnobotany may be referred to as archaeobotany or
1537:
in synoptic keys. By the 18th century, new plants for study were arriving in Europe in increasing numbers from newly discovered countries and the
European colonies worldwide. In 1753,
2555:
2439:
because they use the energy from the sun and nutrients from the soil and atmosphere, converting them into a form that can be used by animals. This is what ecologists call the first
5360:. Phylogenetic studies attempt to discover phylogenies. The basic approach is to use similarities based on shared inheritance to determine relationships. As an example, species of
16939:
11480:
Ideologies as
Intercultural Phenomena: Proceedings of the Third Annual Symposium of the Assyrian and Babylonian Intellectual Heritage Project, Held in Chicago, October 27–31, 2000
4652:. In vascular plants, these elements are extracted from the soil as soluble ions by the roots and transported throughout the plant in the xylem. Most of the elements required for
5468:). Only derived characters, such as the spine-producing areoles of cacti, provide evidence for descent from a common ancestor. The results of cladistic analyses are expressed as
2677:
16779:
16287:
5282:
1546:
1617:
in 1859 and his concept of common descent required modifications to the
Candollean system to reflect evolutionary relationships as distinct from mere morphological similarity.
1079:
Modern botany is a broad, multidisciplinary subject with contributions and insights from most other areas of science and technology. Research topics include the study of plant
16994:
16819:
5335:. The scientific name of a plant represents its genus and its species within the genus, resulting in a single worldwide name for each organism. For example, the tiger lily is
4845:. They are involved in the promotion of germination and dormancy-breaking in seeds, in regulation of plant height by controlling stem elongation and the control of flowering.
4098:. Ideally, these organisms have small genomes that are well known or completely sequenced, small stature and short generation times. Corn has been used to study mechanisms of
12117:
16931:
10992:
11286:
10900:
3638:
Plant responses to climate and other environmental changes can inform our understanding of how these changes affect ecosystem function and productivity. For example, plant
16867:
16859:
11249:
International Code of
Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011
10454:
12894:
2118:
Botany also overlaps on the one hand with agriculture, horticulture and silviculture, and on the other hand with medicine and pharmacology, giving rise to fields such as
1912:
and most aspects of the biochemistry, physiology, morphology and behaviour of plants can be subjected to detailed experimental analysis. The concept originally stated by
9835:
4337:, which do not follow the Mendelian heritage rules. These epigenetic marks are carried from one generation to the next, with one allele inducing a change on the other.
16986:
10348:
Jasechko, Scott; Sharp, Zachary D.; Gibson, John J.; Birks, S. Jean; Yi, Yi; Fawcett, Peter J. (April 3, 2013). "Terrestrial Water Fluxes
Dominated by Transpiration".
10196:
13101:
17018:
4188:, causing a callus infection called crown gall disease. Schell and Van Montagu (1977) hypothesised that the Ti plasmid could be a natural vector for introducing the
1599:(1819) all proposed various alternative natural systems of classification that grouped plants using a wider range of shared characters and were widely followed. The
4564:
encompasses all the internal chemical and physical activities of plants associated with life. Chemicals obtained from the air, soil and water form the basis of all
16827:
16292:
4589:
is the oxidation of carbon compounds by breaking them down into simpler structures to release the energy they contain, essentially the opposite of photosynthesis.
9239:
16771:
4326:
and xylem which are dead at maturity, and the phloem sieve tubes which lack nuclei. While plants use many of the same epigenetic mechanisms as animals, such as
4322:, do not terminally differentiate, remaining totipotent with the ability to give rise to a new individual plant. Exceptions include highly lignified cells, the
2036:(or filicology) is the study of ferns and allied plants. A number of other taxa of ranks varying from family to subgenus have terms for their study, including
1526:
1403:
academic subject. Lectures were given about the plants grown in the gardens. Botanical gardens came much later to northern Europe; the first in England was the
16923:
18636:
11208:
McCutcheon, A.R.; Ellis, S.M.; Hancock, R.E.; Towers, G.H. (1992-10-01). "Antibiotic screening of medicinal plants of the British Columbian native peoples".
9166:
4825:. Zeatin is produced in roots and transported to shoots in the xylem where it promotes cell division, bud development, and the greening of chloroplasts. The
4480:(megasporangia) of the sporophyte, a condition known as endospory. Seeds consist of an endosporic megasporangium surrounded by one or two sheathing layers (
3236:
have used various plants as ways of treating illness or disease for thousands of years. This knowledge Native Americans have on plants has been recorded by
16803:
10551:
Klemm, Dieter; Heublein, Brigitte; Fink, Hans-Peter; Bohn, Andreas (September 6, 2005). "Cellulose: Fascinating Biopolymer and Sustainable Raw Material".
18624:
16835:
8966:
Campbell, Neil A.; Reece, Jane B.; Urry, Lisa Andrea; Cain, Michael L.; Wasserman, Steven Alexander; Minorsky, Peter V.; Jackson, Robert Bradley (2008).
11689:
9411:
18630:
16763:
16731:
16425:
8909:
2208:, cells, tissues, whole plants, plant populations and plant communities. At each of these levels, a botanist may be concerned with the classification (
4693:
2510:
of Canada in identifying edible plants from inedible plants. This relationship the indigenous people had with plants was recorded by ethnobotanists.
10808:
5273:
as data, has driven many recent revisions along evolutionary lines and is likely to continue to do so. The dominant classification system is called
3516:
interception, stabilise mineral soils and develop their organic content, and affect local temperature. Plants compete with other organisms in their
18440:
16971:
2100:
The intersection of fields from the above pair of categories gives rise to fields such as bryogeography (the study of the distribution of mosses).
11975:
Schell, J.; Van Montagu, M. (1977). "The Ti-Plasmid of Agrobacterium Tumefaciens, A Natural Vector for the Introduction of NIF Genes in Plants?".
9336:
18642:
5079:
generation is nonphotosynthetic in liverworts but may be able to contribute part of its energy needs by photosynthesis in mosses and hornworts.
4233:
but cause the organism's genes to behave (or "express themselves") differently. One example of epigenetic change is the marking of the genes by
18772:
17605:
9452:
8835:
Björn, L.O.; Callaghan, T.V.; Gehrke, C.; Johanson, U.; Sonesson, M. (November 1999). "Ozone Depletion, Ultraviolet Radiation and Plant Life".
1936:
when a gene of interest is being expressed. These technologies enable the biotechnological use of whole plants or plant cell cultures grown in
14745:
10506:
Kim, E.; Archibald, J.M. (2009). "Diversity and Evolution of Plastids and Their Genomes". In Sandelius, Anna Stina; Aronsson, Henrik (eds.).
2353:, the first oxygen-releasing photosynthetic organisms on Earth, are thought to have given rise to the ancestor of plants by entering into an
1587:
and life cycles led to the realisation that there were more natural affinities between plants than the artificial sexual system of Linnaeus.
13085:
13017:
18452:
16343:
12993:
10283:
12870:
9068:
4865:. It is now known to be the hormone that stimulates or regulates fruit ripening and abscission, and it, or the synthetic growth regulator
4748:
or plant growth regulators first emerged in the late 19th century. Darwin experimented on the movements of plant shoots and roots towards
16493:
12176:
11721:
10841:
9883:
9860:
9395:
8884:
4942:
is the study of their external form. All plants are multicellular eukaryotes, their DNA stored in nuclei. The characteristic features of
12031:
8759:
3930:
or partly autopolyploid organism, or during normal processes of cellular differentiation to produce some cell types that are polyploid (
1987:
families and species. The theoretical possibility of a practical method for identification of plant species and commercial varieties by
18568:
12957:
3036:
period. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere today is much lower than it was when plants emerged onto land during the
2008:
Some subfields of botany relate to particular groups of organisms. Divisions related to the broader historical sense of botany include
834:
13125:
12977:
12059:"Fatty Acid Export from the Chloroplast. Molecular Characterization of a Major Plastidial Acyl-Coenzyme a Synthetase from Arabidopsis"
4970:
with unique photosynthetic and biosynthetic functions as in the chloroplasts. Other plastids contain storage products such as starch (
17552:
15211:
13244:
11087:"Photosynthetic Flexibility and Ecophysiological Plasticity: Questions and Lessons from Clusia, the Only CAM Tree, in the Neotropics"
5253:, who grouped species according to shared physical characteristics. These groupings have since been revised to align better with the
4460:. Representatives of the lycopods have survived to the present day. By the end of the Devonian period, several groups, including the
1017:. These gardens facilitated the academic study of plants. Efforts to catalogue and describe their collections were the beginnings of
126:
13033:
7344:
Darwin, C. R. 1878. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. London: John Murray". darwin-online.org.uk
4237:
which determines whether they will be expressed or not. Gene expression can also be controlled by repressor proteins that attach to
3508:(soil) and climatic factors in their environment but can modify these factors too. For example, they can change their environment's
3023:
to keep them from collapsing when a plant sucks water through them under water stress. Lignin is also used in other cell types like
2490:
for future generations. Botanists also study weeds, which are a considerable problem in agriculture, and the biology and control of
16811:
16159:
12101:
9140:
Chase, Mark W.; Bremer, Birgitta; Bremer, Kåre; Reveal, James L.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Stevens, Peter S. (2003).
8672:
Benderoth, Markus; Textor, Susanne; Windsor, Aaron J.; Mitchell-Olds, Thomas; Gershenzon, Jonathan; Kroymann, Juergen (June 2006).
5719:
5203:). All gymnosperms and many angiosperms are woody plants. Some plants reproduce sexually, some asexually, and some via both means.
10894:
11279:
11263:
10658:
2960:
Unlike in animals (which lack chloroplasts), plants and their eukaryote relatives have delegated many biochemical roles to their
1959:
Modern morphology recognises a continuum between the major morphological categories of root, stem (caulome), leaf (phyllome) and
10438:
10303:
Janzen, Daniel H. with the CBOL Plant Working Group; Forrest, L.L.; Spouge, J.L.; Hajibabaei, M.; et al. (August 4, 2009).
9879:
Landmarks of botanical history: a study of certain epochs in the development of the science of botany: part 1, Prior to 1562 A.D
9561:
8654:
12886:
4242:
fact that they all have the same underlying genetic code. Epigenetic changes may be temporary or may remain through successive
3774:
while she was studying maize. Nevertheless, there are some distinctive genetic differences between plants and other organisms.
9819:
15206:
13203:
13138:
12793:
12739:
12570:
12477:
12377:
12358:
12339:
12301:
12221:
12170:
12111:
11992:
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11510:
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11432:
11413:
11385:
11257:
11196:
11177:
11139:
10835:
10682:
10595:
10533:
10448:
10427:
10404:
10218:
10157:
10143:
10087:
10051:
9829:
9501:
9421:
9389:
9130:
9016:
8997:
8975:
8956:
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8873:
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8507:
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3998:. Chloroplasts are inherited through the male parent in gymnosperms but often through the female parent in flowering plants.
3233:
1747:
10688:
10224:
15010:
14452:
12933:
4056:
was the first plant to have its genome sequenced, in 2000. The sequencing of some other relatively small genomes, of rice (
2152:
The study of plants is vital because they underpin almost all animal life on Earth by generating a large proportion of the
740:
521:
12685:
Woese, C.R.; Magrum, W.E.; Fox, L.J.; Wolfe, G.E.; Woese, R.S. (August 1977). "An Ancient Divergence Among the Bacteria".
11901:
Scharf, Sara T. (2009). "Identification Keys, the "Natural Method," and the Development of Plant Identification Manuals".
10020:
5605:
A few symbols are in current use in botany. A number of others are obsolete; for example, Linnaeus used planetary symbols
1837:
facilitated rational experimental design and data analysis in botanical research. The discovery and identification of the
14036:
12628:
9650:"Integral Membrane Proteins of the Chloroplast Envelope: Identification and Subcellular Localization of New Transporters"
4200:
and other plant species. Today, genetic modification of the Ti plasmid is one of the main techniques for introduction of
3846:
1404:
735:
13061:
12256:
11520:
Possingham, J.V.; Rose, R.J. (May 18, 1976). "Chloroplast Replication and Chloroplast DNA Synthesis in Spinach Leaves".
9231:
5125:
Stems mainly provide support to the leaves and reproductive structures, but can store water in succulent plants such as
5013:, the most common type of plant (three-fifths of all plant species). However, no plant actually looks exactly like this.
17598:
17010:
13624:
12918:
11444:"All Hands on Deck – The Role of Chloroplasts, Endoplasmic Reticulum, and the Nucleus in Driving Plant Innate Immunity"
10118:
8478:
2507:
2435:
by plants, or indirectly from animals that eat them. Plants and other photosynthetic organisms are at the base of most
1653:
12849:. Plant Hormones, Long Ashton Research Station, Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council. Archived from
1813:
apertures. These developments, coupled with new methods for measuring the size of stomatal apertures, and the rate of
17457:
17042:
16724:
16349:
14738:
13649:
12320:
11158:
9898:
Glynn, Jonathan M.; Miyagishima, Shin-ya; Yoder, David W.; Osteryoung, Katherine W.; Vitha, Stanislav (May 1, 2007).
5734:
5489:
multicelled organisms is as shown in the cladogram below – fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants.
3845:. In many land plants the male and female gametes are produced by separate individuals. These species are said to be
2361:
in plant cells. The new photosynthetic plants (along with their algal relatives) accelerated the rise in atmospheric
1368:
1316:
9142:"An Update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group Classification for the Orders and Families of Flowering Plants: APG II"
4692:
With the sun at an angle and only shining on one side of the shoot, auxin moves to the opposite side and stimulates
3354:, the world's most abundant organic polymer, can be converted into energy, fuels, materials and chemical feedstock.
2622:
relationships with ancient plant and algal ancestors. Chloroplasts and cyanobacteria contain the blue-green pigment
2518:
Plant biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes used by plants. Some of these processes are used in their
2335:). However, attention is still given to these groups by botanists, and fungi (including lichens) and photosynthetic
17648:
15244:
12191:
Sobotka, Roman; Sáková, Lenka; Curn, Vladislav (2000). "Molecular Mechanisms of Self-incompatibility in Brassica".
9088:"Esau's Plant Anatomy, Meristems, Cells, and Tissues of the Plant Body: their Structure, Function, and Development"
5286:
4926:
A nineteenth-century illustration showing the morphology of the roots, stems, leaves and flowers of the rice plant
967:
12974:"Evolution and Diversity, Botany for the Next Millennium: I. The Intellectual: Evolution, Development, Ecosystems"
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from the parent species but live within the same geographical area, may be sufficiently successful to form a new
3567:
17288:
17522:
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16688:
16164:
4346:
3822:
3750:
Inheritance in plants follows the same fundamental principles of genetics as in other multicellular organisms.
2346:
1862:
966:
respectively, with the study of these three groups of organisms remaining within the sphere of interest of the
827:
10788:
5443:
Judging relationships based on shared characters requires care, since plants may resemble one another through
4922:
4869:
which is rapidly metabolised to produce ethylene, are used on industrial scale to promote ripening of cotton,
4534:. Ongoing research on the molecular phylogenetics of living plants appears to show that the angiosperms are a
1561:
17727:
17717:
17700:
17591:
17049:
16978:
15614:
14712:
13634:
11658:
3842:
3099:
is a branch of plant biochemistry primarily concerned with the chemical substances produced by plants during
1834:
1100:
8905:
8779:. Vol. 3: Terrestrial, Algal, and Siliceous Indicators. Dordrecht, Germany: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
6148:
4026:
A considerable amount of new knowledge about plant function comes from studies of the molecular genetics of
1032:
In the 19th and 20th centuries, new techniques were developed for the study of plants, including methods of
17517:
17452:
16333:
15920:
15435:
14731:
14660:
11612:
Reik, Wolf (May 2007). "Stability and Flexibility of Epigenetic Gene Regulation in Mammalian Development".
11376:
History of Botanical Science: An Account of the Development of Botany from Ancient Times to the Present Day
8985:
5699:
5617:(Saturn) for woody perennials, based on the planets' orbital periods of 2, 12 and 30 years; and Willd used
5075:
do not produce ground-penetrating vascular roots and most of the plant participates in photosynthesis. The
4895:
3065:
2527:
1775:
1596:
1488:
4068:, has made them important model species for understanding the genetics, cellular and molecular biology of
3371:
2142:
Botany involves the recording and description of plants, such as this herbarium specimen of the lady fern
1549:. This established a standardised binomial or two-part naming scheme where the first name represented the
1525:. The choice and sequence of the characters may be artificial in keys designed purely for identification (
1092:
17216:
17162:
16415:
16169:
14650:
10804:
5724:
5694:
3766:). What Mendel learned from studying plants has had far-reaching benefits outside of botany. Similarly, "
2936:(G3P). Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is the first product of photosynthesis and the raw material from which
2925:
2646:
1661:
5475:
From the 1990s onwards, the predominant approach to constructing phylogenies for living plants has been
4660:
produced by photosynthesis is transported from the leaves to other parts of the plant in the phloem and
1743:
17571:
17276:
17078:
16708:
16479:
16149:
14100:
11773:
Russin, William A.; Evert, Ray F.; Vanderveer, Peter J.; Sharkey, Thomas D.; Briggs, Steven P. (1996).
9367:
5744:
5578:
4373:, (commonly but incorrectly known as "blue-green algae") and are thought to be derived from an ancient
4205:
2972:. The fatty acids that chloroplasts make are used for many things, such as providing material to build
2933:
2854:
2772:
2284:
1976:
1953:
1604:
1592:
17:
16668:
9648:
Ferro, Myriam; Salvi, Daniel; Rivière-Rolland, Hélène; Vermat, Thierry; et al. (20 August 2002).
3326:
are examples of commercially important materials made from plant tissues or their secondary products.
1928:
experimentally to knock out a gene or genes responsible for a specific trait, or to add genes such as
17093:
16299:
14135:
14095:
14060:
13672:
13251:
13228:
13196:
10469:
Kenrick, Paul; Crane, Peter R. (September 1997). "The Origin and Early Evolution of Plants on Land".
5714:
5237:. Biological classification is the method by which botanists group organisms into categories such as
4621:
4382:
4168:
4122:
3651:
3407:
2883:
2693:
2184:
all living things to carry out cellular respiration. In addition, they are influential in the global
1964:
1929:
1846:
1779:
1770:
as the most complex vegetation that an environment can support and Tansley introduced the concept of
1568:, included all plants with concealed reproductive parts, mosses, liverworts, ferns, algae and fungi.
820:
105:
39:
12022:
10516:
9443:
8608:"Evolution of Leaf-form in Land Plants Linked to Atmospheric CO2 Decline in the Late Palaeozoic Era"
3615:
2475:
grown for their fibres, are the outcome of prehistoric selection over thousands of years from among
17583:
17487:
17318:
17002:
16850:
16437:
16282:
15332:
14702:
13415:
13224:
5827:
4258:
4185:
1621:
1613:
1176:
730:
35:
11841:
Sattler, R.; Jeune, B. (1992). "Multivariate analysis confirms the continuum view of plant form".
4661:
4476:
and smaller microspores. Their reduced gametophytes developed from megaspores retained within the
3390:
are some of the plants with a highly fermentable sugar or oil content that are used as sources of
1971:
largely ignores morphological characters, relying on DNA sequences as data. Molecular analysis of
1963:. Furthermore, it emphasises structural dynamics. Modern systematics aims to reflect and discover
1858:
17732:
17527:
17477:
17222:
16754:
16693:
16583:
14187:
13321:
13175:
13013:
7103:
5704:
5476:
5266:
5191:, undergo a secondary growth phase resulting in two additional types of tissues: wood (secondary
5134:
4142:
4064:
4044:
or hereditary information contained in the genes of this species is encoded by about 135 million
3944:
3457:
3241:
2562:
2476:
2370:
1968:
1678:
in a Connecticut greenhouse. Botany uses Latin names for identification; here, the specific name
1399:
1014:
31:
17258:
14754:
13077:
12997:
10287:
4894:
which regulates wound responses in plants by unblocking the expression of genes required in the
3918:
Most sexually reproducing organisms are diploid, with paired chromosomes, but doubling of their
3343:
1739:
1718:
1132:
17472:
17312:
17294:
17098:
16267:
16191:
14820:
14264:
13946:
13888:
13531:
12866:
10511:
9027:
5464:) – and derived characters, which have been passed down from innovations in a shared ancestor (
4858:
4838:
3952:
3794:
3647:
3452:
3162:
2917:
2896:
2845:
2786:
2744:
2730:
1384:
725:
333:
15996:
12160:
11705:
10825:
9877:
9854:
9379:
8888:
17695:
17547:
17384:
17282:
16698:
16432:
14905:
14880:
14860:
14347:
14322:
14302:
13644:
13385:
13315:
13295:
12038:
11775:"Modification of a Specific Class of Plasmodesmata and Loss of Sucrose Export Ability in the
10394:
8753:
5366:
are trees or bushes with prominent leaves. They do not obviously resemble a typical leafless
5278:
5111:
4911:
4890:
4775:
4315:. The process results from the epigenetic activation of some genes and inhibition of others.
4177:
4160:
3755:
3473:
2892:
2793:
2737:
2144:
1972:
1793:
Particularly since the mid-1960s there have been advances in understanding of the physics of
1755:
1751:
1175:, in the synthesis of chemicals and raw materials for construction and energy production, in
1022:
416:
391:
371:
208:
188:
18933:
12953:
11820:
Sattler, R. (1992). "Process morphology: structural dynamics in development and evolution".
5597:
have greatly increased the level of detail studied and speed at which data can be analysed.
5388:(highly specialised pad-like structures) suggesting that the two genera are indeed related.
1801:(the transport of water within plant tissues), the temperature dependence of rates of water
18928:
18674:
17532:
17360:
17348:
17138:
16899:
16795:
16154:
16051:
16006:
15678:
15237:
15125:
14935:
14885:
14567:
14377:
14327:
14140:
14110:
13981:
13941:
13903:
13551:
13189:
13144:
12973:
12816:
12694:
11621:
11529:
10856:
Lewis, Louise A.; McCourt, Richard M. (2004). "Green Algae and the Origin of Land Plants".
10618:
10478:
10357:
9718:
9661:
9194:
9161:
8844:
8797:
8685:
8622:
7713:
6959:
6957:
5444:
5350:
4874:
4771:
4605:
4586:
4569:
4497:
4374:
4327:
4032:
4018:
3976:
3948:
3876:
3529:
3142:
3100:
3020:
3012:
2874:
2779:
2566:
2539:
2398:
2386:
2157:
1854:
1607:, which was influential until the mid-19th century, was influenced by Candolle's approach.
1564:
plants into 24 groups according to the number of their male sexual organs. The 24th group,
1510:
1363:
1344:
1311:
1172:
758:
636:
446:
396:
15654:
10991:. Vol. 2 (4 ed.). London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans. pp. 385–386.
8775:
Bennett, K.D.; Willis, K.J. (2001). "Pollen". In Smol, John P.; Birks, H. John B. (eds.).
8013:
5303:
and is broken down recursively until each species is separately classified. The order is:
4472:, had independently evolved "megaspory" – their spores were of two distinct sizes, larger
4323:
4022:, the first plant to have its genome sequenced, remains the most important model organism.
3703:
3024:
2377:, atmosphere to one in which free oxygen has been abundant for more than 2 billion years.
8:
18093:
18076:
17986:
17834:
17512:
17502:
17408:
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16703:
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16324:
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15040:
14910:
14655:
14645:
14482:
14352:
14065:
14055:
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13041:
10668:
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8291:
5689:
5594:
4724:
3939:
3900:
3707:
3691:
3579:
3557:
3525:
3493:
3217:
2865:
2758:
2382:
1949:
1925:
1913:
1876:
20th century developments in plant biochemistry have been driven by modern techniques of
1806:
1665:
1522:
1041:
1005:, contained plants possibly having medicinal benefit. They were forerunners of the first
773:
763:
551:
421:
115:
17180:
12820:
12698:
11625:
11533:
10622:
10482:
10361:
9722:
9665:
9198:
8848:
8801:
8689:
8626:
6954:
4319:
2482:
Botanists study how plants produce food and how to increase yields, for example through
18369:
18120:
18103:
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17824:
17712:
17690:
17678:
17653:
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17482:
17402:
17366:
17234:
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16683:
16598:
16262:
16127:
15905:
15597:
15383:
15279:
15201:
15155:
15135:
15120:
14945:
14940:
14597:
14577:
14562:
14387:
14382:
14182:
14130:
14013:
14008:
13923:
13878:
13805:
13727:
13677:
13239:
13234:
12772:
12718:
12611:
12549:
12515:
12488:
12451:
12426:
12413:
12244:
12010:
11963:
11926:
11858:
11854:
11753:
11681:
11645:
11601:
11545:
11478:
11374:
11360:
11343:
Morgensen, H.L. (1996). "The Hows and Whys of Cytoplasmic Inheritance in Seed Plants".
11331:
11108:
10881:
10732:
10705:
10641:
10606:
10582:
10539:
10494:
10416:
10381:
10331:
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10041:
10007:
10002:
9985:
9967:
9942:
9929:
9766:
9758:
9636:
9602:
9577:
9535:
9323:
9218:
9121:
Chapman, Jasmin; Horsfall, Peter; O'Brien, Pat; Murphy, Jan; MacDonald, Averil (2001).
9112:
9087:
9055:
8926:
8823:
8716:
8703:
8673:
8646:
8586:
8561:
8548:
8252:
5684:
5337:
5246:
5216:
4903:
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4012:
4007:
3771:
3711:
3699:
3663:
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3138:
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2723:
2716:
2519:
2432:
2394:
2209:
2181:
2060:
2000:
1917:
1842:
1521:
groups (e.g. family, genus and species) by making a series of choices between pairs of
1354:
1120:
1116:
1088:
1033:
720:
666:
646:
631:
456:
451:
122:
110:
53:
13375:
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11803:
11774:
11578:
11247:
11068:
11043:
10655:
9684:
9649:
9548:
9289:
9256:
8856:
6882:
4592:
Molecules are moved within plants by transport processes that operate at a variety of
4083:
4027:
3611:
3501:
productivity, environmental impact, evolution, and responses to environmental change.
3468:
Plant ecology is the science of the functional relationships between plants and their
1545:, a hierarchical classification of plant species that remains the reference point for
1127:, which study the mechanisms and control of gene expression during differentiation of
18835:
18736:
18724:
18547:
18261:
18081:
18012:
18002:
17932:
17722:
17685:
17673:
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16843:
16747:
16502:
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15269:
15264:
15140:
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14582:
14462:
14317:
13986:
13712:
13400:
13390:
13349:
13134:
12834:
12789:
12735:
12710:
12676:
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12603:
12598:
12581:
12566:
12520:
12473:
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12405:
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12335:
12316:
12297:
12217:
12200:
12166:
12150:
12133:
12107:
12088:
11998:
11988:
11955:
11918:
11887:
11808:
11761:
11711:
11637:
11585:
11562:
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11465:
11428:
11409:
11381:
11323:
11253:
11233:
11225:
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11173:
11154:
11135:
11129:
11116:
11103:
11086:
11073:
11030:
10973:
10938:
10873:
10831:
10780:
10737:
10678:
10646:
10591:
10568:
10529:
10444:
10423:
10400:
10373:
10336:
10270:
10214:
10139:
10083:
10047:
9972:
9921:
9916:
9899:
9825:
9780:"Feeding the World Today and Tomorrow: The Importance of Food Science and Technology"
9730:
9689:
9607:
9553:
9515:
9497:
9417:
9385:
9359:
9294:
9276:
9210:
9126:
9060:
9012:
8993:
8971:
8952:
8933:
8869:
8815:
8738:
8721:
8638:
8607:
8591:
8540:
8503:
8463:
5739:
5709:
5433:
is a tree with leaves, it has spines and areoles like a more typical cactus, such as
5304:
5274:
4504:
produce "naked seeds" not fully enclosed in an ovary; modern representatives include
4283:, which in turn become fully differentiated cells. A single fertilised egg cell, the
4193:
3919:
3809:. The many cultivated varieties of wheat are the result of multiple inter- and intra-
3575:
3537:
3533:
3485:
3461:
3447:
2127:
2088:
2024:
as a subfield of mycology. The narrower sense of botany in the sense of the study of
1893:
1877:
1767:
1763:
1746:
is still in use today. The concept that the composition of plant communities such as
1707:(1898–1997) on plant anatomy is still a major foundation of modern botany. Her books
1600:
1542:
1514:
1457:
1442:
1334:
1192:
1164:
1061:
1060:. In the last two decades of the 20th century, botanists exploited the techniques of
1037:
768:
651:
531:
386:
221:
159:
17264:
12722:
12615:
12582:"Restructuring of Wall-bound Xyloglucan by Transglycosylation in Living Plant Cells"
12417:
11967:
11930:
11649:
11335:
10915:
Lilburn, Timothy G.; Harrison, Scott H.; Cole, James R.; Garrity, George M. (2006).
10885:
10766:
10543:
9770:
9640:
9327:
8552:
6507:
5637:
4246:
for the remainder of the cell's life. Some epigenetic changes have been shown to be
2606:
Plants and various other groups of photosynthetic eukaryotes collectively known as "
18748:
18742:
18706:
18389:
18251:
18136:
18037:
17637:
17437:
17420:
17378:
17372:
17342:
17330:
17174:
16891:
16653:
16643:
16206:
16112:
16107:
16061:
15954:
15939:
15900:
15825:
15666:
15590:
15487:
15429:
14865:
14692:
14307:
13996:
13883:
13493:
13456:
13341:
13311:
12824:
12762:
12702:
12671:
12593:
12541:
12510:
12500:
12446:
12438:
12397:
12240:
12145:
12078:
12070:
11980:
11947:
11910:
11879:
11850:
11829:
11798:
11790:
11745:
11701:
11673:
11629:
11549:
11537:
11455:
11352:
11315:
11217:
11098:
11063:
11055:
11020:
10963:
10928:
10865:
10770:
10762:
10727:
10717:
10636:
10626:
10560:
10521:
10498:
10486:
10385:
10365:
10326:
10316:
10260:
10252:
10184:
10180:
10172:
10110:
9997:
9962:
9954:
9933:
9911:
9750:
9726:
9679:
9669:
9628:
9597:
9589:
9543:
9527:
9480:
9351:
9315:
9284:
9268:
9222:
9202:
9156:
9107:
9099:
9050:
9042:
8852:
8827:
8805:
8711:
8693:
8650:
8630:
8581:
8573:
8530:
7446:
7434:
5320:
5297:
5142:
4939:
4804:
are a class of plant hormones named for their control of cell division (especially
4617:
4604:. Minerals and water are transported from roots to other parts of the plant in the
4547:
4488:
splits to release it. The earliest known seed plants date from the latest Devonian
3778:
3619:
3442:
3367:
3319:
3264:
3077:
2650:
2641:
2503:
2229:
2225:
1945:
1850:
1794:
1787:
1731:
1584:
1414:(1501–1566) was one of "the three German fathers of botany", along with theologian
1395:
1285:
1277:
1080:
1006:
807:
376:
217:
17300:
16001:
12645:
12624:
10674:
Traditional Plant Foods of Canadian Indigenous Peoples: Nutrition, Botany, and Use
10239:
Howe, C.J.; Barbrook, A.C.; Nisbet, R.E.R; Lockhart, P.J.; Larkum, A.W.D. (2008).
8519:"Carotenoids 2: Genetics and Molecular Biology of Carotenoid Pigment Biosynthesis"
5415:
5356:
The evolutionary relationships and heredity of a group of organisms is called its
3432:
2486:, making their work important to humanity's ability to feed the world and provide
2196:. Plants are crucial to the future of human society as they provide food, oxygen,
2097:
is a subfield of plant ecology that classifies and studies communities of plants.
18954:
18840:
18823:
18730:
18256:
18239:
18022:
17981:
17849:
17839:
17819:
17396:
17324:
17192:
17168:
17156:
17150:
17132:
16883:
16648:
16593:
16548:
16460:
16442:
16304:
16133:
16083:
16071:
16033:
15969:
15796:
15764:
15725:
15698:
15527:
15522:
15413:
15349:
15230:
15150:
15115:
14592:
14557:
13908:
13850:
13692:
13629:
13471:
13345:
11984:
10986:
10722:
10672:
10662:
10605:
Kress, W.J.; Wurdack, K.J.; Zimmer, E.A.; Weigt, L.A.; Janzen, D.H. (June 2005).
10414:
Judd, W.S.; Campbell, C.S.; Kellogg, E.A.; Stevens, P.F.; Donoghue, M.J. (2002).
10208:
8460:
Indigenous Herbal Medicines: Tribal Formulations and Traditional Herbal Practices
8037:
7386:
6993:
5729:
5658:
5316:
5312:
5064:
4983:
4830:
4653:
4625:
4465:
4441:
4234:
4226:
4049:
3872:
3830:
3799:
3683:
3643:
3571:
3146:
2913:
2800:
2547:
2491:
2418:
2264:
2248:
2052:
2032:
is the study of mosses (and in the broader sense also liverworts and hornworts).
1889:
1735:
1696:
1641:
1603:
reflected his ideas of the progression of morphological complexity and the later
1530:
1498:
1476:
1426:
1419:
1343:
written in the middle of the first century by Greek physician and pharmacologist
1263:
1104:
983:
661:
626:
47:
16787:
13299:
10827:
Early Arabic Pharmacology: An Introduction Based on Ancient and Medieval Sources
10525:
8535:
8518:
7422:
7242:
6870:
5472:: tree-like diagrams showing the pattern of evolutionary branching and descent.
4766:, to grow) in control of plant growth was first outlined by the Dutch scientist
3915:, producing a seed that contains an embryo genetically identical to the parent.
3027:
that provide structural support for a plant and is a major constituent of wood.
1620:
Botany was greatly stimulated by the appearance of the first "modern" textbook,
1310:
who invented and described many of its principles and is widely regarded in the
193:
18760:
18700:
18574:
18541:
18499:
18412:
18340:
18335:
18283:
17753:
17668:
17615:
17447:
17306:
17252:
17246:
17186:
17108:
16638:
16623:
16618:
16354:
16319:
16272:
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15974:
15801:
15779:
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15720:
15703:
15693:
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15005:
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14681:
14447:
14259:
14090:
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13913:
13845:
13840:
13702:
13697:
13591:
13546:
13523:
13405:
13395:
13337:
12252:
10024:
9654:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
8678:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
8603:
6819:
6651:
5774:
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5485:
5461:
5258:
5254:
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5107:
5044:
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of plants have a number of biochemical, structural and genetic similarities to
4296:
4238:
4099:
3931:
3888:
3805:
3737:
3723:
3690:(UV-B), resulting in lower growth rates. Moreover, information from studies of
3655:
3513:
3375:
3323:
3307:
3260:
3245:
3174:
3096:
2992:
2836:
2809:
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2483:
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2406:
2402:
2280:
2260:
2173:
2169:
2123:
2094:
2080:
2076:
2041:
1983:
of flowering plants, answering many of the questions about relationships among
1885:
1814:
1759:
1704:
1645:
1636:. Schleiden was a microscopist and an early plant anatomist who co-founded the
1608:
1588:
1573:
1472:
1456:) published herbals covering the supposed medicinal uses of plants. Naturalist
1411:
1292:
1235:
1168:
1049:
1018:
979:
794:
516:
328:
12532:
Tansley, A.G. (1935). "The Use and Abuse of Vegetational Terms and Concepts".
11914:
11883:
11319:
10590:. Environmental Plant Biology Series. Oxford: BIOS Scientific Publishers Ltd.
9632:
9355:
7109:
4568:. The energy of sunlight, captured by oxygenic photosynthesis and released by
3777:
Species boundaries in plants may be weaker than in animals, and cross species
3355:
3007:
from which the land plant cell wall is constructed. Vascular land plants make
18948:
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18694:
18657:
18614:
18527:
18503:
18320:
18042:
18017:
17899:
17844:
17354:
17240:
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17144:
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16390:
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16028:
15991:
15959:
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15500:
15423:
15403:
15344:
15339:
15287:
15085:
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14870:
14845:
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14527:
14422:
14312:
14289:
14284:
14177:
14125:
14120:
13898:
13815:
13717:
13682:
13451:
13057:
12865:
12850:
12805:"Analysis of the Genome Sequence of the Flowering Plant Arabidopsis thaliana"
11229:
10751:"Under One Leaf, A Historical Perspective on the UK Plant Science Federation"
9511:
9484:
9280:
8482:
8019:
7965:
6468:
5799:
5760:
5582:
5357:
5270:
5250:
5234:
5180:
5032:
4995:
4955:
4935:
4846:
4745:
4734:
4729:
4714:
4601:
4593:
4577:
4493:
4469:
4405:, is considered to contain the ancestor of true plants. The Charophyte class
4370:
4262:
4243:
4131:
4115:
3983:
3935:
3927:
3751:
3521:
3427:
3315:
3268:
3178:
3115:
3028:
2981:
2973:
2906:
2634:
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2615:
2593:
2581:
2487:
2440:
2390:
2366:
2354:
2350:
2221:
2165:
1988:
1980:
1933:
1826:
1798:
1727:
1692:
1580:
1538:
1434:
1415:
1388:
1358:
1324:, constitute the most important contributions to botanical science until the
1281:
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1108:
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998:
895:
596:
491:
381:
358:
353:
13076:
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11443:
10631:
10321:
10098:
8698:
8297:
8107:
8105:
7364:
7362:
6858:
6495:
5798:
is also found in some cyanobacteria. A bunch of other chlorophylls exist in
1845:
in 1948 enabled regulation of plant growth by externally applied chemicals.
1353:
was widely read for more than 1,500 years. Important contributions from the
18911:
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18754:
18494:
18325:
18315:
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9754:
9738:
9693:
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8144:
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7230:
6297:
5372:
5200:
5084:
4987:
4979:
4928:
4881:
4849:(ABA) occurs in all land plants except liverworts, and is synthesised from
4749:
4706:
4596:. Subcellular transport of ions, electrons and molecules such as water and
4535:
4449:
4414:
4406:
4334:
4247:
4230:
4058:
4037:
3987:
3964:
3879:
may occur in plants by several different mechanisms. The formation of stem
3741:
3595:
3481:
3335:
3221:
3121:
and lemon oil are useful for their aroma, as flavourings and spices (e.g.,
3118:
2670:
2572:
2523:
2345:
study ancient plants in the fossil record to provide information about the
2305:
2236:
2197:
2185:
2103:
Different parts of plants also give rise to their own subfields, including
2087:. Other fields are denoted by adding or substituting the word botany (e.g.
2084:
2025:
2009:
1905:
1881:
1818:
1783:
1715:
have been key plant structural biology texts for more than half a century.
1649:
1468:
1296:
1216:
1211:
1180:
1152:
1136:
963:
641:
621:
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366:
348:
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203:
62:
14027:
11237:
11025:
11008:
9958:
8674:"Positive Selection Driving Diversification in Plant Secondary Metabolism"
8544:
8049:
3955:
or by seed apomixis, forming clonal populations of identical individuals.
2924:
which temporarily store and transport energy. Their energy is used in the
1691:
Building upon the gene-chromosome theory of heredity that originated with
1464:, which included the study of plants. In 1665, using an early microscope,
1429:(1515–1544) authored a botanically and pharmacologically important herbal
1202:
1029:
that remains in use to this day for the naming of all biological species.
18718:
18712:
18507:
18488:
18446:
18396:
18203:
18146:
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18032:
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17915:
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17083:
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16603:
16578:
16553:
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16201:
16186:
16181:
16117:
15979:
15759:
15730:
15629:
15624:
15472:
15312:
15307:
15292:
15180:
15175:
15145:
15100:
15045:
14985:
14970:
14965:
14930:
14890:
14780:
14770:
14765:
14622:
14617:
14587:
14542:
14487:
14427:
14412:
14407:
14372:
14332:
14224:
14214:
14209:
13893:
13619:
13541:
13420:
13410:
13361:
13303:
12714:
12289:
12002:
10968:
10951:
10933:
10916:
10899:. Oxford: Clarendon Press via Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University.
9103:
8577:
8479:"Natural Science Institute in Botany and Ecology for Elementary Teachers"
8102:
8078:
7881:
7674:
7359:
5586:
5465:
5457:
5176:
5040:
4971:
4907:
4826:
4805:
4738:
4718:
4581:
4523:
4485:
4425:
4410:
4402:
4366:
4273:
4222:
4217:
4173:
4127:
4095:
3991:
3923:
3861:
3814:
3695:
3687:
3679:
3437:
3395:
3284:
3252:
3237:
3201:
3193:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2611:
2499:
2444:
2358:
2342:
2321:
2317:
2296:
2240:
2189:
2037:
2033:
2021:
1937:
1830:
1802:
1637:
1446:
1325:
1156:
1124:
1112:
1084:
975:
959:
691:
686:
656:
611:
556:
496:
481:
476:
441:
401:
293:
283:
278:
198:
144:
11862:
11794:
11633:
10369:
10114:
9206:
8810:
8785:
8707:
8068:
8066:
8064:
7953:
7017:
6795:
6675:
6663:
6615:
6519:
4946:
that distinguish them from those of animals and fungi include a primary
1892:. With the rise of the related molecular-scale biological approaches of
1501:
of Linnaeus' residence in Uppsala, Sweden, was planted according to his
1331:
Another work from Ancient Greece that made an early impact on botany is
970:. Nowadays, botanists (in the strict sense) study approximately 410,000
18918:
18845:
18813:
18799:
18782:
18330:
18007:
17796:
17787:
16608:
16558:
16533:
16230:
16223:
16213:
16196:
15879:
15874:
15810:
15602:
15449:
15408:
15302:
15165:
15160:
15105:
15090:
15030:
14995:
14990:
14960:
14920:
14900:
14830:
14810:
14607:
14602:
14547:
14532:
14472:
14437:
14432:
14402:
14362:
14342:
14274:
14254:
14003:
13830:
13722:
13667:
13596:
13576:
13536:
13441:
13357:
13291:
13287:
12706:
12553:
11938:
Scharlemann, J.P.W.; Laurance, W.F. (2008). "How Green are Biofuels?".
11757:
11707:
The Molecular Biology of Chloroplasts and Mitochondria in Chlamydomonas
11685:
11364:
11112:
10192:
10061:
Haberlandt, G. (1902). "Kulturversuche mit isolierten Pflanzenzellen".
10011:
9539:
9272:
8240:
7058:
7056:
6225:
5453:
5172:
5154:
5119:
5076:
5063:
at their tips and generally lack chlorophyll. Non-vascular plants, the
5060:
5048:
5036:
4991:
4975:
4943:
4862:
4861:
is a gaseous hormone that is produced in all higher plant tissues from
4854:
4850:
4767:
4753:
4680:
4672:
4633:
4573:
4565:
4561:
4519:
4501:
4481:
4477:
4398:
4304:
4292:
4288:
4269:
4266:
4181:
4118:
4091:
4045:
3960:
3854:
3850:
3818:
3782:
3767:
3671:
3666:
allows the reconstruction of past climates. Estimates of atmospheric CO
3659:
3583:
3489:
3406:. These bug repelling properties of sweetgrass were later found by the
3403:
3363:
3189:
3134:
3061:
3037:
3033:
3004:
2950:
2495:
2436:
2300:
2252:
2235:
The strictest definition of "plant" includes only the "land plants" or
2112:
2064:
1984:
1901:
1822:
1657:
1376:
1128:
1096:
1069:
1010:
676:
671:
616:
601:
541:
506:
501:
471:
431:
411:
343:
323:
183:
178:
14723:
13102:"Research confirms Native American use of sweetgrass as bug repellent"
12776:
12505:
12231:
Sprague, T.A.; Sprague, M.S. (1939). "The Herbal of Valerius Cordus".
12074:
11059:
10775:
10702:
10245:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
9762:
7719:
6393:
5870:
4496:
diversified, giving rise to a number of now-extinct groups, including
2427:
The food we eat comes directly or indirectly from plants such as rice.
2115:, these been the study of wood, fruit and pollen/spores respectively.
1868:
1671:
1493:
18583:
18479:
18345:
18229:
18027:
17807:
17776:
17462:
16738:
16613:
16338:
16235:
15964:
15769:
15750:
15661:
15585:
15505:
15457:
15398:
15378:
15317:
15080:
15065:
15050:
15000:
14975:
14522:
14507:
14492:
14442:
14417:
14160:
13961:
13873:
13755:
13687:
13659:
13566:
13380:
13369:
13365:
13333:
12992:
12829:
12804:
10749:
Leonelli, Sabina; Charnley, Berris; Webb, Alex; Bastow, Ruth (2012).
8634:
8156:
8117:
8061:
7494:
7470:
7302:
7068:
7041:
6999:
6555:
6531:
5469:
5448:
5401:
5300:
5265:. While scientists do not always agree on how to classify organisms,
5262:
5226:
5068:
4951:
4947:
4885:
4870:
4834:
4801:
4761:
4645:
4637:
4609:
4527:
4505:
4489:
4473:
4393:
4378:
4276:
4254:
4201:
4107:
3995:
3968:
3907:
genetically identical to the parent. This is one of several types of
3858:
3834:
3639:
3607:
3599:
3563:
3545:
3528:
that collectively constitute vegetation. Regions with characteristic
3517:
3399:
3379:
3351:
3347:
3331:
3205:
3122:
3053:
2996:
2531:
2328:
2279:
descended from an ancestor that obtained its energy from sunlight by
2276:
2244:
2217:
2213:
2205:
2108:
2017:
1771:
1340:
1307:
1273:
1002:
994:
987:
941:
891:
716:
591:
576:
561:
511:
486:
241:
154:
149:
58:
17613:
16471:
12545:
11833:
11749:
11677:
11356:
10176:
9619:
Ereshefsky, Marc (1997). "The Evolution of the Linnaean Hierarchy".
9531:
7929:
7614:
7053:
6848:
6846:
6603:
6285:
6056:
5802:
and certain algal groups, but none of them are found in land plants.
5625:(Mercury) for hermaphroditic. The following symbols are still used:
5183:
that produce flowers and have enclosed seeds. Woody plants, such as
2506:. Some of the earliest plant-people relationships arose between the
2200:, and products for people, as well as creating and preserving soil.
18855:
18288:
18271:
17707:
17336:
17198:
16588:
16563:
16543:
16528:
16380:
16370:
16314:
16309:
16076:
15949:
15925:
15842:
15512:
15297:
15170:
15095:
15025:
14955:
14950:
14775:
14676:
14612:
14537:
14467:
14397:
14392:
14219:
14153:
13750:
13707:
13606:
13478:
13353:
13329:
13012:
12401:
11699:
10750:
9850:
9319:
8671:
7662:
7440:
7105:
Cultivation of peyote by Native Americans: Past, present and future
6963:
6657:
5768:
5362:
5146:
4866:
4814:
4744:
The hypothesis that plant growth and development is coordinated by
4629:
4552:
4457:
4453:
4445:
4355:
Transverse section of a fossil stem of the Devonian vascular plant
4197:
4189:
4155:
4138:
4077:
3972:
3908:
3892:
3675:
3587:
3520:
for resources. They interact with their neighbours at a variety of
3415:
3383:
3346:
and as an artist's material and is one of the three ingredients of
3339:
3327:
3256:
3213:
3209:
3197:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3104:
3045:
3041:
3016:
2946:
2332:
2309:
2268:
2119:
2104:
2045:
2029:
2013:
1960:
1897:
1810:
1465:
1288:
writings, and in works from China purportedly from before 221 BCE.
1207:
1160:
1065:
789:
681:
606:
536:
466:
461:
288:
257:
236:
12057:
Schnurr, J.A.; Shockey, J.M.; De Boer, G.J.; Browse, J.A. (2002).
10490:
9856:
Scientific Papers of Asa Gray: Selected by Charles Sprague Sargent
7650:
7458:
7314:
7206:
7194:
7170:
4938:
is the study of the structure of plant cells and tissues, whereas
2172:, a process that uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and
18808:
18511:
18310:
17767:
15565:
15560:
15477:
15467:
15185:
14915:
14785:
14627:
14357:
14229:
14146:
13991:
13966:
13951:
13933:
13780:
13745:
13586:
13581:
13508:
13503:
13483:
13276:
13261:
13212:
12869:. National Center for Biotechnology Information. March 30, 2004.
12489:"Carotenoids in Algae: Distributions, Biosyntheses and Functions"
11013:
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
7254:
7029:
6843:
6711:
5385:
5332:
5242:
5158:
5153:. Large, flat, flexible, green leaves are called foliage leaves.
5138:
5088:
5010:
4967:
4963:
4822:
4657:
4641:
4613:
4312:
4147:
4073:
4069:
3904:
3810:
3541:
3505:
3469:
3391:
3311:
3280:
3272:
3166:
3107:
3088:
pathway. These biochemical strategies are unique to land plants.
3076:
pathway for photosynthesis which avoid the losses resulting from
2988:
2954:
2937:
2929:
2700:
2336:
2292:
2288:
2193:
2192:
cycles and plant roots bind and stabilise soils, preventing soil
2071:
1941:
1557:
within the genus. For the purposes of identification, Linnaeus's
1554:
1391:(d. 1248) wrote on botany in a systematic and scientific manner.
1057:
971:
947:
921:
913:
875:
867:
696:
426:
298:
245:
231:
81:
12257:"Classification by molecules: What's in it for field botanists?"
11736:
Roux, Stanley J. (1984). "Ca and Phytochrome Action in Plants".
9741:(November 1995). "Frank Yates 12 May 1902 – 17 June 1994".
9306:
Copeland, Herbert Faulkner (1938). "The Kingdoms of Organisms".
8387:
8228:
7989:
7638:
7602:
7146:
6687:
3833:
so that the pollen either fails to reach the stigma or fails to
3402:. Sweetgrass was used by Native Americans to ward off bugs like
894:
who specialises in this field. The term "botany" comes from the
17442:
16018:
15910:
15830:
15784:
15774:
15735:
15673:
15649:
15644:
15639:
15634:
13825:
13810:
13770:
13765:
13639:
13561:
13556:
13466:
13170:
12867:"A Basic Introduction to the Science Underlying NCBI Resources"
12037:. California Department of Food and Agriculture. Archived from
9897:
9805:
Fry, S.C. (1989). "The Structure and Functions of Xyloglucan".
9709:, a New Early Seed Plant From the Upper Famennian of Belgium".
9647:
7845:
7482:
7452:
6888:
6735:
6405:
6369:
5367:
5308:
5283:
International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
5196:
5184:
5167:
5130:
5126:
5115:
5072:
4959:
4819:
4809:
4649:
4597:
4514:
4433:
4357:
4300:
4284:
4280:
4103:
4041:
3884:
3838:
3826:
3553:
3549:
3509:
3476:. Plant ecologists study the composition of local and regional
3411:
3291:
3276:
3225:
3186:
3182:
3111:
3057:
3008:
3000:
2942:
2765:
2640:) absorbs light in the blue-violet and orange/red parts of the
2535:
2472:
2460:
2362:
2313:
2177:
2153:
1909:
1865:
or 2,4-D was one of the first commercial synthetic herbicides.
1703:. No other cells can pass on inherited characters. The work of
1700:
1140:
1053:
1045:
925:
253:
66:
18202:
13032:
11009:"Phragmoplastin, Green Algae and the Evolution of Cytokinesis"
8481:. Botanical Gardens Conservation International. Archived from
8269:
8267:
8134:
8132:
7941:
7917:
7905:
7691:
7689:
7416:
7326:
7218:
6942:
6444:
4351:
4146:
has also been used to study some basic chloroplast functions.
4137:
related to that of land plants, making it useful for study. A
3951:. Some otherwise sterile plant polyploids can still reproduce
3496:
interactions with other species. Some ecologists even rely on
2357:
relationship with an early eukaryote, ultimately becoming the
1013:, founded from the 1540s onwards. One of the earliest was the
18794:
18207:
17905:
17619:
16242:
16176:
16098:
16066:
16023:
15915:
15857:
15852:
15847:
15835:
15820:
15789:
15710:
15368:
15359:
13956:
13855:
13787:
13775:
13513:
13461:
12802:
11252:. Vol. Regnum Vegetabile 154. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG.
10302:
8303:
7554:
7392:
7374:
6930:
6894:
6831:
6513:
6432:
6422:
6420:
6321:
5754:
5590:
5324:
5293:
5281:. The nomenclature of botanical organisms is codified in the
5238:
5221:
5192:
5162:
5092:
4757:
4684:
4531:
4509:
4429:
4389:
3971:. The commercial banana is an example of a sterile, seedless
3956:
3896:
3880:
3623:
3477:
3359:
3295:
3251:
Plants can synthesise coloured dyes and pigments such as the
3170:
3126:
3049:
2977:
2921:
2751:
2607:
2543:
2423:
2374:
2324:
2161:
2056:
2020:- the study of bacteria, fungi and algae respectively - with
1838:
1699:(1834–1914) proved that inheritance only takes place through
1550:
1534:
1518:
1148:
955:
951:
935:
929:
906:
899:
871:
249:
89:
12972:
11772:
11207:
8834:
8735:
Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences
7869:
7590:
7428:
7266:
7248:
7023:
6918:
6807:
6681:
6567:
6149:"The Victorian Gentlewoman Who Documented 900 Plant Species"
6068:
5984:
5974:
5972:
4318:
Unlike animals, many plant cells, particularly those of the
4176:
bacterium, can attach to plant cells and infect them with a
3979:
is a triploid that produces viable seeds by apomictic seed.
3165:
of botanical natural products. For example, the pain killer
1730:
was pioneered in the late 19th century by botanists such as
18579:
18298:
16093:
16088:
15740:
15580:
15555:
15550:
15534:
15393:
13835:
13820:
13760:
13436:
13325:
13281:
12952:
12885:
12315:(AP ed.). Belmomt, CA: Brooks/Cole, Cenpage Learning.
12056:
11576:
Raven, Peter H.; Evert, Ray H.; Eichhorn, Susan E. (2005).
11395:
Needham, Joseph; Lu, Gwei-djen; Huang, Hsing-Tsung (1986).
11006:
9986:"Botanical Contributions to Contemporary Ecological Theory"
9778:
Floros, John D.; Newsome, Rosetta; Fisher, William (2010).
9516:"Genome Relationships: The Grass Model in Current Research"
8351:
8327:
8315:
8279:
8264:
8216:
8204:
8180:
8168:
8129:
8043:
8001:
7893:
7857:
7833:
7773:
7761:
7749:
7737:
7725:
7701:
7686:
7626:
7578:
7290:
7158:
7080:
6876:
6759:
6723:
6591:
6381:
6357:
6231:
5876:
5858:
5056:
5052:
5028:
4484:). The young sporophyte develops within the seed, which on
4437:
4151:
3912:
3891:
habitats, where opportunities for fertilisation of flowers
3841:. This is one of several methods used by plants to promote
3763:
3662:, the analysis of fossil pollen deposits in sediments from
3633:
3627:
3303:
3299:
3229:
2468:
2464:
2452:
2448:
2272:
2256:
1135:. Botanical research has diverse applications in providing
917:
169:
17907:
17059:
An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants
13181:
11505:. New Naturalist series No. 97. London: HarperCollins UK.
11191:(5th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning.
11172:(3rd ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning.
11007:
López-Bautista, J.M.; Waters, D.A.; Chapman, R.L. (2003).
10914:
10748:
10413:
10238:
9494:
How Indians Use Wild Plants for Food, Medicine, and Crafts
8970:(8 ed.). San Francisco: Pearson – Benjamin Cummings.
8411:
8339:
8246:
7809:
7797:
7278:
7182:
6825:
6771:
6474:
6417:
6399:
6249:
6237:
6128:
6080:
5957:
5225:
A botanist preparing a plant specimen for mounting in the
5055:
and reproductive structures. The underground vascularised
3279:
traditionally used to dye denim and the artist's pigments
2957:(common table sugar) for export to the rest of the plant.
16013:
15575:
15222:
13614:
13082:
International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, Vienna Code
13056:
12103:
Writing for Science and Engineering: Papers, Presentation
11870:
Savidan, Y.H. (2000). "Apomixis: Genetics and Breeding".
11244:
9183:
8951:(2 ed.). Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning.
8258:
8025:
7971:
7347:
6969:
6561:
6333:
6261:
5969:
5894:
5480:
5188:
5043:) generally have aerial and subterranean subsystems. The
3603:
3591:
3492:
of plants to their environment, and their competitive or
3387:
1648:
and was among the first to grasp the significance of the
1144:
12936:. National Museum of Wales. July 4, 2007. Archived from
12932:
12660:"The Ecosystem: An Evolving Concept Viewed Historically"
10347:
7542:
7506:
7122:
6456:
6303:
6116:
6104:
6062:
4624:
are all different ways transport can occur. Examples of
4580:
gather energy directly from sunlight by photosynthesis.
3456:. The plant provides the bacteria with nutrients and an
950:". Traditionally, botany has also included the study of
13498:
13100:
12996:. University of Maryland Medical Center. Archived from
12563:
Paleobotany, The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants
12296:(3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
11522:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
11441:
11397:
Science and Civilisation in China, Vol. 6 Part 1 Botany
11304:
10604:
8602:
8375:
8150:
7785:
7566:
7236:
7062:
6981:
6864:
6699:
6501:
6189:
5846:
17621:
13084:. International Association for Plant Taxonomy. 2006.
10510:. Plant Cell Monographs. Vol. 13. pp. 1–39.
8363:
7977:
7821:
7398:
6783:
6639:
6627:
5996:
5933:
5923:
5921:
4556:
Five of the key areas of study within plant physiology
4229:
that cannot be explained by changes in the underlying
2633:(as well as its plant and green algal-specific cousin
2156:
and food that provide humans and other organisms with
1774:
to biology. Building on the extensive earlier work of
1398:
were founded in a number of Italian universities. The
61:, is the source of two valuable spices, the red aril (
10550:
9255:
Cone, Karen C.; Vedova, Chris B. Della (2004-06-01).
8965:
8868:(4th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
8399:
8162:
8123:
8111:
8084:
8072:
8055:
7887:
7530:
7368:
7134:
7074:
7035:
6801:
6747:
6669:
6621:
6609:
6579:
6537:
6525:
6485:
6483:
6273:
6201:
6177:
6165:
6020:
6008:
4500:, as well as the modern gymnosperms and angiosperms.
2949:
is used for the same purpose in the sunflower family
2431:
Virtually all staple foods come either directly from
2160:
with the chemical energy they need to exist. Plants,
12755:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
12472:(3rd ed.). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
12427:"The Scientific Roots of Modern Plant Biotechnology"
12214:
Identically Different: Why You Can Change Your Genes
12134:"Botanical symbols: a new symbol set for new images"
10440:
Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments
10396:
Aspirin : The Remarkable Story of a Wonder Drug
9743:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
9469:
8435:
8423:
8192:
7959:
7097:
7095:
7005:
6309:
6092:
6032:
5945:
5750:
5447:
in which characters have arisen independently. Some
3926:. This can occur early in development to produce an
3911:
that occur in plants. Apomixis can also happen in a
3590:
provide plants with nutrients in exchange for food,
2339:
are usually covered in introductory botany courses.
1119:. Dominant themes in 21st-century plant science are
12565:(2nd ed.). Amsterdam; Boston: Academic Press.
11937:
11659:"Dioecy and its Correlates in the Flowering Plants"
10706:"A Functional Phylogenomic View of the Seed Plants"
10136:
Plant Animal Interactions: An Evolutionary Approach
9777:
8992:. Glacier National Park, MT: Kessinger Publishing.
8562:"Streptophyte Algae and the Origin of Embryophytes"
7518:
7047:
6906:
6741:
6345:
6213:
5918:
5906:
5593:. Technological developments such as computers and
4797:, showing the touch-sensitive insect trap in action
4656:come from the chemical breakdown of soil minerals.
3678:densities and the leaf shapes and sizes of ancient
3582:beneficial relationships with plants. For example,
3472: – the environments where they complete their
2912:is initially in the form of electrons (and later a
1975:from most families of flowering plants enabled the
18429:
12560:
12386:
12330:Stewart, Wilson Nichols; Rothwell, Gar W. (1993).
12032:"California Noxious and Invasive Weed Action Plan"
11600:
11577:
11575:
11442:Padmanabhan, Meenu S.; Dinesh-Kumar, S.P. (2010).
11373:
10607:"Use of DNA Barcodes to Identify Flowering Plants"
10581:
10415:
10207:Hoek, Christiaan; Mann, D.G.; Jahns, H.M. (2005).
10075:
8925:
8777:Tracking Environmental Change Using Lake Sediments
8020:National Center for Biotechnology Information 2004
7995:
7680:
7476:
6480:
5882:
4492:stage. Following the evolution of the seed habit,
4048:of DNA, forming one of the smallest genomes among
1821:between plants and the atmosphere. Innovations in
30:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see
18378:
18102:
12915:The Plant List (superseded by World Flora Online)
12788:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
12625:"University of California Museum of Paleontology"
12190:
11974:
11559:The Pollination of Flowers, New Naturalist series
9785:. Institute of Food Technologists. Archived from
9578:"New Technologies for 21st Century Plant Science"
9011:(2nd ed.). Portland, OR: Timber Publishing.
8752:Bennett, Charles E.; Hammond, William A. (1902).
8298:International Association for Plant Taxonomy 2006
8090:
7500:
7441:Rochaix, Goldschmidt-Clermont & Merchant 1998
7308:
7092:
3216:from tobacco. Most alcoholic beverages come from
3103:. Some of these compounds are toxins such as the
2673:incorporates carbon dioxide into sugar molecules.
2168:are the major groups of organisms that carry out
1817:have enabled precise description of the rates of
1479:, and a short time later in living plant tissue.
18946:
17931:
17035:Pflanzengeographie auf Physiologischer Grundlage
16972:Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis
13040:. University of California-Davis. Archived from
10949:
9337:"'Open Minded' Cells: How Cells Can Change Fate"
7935:
7101:
6543:
6044:
5479:, which uses molecular characters, particularly
4526:produce seeds enclosed in a structure such as a
3813:crosses between wild species and their hybrids.
2614:. Chloroplasts are thought to be descended from
18610:
12561:Taylor, T.N.; Taylor, E.L.; Krings, M. (2009).
12329:
10611:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
10309:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
10096:
9576:Ehrhardt, D.W.; Frommer, W.B. (February 2012).
9575:
9377:
8906:"Angiosperm Origins: A Monocots-First Scenario"
8516:
7668:
7488:
6375:
6363:
4917:
4164:are commonly used to study plant cell biology.
4090:are used for studying the molecular biology of
3064:have since independently evolved pathways like
2455:, maize, rice, wheat and other cereal grasses,
2180:into the atmosphere, a gas that is required by
1790:, and evolutionary history of economic plants.
1734:, who produced the hypothesis that plants form
18560:
18209:
12934:"Early Herbals – The German Fathers of Botany"
12909:
12845:
12348:
12230:
11656:
11519:
11500:
11394:
11189:Botany : An Introduction to Plant Biology
11170:Botany : An Introduction to Plant Biology
10667:
10158:"The History and Functions of Botanic Gardens"
10133:
10043:Plant Evolution and the Origin of Crop Species
9700:
9120:
9025:
8751:
7839:
7656:
7620:
7464:
7332:
7320:
7212:
7200:
7176:
6777:
6717:
6573:
6086:
5990:
5963:
5900:
4705:Extra growth on that side causes the shoot to
3758:by studying inherited traits such as shape in
17751:
17599:
16487:
15238:
14739:
13197:
13127:The State of the World's Plants Report – 2016
12729:
12099:
11153:. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.
10917:"Computational aspects of systematic biology"
10893:Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940).
10206:
9940:
9817:
8774:
8755:The Characters of Theophrastus – Introduction
8309:
7224:
6948:
6134:
6074:
5864:
5261:– grouping organisms by ancestry rather than
3903:with asexual reproduction and giving rise to
3161:come directly from plants. Others are simple
2530:. Others make specialised materials like the
2028:(land plants) is disambiguated as phytology.
1664:that enabled the calculation of the rates of
1489:Taxonomy (biology) § History of taxonomy
828:
16948:Traité d'Anatomie et de Physiologie Végétale
16344:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
12684:
12580:Thompson, James E.; Fry, Stephen C. (2001).
12233:The Journal of the Linnean Society of London
11840:
10892:
10855:
10505:
10468:
10097:Heinhorst, S.; Cannon, G.C. (January 1993).
9983:
9413:Islam, Science, and the Challenge of History
9139:
9035:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B
8458:Acharya, Deepak; Anshu, Shrivastava (2008).
8457:
8393:
8234:
7608:
7152:
6936:
6852:
6813:
6765:
6411:
5852:
4250:, while others are reset in the germ cells.
3899:, may develop instead of flowers, replacing
3125:), and in medicine as pharmaceuticals as in
2984:that protects land plants from drying out.
1956:designed for traits such as improved yield.
1626:
1529:) or more closely related to the natural or
1517:, where unidentified plants are placed into
1314:as the "Father of Botany". His major works,
12748:
12643:
12579:
10579:
9882:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.
9849:
8984:
8732:
8559:
7851:
7644:
7272:
7260:
6924:
6900:
6693:
6597:
6450:
6327:
6291:
5249:. Modern taxonomy is rooted in the work of
5175:are seed-producing plants with open seeds.
4664:are transported by a variety of processes.
3982:As in other eukaryotes, the inheritance of
2932:to produce molecules of the 3-carbon sugar
2040:(or graminology) for the study of grasses,
1991:is the subject of active current research.
1809:of water vapour and carbon dioxide through
1722:Class of alpine botany in Switzerland, 1936
1348:
1332:
18924:
17606:
17592:
16494:
16480:
15245:
15231:
14746:
14732:
13204:
13190:
12803:The Arabidopsis Genome Initiative (2000).
12783:
12467:
12353:(3rd ed.). Harlow, England: Longman.
11556:
10418:Plant Systematics, a Phylogenetic Approach
10060:
10023:. Arizona State University. Archived from
9618:
9254:
7947:
7923:
7911:
7572:
7188:
7000:University of Maryland Medical Center 2011
6729:
6438:
6387:
5002:
3883:in potato is one example. Particularly in
3781:are often possible. A familiar example is
3729:
2676:
1952:, as well as the practical application of
835:
821:
18478:
18227:
17553:Timeline of biology and organic chemistry
16743:of Nicolaus of Damascus c. 1st century BC
15212:Timeline of biology and organic chemistry
12828:
12766:
12675:
12597:
12514:
12504:
12450:
12334:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
12149:
12082:
12029:
11977:Genetic Engineering for Nitrogen Fixation
11802:
11700:Rochaix, J.D.; Goldschmidt-Clermont, M.;
11459:
11342:
11102:
11067:
11024:
10967:
10950:Lin, Z.; Zhong, S.; Grierson, D. (2009).
10932:
10774:
10731:
10721:
10640:
10630:
10515:
10330:
10320:
10264:
10213:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
10001:
9966:
9915:
9683:
9673:
9601:
9547:
9510:
9384:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
9378:Cousens, Roger; Mortimer, Martin (1995).
9335:Costa, Silvia; Shaw, Peter (March 2007).
9334:
9288:
9160:
9111:
9054:
8882:
8809:
8715:
8697:
8585:
8534:
8044:López-Bautista, Waters & Chapman 2003
7560:
7404:
7380:
6753:
6585:
5245:. Biological classification is a form of
4982:cells and those of the green algal order
4966:than in animal cells and the presence of
4687:(pink) is evenly distributed in its tip.
4257:biology serve to regulate the process of
4036:, a weedy species in the mustard family (
3740:depicting a cross between two pea plants
3196:are obtained by chemical modification of
3091:
2565:, some of which can be seen here through
2479:with the most desirable characteristics.
2299:, nurtures the developing diploid embryo
16812:Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes
16288:International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)
12786:Domestication of Plants in the Old World
12622:
12486:
12332:Paleobiology and the Evolution of Plants
12138:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
11584:(7th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman.
11422:
11406:Biophysical Plant Physiology and Ecology
11399:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
11148:
10392:
10082:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
9701:Fairon-Demaret, Muriel (October 1996). "
9491:
9416:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
9305:
9257:"Paramutation: The Chromatin Connection"
9149:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
8737:. Vol. 1. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
8606:; Osborne, C.P.; Chaloner, W.G. (2001).
8560:Becker, Burkhard; Marin, Birger (2009).
8497:
8476:
8345:
7596:
7140:
7011:
6975:
6837:
6658:Cleveland Museum of Natural History 2012
6098:
5951:
5939:
5720:List of botanists by author abbreviation
5613:(Jupiter) for herbaceous perennials and
5220:
4921:
4914:in a plant that are sensitive to light.
4781:
4671:
4576:, including all green plants, algae and
4551:
4350:
4011:
3634:Plants, climate and environmental change
3431:
2422:
2137:
1867:
1766:. Clements is credited with the idea of
1717:
1670:
1628:Grundzüge der Wissenschaftlichen Botanik
1492:
1276:, the study and use of plants for their
1201:
46:
14753:
13123:
13016:. Cleveland Museum of Natural History.
12730:Yaniv, Zohara; Bachrach, Uriel (2005).
12531:
12468:Taiz, Lincoln; Zeiger, Eduardo (2002).
12370:The Natural History of Medicinal Plants
12211:
12131:
11869:
11819:
11710:. Dordrecht, Germany: Kluwer Academic.
11476:
11427:(in German). Wien: Sammlung De Nobili.
11277:
11186:
11167:
10984:
10807:. Australian National Botanic Gardens.
10165:Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
10039:
9943:"The Path from C3 to C4 Photosynthesis"
9230:Cocking, Edward C. (October 18, 1993).
9229:
9085:
8923:
8462:. Jaipur, India: Aavishkar Publishers.
8441:
8429:
8381:
8357:
8333:
8321:
8285:
8273:
8222:
8210:
8186:
8174:
8138:
8031:
8007:
7899:
7863:
7791:
7779:
7767:
7755:
7743:
7731:
7707:
7695:
7632:
7584:
7536:
7353:
7296:
7164:
7128:
7086:
6645:
6462:
6426:
6351:
6255:
6243:
6026:
6002:
5888:
5149:. Leaves gather sunlight and carry out
4723:Plants are not passive, but respond to
3532:and dominant plants as well as similar
2133:
1291:Modern botany traces its roots back to
14:
18947:
16956:Recherches Chimiques sur la Végétation
12897:from the original on September 8, 2017
12873:from the original on February 16, 2002
12657:
12424:
12367:
12288:
12251:
11900:
11371:
11084:
10952:"Recent Advances in Ethylene Research"
10443:. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
10422:. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
10281:
10121:from the original on February 26, 2013
10073:
9875:
9863:from the original on February 10, 2023
9818:Gordh, Gordon; Headrick, D.H. (2001).
9737:
9441:
9409:
9162:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x
8903:
8762:from the original on February 10, 2023
8517:Armstrong, G.A.; Hearst, J.E. (1996).
8417:
8369:
7875:
7827:
7815:
7803:
7524:
7284:
6789:
6489:
6339:
6279:
6267:
6195:
6183:
6110:
6014:
5978:
5912:
5394:Two cacti of very different appearance
3686:can expose plants to higher levels of
2953:. Some of the glucose is converted to
2005:Botany is divided along several axes.
1482:
18201:
17587:
16501:
16475:
15226:
15207:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
14727:
13185:
13088:from the original on January 26, 2021
12980:from the original on January 31, 1998
12960:from the original on October 16, 2012
12956:. National Science Foundation. 1989.
12631:from the original on February 4, 2009
12627:. University of California-Berkeley.
12349:Stover, R.H.; Simmonds, N.W. (1987).
12310:
12216:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
12158:
11657:Renner, S.S.; Ricklefs, R.E. (1995).
11603:A Short History of the Plant Sciences
11403:
10823:
9711:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
9242:from the original on November 9, 2012
9006:
8405:
8198:
7237:Beerling, Osborne & Chaloner 2001
6633:
6315:
6207:
6171:
6122:
6038:
5460:) or those left over from ancestors (
4401:, sister to the green algal division
4225:is the study of heritable changes in
4001:
3744:for purple (B) and white (b) blossoms
2987:Plants synthesise a number of unique
2513:
1994:
1908:, the relationship between the plant
1872:Micropropagation of transgenic plants
1782:(1887–1943) produced accounts of the
1686:
14698:
13020:from the original on August 11, 2014
12911:"Bryophytes (Mosses and liverworts)"
12784:Zohary, Daniel; Hopf, Maria (2000).
11735:
11611:
11598:
11501:Porley, Ron; Hodgetts, Nick (2005).
11448:Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions
11127:
11041:
10802:
10436:
10152:
10018:
8946:
8863:
8783:
8096:
7983:
7548:
7512:
6987:
6705:
6549:
6219:
6146:
6050:
5927:
5210:
5096:leaf, as is the case with plants in
3212:from coffee, tea and chocolate, and
2295:phase of embryophytes, known as the
1509:During the 18th century, systems of
1328:, almost seventeen centuries later.
1076:to classify plants more accurately.
982:(of which approximately 369,000 are
978:, including some 391,000 species of
14708:
13060:. Missouri Botanical Garden. 2009.
12193:Current Issues in Molecular Biology
11134:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
10210:Algae: An Introduction to Phycology
10134:Herrera, C.M.; Pellmyr, O. (2002).
10063:Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche
9984:Grime, J.P.; Hodgson, J.G. (1987).
9804:
9232:"Obituary: Professor F. C. Steward"
8837:Chemosphere – Global Change Science
8758:. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
8477:Addelson, Barbara (December 2003).
7417:University of California-Davis 2012
6912:
6865:Padmanabhan & Dinesh-Kumar 2010
5834:. Internet Archive. 27 January 2021
5642:⚲ vegetative (asexual) reproduction
5621:(Saturn) for neuter in addition to
5110:– which can dedifferentiate into a
4572:, is the basis of almost all life.
4541:
4287:, gives rise to the many different
3011:, a polymer used to strengthen the
2964:, including synthesising all their
2916:) that's used to make molecules of
1405:University of Oxford Botanic Garden
1339:, a five-volume encyclopedia about
993:Botany originated in prehistory as
24:
17011:Experiments on Plant Hybridization
16964:Beyträge zur Anatomie der Pflanzen
13625:Evolutionary developmental biology
13064:from the original on June 24, 2006
12644:Went, F.W.; Thimann, K.V. (1937).
12245:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1939.tb01598.x
11855:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a088338
10580:Kolattukudy, Pappachan E. (1996).
10138:. Hoboken, NJ: Blackwell Science.
10046:. Cambridge, MA: CABI Publishing.
10003:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1987.tb04695.x
9824:. Cambridge, MA: CABI Publishing.
9125:. Cheltenham, UK: Nelson Thornes.
7960:Demole, Lederer & Mercier 1962
7393:Arabidopsis Genome Initiative 2000
4377:relationship between an ancestral
4340:
3934:), or during gamete formation. An
3664:thousands or millions of years ago
3255:responsible for the red colour of
3240:and then in turn has been used by
2928:of the Calvin cycle by the enzyme
2610:" have unique organelles known as
2412:
1632:, published in English in 1849 as
1052:and the structure and function of
25:
18966:
17043:Variation and Evolution in Plants
16293:ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
13650:Post-transcriptional modification
13163:
12734:. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press.
12106:. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
11979:. Vol. 9. pp. 159–179.
11903:Journal of the History of Biology
11292:from the original on June 9, 2015
10811:from the original on June 8, 2008
10099:"DNA Replication in Chloroplasts"
8887:. Ohio University. Archived from
6742:Floros, Newsome & Fisher 2010
6682:Botanical Society of America 2013
5735:List of systems of plant taxonomy
4888:, first isolated from the oil of
4667:
3849:when referring to vascular plant
2275:. Embryophytes are multicellular
2083:). The study of fossil plants is
2044:for the study of composites, and
1916:in 1902 that all plant cells are
18923:
17566:
17565:
16667:
16456:
16455:
14707:
14697:
14688:
14687:
14675:
14026:
13169:
12976:. Botanical Society of America.
12751:"Ronald Aylmer Fisher 1890–1962"
12677:10.1111/j.1365-2435.1997.00081.x
12599:10.1046/j.1365-313x.2001.01005.x
12487:Takaichi, Shinichi (June 2011).
12151:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01021.x
11695:from the original on 2017-10-24.
11280:"Taxonomy and Arboreturm Design"
11151:Lisa; An Ancient Egyptian Herbal
11104:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01755.x
11044:"Evolution of Sucrose Synthesis"
10202:from the original on 2022-10-09.
9941:Gowik, U.; Westhoff, P. (2010).
9917:10.1111/j.1600-0854.2007.00545.x
9859:. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
7996:Raven, Evert & Eichhorn 2005
7681:Taylor, Taylor & Krings 2009
7338:
6232:National Science Foundation 1989
5877:Online Etymology Dictionary 2012
5767:
5753:
5414:
5400:
5287:International Botanical Congress
5051:bearing green photosynthesising
4950:composed of the polysaccharides
3871:Unlike in higher animals, where
3421:
3330:, a pure form of carbon made by
2792:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2692:
2686:
2554:
2538:used to build their bodies, and
2443:. The modern forms of the major
1256:
1242:
1228:
968:International Botanical Congress
802:
801:
788:
88:
17498:History of evolutionary thought
17468:History of agricultural science
13112:from the original on 2018-10-19
12921:from the original on 2017-06-06
12313:The Unity and Diversity of Life
12179:from the original on 2023-02-10
12132:Simpson, Niki (February 2010).
12120:from the original on 2023-02-10
12100:Silyn-Roberts, Heather (2000).
11724:from the original on 2023-02-10
11408:. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.
11266:from the original on 2013-11-04
10995:from the original on 2023-02-10
10903:from the original on 2021-02-24
10844:from the original on 2023-02-10
10791:from the original on 2021-12-10
10767:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.4168.x
10691:from the original on 2023-02-10
10457:from the original on 2023-02-10
10305:"A DNA Barcode for Land Plants"
10227:from the original on 2023-02-10
9886:from the original on 2023-02-10
9838:from the original on 2023-02-10
9807:Journal of Experimental Biology
9564:from the original on 2008-06-07
9458:from the original on 2016-10-14
9445:The Power of Movement in Plants
9430:from the original on 2023-02-10
9398:from the original on 2023-02-10
9172:from the original on 2016-03-03
9074:from the original on 2011-01-10
9026:Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2004).
8912:from the original on 2012-10-23
8660:from the original on 2010-09-20
7309:Sobotka, Sáková & Curn 2000
7102:TeachEthnobotany (2012-06-12),
7048:Scharlemann & Laurance 2008
6140:
5788:
4741:, and the pollinia of orchids.
4428:that lack the vascular tissues
4409:and the land plant sub-kingdom
4333:Epigenetic changes can lead to
3823:self-incompatibility mechanisms
3342:fuel, as a filter material and
3177:, originally isolated from the
2395:biologically invasive organisms
1835:Rothamsted Experimental Station
1738:, and his mentor and successor
1634:Principles of Scientific Botany
1460:(1522–1605) was considered the
1197:
1023:binomial system of nomenclature
18934:Current definitions of Plantae
17523:History of molecular evolution
17391:Andreas Franz Wilhelm Schimper
16940:Die Metamorphose der Pflantzen
16689:Natural History Museum, London
13133:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
12749:Yates, F.; Mather, K. (1963).
12687:Journal of Molecular Evolution
12294:New Flora of the British Isles
12162:Dynamics of Biological Systems
10956:Journal of Experimental Botany
8928:Processes of Vegetation Change
8502:. Pentland, OR: Timber Press.
7936:Lin, Zhong & Grierson 2009
6562:Missouri Botanical Garden 2009
5820:
5285:(ICN) and administered by the
4347:Evolutionary history of plants
4211:
4204:to plants and the creation of
3702:is essential to understanding
3460:environment, and the bacteria
2976:out of and making the polymer
2347:evolutionary history of plants
2067:is the study of woody plants.
1924:ultimately enabled the use of
1863:2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
1805:from the leaf surface and the
1553:and the second identified the
13:
1:
16780:Libellus De Re Herbaria Novus
12165:. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
11557:Proctor, M.; Yeo, P. (1973).
11486:. Bologna: Mimesis Edizioni.
8908:. Chicago: The Field Museum.
8857:10.1016/S1465-9972(99)00038-0
7501:Schell & Van Montagu 1977
6063:National Museum of Wales 2007
5809:
4990:as a template for building a
4898:response to pathogen attack.
4818:, and is a derivative of the
3224:-rich plant products such as
2905:The light energy captured by
2283:. They have life cycles with
2051:Study can also be divided by
1547:modern botanical nomenclature
1513:were developed comparable to
1450:
1383:. In the early 13th century,
1300:
1278:possible medicinal properties
1206:An engraving of the cells of
17518:History of molecular biology
17453:History of plant systematics
17289:Nicolas-Théodore de Saussure
16995:Vergleichende Untersuchungen
16820:Prodromus Theatrici Botanici
16334:History of plant systematics
15921:Thorns, spines, and prickles
12732:Handbook of Medicinal Plants
11985:10.1007/978-1-4684-0880-5_12
11222:10.1016/0378-8741(92)90036-q
11210:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
11131:Secondary Metabolism, 2nd ed
10723:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002411
9731:10.1016/0034-6667(95)00127-1
9381:Dynamics of Weed Populations
8786:"Perceptions of Epigenetics"
8498:Anderson, Edward F. (2001).
8261:, p. Preamble, para. 7.
5964:Needham, Lu & Huang 1986
5814:
5700:Glossary of plant morphology
5609:(Mars) for biennial plants,
5145:plants or in the process of
4986:divide by construction of a
4918:Plant anatomy and morphology
4896:systemic acquired resistance
4762:
4424:Nonvascular land plants are
3394:, important alternatives to
3356:Products made from cellulose
3066:Crassulacean acid metabolism
2528:crassulacean acid metabolism
2243:(gymnosperms, including the
1742:whose system for describing
942:
907:
7:
17217:Joseph Pitton de Tournefort
16932:Experiments Upon Vegetables
13211:
12891:Online Etymology Dictionary
10921:Briefings in Bioinformatics
10671:; Turner, Nancy J. (1991).
10526:10.1007/978-3-540-68696-5_1
10393:Jeffreys, Diarmuid (2005).
10282:Hunter, Philip (May 2008).
10021:"Why Study Photosynthesis?"
9876:Greene, Edward Lee (1909).
9853:; Sargent, Charles (1889).
9308:Quarterly Review of Biology
9028:"Only Six Kingdoms of Life"
8990:Origin of Cultivated Plants
8904:Burger, William C. (2013).
8536:10.1096/fasebj.10.2.8641556
7669:Stewart & Rothwell 1993
7489:Heinhorst & Cannon 1993
7063:Washington Post 18 Aug 2015
6376:Ehrhardt & Frommer 2012
6364:Cousens & Mortimer 1995
6135:Hoek, Mann & Jahns 2005
5725:List of domesticated plants
5695:Glossary of botanical terms
5677:
5263:superficial characteristics
3922:may occur due to errors in
3756:genetic laws of inheritance
3717:
3566:eat plants, but plants can
3524:in groups, populations and
3185:trees, and a wide range of
2926:light-independent reactions
2856:Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
2649:, a process that generates
2494:in agriculture and natural
2048:for the study of brambles.
1652:that had been described by
1605:Bentham & Hooker system
1437:of lasting importance, the
1381:The Classification of Soils
1341:preliminary herbal medicine
986:) and approximately 20,000
65:) enclosing the dark brown
10:
18971:
17277:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
17079:Alternation of generations
16860:De Sexu Plantarum Epistola
16767:of Albertus Magnus c. 1256
16709:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
16150:Alternation of generations
15252:
13058:"Plants and Life on Earth"
12372:. New York: Timber Press.
11822:Canadian Journal of Botany
11666:American Journal of Botany
11561:. London: Harper Collins.
11380:. London: Academic Press.
11345:American Journal of Botany
11187:Mauseth, James D. (2012).
11168:Mauseth, James D. (2003).
10858:American Journal of Botany
10586:. In Kerstiens, G. (ed.).
10040:Hancock, James F. (2004).
9821:A Dictionary of Entomology
9492:Densmore, Frances (1974).
8450:
7465:Possingham & Rose 1976
7333:Porley & Hodgetts 2005
7321:Renner & Ricklefs 1995
7213:Herrera & Pellmyr 2002
7201:Herrera & Pellmyr 2002
7177:Herrera & Pellmyr 2002
6778:Kuhnlein & Turner 1991
6718:Stover & Simmonds 1987
6147:Ross, Ailsa (2015-04-22).
6087:Sprague & Sprague 1939
5991:Bennett & Hammond 1902
5745:Timeline of British botany
5600:
5579:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
5384:have spines produced from
5214:
4712:
4545:
4344:
4311:, etc. as it continues to
4215:
4206:genetically modified crops
4005:
3721:
3425:
3208:come from plants, such as
2934:glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
2463:and plantains, as well as
2416:
1998:
1977:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
1965:phylogenetic relationships
1954:genetically modified crops
1748:temperate broadleaf forest
1486:
1445:(1516–1565) and herbalist
1418:(1489–1534) and physician
1190:
1186:
1109:evolutionary relationships
1062:molecular genetic analysis
936:
930:
900:
29:
18906:
18822:
18781:
18670:
18655:
18606:
18597:
18556:
18536:
18525:
18474:
18465:
18425:
18410:
18406:
18366:
18362:
18297:
18270:
18238:
18223:
18219:
18197:
18145:
18129:
18111:
18065:
18061:
17995:
17974:
17962:
17958:
17927:
17898:
17876:
17858:
17806:
17786:
17766:
17762:
17747:
17631:
17561:
17458:Systems of plant taxonomy
17430:
17117:
17094:Phylogenetic nomenclature
17069:
16916:Systema Naturae, 10th ed.
16735:of Theophrastus c. 300 BC
16717:
16676:
16665:
16509:
16451:
16399:
16363:
16300:Cultivated plant taxonomy
16263:Biological classification
16253:
16126:
16042:
15938:
15888:
15613:
15543:
15486:
15448:
15422:
15358:
15278:
15260:
15194:
14761:
14669:
14638:
14200:
14170:
14136:Polymerase chain reaction
14096:Green fluorescent protein
14046:
14035:
14024:
13932:
13864:
13796:
13736:
13673:Earliest known life forms
13658:
13605:
13522:
13429:
13269:
13260:
13219:
12390:Nature Structural Biology
12030:Schoening, Steve (2005).
11915:10.1007/s10739-008-9161-0
11884:10.1002/9780470650158.ch2
11777:sucrose export defective1
11607:. New York: Ronald Press.
11477:Panaino, Antonio (2002).
11423:Oberlies, Thomas (1998).
11320:10.1007/s00299-002-0544-y
10988:An introduction to botany
10830:. Leiden: Brill Archive.
9514:; Gale, M.D. (May 2000).
9356:10.1016/j.tcb.2006.12.005
8947:Butz, Stephen D. (2007).
8784:Bird, Adrian (May 2007).
8733:Ben-Menahem, Ari (2009).
7225:Bennett & Willis 2001
6949:Gowik & Westhoff 2010
6294:, pp. 9–25, 450–465.
6075:Yaniv & Bachrach 2005
5901:The Plant List & 2013
5865:Gordh & Headrick 2001
5715:List of botanical gardens
5542:
5527:
5520:
5505:
5498:
5009:A diagram of a "typical"
4808:). The natural cytokinin
4770:. The first known auxin,
4626:elements that plants need
4169:Agrobacterium tumefaciens
4123:Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
4030:such as the Thale cress,
3825:that operate between the
3670:concentrations since the
3504:Plants depend on certain
3408:American Chemical Society
3275:, source of the blue dye
3267:used together to produce
2885:Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate
2373:the ancient oxygen-free,
1878:organic chemical analysis
1847:Frederick Campion Steward
1462:father of natural history
1394:In the mid-16th century,
1179:, and the maintenance of
741:List of unsolved problems
40:Botanist (disambiguation)
17488:History of biotechnology
17319:Matthias Jakob Schleiden
17003:On the Origin of Species
16987:Die Vegetabilische Zelle
16160:Evolutionary development
11599:Reed, Howard S. (1942).
11372:Morton, Alan G. (1981).
10677:. Taylor & Francis.
10399:. New York: Bloomsbury.
10241:"The Origin of Plastids"
9485:10.1002/hlca.19620450233
9442:Darwin, Charles (1880).
8949:Science of Earth Systems
8885:"What is Plant Biology?"
8883:Braselton, J.P. (2013).
8235:Sattler & Jeune 1992
7153:Grime & Hodgson 1987
6937:Kenrick & Crane 1997
6853:Lewis & McCourt 2004
6814:Kim & Archibald 2009
6766:Acharya & Anshu 2008
6412:Sattler & Jeune 1992
5853:Liddell & Scott 1940
5781:
5277:. It includes ranks and
4812:was discovered in corn,
4259:cellular differentiation
4186:horizontal gene transfer
3938:plant may result from a
3674:have been obtained from
3652:impact of climate change
3484:, genetic diversity and
3242:pharmaceutical companies
2522:like the photosynthetic
2122:, horticultural botany,
1849:pioneered techniques of
1750:changes by a process of
1579:Increasing knowledge of
1306:–287 BCE), a student of
1177:environmental management
934:is in turn derived from
736:List of research methods
36:Botanic (disambiguation)
17528:History of paleontology
17478:History of biochemistry
17223:Rudolf Jakob Camerarius
17019:Die Vegetation der Erde
16791:of Hieronymus Bock 1539
16751:of Dioscorides c. 60 AD
16694:Orto botanico di Padova
16584:Molecular phylogenetics
15811:Hypanthium (Floral cup)
14188:species discovery curve
13316:Response to environment
12368:Sumner, Judith (2000).
12159:Small, Michael (2012).
11952:10.1126/science.1153103
11461:10.1094/MPMI-05-10-0113
11425:Die Religion des Rgveda
11149:Manniche, Lisa (2006).
11085:Lüttge, Ulrich (2006).
10632:10.1073/pnas.0503123102
10322:10.1073/pnas.0905845106
10185:2027/hvd.32044102800596
10103:Journal of Cell Science
9633:10.1023/A:1006556627052
9086:Chaffey, Nigel (2007).
8932:. London: Unwin Hyman.
8699:10.1073/pnas.0601738103
7852:Went & Thimann 1937
7645:Becker & Marin 2009
6925:Thompson & Fry 2001
6891:, pp. 11487–11492.
6516:, pp. 12794–12797.
6451:Gray & Sargent 1889
6328:Yates & Mather 1963
5705:List of botany journals
5477:molecular phylogenetics
5267:molecular phylogenetics
4683:with the sun overhead.
4383:cyanobacterial resident
4196:in the root nodules of
4143:Cyanidioschyzon merolae
4065:Brachypodium distachyon
3945:reproductively isolated
3895:are rare, plantlets or
3688:ultraviolet radiation-B
3598:to provide protection,
3578:. Other organisms form
2647:oxygenic photosynthesis
2563:photosynthetic pigments
2251:) and the free-sporing
1969:Molecular phylogenetics
1967:between plants. Modern
1668:in biological systems.
1322:On the Causes of Plants
1021:and led in 1753 to the
209:Response to environment
32:Botany (disambiguation)
17473:History of agriculture
17313:Joakim Frederik Schouw
17295:Alexander von Humboldt
17099:Spontaneous generation
17051:Ontogeny and Phylogeny
16828:Pinax theatri botanici
16426:by author abbreviation
16350:Plant taxonomy systems
16268:Botanical nomenclature
14821:Biological engineering
14661:Plant morphology terms
14265:Biological engineering
13947:Biological interaction
12768:10.1098/rsbm.1963.0006
12653:. New York: Macmillan.
12623:Waggoner, Ben (2001).
12443:10.1105/tpc.108.058735
11872:Plant Breeding Reviews
11542:10.1098/rspb.1976.0047
11285:. Harvard University.
11278:Medbury, Scot (1993).
10870:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1535
10824:Levey, Martin (1973).
10656:Supporting Information
10565:10.1002/chin.200536238
10257:10.1098/rstb.2008.0050
10074:Harris, Henry (2000).
9900:"Chloroplast Division"
9755:10.1098/rsbm.1995.0033
9675:10.1073/pnas.172390399
9621:Biology and Philosophy
9594:10.1105/tpc.111.093302
9496:. Dover Publications.
9473:Helvetica Chimica Acta
9410:Dallal, Ahmad (2010).
9344:Trends in Cell Biology
9047:10.1098/rspb.2004.2705
8924:Burrows, W.J. (1990).
7948:Taiz & Zeiger 2002
7924:Taiz & Zeiger 2002
7912:Taiz & Zeiger 2002
7573:Cone & Vedova 2004
7189:Proctor & Yeo 1973
7024:McCutcheon et al. 1992
6730:Zohary & Hopf 2000
5666:🛈 further information
5638:hermaphrodite/bisexual
5229:
5207:process combinations.
5195:) and bark (secondary
5135:reproduce vegetatively
4932:
4798:
4733:, the insect traps of
4710:
4557:
4478:spore-producing organs
4362:
4253:Epigenetic changes in
4023:
3648:historical climatology
3465:
3453:Sinorhizobium meliloti
3145:(active ingredient in
3114:. Others, such as the
3092:Medicine and materials
2980:which is found in the
2847:1,3-biphosphoglycerate
2428:
2149:
1873:
1861:. The synthetic auxin
1723:
1713:Anatomy of Seed Plants
1683:
1627:
1611:'s publication of the
1506:
1475:(a term he coined) in
1400:Padua botanical garden
1385:Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati
1349:
1333:
1221:
1015:Padua botanical garden
726:List of biology awards
334:Biological engineering
70:
57:, a species native to
17548:Philosophy of biology
17385:William Gilson Farlow
17283:Carl Ludwig Willdenow
16868:Éléments de botanique
16855:of John Ray 1686–1704
16772:Herbarum Vivae Icones
16699:Orto botanico di Pisa
16433:Botanical expeditions
14906:Developmental biology
14881:Computational biology
14861:Cellular microbiology
14348:Developmental biology
14323:Computational biology
14303:Cellular microbiology
13645:Mendelian inheritance
13557:Energy transformation
12658:Willis, A.J. (1997).
12311:Starr, Cecie (2009).
12212:Spector, Tim (2012).
11503:Mosses and Liverworts
11026:10.1099/ijs.0.02561-0
10437:Karp, Gerald (2009).
10284:"What Genes Remember"
10078:The Birth of the Cell
10019:Gust, Devens (1996).
9959:10.1104/pp.110.165308
9703:Dorinnotheca streelii
9007:Capon, Brian (2005).
8986:de Candolle, Alphonse
8891:on September 24, 2015
8046:, pp. 1715–1718.
7878:, pp. 1189–1198.
7623:, pp. 1251–1262.
7561:Costa & Shaw 2007
7405:Devos & Gale 2000
7263:, pp. 5369–5370.
6966:, pp. 9118–9123.
6964:Benderoth et al. 2006
6879:, pp. 1700–1709.
6867:, pp. 1368–1380.
6855:, pp. 1535–1556.
6840:, pp. 1101–1118.
6828:, pp. 2675–2685.
6696:, pp. 5367–5368.
6504:, pp. 8369–8374.
5422:Echinocactus grusonii
5279:binomial nomenclature
5224:
5215:Further information:
5181:seed-producing plants
4925:
4891:Jasminum grandiflorum
4792:
4713:Further information:
4675:
4555:
4546:Further information:
4354:
4328:chromatin remodelling
4297:xylem vessel elements
4161:Physcomitrella patens
4015:
4006:Further information:
3963:allopolyploid, while
3770:" were discovered by
3650:, and the biological
3570:and some species are
3435:
3232:) and grapes (wine).
2667:(Interactive diagram)
2477:wild ancestral plants
2426:
2417:Further information:
2145:Athyrium filix-femina
2141:
1979:to publish in 1998 a
1871:
1756:Henry Chandler Cowles
1752:ecological succession
1721:
1674:
1496:
1487:Further information:
1355:medieval Muslim world
1272:Botany originated as
1205:
1151:and drugs, in modern
1099:, chemical products,
1087:and differentiation,
874:life and a branch of
417:Developmental biology
392:Computational biology
372:Cellular microbiology
50:
18929:List of plant orders
18809:Pinopsida (conifers)
18795:Cycadopsida (cycads)
18787:(living gymnosperms)
18284:Leiosporocerotopsida
18003:Nephroselmidophyceae
17533:History of phycology
17361:Nathanael Pringsheim
17259:José Celestino Mutis
17139:Pedanius Dioscorides
16924:Familles des Plantes
16900:Philosophia Botanica
16796:De plantis libri XVI
16165:Evolutionary history
16155:Double fertilization
16007:Cellular respiration
15126:Reproductive biology
15011:Mathematical biology
14936:Evolutionary biology
14886:Conservation biology
14568:Reproductive biology
14453:Mathematical biology
14378:Evolutionary biology
14328:Conservation biology
14141:Two-hybrid screening
14111:Protein purification
13942:Biogeochemical cycle
13904:Internal environment
13552:Cellular respiration
13178:at Wikimedia Commons
13078:"Recommendation 60F"
11404:Nobel, P.S. (1983).
10985:Lindley, J. (1848).
10803:Lepp, Heino (2012).
10669:Kuhnlein, Harriet V.
9792:on February 16, 2012
9009:Botany for Gardeners
8163:Campbell et al. 2008
8124:Campbell et al. 2008
8112:Campbell et al. 2008
8085:Campbell et al. 2008
8073:Campbell et al. 2008
8058:, pp. 630, 738.
8056:Campbell et al. 2008
7888:Campbell et al. 2008
7647:, pp. 999–1004.
7369:Campbell et al. 2008
7075:Campbell et al. 2008
6802:Campbell et al. 2008
6670:Campbell et al. 2008
6622:Campbell et al. 2008
6610:Campbell et al. 2008
6538:Campbell et al. 2008
6526:Campbell et al. 2008
6400:Leonelli et al. 2012
6304:Jasechko et al. 2013
5595:electron microscopes
5445:convergent evolution
5129:, food as in potato
4772:indole-3-acetic acid
4707:bend towards the sun
4606:transpiration stream
4570:cellular respiration
4538:to the gymnosperms.
4106:loading of sugar in
4088:Arabidopsis thaliana
4033:Arabidopsis thaliana
4019:Arabidopsis thaliana
3877:asexual reproduction
3334:of wood, has a long
3143:tetrahydrocannabinol
3101:secondary metabolism
3013:secondary cell walls
2876:Ribulose 5-phosphate
2567:paper chromatography
2561:Plants make various
2399:carbon sequestration
2134:Scope and importance
2111:(or fructology) and
1855:plant tissue culture
1823:statistical analysis
1776:Alphonse de Candolle
1740:Christen C. Raunkiær
1511:plant identification
1441:in 1546. Naturalist
1364:Nabatean Agriculture
1345:Pedanius Dioscorides
1312:scientific community
1173:genetic modification
1139:, materials such as
1001:, often attached to
946:), "to feed" or "to
759:Agricultural science
637:Reproductive biology
522:Mathematical biology
447:Evolutionary biology
397:Conservation biology
18637:Archaeopteridopsida
18370:Polysporangiophytes
18094:Klebsormidiophyceae
18077:Mesostigmatophyceae
18023:Chlorodendrophyceae
17987:Pyramimonadophyceae
17941:Prasinodermophyceae
17835:Compsopogonophyceae
17513:History of medicine
17503:History of genetics
17409:G. Ledyard Stebbins
17089:Center of diversity
16704:Rothamsted Research
16569:Genetic engineering
16539:Comparative anatomy
15384:Non-vascular plants
14911:Ecological genetics
14755:Branches of biology
14353:Ecological genetics
14066:Gel electrophoresis
14056:Genetic engineering
14009:Population dynamics
13919:Reproductive system
12821:2000Natur.408..796T
12699:1977JMolE...9..305B
12425:Sussex, I. (2008).
11795:10.1105/tpc.8.4.645
11634:10.1038/nature05918
11626:2007Natur.447..425R
11534:1976RSPSB.193..295P
11042:Lunn, J.E. (2002).
10623:2005PNAS..102.8369K
10483:1997Natur.389...33K
10370:10.1038/nature11983
10362:2013Natur.496..347J
10315:(31): 12794–12797.
10251:(1504): 2675–2685.
10115:10.1242/jcs.104.1.1
10027:on February 9, 2012
9990:The New Phytologist
9723:1996RPaPa..93..217F
9666:2002PNAS...9911487F
9660:(17): 11487–11492.
9207:10.1038/nature06006
9199:2007Natur.448..666C
9041:(1545): 1251–1262.
8864:Bold, H.C. (1977).
8849:1999ChGCS...1..449B
8811:10.1038/nature05913
8802:2007Natur.447..396B
8690:2006PNAS..103.9118B
8627:2001Natur.410..352B
8420:, pp. 459–459.
8396:, pp. 399–436.
8360:, pp. 442–450.
8336:, pp. 446–449.
8324:, pp. 438–444.
8288:, pp. 528–555.
8276:, pp. 528–551.
8259:McNeill et al. 2011
8247:Lilburn et al. 2006
8237:, pp. 249–269.
8225:, pp. 244–277.
8213:, pp. 209–243.
8189:, pp. 154–184.
8177:, pp. 114–153.
8153:, pp. 408–414.
8151:Mithila et al. 2003
8141:, pp. 185–208.
8114:, pp. 812–814.
8087:, pp. 607–608.
8010:, pp. 433–467.
7974:, pp. 666–671.
7962:, pp. 675–685.
7950:, pp. 539–558.
7938:, pp. 331–336.
7926:, pp. 519–538.
7914:, pp. 461–492.
7902:, pp. 411–413.
7890:, pp. 827–830.
7866:, pp. 411–412.
7854:, pp. 110–112.
7840:Plant Hormones 2013
7818:, pp. 449–492.
7806:, pp. 129–200.
7782:, pp. 373–398.
7770:, pp. 341–372.
7758:, pp. 315–340.
7746:, pp. 280–314.
7734:, pp. 278–279.
7722:, p. e1002411.
7710:, pp. 751–785.
7698:, pp. 720–750.
7671:, pp. 279–294.
7659:, pp. 217–233.
7657:Fairon-Demaret 1996
7635:, pp. 617–654.
7621:Cavalier-Smith 2004
7611:, pp. 305–311.
7599:, pp. 383–420.
7587:, pp. 552–581.
7563:, pp. 101–106.
7551:, pp. 425–432.
7515:, pp. 396–398.
7503:, pp. 159–179.
7467:, pp. 295–305.
7455:, pp. 451–461.
7431:, pp. 645–658.
7395:, pp. 796–815.
7383:, pp. 383–384.
7371:, pp. 495–496.
7323:, pp. 596–606.
7311:, pp. 103–112.
7299:, pp. 190–196.
7287:, pp. 629–633.
7251:, pp. 449–454.
7239:, pp. 287–394.
7215:, pp. 185–210.
7203:, pp. 157–185.
7179:, pp. 211–235.
7167:, pp. 819–848.
7155:, pp. 283–295.
7089:, pp. 786–818.
6990:, pp. 186–187.
6877:Schnurr et al. 2002
6804:, pp. 190–193.
6720:, pp. 106–126.
6708:, pp. 534–553.
6672:, pp. 516–517.
6624:, pp. 619–620.
6574:Chapman et al. 2001
6528:, pp. 186–187.
6477:, pp. 347–350.
6453:, pp. 292–293.
6441:, pp. 493–519.
6429:, pp. 708–714.
6414:, pp. 249–262.
6342:, pp. 554–573.
6306:, pp. 347–350.
6270:, pp. 267–271.
6258:, pp. 299–302.
6246:, pp. 481–482.
6125:, pp. 220–223.
5981:, pp. 140–142.
5690:Evolution of plants
5247:scientific taxonomy
5106:, or even a single
4272:become the various
4130:itself, contains a
3959:wheat is a fertile
3940:hybridisation event
3901:sexual reproduction
3821:flowers often have
3708:habitat destruction
3646:for temperature in
3558:tropical rainforest
3080:in the more common
3025:sclerenchyma fibres
2867:Inorganic phosphate
2657:) as a by-product.
2391:human food security
2383:resource management
2291:phases. The sexual
2158:aerobic respiration
2016:(or fungology) and
1926:genetic engineering
1914:Gottlieb Haberlandt
1807:molecular diffusion
1795:plant physiological
1666:molecular diffusion
1483:Early modern botany
1369:Abū Ḥanīfa Dīnawarī
1317:Enquiry into Plants
1042:electron microscopy
764:Biomedical sciences
422:Ecological genetics
76:Part of a series on
27:Study of plant life
18828:(flowering plants)
18749:Lyginopteridopsida
18542:Eophyllophytopsida
18495:Zosterophyllopsida
18433:Paratracheophytes*
18211:sensu strictissimo
18121:Coleochaetophyceae
18104:Phragmoplastophyta
17946:Palmophyllophyceae
17868:Glaucocystophyceae
17830:Stylonematophyceae
17825:Porphyridiophyceae
17614:Classification of
17543:Natural philosophy
17538:History of science
17508:History of geology
17493:History of ecology
17483:History of biology
17403:Barbara McClintock
17367:Wilhelm Hofmeister
17235:Bernard de Jussieu
16876:Vegetable Staticks
16852:Historia Plantarum
16804:Stirpium Historiae
16799:of Caesalpino 1583
16756:Naturalis Historia
16726:Historia Plantarum
16684:Jardin des Plantes
16599:Numerical taxonomy
15889:Surface structures
15684:Flower development
15202:History of biology
15136:Structural biology
15121:Relational biology
14946:Generative biology
14941:Freshwater biology
14682:Biology portal
14578:Structural biology
14563:Relational biology
14388:Generative biology
14383:Freshwater biology
14183:mark and recapture
14131:Restriction enzyme
13924:Respiratory system
13879:Circulatory system
13806:Epidermis (botany)
13044:on August 24, 2011
12707:10.1007/BF01796092
12664:Functional Ecology
11308:Plant Cell Reports
10969:10.1093/jxb/erp204
10934:10.1093/bib/bbl005
10661:2007-11-03 at the
9451:. London: Murray.
9273:10.1105/tpc.160630
9104:10.1093/aob/mcm015
8578:10.1093/aob/mcp044
8310:Silyn-Roberts 2000
7479:, pp. 95–100.
7429:Russin et al. 1996
6903:, pp. 83–108.
6514:Janzen et al. 2009
6330:, pp. 91–129.
6113:, pp. 73–117.
5685:Branches of botany
5669:× crossbred hybrid
5345:is the genus, and
5338:Lilium columbianum
5230:
5217:Taxonomy (biology)
4933:
4904:photomorphogenesis
4843:mevalonate pathway
4799:
4793:Venus's fly trap,
4711:
4558:
4413:together form the
4363:
4024:
4008:Molecular genetics
4002:Molecular genetics
3905:clonal populations
3857:when referring to
3772:Barbara McClintock
3712:species extinction
3606:and other animals
3466:
3200:obtained from the
3139:recreational drugs
2829:3-phosphoglycerate
2820:3-phosphoglycerate
2540:secondary products
2520:primary metabolism
2514:Plant biochemistry
2433:primary production
2429:
2150:
2070:Many divisions of
2001:Branches of botany
1995:Branches of botany
1874:
1843:Kenneth V. Thimann
1841:plant hormones by
1797:processes such as
1726:The discipline of
1724:
1687:Late modern botany
1684:
1656:in 1831. In 1855,
1622:Matthias Schleiden
1507:
1431:Historia Plantarum
1222:
1121:molecular genetics
1097:primary metabolism
1034:optical microscopy
795:Biology portal
647:Structural biology
632:Relational biology
457:Generative biology
452:Freshwater biology
71:
54:Myristica fragrans
38:, and
18942:
18941:
18902:
18901:
18898:
18897:
18894:
18893:
18890:
18889:
18886:
18885:
18882:
18881:
18878:
18877:
18874:
18873:
18870:
18869:
18866:
18865:
18836:Basal angiosperms
18737:Gigantopteridales
18686:seed plant groups
18684:and other extinct
18651:
18650:
18625:Noeggerathiopsida
18593:
18592:
18548:Trimerophytopsida
18521:
18520:
18461:
18460:
18417:(vascular plants)
18382:Protracheophytes*
18358:
18357:
18354:
18353:
18321:Andreaeobryopsida
18262:Jungermanniopsida
18193:
18192:
18189:
18188:
18185:
18184:
18181:
18180:
18177:
18176:
18173:
18172:
18169:
18168:
18165:
18164:
18082:Chlorokybophyceae
18057:
18056:
18053:
18052:
18013:Chloropicophyceae
17954:
17953:
17933:Prasinodermophyta
17894:
17893:
17581:
17580:
17211:Marcello Malpighi
16908:Species Plantarum
16844:Anatomy of Plants
16836:Anatome Plantarum
16748:De Materia Medica
16503:History of botany
16469:
16468:
16108:Herbaceous plants
15934:
15933:
15220:
15219:
15141:Synthetic biology
15021:Molecular biology
14876:Cognitive biology
14721:
14720:
14583:Synthetic biology
14463:Molecular biology
14318:Cognitive biology
14196:
14195:
14022:
14021:
13713:Natural selection
13494:Organic compounds
13391:Scientific method
13381:Emergent property
13322:Hierarchy of life
13292:Energy processing
13174:Media related to
13140:978-1-84246-628-5
13034:"Physical Map of
12994:"Herbal Medicine"
12815:(6814): 796–815.
12795:978-0-19-850356-9
12741:978-1-56022-994-0
12586:The Plant Journal
12572:978-0-12-373972-8
12506:10.3390/md9061101
12499:(12): 1101–1118.
12479:978-0-87893-823-0
12379:978-0-88192-483-1
12360:978-0-582-46357-8
12341:978-0-521-38294-6
12303:978-0-521-70772-5
12223:978-0-297-86631-2
12172:978-1-4398-5336-8
12113:978-0-7506-4636-9
12075:10.1104/pp.003251
11994:978-1-4684-0882-9
11893:978-0-470-65015-8
11717:978-0-7923-5174-0
11702:Merchant, Sabeeha
11620:(7143): 425–432.
11591:978-0-7167-1007-3
11580:Biology of Plants
11568:978-0-00-219504-1
11528:(1112): 295–305.
11512:978-0-00-220212-1
11493:978-88-8483-107-1
11454:(11): 1368–1380.
11434:978-3-900271-31-2
11415:978-0-7167-1447-7
11387:978-0-12-508380-5
11259:978-3-87429-425-6
11198:978-1-4496-6580-7
11179:978-0-7637-2134-3
11141:978-0-19-855529-2
11128:Mann, J. (1987).
11060:10.1104/pp.010898
10962:(12): 3311–3336.
10864:(10): 1535–1556.
10837:978-90-04-03796-0
10684:978-2-88124-465-0
10617:(23): 8369–8374.
10597:978-1-85996-130-8
10535:978-3-540-68692-7
10450:978-0-470-48337-4
10429:978-0-87893-403-4
10406:978-1-58234-600-7
10356:(7445): 347–350.
10220:978-0-521-30419-1
10145:978-0-632-05267-7
10089:978-0-300-08295-1
10053:978-0-85199-685-1
9831:978-0-85199-291-4
9512:Devos, Katrien M.
9503:978-0-486-13110-8
9423:978-0-300-15911-0
9391:978-0-521-49969-9
9193:(7154): 666–671.
9132:978-0-17-438746-6
9018:978-0-88192-655-2
8999:978-1-4286-0946-4
8977:978-0-321-54325-7
8958:978-1-4180-4122-9
8939:978-0-04-580013-1
8875:978-0-13-680389-8
8866:The Plant Kingdom
8796:(7143): 396–398.
8744:978-3-540-68831-0
8684:(24): 9118–9123.
8621:(6826): 352–354.
8509:978-0-88192-498-5
8500:The Cactus Family
8469:978-81-7910-252-7
8394:Chase et al. 2003
8348:, pp. 26–27.
8034:, pp. 62–81.
7986:, pp. 25–29.
7972:Chini et al. 2007
7609:Woese et al. 1977
7453:Glynn et al. 2007
7356:, pp. 13–86.
7249:Björn et al. 1999
7050:, pp. 52–53.
7036:Klemm et al. 2005
6978:, pp. 38–40.
6951:, pp. 56–63.
6939:, pp. 33–39.
6927:, pp. 23–34.
6889:Ferro et al. 2002
6732:, pp. 20–22.
6636:, pp. 10–11.
6502:Kress et al. 2005
6465:, pp. 14–16.
6390:, pp. 69–92.
6198:, pp. 76–81.
5740:Outline of botany
5710:List of botanists
5623:⟨☿⟩
5619:⟨♄⟩
5615:⟨♄⟩
5611:⟨♃⟩
5607:⟨♂⟩
5573:
5572:
5564:
5563:
5555:
5554:
5408:Pereskia aculeata
5275:Linnaean taxonomy
5211:Systematic botany
5087:shoots or roots.
4880:Another class of
4837:synthesised from
4795:Dionaea muscipula
4790:
4628:to transport are
4194:nitrogen fixation
3994:in plants is non-
3920:chromosome number
3837:and produce male
3704:vegetation change
3692:community ecology
3620:dispersal vectors
3594:are recruited by
3568:defend themselves
3410:in the molecules
2508:indigenous people
2504:palaeoethnobotany
2232:) of plant life.
2128:phytopharmacology
2089:systematic botany
1920:and can be grown
1894:molecular biology
1788:centres of origin
1768:climax vegetation
1764:Frederic Clements
1754:was developed by
1614:Origin of Species
1601:Candollean system
1543:Species Plantarum
1458:Ulisse Aldrovandi
1443:Conrad von Gesner
1410:German physician
1396:botanical gardens
1371:'s (828–896) the
1350:De materia medica
1335:De materia medica
1193:History of botany
1165:plant propagation
1046:chromosome number
1038:live cell imaging
1007:botanical gardens
845:
844:
769:Health technology
652:Synthetic biology
532:Molecular biology
387:Cognitive biology
184:Energy processing
16:(Redirected from
18962:
18927:
18926:
18841:Core angiosperms
18829:
18788:
18783:Acrogymnospermae
18761:Peltaspermopsida
18743:Glossopteridales
18725:Corystospermales
18707:Callistophytales
18687:
18679:
18673:
18668:
18667:
18664:
18663:
18631:Aneurophytopsida
18613:
18608:
18607:
18604:
18603:
18600:
18558:
18557:
18534:
18533:
18530:
18489:Barinophytopsida
18476:
18475:
18472:
18471:
18468:
18432:
18427:
18426:
18423:
18422:
18419:
18418:
18408:
18407:
18390:Horneophytopsida
18381:
18376:
18375:
18372:
18364:
18363:
18304:
18289:Anthocerotopsida
18277:
18272:Anthocerotophyta
18252:Haplomitriopsida
18245:
18236:
18235:
18232:
18225:
18224:
18221:
18220:
18213:
18199:
18198:
18152:
18143:
18142:
18137:Zygnematophyceae
18127:
18126:
18109:
18108:
18100:
18099:
18070:
18063:
18062:
18038:Trebouxiophyceae
18008:Picocystophyceae
17972:
17971:
17968:
17960:
17959:
17929:
17928:
17925:
17924:
17921:
17911:
17813:
17764:
17763:
17760:
17759:
17756:
17749:
17748:
17660:
17640:
17625:
17608:
17601:
17594:
17585:
17584:
17569:
17568:
17438:Botanical garden
17421:Arthur Cronquist
17379:Eugenius Warming
17373:Julius von Sachs
17343:August Grisebach
17331:George Engelmann
17241:Carolus Linnaeus
17181:Cristóbal Acosta
17175:Andrea Cesalpino
16892:Genera Plantarum
16764:De Vegetabilibus
16732:Causes of Plants
16671:
16654:Plant physiology
16644:Plant morphology
16496:
16489:
16482:
16473:
16472:
16459:
16458:
16438:Individual trees
16113:Secondary growth
16084:Succulent plants
16072:Prostrate shrubs
15955:Apical dominance
15940:Plant physiology
15901:Epicuticular wax
15446:
15445:
15439:
15430:Plant morphology
15247:
15240:
15233:
15224:
15223:
14866:Chemical biology
14748:
14741:
14734:
14725:
14724:
14711:
14710:
14701:
14700:
14691:
14690:
14684:
14680:
14679:
14656:Ecological terms
14308:Chemical biology
14171:Field techniques
14044:
14043:
14030:
13889:Digestive system
13884:Endocrine system
13457:Chemical element
13416:Biology journals
13312:Self-replication
13267:
13266:
13206:
13199:
13192:
13183:
13182:
13173:
13158:
13156:
13155:
13149:
13143:. Archived from
13132:
13124:RBG Kew (2016).
13120:
13118:
13117:
13097:
13095:
13093:
13073:
13071:
13069:
13053:
13051:
13049:
13029:
13027:
13025:
13009:
13007:
13005:
12989:
12987:
12985:
12969:
12967:
12965:
12954:"Katherine Esau"
12949:
12947:
12945:
12940:on June 29, 2012
12929:
12927:
12926:
12906:
12904:
12902:
12882:
12880:
12878:
12862:
12860:
12858:
12842:
12832:
12830:10.1038/35048692
12799:
12780:
12770:
12745:
12726:
12681:
12679:
12654:
12652:
12640:
12638:
12636:
12619:
12601:
12576:
12557:
12528:
12518:
12508:
12483:
12470:Plant Physiology
12464:
12454:
12437:(5): 1189–1198.
12421:
12383:
12364:
12345:
12326:
12307:
12285:
12283:
12282:
12276:
12270:. Archived from
12261:
12248:
12227:
12208:
12187:
12185:
12184:
12155:
12153:
12128:
12126:
12125:
12096:
12086:
12069:(4): 1700–1709.
12063:Plant Physiology
12053:
12051:
12049:
12044:on July 18, 2015
12043:
12036:
12026:
12020:
12016:
12014:
12006:
11971:
11934:
11897:
11866:
11843:Annals of Botany
11837:
11816:
11806:
11769:
11732:
11730:
11729:
11696:
11694:
11663:
11653:
11608:
11606:
11595:
11583:
11572:
11553:
11516:
11497:
11485:
11473:
11463:
11438:
11419:
11400:
11391:
11379:
11368:
11339:
11301:
11299:
11297:
11291:
11284:
11274:
11272:
11271:
11241:
11202:
11183:
11164:
11145:
11124:
11106:
11081:
11071:
11048:Plant Physiology
11038:
11028:
11019:(6): 1715–1718.
11003:
11001:
11000:
10981:
10971:
10946:
10936:
10911:
10909:
10908:
10889:
10852:
10850:
10849:
10820:
10818:
10816:
10799:
10797:
10796:
10778:
10745:
10735:
10725:
10716:(12): e1002411.
10699:
10697:
10696:
10654:
10644:
10634:
10601:
10585:
10576:
10547:
10519:
10502:
10465:
10463:
10462:
10433:
10421:
10410:
10389:
10344:
10334:
10324:
10299:
10297:
10295:
10286:. Archived from
10278:
10268:
10235:
10233:
10232:
10203:
10201:
10171:(1/2): 185–240.
10162:
10149:
10130:
10128:
10126:
10093:
10081:
10070:
10057:
10036:
10034:
10032:
10015:
10005:
9980:
9970:
9947:Plant Physiology
9937:
9919:
9894:
9892:
9891:
9872:
9870:
9868:
9846:
9844:
9843:
9814:
9801:
9799:
9797:
9791:
9784:
9774:
9734:
9717:(1–4): 217–233.
9707:gen. et sp. nov.
9705:Fairon-Demaret,
9697:
9687:
9677:
9644:
9615:
9605:
9572:
9570:
9569:
9551:
9507:
9488:
9466:
9464:
9463:
9457:
9450:
9438:
9436:
9435:
9406:
9404:
9403:
9374:
9372:
9366:. Archived from
9341:
9331:
9302:
9292:
9267:(6): 1358–1364.
9251:
9249:
9247:
9226:
9180:
9178:
9177:
9171:
9164:
9146:
9136:
9117:
9115:
9092:Annals of Botany
9082:
9080:
9079:
9073:
9058:
9032:
9022:
9003:
8981:
8962:
8943:
8931:
8920:
8918:
8917:
8900:
8898:
8896:
8879:
8860:
8831:
8813:
8780:
8771:
8769:
8767:
8748:
8729:
8719:
8701:
8668:
8666:
8665:
8659:
8635:10.1038/35066546
8612:
8599:
8589:
8566:Annals of Botany
8556:
8538:
8513:
8494:
8492:
8490:
8473:
8445:
8439:
8433:
8427:
8421:
8415:
8409:
8403:
8397:
8391:
8385:
8379:
8373:
8367:
8361:
8355:
8349:
8343:
8337:
8331:
8325:
8319:
8313:
8307:
8301:
8295:
8289:
8283:
8277:
8271:
8262:
8256:
8250:
8244:
8238:
8232:
8226:
8220:
8214:
8208:
8202:
8196:
8190:
8184:
8178:
8172:
8166:
8160:
8154:
8148:
8142:
8136:
8127:
8121:
8115:
8109:
8100:
8094:
8088:
8082:
8076:
8070:
8059:
8053:
8047:
8041:
8035:
8029:
8023:
8017:
8011:
8005:
7999:
7993:
7987:
7981:
7975:
7969:
7963:
7957:
7951:
7945:
7939:
7933:
7927:
7921:
7915:
7909:
7903:
7897:
7891:
7885:
7879:
7873:
7867:
7861:
7855:
7849:
7843:
7837:
7831:
7825:
7819:
7813:
7807:
7801:
7795:
7789:
7783:
7777:
7771:
7765:
7759:
7753:
7747:
7741:
7735:
7729:
7723:
7717:
7711:
7705:
7699:
7693:
7684:
7678:
7672:
7666:
7660:
7654:
7648:
7642:
7636:
7630:
7624:
7618:
7612:
7606:
7600:
7594:
7588:
7582:
7576:
7570:
7564:
7558:
7552:
7546:
7540:
7534:
7528:
7522:
7516:
7510:
7504:
7498:
7492:
7486:
7480:
7474:
7468:
7462:
7456:
7450:
7444:
7438:
7432:
7426:
7420:
7414:
7408:
7402:
7396:
7390:
7384:
7378:
7372:
7366:
7357:
7351:
7345:
7342:
7336:
7330:
7324:
7318:
7312:
7306:
7300:
7294:
7288:
7282:
7276:
7273:Ben-Menahem 2009
7270:
7264:
7261:Ben-Menahem 2009
7258:
7252:
7246:
7240:
7234:
7228:
7227:, pp. 5–32.
7222:
7216:
7210:
7204:
7198:
7192:
7186:
7180:
7174:
7168:
7162:
7156:
7150:
7144:
7138:
7132:
7131:, pp. 1–73.
7126:
7120:
7119:
7118:
7117:
7108:, archived from
7099:
7090:
7084:
7078:
7072:
7066:
7060:
7051:
7045:
7039:
7033:
7027:
7021:
7015:
7009:
7003:
6997:
6991:
6985:
6979:
6973:
6967:
6961:
6952:
6946:
6940:
6934:
6928:
6922:
6916:
6915:, pp. 1–11.
6910:
6904:
6901:Kolattukudy 1996
6898:
6892:
6886:
6880:
6874:
6868:
6862:
6856:
6850:
6841:
6835:
6829:
6826:Howe et al. 2008
6823:
6817:
6816:, pp. 1–39.
6811:
6805:
6799:
6793:
6792:, pp. 7–25.
6787:
6781:
6775:
6769:
6763:
6757:
6751:
6745:
6739:
6733:
6727:
6721:
6715:
6709:
6703:
6697:
6694:Ben-Menahem 2009
6691:
6685:
6679:
6673:
6667:
6661:
6655:
6649:
6643:
6637:
6631:
6625:
6619:
6613:
6607:
6601:
6598:Ben-Menahem 2009
6595:
6589:
6583:
6577:
6571:
6565:
6559:
6553:
6547:
6541:
6535:
6529:
6523:
6517:
6511:
6505:
6499:
6493:
6487:
6478:
6475:Judd et al. 2002
6472:
6466:
6460:
6454:
6448:
6442:
6436:
6430:
6424:
6415:
6409:
6403:
6397:
6391:
6385:
6379:
6378:, pp. 1–21.
6373:
6367:
6361:
6355:
6349:
6343:
6337:
6331:
6325:
6319:
6313:
6307:
6301:
6295:
6292:de Candolle 2006
6289:
6283:
6277:
6271:
6265:
6259:
6253:
6247:
6241:
6235:
6229:
6223:
6217:
6211:
6210:, pp. 118–.
6205:
6199:
6193:
6187:
6181:
6175:
6174:, pp. 299–.
6169:
6163:
6162:
6160:
6159:
6144:
6138:
6132:
6126:
6120:
6114:
6108:
6102:
6096:
6090:
6084:
6078:
6072:
6066:
6060:
6054:
6048:
6042:
6036:
6030:
6024:
6018:
6012:
6006:
6000:
5994:
5988:
5982:
5976:
5967:
5961:
5955:
5949:
5943:
5937:
5931:
5930:, pp. 7–29.
5925:
5916:
5910:
5904:
5898:
5892:
5886:
5880:
5874:
5868:
5862:
5856:
5850:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5839:
5824:
5803:
5792:
5777:
5772:
5771:
5763:
5758:
5757:
5672:+ grafted hybrid
5624:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5523:
5522:
5501:
5500:
5494:
5493:
5454:cladistic method
5418:
5404:
5376:. However, both
5351:specific epithet
5006:
4940:plant morphology
4791:
4765:
4760:(from the Greek
4725:external signals
4618:active transport
4566:plant metabolism
4548:Plant physiology
4542:Plant physiology
4291:types including
4192:responsible for
4050:flowering plants
3986:organelles like
3977:Common dandelion
3733:
3642:can be a useful
3530:vegetation types
3443:Medicago italica
3302:, some types of
3234:Native Americans
3078:photorespiration
2886:
2877:
2868:
2859:
2848:
2839:
2830:
2821:
2812:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2703:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2680:
2664:The Calvin cycle
2651:molecular oxygen
2601:
2589:
2577:
2558:
2331:), and viruses (
2316:-forming fungi (
2249:flowering plants
2239:, which include
2228:), or function (
1851:micropropagation
1744:plant life forms
1732:Eugenius Warming
1676:Echeveria glauca
1630:
1515:dichotomous keys
1455:
1452:
1352:
1338:
1305:
1302:
1295:specifically to
1260:
1259:
1246:
1245:
1232:
1231:
984:flowering plants
945:
939:
938:
933:
932:
910:
903:
902:
837:
830:
823:
810:
805:
804:
797:
793:
792:
731:List of journals
377:Chemical biology
92:
73:
72:
21:
18970:
18969:
18965:
18964:
18963:
18961:
18960:
18959:
18945:
18944:
18943:
18938:
18862:
18827:
18826:
18818:
18786:
18785:
18777:
18731:Czekanowskiales
18685:
18683:
18681:
18680:
18677:
18671:
18661:
18660:
18656:
18647:
18611:
18598:
18589:
18561:Moniliformopses
18552:
18526:
18517:
18467:Eutracheophytes
18466:
18457:
18430:
18416:
18415:
18411:
18402:
18379:
18367:
18350:
18341:Polytrichopsida
18336:Tetraphidopsida
18302:
18301:
18293:
18275:
18274:
18266:
18257:Marchantiopsida
18243:
18242:
18240:Marchantiophyta
18228:
18215:
18161:
18150:
18149:
18141:
18125:
18098:
18066:
18049:
17991:
17982:Mamiellophyceae
17963:
17950:
17919:
17913:
17903:
17902:
17890:
17872:
17854:
17850:Florideophyceae
17840:Rhodellophyceae
17820:Cyanidiophyceae
17811:
17810:
17802:
17782:
17752:
17743:
17742:
17658:
17636:
17627:
17612:
17582:
17577:
17557:
17426:
17397:Nikolai Vavilov
17325:Alexander Braun
17193:Joachim Jungius
17169:Rembert Dodoens
17157:Valerius Cordus
17151:Hieronymus Bock
17133:Pliny the Elder
17119:
17113:
17071:
17065:
16884:Systema Naturae
16713:
16672:
16663:
16649:Plant pathology
16594:Natural history
16549:Economic botany
16511:
16505:
16500:
16470:
16465:
16447:
16416:Botanical terms
16409:
16395:
16359:
16305:Citrus taxonomy
16283:Author citation
16249:
16143:
16122:
16044:
16038:
16034:Turgor pressure
15942:
15930:
15884:
15699:Floral symmetry
15617:
15609:
15539:
15528:Vascular bundle
15523:Vascular tissue
15482:
15442:
15433:
15432:
15418:
15389:Vascular plants
15354:
15350:Plant pathology
15274:
15256:
15251:
15221:
15216:
15190:
15151:Systems biology
15116:Quantum biology
14757:
14752:
14722:
14717:
14674:
14673:
14665:
14651:Botanical terms
14634:
14633:
14632:
14593:Systems biology
14558:Quantum biology
14192:
14166:
14048:
14038:
14031:
14018:
13928:
13909:Muscular system
13866:
13860:
13851:Vascular tissue
13798:
13792:
13732:
13693:History of life
13654:
13635:Gene regulation
13630:Gene expression
13601:
13518:
13425:
13256:
13215:
13210:
13166:
13161:
13153:
13151:
13147:
13141:
13130:
13115:
13113:
13108:. 18 Aug 2015.
13106:Washington Post
13091:
13089:
13067:
13065:
13047:
13045:
13023:
13021:
13003:
13001:
12983:
12981:
12963:
12961:
12943:
12941:
12924:
12922:
12900:
12898:
12876:
12874:
12856:
12854:
12796:
12742:
12650:
12634:
12632:
12573:
12546:10.2307/1930070
12480:
12380:
12361:
12342:
12323:
12304:
12280:
12278:
12274:
12259:
12253:Stace, Clive A.
12224:
12182:
12180:
12173:
12123:
12121:
12114:
12047:
12045:
12041:
12034:
12018:
12017:
12008:
12007:
11995:
11946:(5859): 43–44.
11894:
11834:10.1139/b92-091
11750:10.2307/1309422
11727:
11725:
11718:
11692:
11678:10.2307/2445418
11661:
11592:
11569:
11513:
11494:
11483:
11435:
11416:
11388:
11357:10.2307/2446172
11295:
11293:
11289:
11282:
11269:
11267:
11260:
11199:
11180:
11161:
11142:
11091:New Phytologist
11054:(4): 1490–500.
10998:
10996:
10906:
10904:
10896:Botane (βοτάνη)
10847:
10845:
10838:
10814:
10812:
10794:
10792:
10755:New Phytologist
10694:
10692:
10685:
10663:Wayback Machine
10598:
10559:(36): 3358–93.
10536:
10517:10.1.1.325.3438
10508:The Chloroplast
10477:(6646): 33–39.
10460:
10458:
10451:
10430:
10407:
10293:
10291:
10230:
10228:
10221:
10199:
10177:10.2307/2990033
10160:
10154:Hill, Arthur W.
10146:
10124:
10122:
10090:
10054:
10030:
10028:
9889:
9887:
9866:
9864:
9841:
9839:
9832:
9795:
9793:
9789:
9782:
9567:
9565:
9532:10.2307/3870991
9504:
9461:
9459:
9455:
9448:
9433:
9431:
9424:
9401:
9399:
9392:
9370:
9339:
9245:
9243:
9236:The Independent
9175:
9173:
9169:
9144:
9133:
9077:
9075:
9071:
9030:
9019:
9000:
8978:
8959:
8940:
8915:
8913:
8894:
8892:
8876:
8765:
8763:
8745:
8663:
8661:
8657:
8610:
8572:(7): 999–1004.
8510:
8488:
8486:
8485:on May 23, 2013
8470:
8453:
8448:
8440:
8436:
8428:
8424:
8416:
8412:
8404:
8400:
8392:
8388:
8380:
8376:
8368:
8364:
8356:
8352:
8344:
8340:
8332:
8328:
8320:
8316:
8308:
8304:
8296:
8292:
8284:
8280:
8272:
8265:
8257:
8253:
8245:
8241:
8233:
8229:
8221:
8217:
8209:
8205:
8197:
8193:
8185:
8181:
8173:
8169:
8161:
8157:
8149:
8145:
8137:
8130:
8122:
8118:
8110:
8103:
8095:
8091:
8083:
8079:
8071:
8062:
8054:
8050:
8042:
8038:
8030:
8026:
8018:
8014:
8006:
8002:
7994:
7990:
7982:
7978:
7970:
7966:
7958:
7954:
7946:
7942:
7934:
7930:
7922:
7918:
7910:
7906:
7898:
7894:
7886:
7882:
7874:
7870:
7862:
7858:
7850:
7846:
7838:
7834:
7826:
7822:
7814:
7810:
7802:
7798:
7790:
7786:
7778:
7774:
7766:
7762:
7754:
7750:
7742:
7738:
7730:
7726:
7720:Lee et al. 2011
7718:
7714:
7706:
7702:
7694:
7687:
7679:
7675:
7667:
7663:
7655:
7651:
7643:
7639:
7631:
7627:
7619:
7615:
7607:
7603:
7595:
7591:
7583:
7579:
7571:
7567:
7559:
7555:
7547:
7543:
7535:
7531:
7523:
7519:
7511:
7507:
7499:
7495:
7491:, pp. 1–9.
7487:
7483:
7477:Sun et al. 2002
7475:
7471:
7463:
7459:
7451:
7447:
7439:
7435:
7427:
7423:
7415:
7411:
7403:
7399:
7391:
7387:
7379:
7375:
7367:
7360:
7352:
7348:
7343:
7339:
7335:, pp. 2–3.
7331:
7327:
7319:
7315:
7307:
7303:
7295:
7291:
7283:
7279:
7275:, p. 5369.
7271:
7267:
7259:
7255:
7247:
7243:
7235:
7231:
7223:
7219:
7211:
7207:
7199:
7195:
7187:
7183:
7175:
7171:
7163:
7159:
7151:
7147:
7139:
7135:
7127:
7123:
7115:
7113:
7100:
7093:
7085:
7081:
7073:
7069:
7061:
7054:
7046:
7042:
7034:
7030:
7022:
7018:
7010:
7006:
6998:
6994:
6986:
6982:
6974:
6970:
6962:
6955:
6947:
6943:
6935:
6931:
6923:
6919:
6911:
6907:
6899:
6895:
6887:
6883:
6875:
6871:
6863:
6859:
6851:
6844:
6836:
6832:
6824:
6820:
6812:
6808:
6800:
6796:
6788:
6784:
6776:
6772:
6764:
6760:
6752:
6748:
6740:
6736:
6728:
6724:
6716:
6712:
6704:
6700:
6692:
6688:
6680:
6676:
6668:
6664:
6656:
6652:
6648:, pp. 1–3.
6644:
6640:
6632:
6628:
6620:
6616:
6608:
6604:
6600:, p. 5368.
6596:
6592:
6584:
6580:
6572:
6568:
6560:
6556:
6548:
6544:
6540:, p. 1240.
6536:
6532:
6524:
6520:
6512:
6508:
6500:
6496:
6488:
6481:
6473:
6469:
6461:
6457:
6449:
6445:
6439:Ereshefsky 1997
6437:
6433:
6425:
6418:
6410:
6406:
6398:
6394:
6388:Haberlandt 1902
6386:
6382:
6374:
6370:
6362:
6358:
6350:
6346:
6338:
6334:
6326:
6322:
6314:
6310:
6302:
6298:
6290:
6286:
6278:
6274:
6266:
6262:
6254:
6250:
6242:
6238:
6230:
6226:
6218:
6214:
6206:
6202:
6194:
6190:
6182:
6178:
6170:
6166:
6157:
6155:
6145:
6141:
6133:
6129:
6121:
6117:
6109:
6105:
6097:
6093:
6085:
6081:
6073:
6069:
6061:
6057:
6049:
6045:
6037:
6033:
6025:
6021:
6013:
6009:
6001:
5997:
5989:
5985:
5977:
5970:
5962:
5958:
5950:
5946:
5938:
5934:
5926:
5919:
5911:
5907:
5899:
5895:
5887:
5883:
5875:
5871:
5863:
5859:
5851:
5847:
5837:
5835:
5826:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5806:
5793:
5789:
5784:
5773:
5766:
5759:
5752:
5749:
5730:List of flowers
5680:
5675:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5603:
5575:
5574:
5565:
5556:
5441:
5440:
5439:
5438:
5426:
5425:
5424:
5419:
5411:
5410:
5405:
5396:
5395:
5311:(or Division);
5219:
5213:
5021:vascular plants
5017:
5016:
5015:
5014:
4984:Trentepohliales
4920:
4831:gibberelic acid
4782:
4721:
4697:
4694:cell elongation
4688:
4670:
4654:plant nutrition
4574:Photoautotrophs
4550:
4544:
4436:. They include
4417:group or clade
4379:eukaryotic cell
4360:gwynne-vaughani
4349:
4343:
4341:Plant evolution
4235:DNA methylation
4220:
4214:
4132:green-pigmented
4126:, while not an
4111:
4010:
4004:
3873:parthenogenesis
3803:and spearmint,
3800:Mentha aquatica
3797:hybrid between
3754:discovered the
3748:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3726:
3720:
3684:Ozone depletion
3669:
3636:
3448:nitrogen fixing
3430:
3424:
3368:wallpaper paste
3308:particle boards
3238:enthnobotanists
3094:
3086:carbon fixation
3085:
3074:carbon fixation
3073:
2945:, a polymer of
2914:proton gradient
2903:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2815:
2810:
2806:
2802:Carbon fixation
2801:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2687:
2682:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2656:
2604:
2603:
2594:
2591:
2582:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2559:
2548:aroma compounds
2516:
2492:plant pathogens
2421:
2419:Human nutrition
2415:
2413:Human nutrition
2365:started by the
2343:Palaeobotanists
2136:
2003:
1997:
1950:pharmaceuticals
1890:electrophoresis
1780:Nikolai Vavilov
1697:August Weismann
1689:
1642:Theodor Schwann
1559:Systema Sexuale
1527:diagnostic keys
1503:Systema sexuale
1499:Linnaean Garden
1491:
1485:
1453:
1427:Valerius Cordus
1420:Hieronymus Bock
1303:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1264:Hieronymus Bock
1261:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1200:
1195:
1189:
1050:plant chemistry
980:vascular plants
884:plant scientist
841:
800:
787:
786:
779:
778:
754:
746:
745:
712:
704:
703:
702:
701:
662:Systems biology
627:Quantum biology
272:
264:
263:
228:
213:
175:
164:
140:
132:
97:
95:Science of life
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
18968:
18958:
18957:
18940:
18939:
18937:
18936:
18931:
18921:
18915:
18907:
18904:
18903:
18900:
18899:
18896:
18895:
18892:
18891:
18888:
18887:
18884:
18883:
18880:
18879:
18876:
18875:
18872:
18871:
18868:
18867:
18864:
18863:
18861:
18860:
18859:
18858:
18853:
18848:
18838:
18832:
18830:
18820:
18819:
18817:
18816:
18811:
18806:
18797:
18791:
18789:
18779:
18778:
18776:
18775:
18769:
18767:Pentoxylopsida
18763:
18757:
18751:
18745:
18739:
18733:
18727:
18721:
18715:
18709:
18703:
18701:Calamopityales
18697:
18690:
18688:
18665:
18658:Spermatophytes
18653:
18652:
18649:
18648:
18646:
18645:
18639:
18633:
18627:
18620:
18618:
18615:Progymnosperms
18601:
18595:
18594:
18591:
18590:
18588:
18587:
18580:Polypodiopsida
18577:
18575:Cladoxylopsida
18571:
18564:
18562:
18554:
18553:
18551:
18550:
18544:
18537:
18531:
18528:Euphyllophytes
18523:
18522:
18519:
18518:
18516:
18515:
18500:Lycopodiopsida
18497:
18491:
18484:
18482:
18469:
18463:
18462:
18459:
18458:
18456:
18455:
18449:
18443:
18441:Cooksoniopsida
18436:
18434:
18420:
18404:
18403:
18401:
18400:
18392:
18385:
18383:
18373:
18360:
18359:
18356:
18355:
18352:
18351:
18349:
18348:
18343:
18338:
18333:
18331:Oedipodiopsida
18328:
18323:
18318:
18313:
18307:
18305:
18295:
18294:
18292:
18291:
18286:
18280:
18278:
18268:
18267:
18265:
18264:
18259:
18254:
18248:
18246:
18233:
18217:
18216:
18195:
18194:
18191:
18190:
18187:
18186:
18183:
18182:
18179:
18178:
18175:
18174:
18171:
18170:
18167:
18166:
18163:
18162:
18160:
18159:
18155:
18153:
18140:
18139:
18133:
18131:
18124:
18123:
18118:
18112:
18106:
18097:
18096:
18091:
18084:
18079:
18073:
18071:
18059:
18058:
18055:
18054:
18051:
18050:
18048:
18047:
18046:
18045:
18040:
18035:
18025:
18020:
18015:
18010:
18005:
17999:
17997:
17993:
17992:
17990:
17989:
17984:
17978:
17976:
17975:Prasinophytina
17969:
17956:
17955:
17952:
17951:
17949:
17948:
17943:
17937:
17935:
17922:
17896:
17895:
17892:
17891:
17889:
17888:
17882:
17880:
17878:incertae sedis
17874:
17873:
17871:
17870:
17864:
17862:
17856:
17855:
17853:
17852:
17847:
17842:
17837:
17832:
17827:
17822:
17816:
17814:
17804:
17803:
17801:
17800:
17792:
17790:
17784:
17783:
17781:
17780:
17772:
17770:
17757:
17754:Archaeplastida
17745:
17744:
17741:
17740:
17739:
17738:
17737:
17736:
17733:Mesomycetozoea
17730:
17725:
17715:
17705:
17704:
17703:
17698:
17693:
17688:
17683:
17682:
17681:
17669:Diaphoretickes
17666:
17661:
17656:
17651:
17646:
17641:
17633:
17632:
17629:
17628:
17616:Archaeplastida
17611:
17610:
17603:
17596:
17588:
17579:
17578:
17576:
17575:
17562:
17559:
17558:
17556:
17555:
17550:
17545:
17540:
17535:
17530:
17525:
17520:
17515:
17510:
17505:
17500:
17495:
17490:
17485:
17480:
17475:
17470:
17465:
17460:
17455:
17450:
17448:Plant taxonomy
17445:
17440:
17434:
17432:
17428:
17427:
17425:
17424:
17418:
17412:
17406:
17400:
17394:
17388:
17382:
17376:
17370:
17364:
17358:
17352:
17346:
17340:
17334:
17328:
17322:
17316:
17310:
17307:Thomas Nuttall
17304:
17298:
17292:
17286:
17280:
17274:
17268:
17265:Félix de Azara
17262:
17256:
17253:Jan Ingenhousz
17250:
17247:Michel Adanson
17244:
17238:
17232:
17226:
17220:
17214:
17208:
17202:
17196:
17190:
17187:Gaspard Bauhin
17184:
17178:
17172:
17166:
17163:William Turner
17160:
17154:
17148:
17142:
17136:
17130:
17123:
17121:
17115:
17114:
17112:
17111:
17109:Ultrastructure
17106:
17101:
17096:
17091:
17086:
17081:
17075:
17073:
17067:
17066:
17064:
17063:
17055:
17047:
17039:
17031:
17023:
17015:
17007:
16999:
16991:
16983:
16982:
16981:
16968:
16960:
16952:
16944:
16936:
16928:
16920:
16912:
16904:
16896:
16888:
16880:
16872:
16864:
16856:
16848:
16840:
16832:
16824:
16816:
16808:
16800:
16792:
16784:
16776:
16768:
16760:
16752:
16744:
16736:
16721:
16719:
16715:
16714:
16712:
16711:
16706:
16701:
16696:
16691:
16686:
16680:
16678:
16674:
16673:
16666:
16664:
16662:
16661:
16656:
16651:
16646:
16641:
16639:Plant genetics
16636:
16631:
16626:
16624:Phytogeography
16621:
16619:Phytochemistry
16616:
16611:
16606:
16601:
16596:
16591:
16586:
16581:
16576:
16571:
16566:
16561:
16556:
16551:
16546:
16541:
16536:
16531:
16526:
16521:
16515:
16513:
16507:
16506:
16499:
16498:
16491:
16484:
16476:
16467:
16466:
16464:
16463:
16452:
16449:
16448:
16446:
16445:
16440:
16435:
16430:
16429:
16428:
16418:
16412:
16410:
16408:
16407:
16406:Related topics
16404:
16400:
16397:
16396:
16394:
16393:
16388:
16383:
16378:
16373:
16367:
16365:
16361:
16360:
16358:
16357:
16355:Taxonomic rank
16352:
16347:
16341:
16336:
16331:
16330:
16329:
16328:
16327:
16322:
16317:
16307:
16297:
16296:
16295:
16290:
16285:
16280:
16275:
16273:Botanical name
16265:
16259:
16257:
16255:Plant taxonomy
16251:
16250:
16248:
16247:
16246:
16245:
16240:
16239:
16238:
16231:Megasporangium
16228:
16227:
16226:
16219:Microsporangia
16211:
16210:
16209:
16204:
16199:
16194:
16184:
16179:
16174:
16173:
16172:
16162:
16157:
16152:
16146:
16144:
16142:
16141:
16136:
16130:
16124:
16123:
16121:
16120:
16115:
16110:
16105:
16104:
16103:
16102:
16101:
16091:
16086:
16081:
16080:
16079:
16074:
16064:
16059:
16057:Cushion plants
16048:
16046:
16040:
16039:
16037:
16036:
16031:
16026:
16021:
16016:
16011:
16010:
16009:
16004:
15994:
15992:Plant hormones
15989:
15984:
15983:
15982:
15975:Photosynthesis
15972:
15967:
15962:
15957:
15952:
15946:
15944:
15936:
15935:
15932:
15931:
15929:
15928:
15923:
15918:
15913:
15908:
15903:
15898:
15892:
15890:
15886:
15885:
15883:
15882:
15877:
15872:
15867:
15862:
15861:
15860:
15855:
15850:
15840:
15839:
15838:
15833:
15828:
15823:
15813:
15808:
15807:
15806:
15805:
15804:
15799:
15794:
15793:
15792:
15787:
15767:
15762:
15757:
15756:
15755:
15754:
15753:
15748:
15738:
15733:
15728:
15723:
15718:
15708:
15707:
15706:
15701:
15696:
15694:Floral formula
15691:
15689:Floral diagram
15686:
15681:
15671:
15670:
15669:
15664:
15659:
15658:
15657:
15652:
15642:
15632:
15627:
15621:
15619:
15618:(incl. Flower)
15611:
15610:
15608:
15607:
15606:
15605:
15600:
15595:
15594:
15593:
15588:
15578:
15568:
15563:
15558:
15553:
15547:
15545:
15541:
15540:
15538:
15537:
15532:
15531:
15530:
15520:
15518:Storage organs
15515:
15510:
15509:
15508:
15498:
15492:
15490:
15484:
15483:
15481:
15480:
15475:
15470:
15465:
15460:
15454:
15452:
15443:
15441:
15440:
15426:
15420:
15419:
15417:
15416:
15411:
15406:
15404:Spermatophytes
15401:
15396:
15391:
15386:
15381:
15376:
15374:Archaeplastida
15371:
15365:
15363:
15356:
15355:
15353:
15352:
15347:
15342:
15337:
15336:
15335:
15328:Phytogeography
15325:
15323:Phytochemistry
15320:
15315:
15310:
15305:
15300:
15295:
15290:
15284:
15282:
15280:Subdisciplines
15276:
15275:
15273:
15272:
15267:
15261:
15258:
15257:
15250:
15249:
15242:
15235:
15227:
15218:
15217:
15215:
15214:
15209:
15204:
15198:
15196:
15192:
15191:
15189:
15188:
15183:
15178:
15173:
15168:
15163:
15158:
15153:
15148:
15143:
15138:
15133:
15128:
15123:
15118:
15113:
15108:
15103:
15098:
15093:
15088:
15083:
15078:
15073:
15068:
15063:
15058:
15053:
15048:
15043:
15038:
15033:
15028:
15023:
15018:
15013:
15008:
15006:Marine biology
15003:
14998:
14993:
14988:
14983:
14978:
14973:
14968:
14963:
14958:
14953:
14948:
14943:
14938:
14933:
14928:
14923:
14918:
14913:
14908:
14903:
14898:
14893:
14888:
14883:
14878:
14873:
14868:
14863:
14858:
14853:
14848:
14843:
14838:
14833:
14828:
14823:
14818:
14816:Bioinformatics
14813:
14808:
14803:
14798:
14793:
14788:
14783:
14778:
14773:
14768:
14762:
14759:
14758:
14751:
14750:
14743:
14736:
14728:
14719:
14718:
14716:
14715:
14705:
14695:
14685:
14670:
14667:
14666:
14664:
14663:
14658:
14653:
14648:
14642:
14640:
14636:
14635:
14631:
14630:
14625:
14620:
14615:
14610:
14605:
14600:
14595:
14590:
14585:
14580:
14575:
14570:
14565:
14560:
14555:
14550:
14545:
14540:
14535:
14530:
14525:
14520:
14515:
14510:
14505:
14500:
14495:
14490:
14485:
14480:
14475:
14470:
14465:
14460:
14455:
14450:
14448:Marine biology
14445:
14440:
14435:
14430:
14425:
14420:
14415:
14410:
14405:
14400:
14395:
14390:
14385:
14380:
14375:
14370:
14365:
14360:
14355:
14350:
14345:
14340:
14335:
14330:
14325:
14320:
14315:
14310:
14305:
14300:
14295:
14292:
14287:
14282:
14277:
14272:
14267:
14262:
14260:Bioinformatics
14257:
14252:
14247:
14242:
14237:
14232:
14227:
14222:
14217:
14212:
14206:
14205:
14204:
14202:
14198:
14197:
14194:
14193:
14191:
14190:
14185:
14180:
14174:
14172:
14168:
14167:
14165:
14164:
14157:
14150:
14143:
14138:
14133:
14128:
14123:
14118:
14113:
14108:
14103:
14098:
14093:
14091:DNA microarray
14088:
14086:DNA sequencing
14083:
14078:
14076:Centrifugation
14073:
14071:Chromatography
14068:
14063:
14061:Transformation
14058:
14052:
14050:
14041:
14033:
14032:
14025:
14023:
14020:
14019:
14017:
14016:
14011:
14006:
14001:
14000:
13999:
13989:
13984:
13979:
13974:
13972:Climate change
13969:
13964:
13959:
13954:
13949:
13944:
13938:
13936:
13930:
13929:
13927:
13926:
13921:
13916:
13914:Nervous system
13911:
13906:
13901:
13896:
13891:
13886:
13881:
13876:
13870:
13868:
13862:
13861:
13859:
13858:
13853:
13848:
13846:Vascular plant
13843:
13838:
13833:
13828:
13823:
13818:
13813:
13808:
13802:
13800:
13794:
13793:
13791:
13790:
13785:
13784:
13783:
13778:
13773:
13768:
13763:
13753:
13748:
13742:
13740:
13734:
13733:
13731:
13730:
13725:
13720:
13715:
13710:
13705:
13703:Microevolution
13700:
13698:Macroevolution
13695:
13690:
13685:
13680:
13675:
13670:
13664:
13662:
13656:
13655:
13653:
13652:
13647:
13642:
13637:
13632:
13627:
13622:
13617:
13611:
13609:
13603:
13602:
13600:
13599:
13594:
13592:Photosynthesis
13589:
13584:
13579:
13574:
13569:
13564:
13559:
13554:
13549:
13547:Cell signaling
13544:
13539:
13534:
13528:
13526:
13520:
13519:
13517:
13516:
13511:
13506:
13501:
13496:
13491:
13486:
13481:
13476:
13475:
13474:
13464:
13459:
13454:
13449:
13444:
13439:
13433:
13431:
13430:Chemical basis
13427:
13426:
13424:
13423:
13418:
13413:
13408:
13403:
13398:
13396:Taxonomic rank
13393:
13388:
13383:
13378:
13376:Reductionistic
13373:
13319:
13284:
13279:
13273:
13271:
13264:
13258:
13257:
13255:
13254:
13249:
13248:
13247:
13237:
13232:
13223:Introduction (
13220:
13217:
13216:
13209:
13208:
13201:
13194:
13186:
13180:
13179:
13165:
13164:External links
13162:
13160:
13159:
13139:
13121:
13098:
13074:
13054:
13030:
13010:
12990:
12970:
12950:
12930:
12907:
12883:
12863:
12843:
12800:
12794:
12781:
12746:
12740:
12727:
12693:(4): 305–311.
12682:
12670:(2): 268–271.
12655:
12641:
12620:
12577:
12571:
12558:
12540:(3): 284–307.
12529:
12484:
12478:
12465:
12431:The Plant Cell
12422:
12402:10.1038/nsb744
12384:
12378:
12365:
12359:
12346:
12340:
12327:
12321:
12308:
12302:
12286:
12249:
12239:(341): 1–113.
12228:
12222:
12209:
12199:(4): 103–112.
12188:
12171:
12156:
12144:(2): 117–129.
12129:
12112:
12097:
12054:
12027:
12019:|journal=
11993:
11972:
11935:
11898:
11892:
11867:
11849:(3): 249–262.
11838:
11828:(4): 708–714.
11817:
11789:(4): 645–658.
11783:The Plant Cell
11770:
11733:
11716:
11697:
11654:
11609:
11596:
11590:
11573:
11567:
11554:
11517:
11511:
11498:
11492:
11474:
11439:
11433:
11420:
11414:
11401:
11392:
11386:
11369:
11351:(3): 383–404.
11340:
11314:(5): 408–414.
11302:
11275:
11258:
11242:
11216:(3): 213–223.
11205:
11204:
11203:
11197:
11178:
11165:
11159:
11146:
11140:
11125:
11082:
11039:
11004:
10982:
10947:
10927:(2): 186–195.
10912:
10890:
10853:
10836:
10821:
10800:
10746:
10700:
10683:
10665:
10602:
10596:
10588:Plant Cuticles
10577:
10548:
10534:
10503:
10466:
10449:
10434:
10428:
10411:
10405:
10390:
10345:
10300:
10290:on May 1, 2008
10279:
10236:
10219:
10204:
10150:
10144:
10131:
10094:
10088:
10071:
10058:
10052:
10037:
10016:
9996:(1): 283–295.
9981:
9938:
9910:(5): 451–461.
9895:
9873:
9847:
9830:
9815:
9802:
9775:
9735:
9698:
9645:
9627:(4): 493–519.
9616:
9588:(2): 374–394.
9582:The Plant Cell
9573:
9526:(5): 637–646.
9520:The Plant Cell
9508:
9502:
9489:
9479:(2): 675–685.
9467:
9439:
9422:
9407:
9390:
9375:
9373:on 2013-12-15.
9350:(3): 101–106.
9332:
9320:10.1086/394568
9314:(4): 383–420.
9303:
9261:The Plant Cell
9252:
9227:
9181:
9155:(4): 399–436.
9137:
9131:
9118:
9098:(4): 785–786.
9083:
9023:
9017:
9004:
8998:
8982:
8976:
8963:
8957:
8944:
8938:
8921:
8901:
8880:
8874:
8861:
8843:(4): 449–454.
8832:
8781:
8772:
8749:
8743:
8730:
8669:
8604:Beerling, D.J.
8600:
8557:
8529:(2): 228–237.
8514:
8508:
8495:
8474:
8468:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8446:
8434:
8422:
8410:
8408:, p. 223.
8398:
8386:
8384:, p. 453.
8374:
8372:, p. 104.
8362:
8350:
8338:
8326:
8314:
8312:, p. 198.
8302:
8290:
8278:
8263:
8251:
8239:
8227:
8215:
8203:
8191:
8179:
8167:
8165:, p. 741.
8155:
8143:
8128:
8126:, p. 740.
8116:
8101:
8089:
8077:
8075:, p. 739.
8060:
8048:
8036:
8024:
8012:
8000:
7988:
7976:
7964:
7952:
7940:
7928:
7916:
7904:
7892:
7880:
7868:
7856:
7844:
7832:
7830:, p. 573.
7820:
7808:
7796:
7794:, p. 351.
7784:
7772:
7760:
7748:
7736:
7724:
7712:
7700:
7685:
7673:
7661:
7649:
7637:
7625:
7613:
7601:
7589:
7577:
7565:
7553:
7541:
7529:
7517:
7505:
7493:
7481:
7469:
7457:
7445:
7443:, p. 550.
7433:
7421:
7409:
7397:
7385:
7381:Morgensen 1996
7373:
7358:
7346:
7337:
7325:
7313:
7301:
7289:
7277:
7265:
7253:
7241:
7229:
7217:
7205:
7193:
7191:, p. 479.
7181:
7169:
7157:
7145:
7133:
7121:
7091:
7079:
7077:, p. 794.
7067:
7052:
7040:
7028:
7016:
7004:
6992:
6980:
6968:
6953:
6941:
6929:
6917:
6905:
6893:
6881:
6869:
6857:
6842:
6830:
6818:
6806:
6794:
6782:
6770:
6768:, p. 440.
6758:
6754:Schoening 2005
6746:
6734:
6722:
6710:
6698:
6686:
6674:
6662:
6650:
6638:
6626:
6614:
6612:, p. 602.
6602:
6590:
6586:Braselton 2013
6578:
6566:
6554:
6542:
6530:
6518:
6506:
6494:
6479:
6467:
6455:
6443:
6431:
6416:
6404:
6392:
6380:
6368:
6356:
6344:
6332:
6320:
6318:, p. 608.
6308:
6296:
6284:
6282:, p. 457.
6272:
6260:
6248:
6236:
6224:
6222:, p. 382.
6212:
6200:
6188:
6186:, p. 377.
6176:
6164:
6139:
6127:
6115:
6103:
6091:
6079:
6077:, p. 157.
6067:
6055:
6043:
6041:, p. 116.
6031:
6019:
6017:, p. 197.
6007:
6005:, p. 532.
5995:
5983:
5968:
5956:
5944:
5942:, p. 155.
5932:
5917:
5905:
5893:
5881:
5869:
5867:, p. 134.
5857:
5845:
5828:"βοτάνη - LSJ"
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5805:
5804:
5786:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5779:
5778:
5775:Biology portal
5764:
5748:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5673:
5670:
5667:
5664:
5661:
5655:
5649:
5646:
5643:
5640:
5634:
5631:
5627:
5602:
5599:
5571:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5562:
5561:
5558:
5557:
5553:
5552:
5549:
5548:
5541:
5538:
5537:
5534:
5533:
5526:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5515:
5512:
5511:
5504:
5499:
5497:
5492:
5491:
5462:plesiomorphies
5428:
5427:
5420:
5413:
5412:
5406:
5399:
5398:
5397:
5393:
5392:
5391:
5390:
5259:common descent
5212:
5209:
5151:photosynthesis
5019:The bodies of
5008:
5007:
5001:
5000:
4919:
4916:
4912:photoreceptors
4746:plant hormones
4669:
4668:Plant hormones
4666:
4662:plant hormones
4602:cell membranes
4600:occurs across
4594:spatial scales
4543:
4540:
4470:progymnosperms
4419:Streptophytina
4345:Main article:
4342:
4339:
4244:cell divisions
4216:Main article:
4213:
4210:
4109:
4100:photosynthesis
4003:
4000:
3932:endopolyploidy
3806:Mentha spicata
3738:Punnett square
3735:
3734:
3728:
3727:
3724:Plant genetics
3722:Main article:
3719:
3716:
3667:
3656:global warming
3635:
3632:
3522:spatial scales
3498:empirical data
3464:for the plant.
3426:Main article:
3423:
3420:
3324:natural rubber
3316:vegetable oils
3246:drug discovery
3228:(beer), rice (
3175:salicylic acid
3169:is the acetyl
3119:peppermint oil
3116:essential oils
3097:Phytochemistry
3093:
3090:
3083:
3071:
3044:periods. Many
2993:polysaccharide
2974:cell membranes
2890:
2881:
2872:
2863:
2852:
2843:
2838:Carbon dioxide
2834:
2825:
2816:
2807:
2798:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2698:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2629:. Chlorophyll
2592:
2580:
2571:
2560:
2553:
2552:
2515:
2512:
2484:plant breeding
2414:
2411:
2407:sustainability
2403:climate change
2312:) – including
2281:photosynthesis
2174:carbon dioxide
2170:photosynthesis
2135:
2132:
2124:phytopathology
2095:Phytosociology
2081:phytogeography
2077:phytochemistry
2042:synantherology
1999:Main article:
1996:
1993:
1940:to synthesise
1886:chromatography
1859:plant hormones
1857:controlled by
1833:and others at
1815:photosynthesis
1760:Arthur Tansley
1705:Katherine Esau
1688:
1685:
1646:Rudolf Virchow
1574:Marianne North
1541:published his
1531:phyletic order
1484:
1481:
1439:Dispensatorium
1433:in 1544 and a
1412:Leonhart Fuchs
1373:Book of Plants
1293:Ancient Greece
1262:
1255:
1254:
1248:
1241:
1240:
1236:Leonhart Fuchs
1234:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1199:
1196:
1191:Main article:
1188:
1185:
1117:plant taxonomy
1044:, analysis of
1019:plant taxonomy
999:physic gardens
856:plant sciences
850:, also called
843:
842:
840:
839:
832:
825:
817:
814:
813:
812:
811:
798:
781:
780:
777:
776:
771:
766:
761:
755:
752:
751:
748:
747:
744:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
713:
710:
709:
706:
705:
700:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
517:Marine biology
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
329:Bioinformatics
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
275:
274:
273:
270:
269:
266:
265:
262:
261:
239:
234:
227:
226:
212:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
174:
173:
168:Properties of
163:
162:
157:
152:
147:
141:
139:Key components
138:
137:
134:
133:
131:
130:
119:
118:
113:
108:
102:
99:
98:
93:
85:
84:
78:
77:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
18967:
18956:
18953:
18952:
18950:
18935:
18932:
18930:
18922:
18920:
18916:
18913:
18909:
18908:
18905:
18857:
18854:
18852:
18849:
18847:
18844:
18843:
18842:
18839:
18837:
18834:
18833:
18831:
18825:
18821:
18815:
18812:
18810:
18807:
18805:
18803:
18798:
18796:
18793:
18792:
18790:
18784:
18780:
18774:
18770:
18768:
18764:
18762:
18758:
18756:
18752:
18750:
18746:
18744:
18740:
18738:
18734:
18732:
18728:
18726:
18722:
18720:
18716:
18714:
18710:
18708:
18704:
18702:
18698:
18696:
18695:Bennettitales
18692:
18691:
18689:
18676:
18675:Pteridosperms
18669:
18666:
18662:(seed plants)
18659:
18654:
18644:
18643:Protopityales
18640:
18638:
18634:
18632:
18628:
18626:
18622:
18621:
18619:
18616:
18609:
18605:
18602:
18596:
18585:
18581:
18578:
18576:
18572:
18570:
18566:
18565:
18563:
18559:
18555:
18549:
18545:
18543:
18539:
18538:
18535:
18532:
18529:
18524:
18513:
18509:
18505:
18501:
18498:
18496:
18492:
18490:
18486:
18485:
18483:
18481:
18477:
18473:
18470:
18464:
18454:
18450:
18448:
18444:
18442:
18438:
18437:
18435:
18428:
18424:
18421:
18414:
18413:Tracheophytes
18409:
18405:
18399:
18398:
18393:
18391:
18387:
18386:
18384:
18377:
18374:
18371:
18365:
18361:
18347:
18344:
18342:
18339:
18337:
18334:
18332:
18329:
18327:
18326:Andreaeopsida
18324:
18322:
18319:
18317:
18314:
18312:
18309:
18308:
18306:
18300:
18296:
18290:
18287:
18285:
18282:
18281:
18279:
18273:
18269:
18263:
18260:
18258:
18255:
18253:
18250:
18249:
18247:
18241:
18237:
18234:
18231:
18226:
18222:
18218:
18214:
18212:
18205:
18200:
18196:
18157:
18156:
18154:
18151:(land plants)
18148:
18144:
18138:
18135:
18134:
18132:
18128:
18122:
18119:
18117:
18114:
18113:
18110:
18107:
18105:
18101:
18095:
18092:
18090:
18089:
18085:
18083:
18080:
18078:
18075:
18074:
18072:
18069:
18064:
18060:
18044:
18043:Chlorophyceae
18041:
18039:
18036:
18034:
18031:
18030:
18029:
18026:
18024:
18021:
18019:
18018:Pedinophyceae
18016:
18014:
18011:
18009:
18006:
18004:
18001:
18000:
17998:
17996:Chlorophytina
17994:
17988:
17985:
17983:
17980:
17979:
17977:
17973:
17970:
17967:
17961:
17957:
17947:
17944:
17942:
17939:
17938:
17936:
17934:
17930:
17926:
17923:
17917:
17912:
17910:
17901:
17900:Viridiplantae
17897:
17887:
17884:
17883:
17881:
17879:
17875:
17869:
17866:
17865:
17863:
17861:
17857:
17851:
17848:
17846:
17845:Bangiophyceae
17843:
17841:
17838:
17836:
17833:
17831:
17828:
17826:
17823:
17821:
17818:
17817:
17815:
17809:
17805:
17799:
17798:
17794:
17793:
17791:
17789:
17785:
17779:
17778:
17774:
17773:
17771:
17769:
17765:
17761:
17758:
17755:
17750:
17746:
17734:
17731:
17729:
17726:
17724:
17721:
17720:
17719:
17716:
17714:
17711:
17710:
17709:
17706:
17702:
17699:
17697:
17696:Stramenopiles
17694:
17692:
17689:
17687:
17684:
17680:
17677:
17676:
17675:
17672:
17671:
17670:
17667:
17665:
17662:
17659:(major groups
17657:
17655:
17652:
17650:
17647:
17645:
17642:
17639:
17635:
17634:
17630:
17626:
17624:
17617:
17609:
17604:
17602:
17597:
17595:
17590:
17589:
17586:
17574:
17573:
17564:
17563:
17560:
17554:
17551:
17549:
17546:
17544:
17541:
17539:
17536:
17534:
17531:
17529:
17526:
17524:
17521:
17519:
17516:
17514:
17511:
17509:
17506:
17504:
17501:
17499:
17496:
17494:
17491:
17489:
17486:
17484:
17481:
17479:
17476:
17474:
17471:
17469:
17466:
17464:
17461:
17459:
17456:
17454:
17451:
17449:
17446:
17444:
17441:
17439:
17436:
17435:
17433:
17429:
17422:
17419:
17416:
17413:
17410:
17407:
17404:
17401:
17398:
17395:
17392:
17389:
17386:
17383:
17380:
17377:
17374:
17371:
17368:
17365:
17362:
17359:
17356:
17355:Gregor Mendel
17353:
17350:
17349:Joseph Hooker
17347:
17344:
17341:
17338:
17335:
17332:
17329:
17326:
17323:
17320:
17317:
17314:
17311:
17308:
17305:
17302:
17301:Aimé Bonpland
17299:
17296:
17293:
17290:
17287:
17284:
17281:
17278:
17275:
17272:
17269:
17266:
17263:
17260:
17257:
17254:
17251:
17248:
17245:
17242:
17239:
17236:
17233:
17230:
17229:Stephen Hales
17227:
17224:
17221:
17218:
17215:
17212:
17209:
17206:
17205:Nehemiah Grew
17203:
17200:
17197:
17194:
17191:
17188:
17185:
17182:
17179:
17176:
17173:
17170:
17167:
17164:
17161:
17158:
17155:
17152:
17149:
17146:
17145:Otto Brunfels
17143:
17140:
17137:
17134:
17131:
17129:c. 371–287 BC
17128:
17125:
17124:
17122:
17116:
17110:
17107:
17105:
17102:
17100:
17097:
17095:
17092:
17090:
17087:
17085:
17082:
17080:
17077:
17076:
17074:
17068:
17061:
17060:
17056:
17053:
17052:
17048:
17045:
17044:
17040:
17037:
17036:
17032:
17029:
17028:
17027:Plantesamfund
17024:
17021:
17020:
17016:
17013:
17012:
17008:
17005:
17004:
17000:
16997:
16996:
16992:
16989:
16988:
16984:
16980:
16977:
16976:
16974:
16973:
16969:
16966:
16965:
16961:
16958:
16957:
16953:
16950:
16949:
16945:
16942:
16941:
16937:
16934:
16933:
16929:
16926:
16925:
16921:
16918:
16917:
16913:
16910:
16909:
16905:
16902:
16901:
16897:
16894:
16893:
16889:
16886:
16885:
16881:
16878:
16877:
16873:
16870:
16869:
16865:
16862:
16861:
16857:
16854:
16853:
16849:
16846:
16845:
16841:
16838:
16837:
16833:
16830:
16829:
16825:
16822:
16821:
16817:
16814:
16813:
16809:
16806:
16805:
16801:
16798:
16797:
16793:
16790:
16789:
16785:
16782:
16781:
16777:
16774:
16773:
16769:
16766:
16765:
16761:
16758:
16757:
16753:
16750:
16749:
16745:
16742:
16741:
16737:
16734:
16733:
16728:
16727:
16723:
16722:
16720:
16716:
16710:
16707:
16705:
16702:
16700:
16697:
16695:
16692:
16690:
16687:
16685:
16682:
16681:
16679:
16675:
16670:
16660:
16657:
16655:
16652:
16650:
16647:
16645:
16642:
16640:
16637:
16635:
16634:Plant ecology
16632:
16630:
16629:Plant anatomy
16627:
16625:
16622:
16620:
16617:
16615:
16612:
16610:
16607:
16605:
16602:
16600:
16597:
16595:
16592:
16590:
16587:
16585:
16582:
16580:
16577:
16575:
16572:
16570:
16567:
16565:
16562:
16560:
16557:
16555:
16552:
16550:
16547:
16545:
16542:
16540:
16537:
16535:
16532:
16530:
16527:
16525:
16522:
16520:
16517:
16516:
16514:
16508:
16504:
16497:
16492:
16490:
16485:
16483:
16478:
16477:
16474:
16462:
16454:
16453:
16450:
16444:
16441:
16439:
16436:
16434:
16431:
16427:
16424:
16423:
16422:
16419:
16417:
16414:
16413:
16411:
16405:
16402:
16401:
16398:
16392:
16391:Phytochemical
16389:
16387:
16384:
16382:
16379:
16377:
16374:
16372:
16369:
16368:
16366:
16362:
16356:
16353:
16351:
16348:
16345:
16342:
16340:
16337:
16335:
16332:
16326:
16323:
16321:
16318:
16316:
16313:
16312:
16311:
16308:
16306:
16303:
16302:
16301:
16298:
16294:
16291:
16289:
16286:
16284:
16281:
16279:
16276:
16274:
16271:
16270:
16269:
16266:
16264:
16261:
16260:
16258:
16256:
16252:
16244:
16241:
16237:
16234:
16233:
16232:
16229:
16225:
16222:
16221:
16220:
16217:
16216:
16215:
16212:
16208:
16205:
16203:
16200:
16198:
16195:
16193:
16190:
16189:
16188:
16185:
16183:
16180:
16178:
16175:
16171:
16168:
16167:
16166:
16163:
16161:
16158:
16156:
16153:
16151:
16148:
16147:
16145:
16140:
16137:
16135:
16132:
16131:
16129:
16125:
16119:
16116:
16114:
16111:
16109:
16106:
16100:
16097:
16096:
16095:
16092:
16090:
16087:
16085:
16082:
16078:
16075:
16073:
16070:
16069:
16068:
16065:
16063:
16060:
16058:
16055:
16054:
16053:
16050:
16049:
16047:
16041:
16035:
16032:
16030:
16029:Transpiration
16027:
16025:
16022:
16020:
16017:
16015:
16012:
16008:
16005:
16003:
16000:
15999:
15998:
15995:
15993:
15990:
15988:
15985:
15981:
15978:
15977:
15976:
15973:
15971:
15968:
15966:
15963:
15961:
15958:
15956:
15953:
15951:
15948:
15947:
15945:
15941:
15937:
15927:
15924:
15922:
15919:
15917:
15914:
15912:
15909:
15907:
15904:
15902:
15899:
15897:
15894:
15893:
15891:
15887:
15881:
15878:
15876:
15873:
15871:
15868:
15866:
15863:
15859:
15856:
15854:
15851:
15849:
15846:
15845:
15844:
15841:
15837:
15834:
15832:
15829:
15827:
15824:
15822:
15819:
15818:
15817:
15816:Inflorescence
15814:
15812:
15809:
15803:
15800:
15798:
15795:
15791:
15788:
15786:
15783:
15782:
15781:
15778:
15777:
15776:
15773:
15772:
15771:
15768:
15766:
15763:
15761:
15758:
15752:
15749:
15747:
15744:
15743:
15742:
15739:
15737:
15734:
15732:
15729:
15727:
15724:
15722:
15719:
15717:
15714:
15713:
15712:
15709:
15705:
15702:
15700:
15697:
15695:
15692:
15690:
15687:
15685:
15682:
15680:
15677:
15676:
15675:
15672:
15668:
15665:
15663:
15660:
15656:
15653:
15651:
15648:
15647:
15646:
15643:
15641:
15638:
15637:
15636:
15633:
15631:
15628:
15626:
15623:
15622:
15620:
15616:
15612:
15604:
15601:
15599:
15596:
15592:
15589:
15587:
15584:
15583:
15582:
15579:
15577:
15574:
15573:
15572:
15569:
15567:
15564:
15562:
15559:
15557:
15554:
15552:
15549:
15548:
15546:
15542:
15536:
15533:
15529:
15526:
15525:
15524:
15521:
15519:
15516:
15514:
15511:
15507:
15504:
15503:
15502:
15501:Ground tissue
15499:
15497:
15494:
15493:
15491:
15489:
15485:
15479:
15476:
15474:
15471:
15469:
15466:
15464:
15461:
15459:
15456:
15455:
15453:
15451:
15447:
15444:
15437:
15431:
15428:
15427:
15425:
15424:Plant anatomy
15421:
15415:
15412:
15410:
15407:
15405:
15402:
15400:
15397:
15395:
15392:
15390:
15387:
15385:
15382:
15380:
15377:
15375:
15372:
15370:
15367:
15366:
15364:
15361:
15357:
15351:
15348:
15346:
15345:Plant ecology
15343:
15341:
15340:Plant anatomy
15338:
15334:
15331:
15330:
15329:
15326:
15324:
15321:
15319:
15316:
15314:
15311:
15309:
15306:
15304:
15301:
15299:
15296:
15294:
15291:
15289:
15288:Archaeobotany
15286:
15285:
15283:
15281:
15277:
15271:
15268:
15266:
15263:
15262:
15259:
15255:
15248:
15243:
15241:
15236:
15234:
15229:
15228:
15225:
15213:
15210:
15208:
15205:
15203:
15200:
15199:
15197:
15193:
15187:
15184:
15182:
15179:
15177:
15174:
15172:
15169:
15167:
15164:
15162:
15159:
15157:
15154:
15152:
15149:
15147:
15144:
15142:
15139:
15137:
15134:
15132:
15129:
15127:
15124:
15122:
15119:
15117:
15114:
15112:
15109:
15107:
15104:
15102:
15099:
15097:
15094:
15092:
15089:
15087:
15086:Phylogenetics
15084:
15082:
15079:
15077:
15074:
15072:
15069:
15067:
15064:
15062:
15059:
15057:
15054:
15052:
15049:
15047:
15044:
15042:
15039:
15037:
15034:
15032:
15029:
15027:
15024:
15022:
15019:
15017:
15014:
15012:
15009:
15007:
15004:
15002:
14999:
14997:
14994:
14992:
14989:
14987:
14984:
14982:
14981:Human biology
14979:
14977:
14974:
14972:
14969:
14967:
14964:
14962:
14959:
14957:
14954:
14952:
14949:
14947:
14944:
14942:
14939:
14937:
14934:
14932:
14929:
14927:
14924:
14922:
14919:
14917:
14914:
14912:
14909:
14907:
14904:
14902:
14899:
14897:
14894:
14892:
14889:
14887:
14884:
14882:
14879:
14877:
14874:
14872:
14871:Chronobiology
14869:
14867:
14864:
14862:
14859:
14857:
14854:
14852:
14849:
14847:
14846:Biotechnology
14844:
14842:
14841:Biostatistics
14839:
14837:
14834:
14832:
14829:
14827:
14824:
14822:
14819:
14817:
14814:
14812:
14809:
14807:
14804:
14802:
14799:
14797:
14794:
14792:
14789:
14787:
14784:
14782:
14779:
14777:
14774:
14772:
14769:
14767:
14764:
14763:
14760:
14756:
14749:
14744:
14742:
14737:
14735:
14730:
14729:
14726:
14714:
14706:
14704:
14696:
14694:
14686:
14683:
14678:
14672:
14671:
14668:
14662:
14659:
14657:
14654:
14652:
14649:
14647:
14644:
14643:
14641:
14637:
14629:
14626:
14624:
14621:
14619:
14616:
14614:
14611:
14609:
14606:
14604:
14601:
14599:
14596:
14594:
14591:
14589:
14586:
14584:
14581:
14579:
14576:
14574:
14571:
14569:
14566:
14564:
14561:
14559:
14556:
14554:
14551:
14549:
14546:
14544:
14541:
14539:
14536:
14534:
14531:
14529:
14528:Phylogenetics
14526:
14524:
14521:
14519:
14516:
14514:
14511:
14509:
14506:
14504:
14501:
14499:
14496:
14494:
14491:
14489:
14486:
14484:
14481:
14479:
14476:
14474:
14471:
14469:
14466:
14464:
14461:
14459:
14456:
14454:
14451:
14449:
14446:
14444:
14441:
14439:
14436:
14434:
14431:
14429:
14426:
14424:
14423:Human biology
14421:
14419:
14416:
14414:
14411:
14409:
14406:
14404:
14401:
14399:
14396:
14394:
14391:
14389:
14386:
14384:
14381:
14379:
14376:
14374:
14371:
14369:
14366:
14364:
14361:
14359:
14356:
14354:
14351:
14349:
14346:
14344:
14341:
14339:
14336:
14334:
14331:
14329:
14326:
14324:
14321:
14319:
14316:
14314:
14313:Chronobiology
14311:
14309:
14306:
14304:
14301:
14299:
14296:
14293:
14291:
14290:Biotechnology
14288:
14286:
14285:Biostatistics
14283:
14281:
14278:
14276:
14273:
14271:
14268:
14266:
14263:
14261:
14258:
14256:
14253:
14251:
14248:
14246:
14243:
14241:
14238:
14236:
14233:
14231:
14228:
14226:
14223:
14221:
14218:
14216:
14213:
14211:
14208:
14207:
14203:
14199:
14189:
14186:
14184:
14181:
14179:
14178:Belt transect
14176:
14175:
14173:
14169:
14163:
14162:
14158:
14156:
14155:
14151:
14149:
14148:
14144:
14142:
14139:
14137:
14134:
14132:
14129:
14127:
14126:Southern blot
14124:
14122:
14121:Northern blot
14119:
14117:
14114:
14112:
14109:
14107:
14104:
14102:
14099:
14097:
14094:
14092:
14089:
14087:
14084:
14082:
14079:
14077:
14074:
14072:
14069:
14067:
14064:
14062:
14059:
14057:
14054:
14053:
14051:
14045:
14042:
14040:
14034:
14029:
14015:
14012:
14010:
14007:
14005:
14002:
13998:
13995:
13994:
13993:
13990:
13988:
13985:
13983:
13980:
13978:
13975:
13973:
13970:
13968:
13965:
13963:
13960:
13958:
13955:
13953:
13950:
13948:
13945:
13943:
13940:
13939:
13937:
13935:
13931:
13925:
13922:
13920:
13917:
13915:
13912:
13910:
13907:
13905:
13902:
13900:
13899:Immune system
13897:
13895:
13892:
13890:
13887:
13885:
13882:
13880:
13877:
13875:
13872:
13871:
13869:
13863:
13857:
13854:
13852:
13849:
13847:
13844:
13842:
13839:
13837:
13834:
13832:
13829:
13827:
13824:
13822:
13819:
13817:
13816:Ground tissue
13814:
13812:
13809:
13807:
13804:
13803:
13801:
13795:
13789:
13786:
13782:
13779:
13777:
13774:
13772:
13769:
13767:
13764:
13762:
13759:
13758:
13757:
13754:
13752:
13749:
13747:
13744:
13743:
13741:
13739:
13735:
13729:
13726:
13724:
13721:
13719:
13718:Phylogenetics
13716:
13714:
13711:
13709:
13706:
13704:
13701:
13699:
13696:
13694:
13691:
13689:
13686:
13684:
13683:Genetic drift
13681:
13679:
13676:
13674:
13671:
13669:
13666:
13665:
13663:
13661:
13657:
13651:
13648:
13646:
13643:
13641:
13638:
13636:
13633:
13631:
13628:
13626:
13623:
13621:
13618:
13616:
13613:
13612:
13610:
13608:
13604:
13598:
13595:
13593:
13590:
13588:
13585:
13583:
13580:
13578:
13575:
13573:
13570:
13568:
13565:
13563:
13560:
13558:
13555:
13553:
13550:
13548:
13545:
13543:
13540:
13538:
13535:
13533:
13530:
13529:
13527:
13525:
13521:
13515:
13512:
13510:
13507:
13505:
13502:
13500:
13497:
13495:
13492:
13490:
13489:Nucleic acids
13487:
13485:
13482:
13480:
13477:
13473:
13470:
13469:
13468:
13465:
13463:
13460:
13458:
13455:
13453:
13452:Chemical bond
13450:
13448:
13447:Carbohydrates
13445:
13443:
13440:
13438:
13435:
13434:
13432:
13428:
13422:
13419:
13417:
13414:
13412:
13409:
13407:
13404:
13402:
13399:
13397:
13394:
13392:
13389:
13387:
13384:
13382:
13379:
13377:
13374:
13371:
13367:
13363:
13359:
13355:
13351:
13347:
13343:
13339:
13335:
13331:
13327:
13323:
13320:
13317:
13313:
13309:
13305:
13301:
13297:
13293:
13289:
13285:
13283:
13280:
13278:
13275:
13274:
13272:
13268:
13265:
13263:
13259:
13253:
13250:
13246:
13243:
13242:
13241:
13238:
13236:
13233:
13230:
13226:
13222:
13221:
13218:
13214:
13207:
13202:
13200:
13195:
13193:
13188:
13187:
13184:
13177:
13172:
13168:
13167:
13150:on 2016-09-28
13146:
13142:
13136:
13129:
13128:
13122:
13111:
13107:
13103:
13099:
13087:
13083:
13079:
13075:
13063:
13059:
13055:
13043:
13039:
13037:
13031:
13019:
13015:
13014:"Paleobotany"
13011:
13000:on 2012-03-02
12999:
12995:
12991:
12979:
12975:
12971:
12959:
12955:
12951:
12939:
12935:
12931:
12920:
12916:
12912:
12908:
12896:
12892:
12888:
12884:
12872:
12868:
12864:
12853:on 2021-12-10
12852:
12848:
12844:
12840:
12836:
12831:
12826:
12822:
12818:
12814:
12810:
12806:
12801:
12797:
12791:
12787:
12782:
12778:
12774:
12769:
12764:
12760:
12756:
12752:
12747:
12743:
12737:
12733:
12728:
12724:
12720:
12716:
12712:
12708:
12704:
12700:
12696:
12692:
12688:
12683:
12678:
12673:
12669:
12665:
12661:
12656:
12649:
12648:
12647:Phytohormones
12642:
12630:
12626:
12621:
12617:
12613:
12609:
12605:
12600:
12595:
12591:
12587:
12583:
12578:
12574:
12568:
12564:
12559:
12555:
12551:
12547:
12543:
12539:
12535:
12530:
12526:
12522:
12517:
12512:
12507:
12502:
12498:
12494:
12490:
12485:
12481:
12475:
12471:
12466:
12462:
12458:
12453:
12448:
12444:
12440:
12436:
12432:
12428:
12423:
12419:
12415:
12411:
12407:
12403:
12399:
12396:(2): 95–100.
12395:
12391:
12385:
12381:
12375:
12371:
12366:
12362:
12356:
12352:
12347:
12343:
12337:
12333:
12328:
12324:
12322:9781111580971
12318:
12314:
12309:
12305:
12299:
12295:
12291:
12287:
12277:on 2011-07-26
12273:
12269:
12265:
12258:
12254:
12250:
12246:
12242:
12238:
12234:
12229:
12225:
12219:
12215:
12210:
12206:
12202:
12198:
12194:
12189:
12178:
12174:
12168:
12164:
12163:
12157:
12152:
12147:
12143:
12139:
12135:
12130:
12119:
12115:
12109:
12105:
12104:
12098:
12094:
12090:
12085:
12080:
12076:
12072:
12068:
12064:
12060:
12055:
12040:
12033:
12028:
12024:
12012:
12004:
12000:
11996:
11990:
11986:
11982:
11978:
11973:
11969:
11965:
11961:
11957:
11953:
11949:
11945:
11941:
11936:
11932:
11928:
11924:
11920:
11916:
11912:
11909:(1): 73–117.
11908:
11904:
11899:
11895:
11889:
11885:
11881:
11877:
11873:
11868:
11864:
11860:
11856:
11852:
11848:
11844:
11839:
11835:
11831:
11827:
11823:
11818:
11814:
11810:
11805:
11800:
11796:
11792:
11788:
11784:
11780:
11779:Maize Mutant"
11778:
11771:
11767:
11763:
11759:
11755:
11751:
11747:
11743:
11739:
11734:
11723:
11719:
11713:
11709:
11708:
11703:
11698:
11691:
11687:
11683:
11679:
11675:
11671:
11667:
11660:
11655:
11651:
11647:
11643:
11639:
11635:
11631:
11627:
11623:
11619:
11615:
11610:
11605:
11604:
11597:
11593:
11587:
11582:
11581:
11574:
11570:
11564:
11560:
11555:
11551:
11547:
11543:
11539:
11535:
11531:
11527:
11523:
11518:
11514:
11508:
11504:
11499:
11495:
11489:
11482:
11481:
11475:
11471:
11467:
11462:
11457:
11453:
11449:
11445:
11440:
11436:
11430:
11426:
11421:
11417:
11411:
11407:
11402:
11398:
11393:
11389:
11383:
11378:
11377:
11370:
11366:
11362:
11358:
11354:
11350:
11346:
11341:
11337:
11333:
11329:
11325:
11321:
11317:
11313:
11309:
11303:
11288:
11281:
11276:
11265:
11261:
11255:
11251:
11250:
11243:
11239:
11235:
11231:
11227:
11223:
11219:
11215:
11211:
11206:
11200:
11194:
11190:
11185:
11184:
11181:
11175:
11171:
11166:
11162:
11160:977-416-034-7
11156:
11152:
11147:
11143:
11137:
11133:
11132:
11126:
11122:
11118:
11114:
11110:
11105:
11100:
11096:
11092:
11088:
11083:
11079:
11075:
11070:
11065:
11061:
11057:
11053:
11049:
11045:
11040:
11036:
11032:
11027:
11022:
11018:
11014:
11010:
11005:
10994:
10990:
10989:
10983:
10979:
10975:
10970:
10965:
10961:
10957:
10953:
10948:
10944:
10940:
10935:
10930:
10926:
10922:
10918:
10913:
10902:
10898:
10897:
10891:
10887:
10883:
10879:
10875:
10871:
10867:
10863:
10859:
10854:
10843:
10839:
10833:
10829:
10828:
10822:
10810:
10806:
10801:
10790:
10786:
10782:
10777:
10772:
10768:
10764:
10760:
10756:
10752:
10747:
10743:
10739:
10734:
10729:
10724:
10719:
10715:
10711:
10710:PLOS Genetics
10707:
10701:
10690:
10686:
10680:
10676:
10675:
10670:
10666:
10664:
10660:
10657:
10652:
10648:
10643:
10638:
10633:
10628:
10624:
10620:
10616:
10612:
10608:
10603:
10599:
10593:
10589:
10584:
10578:
10574:
10570:
10566:
10562:
10558:
10554:
10549:
10545:
10541:
10537:
10531:
10527:
10523:
10518:
10513:
10509:
10504:
10500:
10496:
10492:
10491:10.1038/37918
10488:
10484:
10480:
10476:
10472:
10467:
10456:
10452:
10446:
10442:
10441:
10435:
10431:
10425:
10420:
10419:
10412:
10408:
10402:
10398:
10397:
10391:
10387:
10383:
10379:
10375:
10371:
10367:
10363:
10359:
10355:
10351:
10346:
10342:
10338:
10333:
10328:
10323:
10318:
10314:
10310:
10306:
10301:
10289:
10285:
10280:
10276:
10272:
10267:
10262:
10258:
10254:
10250:
10246:
10242:
10237:
10226:
10222:
10216:
10212:
10211:
10205:
10198:
10194:
10190:
10186:
10182:
10178:
10174:
10170:
10166:
10159:
10155:
10151:
10147:
10141:
10137:
10132:
10120:
10116:
10112:
10108:
10104:
10100:
10095:
10091:
10085:
10080:
10079:
10072:
10068:
10065:(in German).
10064:
10059:
10055:
10049:
10045:
10044:
10038:
10026:
10022:
10017:
10013:
10009:
10004:
9999:
9995:
9991:
9987:
9982:
9978:
9974:
9969:
9964:
9960:
9956:
9952:
9948:
9944:
9939:
9935:
9931:
9927:
9923:
9918:
9913:
9909:
9905:
9901:
9896:
9885:
9881:
9880:
9874:
9862:
9858:
9857:
9852:
9848:
9837:
9833:
9827:
9823:
9822:
9816:
9812:
9808:
9803:
9788:
9781:
9776:
9772:
9768:
9764:
9760:
9756:
9752:
9748:
9744:
9740:
9736:
9732:
9728:
9724:
9720:
9716:
9712:
9708:
9704:
9699:
9695:
9691:
9686:
9681:
9676:
9671:
9667:
9663:
9659:
9655:
9651:
9646:
9642:
9638:
9634:
9630:
9626:
9622:
9617:
9613:
9609:
9604:
9599:
9595:
9591:
9587:
9583:
9579:
9574:
9563:
9559:
9555:
9550:
9545:
9541:
9537:
9533:
9529:
9525:
9521:
9517:
9513:
9509:
9505:
9499:
9495:
9490:
9486:
9482:
9478:
9474:
9468:
9454:
9447:
9446:
9440:
9429:
9425:
9419:
9415:
9414:
9408:
9397:
9393:
9387:
9383:
9382:
9376:
9369:
9365:
9361:
9357:
9353:
9349:
9345:
9338:
9333:
9329:
9325:
9321:
9317:
9313:
9309:
9304:
9300:
9296:
9291:
9286:
9282:
9278:
9274:
9270:
9266:
9262:
9258:
9253:
9241:
9237:
9233:
9228:
9224:
9220:
9216:
9212:
9208:
9204:
9200:
9196:
9192:
9188:
9182:
9168:
9163:
9158:
9154:
9150:
9143:
9138:
9134:
9128:
9124:
9119:
9114:
9109:
9105:
9101:
9097:
9093:
9089:
9084:
9070:
9066:
9062:
9057:
9052:
9048:
9044:
9040:
9036:
9029:
9024:
9020:
9014:
9010:
9005:
9001:
8995:
8991:
8987:
8983:
8979:
8973:
8969:
8964:
8960:
8954:
8950:
8945:
8941:
8935:
8930:
8929:
8922:
8911:
8907:
8902:
8890:
8886:
8881:
8877:
8871:
8867:
8862:
8858:
8854:
8850:
8846:
8842:
8838:
8833:
8829:
8825:
8821:
8817:
8812:
8807:
8803:
8799:
8795:
8791:
8787:
8782:
8778:
8773:
8761:
8757:
8756:
8750:
8746:
8740:
8736:
8731:
8727:
8723:
8718:
8713:
8709:
8705:
8700:
8695:
8691:
8687:
8683:
8679:
8675:
8670:
8656:
8652:
8648:
8644:
8640:
8636:
8632:
8628:
8624:
8620:
8616:
8609:
8605:
8601:
8597:
8593:
8588:
8583:
8579:
8575:
8571:
8567:
8563:
8558:
8554:
8550:
8546:
8542:
8537:
8532:
8528:
8524:
8520:
8515:
8511:
8505:
8501:
8496:
8484:
8480:
8475:
8471:
8465:
8461:
8456:
8455:
8443:
8438:
8431:
8426:
8419:
8414:
8407:
8402:
8395:
8390:
8383:
8378:
8371:
8366:
8359:
8354:
8347:
8346:Anderson 2001
8342:
8335:
8330:
8323:
8318:
8311:
8306:
8299:
8294:
8287:
8282:
8275:
8270:
8268:
8260:
8255:
8248:
8243:
8236:
8231:
8224:
8219:
8212:
8207:
8201:, p. 11.
8200:
8195:
8188:
8183:
8176:
8171:
8164:
8159:
8152:
8147:
8140:
8135:
8133:
8125:
8120:
8113:
8108:
8106:
8098:
8093:
8086:
8081:
8074:
8069:
8067:
8065:
8057:
8052:
8045:
8040:
8033:
8028:
8021:
8016:
8009:
8004:
7997:
7992:
7985:
7980:
7973:
7968:
7961:
7956:
7949:
7944:
7937:
7932:
7925:
7920:
7913:
7908:
7901:
7896:
7889:
7884:
7877:
7872:
7865:
7860:
7853:
7848:
7841:
7836:
7829:
7824:
7817:
7812:
7805:
7800:
7793:
7788:
7781:
7776:
7769:
7764:
7757:
7752:
7745:
7740:
7733:
7728:
7721:
7716:
7709:
7704:
7697:
7692:
7690:
7683:, chapter 13.
7682:
7677:
7670:
7665:
7658:
7653:
7646:
7641:
7634:
7629:
7622:
7617:
7610:
7605:
7598:
7597:Copeland 1938
7593:
7586:
7581:
7574:
7569:
7562:
7557:
7550:
7545:
7538:
7533:
7526:
7521:
7514:
7509:
7502:
7497:
7490:
7485:
7478:
7473:
7466:
7461:
7454:
7449:
7442:
7437:
7430:
7425:
7418:
7413:
7406:
7401:
7394:
7389:
7382:
7377:
7370:
7365:
7363:
7355:
7350:
7341:
7334:
7329:
7322:
7317:
7310:
7305:
7298:
7293:
7286:
7281:
7274:
7269:
7262:
7257:
7250:
7245:
7238:
7233:
7226:
7221:
7214:
7209:
7202:
7197:
7190:
7185:
7178:
7173:
7166:
7161:
7154:
7149:
7142:
7141:Addelson 2003
7137:
7130:
7125:
7112:on 2021-10-28
7111:
7107:
7106:
7098:
7096:
7088:
7083:
7076:
7071:
7064:
7059:
7057:
7049:
7044:
7037:
7032:
7025:
7020:
7013:
7012:Densmore 1974
7008:
7001:
6996:
6989:
6984:
6977:
6976:Jeffreys 2005
6972:
6965:
6960:
6958:
6950:
6945:
6938:
6933:
6926:
6921:
6914:
6909:
6902:
6897:
6890:
6885:
6878:
6873:
6866:
6861:
6854:
6849:
6847:
6839:
6838:Takaichi 2011
6834:
6827:
6822:
6815:
6810:
6803:
6798:
6791:
6786:
6779:
6774:
6767:
6762:
6755:
6750:
6743:
6738:
6731:
6726:
6719:
6714:
6707:
6702:
6695:
6690:
6683:
6678:
6671:
6666:
6659:
6654:
6647:
6642:
6635:
6630:
6623:
6618:
6611:
6606:
6599:
6594:
6587:
6582:
6576:, p. 56.
6575:
6570:
6563:
6558:
6551:
6546:
6539:
6534:
6527:
6522:
6515:
6510:
6503:
6498:
6491:
6486:
6484:
6476:
6471:
6464:
6459:
6452:
6447:
6440:
6435:
6428:
6423:
6421:
6413:
6408:
6401:
6396:
6389:
6384:
6377:
6372:
6365:
6360:
6353:
6348:
6341:
6336:
6329:
6324:
6317:
6312:
6305:
6300:
6293:
6288:
6281:
6276:
6269:
6264:
6257:
6252:
6245:
6240:
6233:
6228:
6221:
6216:
6209:
6204:
6197:
6192:
6185:
6180:
6173:
6168:
6154:
6153:Atlas Obscura
6150:
6143:
6136:
6131:
6124:
6119:
6112:
6107:
6100:
6099:Waggoner 2001
6095:
6088:
6083:
6076:
6071:
6064:
6059:
6052:
6047:
6040:
6035:
6029:, p. 93.
6028:
6023:
6016:
6011:
6004:
5999:
5993:, p. 30.
5992:
5987:
5980:
5975:
5973:
5965:
5960:
5953:
5952:Manniche 2006
5948:
5941:
5940:Oberlies 1998
5936:
5929:
5924:
5922:
5915:, p. 16.
5914:
5909:
5902:
5897:
5890:
5885:
5878:
5873:
5866:
5861:
5854:
5849:
5833:
5829:
5823:
5819:
5801:
5800:cyanobacteria
5797:
5791:
5787:
5776:
5770:
5765:
5762:
5761:Plants portal
5756:
5751:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5682:
5671:
5668:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5656:
5654:
5650:
5647:
5645:◊ sex unknown
5644:
5641:
5639:
5635:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5626:
5598:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5577:In 1998, the
5569:
5568:
5560:
5559:
5551:
5550:
5547:
5546:
5540:
5539:
5536:
5535:
5532:
5531:
5525:
5524:
5518:
5517:
5514:
5513:
5510:
5509:
5503:
5502:
5496:
5495:
5490:
5487:
5482:
5478:
5473:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5450:
5446:
5436:
5432:
5423:
5417:
5409:
5403:
5389:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5374:
5369:
5365:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5339:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5299:
5295:
5290:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5271:DNA sequences
5269:, which uses
5268:
5264:
5260:
5257:principle of
5256:
5252:
5251:Carl Linnaeus
5248:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5235:phylogenetics
5228:
5223:
5218:
5208:
5204:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5169:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5123:
5122:and carrots.
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5104:
5100:
5099:Streptocarpus
5094:
5090:
5086:
5080:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5012:
5005:
4999:
4997:
4996:cell division
4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4978:). Uniquely,
4977:
4974:) or lipids (
4973:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4956:hemicellulose
4953:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4936:Plant anatomy
4931:
4930:
4924:
4915:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4899:
4897:
4893:
4892:
4887:
4883:
4882:phytohormones
4878:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4847:Abscisic acid
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4821:
4817:
4816:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4796:
4780:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4742:
4740:
4736:
4735:Venus flytrap
4732:
4731:
4730:Mimosa pudica
4726:
4720:
4716:
4715:Plant hormone
4708:
4704:
4700:
4695:
4691:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4665:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4590:
4588:
4583:
4579:
4578:cyanobacteria
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4554:
4549:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4516:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4450:Pteridophytic
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4422:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4395:
4391:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4375:endosymbiotic
4372:
4371:cyanobacteria
4368:
4361:
4359:
4353:
4348:
4338:
4336:
4335:paramutations
4331:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4316:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4303:sieve tubes,
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4275:
4271:
4268:
4264:
4263:morphogenesis
4260:
4256:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4227:gene function
4224:
4219:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4124:
4120:
4117:
4116:single celled
4113:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4066:
4061:
4060:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4034:
4029:
4021:
4020:
4016:Thale cress,
4014:
4009:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3984:endosymbiotic
3980:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3967:is a fertile
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3941:
3937:
3936:allopolyploid
3933:
3929:
3928:autopolyploid
3925:
3921:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3869:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3807:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3768:jumping genes
3765:
3761:
3760:Pisum sativum
3757:
3753:
3752:Gregor Mendel
3743:
3739:
3732:
3725:
3715:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3631:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3616:other animals
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3502:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3445:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3428:Plant ecology
3422:Plant ecology
3419:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3269:Lincoln green
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3131:opium poppies
3128:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3089:
3087:
3079:
3075:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3030:
3029:Sporopollenin
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2983:
2982:plant cuticle
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2910:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2879:
2878:
2870:
2869:
2861:
2860:
2850:
2849:
2841:
2840:
2832:
2831:
2823:
2822:
2814:
2813:
2805:
2804:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2695:
2679:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2658:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2638:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2621:
2620:endosymbiotic
2617:
2616:cyanobacteria
2613:
2609:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2578:
2576:
2568:
2564:
2557:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2488:food security
2485:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2441:trophic level
2438:
2434:
2425:
2420:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2367:cyanobacteria
2364:
2360:
2356:
2355:endosymbiotic
2352:
2351:Cyanobacteria
2348:
2344:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2220:, structure (
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2166:cyanobacteria
2163:
2159:
2155:
2147:
2146:
2140:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1990:
1989:DNA barcoding
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1973:DNA sequences
1970:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1870:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1827:Ronald Fisher
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1799:transpiration
1796:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1728:plant ecology
1720:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1709:Plant Anatomy
1706:
1702:
1698:
1695:(1822–1884),
1694:
1693:Gregor Mendel
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1629:
1623:
1618:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1581:plant anatomy
1577:
1575:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1539:Carl Linnaeus
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1435:pharmacopoeia
1432:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1416:Otto Brunfels
1413:
1408:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1389:Ibn al-Baitar
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1359:Ibn Wahshiyya
1356:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1336:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1287:
1284:, in archaic
1283:
1282:Ancient Egypt
1279:
1275:
1265:
1251:
1250:Otto Brunfels
1237:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1194:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1074:DNA sequences
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1027:Carl Linnaeus
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
991:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
944:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
909:
897:
896:Ancient Greek
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
860:plant biology
857:
853:
852:plant science
849:
838:
833:
831:
826:
824:
819:
818:
816:
815:
809:
799:
796:
791:
785:
784:
783:
782:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
756:
750:
749:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
718:
715:
714:
708:
707:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
597:Phylogenetics
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
492:Human biology
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
382:Chronobiology
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
362:
360:
359:Biotechnology
357:
355:
354:Biostatistics
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
276:
268:
267:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
229:
225:
223:
219:
215:
214:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
176:
172:
171:
166:
165:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
142:
136:
135:
128:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
103:
101:
100:
96:
91:
87:
86:
83:
80:
79:
75:
74:
68:
64:
60:
56:
55:
51:The fruit of
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
18912:paraphyletic
18824:Angiospermae
18801:
18800:Ginkgoales (
18773:Petriellales
18755:Medullosales
18682:(seed ferns)
18395:
18316:Sphagnopsida
18311:Takakiopsida
18244:(liverworts)
18210:
18204:Embryophytes
18158:(see below↓)
18116:Charophyceae
18086:
18068:Streptophyta
17920:land plants)
17908:
17877:
17795:
17788:Rhodelphidia
17775:
17718:Opisthokonta
17622:
17570:
17271:Joseph Banks
17127:Theophrastus
17070:Theories and
17057:
17050:
17041:
17033:
17025:
17017:
17009:
17001:
16993:
16985:
16979:Nepenthaceae
16970:
16962:
16954:
16946:
16938:
16930:
16922:
16915:
16906:
16898:
16890:
16882:
16874:
16866:
16858:
16851:
16842:
16834:
16826:
16818:
16810:
16802:
16794:
16788:Kreütterbuch
16786:
16778:
16770:
16762:
16755:
16746:
16739:
16730:
16725:
16718:Publications
16677:Institutions
16574:Horticulture
16524:Biogeography
16386:Horticulture
16376:Floriculture
16278:Correct name
16128:Reproduction
16118:Woody plants
16043:Plant growth
16002:Gas Exchange
15987:Phytomelanin
15865:Plant embryo
15615:Reproductive
15463:Phragmoplast
15253:
15131:Sociobiology
15111:Protistology
15076:Photobiology
15071:Pharmacology
15061:Parasitology
15056:Paleontology
15036:Neuroscience
15016:Microbiology
14926:Epidemiology
14896:Cytogenetics
14856:Cell biology
14850:
14836:Biosemiotics
14826:Biomechanics
14806:Biogeography
14801:Biochemistry
14796:Bacteriology
14791:Astrobiology
14573:Sociobiology
14553:Protistology
14518:Photobiology
14513:Pharmacology
14503:Parasitology
14498:Paleontology
14478:Neuroscience
14458:Microbiology
14368:Epidemiology
14338:Cytogenetics
14298:Cell biology
14280:Biosemiotics
14270:Biomechanics
14250:Biogeography
14245:Biochemistry
14240:Bacteriology
14235:Astrobiology
14159:
14152:
14145:
14116:Western blot
14106:Enzyme assay
14081:Cell culture
13982:Conservation
13867:and function
13865:Animal form
13799:and function
13572:Fermentation
13350:Organ system
13308:Reproduction
13286:Properties (
13152:. Retrieved
13145:the original
13126:
13114:. Retrieved
13105:
13090:. Retrieved
13081:
13066:. Retrieved
13048:February 26,
13046:. Retrieved
13042:the original
13036:Brachypodium
13035:
13022:. Retrieved
13002:. Retrieved
12998:the original
12982:. Retrieved
12962:. Retrieved
12944:February 19,
12942:. Retrieved
12938:the original
12923:. Retrieved
12914:
12901:February 24,
12899:. Retrieved
12890:
12875:. Retrieved
12855:. Retrieved
12851:the original
12812:
12808:
12785:
12758:
12754:
12731:
12690:
12686:
12667:
12663:
12646:
12635:February 27,
12633:. Retrieved
12592:(1): 23–34.
12589:
12585:
12562:
12537:
12533:
12496:
12493:Marine Drugs
12492:
12469:
12434:
12430:
12393:
12389:
12369:
12350:
12331:
12312:
12293:
12290:Stace, Clive
12279:. Retrieved
12272:the original
12267:
12263:
12236:
12232:
12213:
12196:
12192:
12181:. Retrieved
12161:
12141:
12137:
12122:. Retrieved
12102:
12066:
12062:
12046:. Retrieved
12039:the original
11976:
11943:
11939:
11906:
11902:
11875:
11871:
11846:
11842:
11825:
11821:
11786:
11782:
11776:
11744:(1): 25–29.
11741:
11737:
11726:. Retrieved
11706:
11669:
11665:
11617:
11613:
11602:
11579:
11558:
11525:
11521:
11502:
11479:
11451:
11447:
11424:
11405:
11396:
11375:
11348:
11344:
11311:
11307:
11294:. Retrieved
11268:. Retrieved
11248:
11213:
11209:
11188:
11169:
11150:
11130:
11094:
11090:
11051:
11047:
11016:
11012:
10997:. Retrieved
10987:
10959:
10955:
10924:
10920:
10905:. Retrieved
10895:
10861:
10857:
10846:. Retrieved
10826:
10813:. Retrieved
10793:. Retrieved
10761:(1): 10–13.
10758:
10754:
10713:
10709:
10693:. Retrieved
10673:
10614:
10610:
10587:
10556:
10552:
10507:
10474:
10470:
10459:. Retrieved
10439:
10417:
10395:
10353:
10349:
10312:
10308:
10292:. Retrieved
10288:the original
10248:
10244:
10229:. Retrieved
10209:
10168:
10164:
10135:
10123:. Retrieved
10109:(104): 1–9.
10106:
10102:
10077:
10066:
10062:
10042:
10031:February 26,
10029:. Retrieved
10025:the original
9993:
9989:
9953:(1): 56–63.
9950:
9946:
9907:
9903:
9888:. Retrieved
9878:
9867:February 26,
9865:. Retrieved
9855:
9840:. Retrieved
9820:
9810:
9806:
9794:. Retrieved
9787:the original
9746:
9742:
9739:Finney, D.J.
9714:
9710:
9706:
9702:
9657:
9653:
9624:
9620:
9585:
9581:
9566:. Retrieved
9523:
9519:
9493:
9476:
9472:
9460:. Retrieved
9444:
9432:. Retrieved
9412:
9400:. Retrieved
9380:
9368:the original
9347:
9343:
9311:
9307:
9264:
9260:
9244:. Retrieved
9235:
9190:
9186:
9174:. Retrieved
9152:
9148:
9122:
9095:
9091:
9076:. Retrieved
9038:
9034:
9008:
8989:
8967:
8948:
8927:
8914:. Retrieved
8893:. Retrieved
8889:the original
8865:
8840:
8836:
8793:
8789:
8776:
8764:. Retrieved
8754:
8734:
8681:
8677:
8662:. Retrieved
8618:
8614:
8569:
8565:
8526:
8522:
8499:
8487:. Retrieved
8483:the original
8459:
8442:Simpson 2010
8437:
8430:Lindley 1848
8425:
8413:
8401:
8389:
8382:Mauseth 2012
8377:
8365:
8358:Mauseth 2012
8353:
8341:
8334:Mauseth 2012
8329:
8322:Mauseth 2012
8317:
8305:
8293:
8286:Mauseth 2003
8281:
8274:Mauseth 2003
8254:
8242:
8230:
8223:Mauseth 2003
8218:
8211:Mauseth 2003
8206:
8194:
8187:Mauseth 2003
8182:
8175:Mauseth 2003
8170:
8158:
8146:
8139:Mauseth 2003
8119:
8092:
8080:
8051:
8039:
8032:Mauseth 2003
8027:
8015:
8008:Mauseth 2003
8003:
7998:, p. 9.
7991:
7979:
7967:
7955:
7943:
7931:
7919:
7907:
7900:Mauseth 2003
7895:
7883:
7871:
7864:Mauseth 2003
7859:
7847:
7835:
7823:
7811:
7799:
7792:Mauseth 2012
7787:
7780:Mauseth 2003
7775:
7768:Mauseth 2003
7763:
7756:Mauseth 2003
7751:
7744:Mauseth 2003
7739:
7732:Mauseth 2003
7727:
7715:
7708:Mauseth 2003
7703:
7696:Mauseth 2003
7676:
7664:
7652:
7640:
7633:Mauseth 2003
7628:
7616:
7604:
7592:
7585:Mauseth 2003
7580:
7568:
7556:
7544:
7539:, p. 8.
7537:Spector 2012
7532:
7520:
7508:
7496:
7484:
7472:
7460:
7448:
7436:
7424:
7412:
7400:
7388:
7376:
7354:Savidan 2000
7349:
7340:
7328:
7316:
7304:
7297:Hancock 2004
7292:
7280:
7268:
7256:
7244:
7232:
7220:
7208:
7196:
7184:
7172:
7165:Mauseth 2003
7160:
7148:
7136:
7129:Burrows 1990
7124:
7114:, retrieved
7110:the original
7104:
7087:Mauseth 2003
7082:
7070:
7043:
7031:
7019:
7007:
6995:
6983:
6971:
6944:
6932:
6920:
6908:
6896:
6884:
6872:
6860:
6833:
6821:
6809:
6797:
6785:
6773:
6761:
6749:
6737:
6725:
6713:
6701:
6689:
6677:
6665:
6653:
6646:Mauseth 2003
6641:
6629:
6617:
6605:
6593:
6581:
6569:
6557:
6545:
6533:
6521:
6509:
6497:
6470:
6463:Medbury 1993
6458:
6446:
6434:
6427:Sattler 1992
6407:
6395:
6383:
6371:
6359:
6352:Cocking 1993
6347:
6335:
6323:
6311:
6299:
6287:
6275:
6263:
6256:Tansley 1935
6251:
6244:Chaffey 2007
6239:
6227:
6215:
6203:
6191:
6179:
6167:
6156:. Retrieved
6152:
6142:
6137:, p. 9.
6130:
6118:
6106:
6094:
6082:
6070:
6058:
6046:
6034:
6027:Panaino 2002
6022:
6010:
6003:Mauseth 2003
5998:
5986:
5959:
5947:
5935:
5908:
5896:
5889:RGB Kew 2016
5884:
5872:
5860:
5848:
5838:19 September
5836:. Retrieved
5831:
5822:
5795:
5794:Chlorophyll
5790:
5604:
5581:published a
5576:
5544:
5543:
5529:
5528:
5507:
5506:
5474:
5442:
5435:Echinocactus
5434:
5430:
5421:
5407:
5382:Echinocactus
5381:
5377:
5373:Echinocactus
5371:
5361:
5355:
5346:
5342:
5336:
5328:
5291:
5231:
5205:
5166:
5124:
5102:
5098:
5085:adventitious
5081:
5018:
4988:phragmoplast
4980:streptophyte
4934:
4929:Oryza sativa
4927:
4908:Phytochromes
4900:
4889:
4879:
4813:
4800:
4794:
4743:
4739:bladderworts
4728:
4722:
4702:
4698:
4689:
4676:
4591:
4582:Heterotrophs
4559:
4536:sister clade
4513:
4466:sphenophylls
4426:embryophytes
4423:
4415:monophyletic
4407:Charophyceae
4394:polyphyletic
4387:
4367:chloroplasts
4364:
4356:
4332:
4324:sclerenchyma
4317:
4252:
4231:DNA sequence
4221:
4167:
4166:
4159:
4141:
4121:
4087:
4084:Model plants
4082:
4063:
4059:Oryza sativa
4057:
4053:
4038:Brassicaceae
4031:
4028:model plants
4025:
4017:
3992:chloroplasts
3988:mitochondria
3981:
3953:vegetatively
3917:
3870:
3866:
3862:gametophytes
3804:
3798:
3790:
3786:
3776:
3759:
3749:
3742:heterozygous
3637:
3610:flowers and
3562:
3503:
3482:biodiversity
3467:
3462:fix nitrogen
3451:
3446:contain the
3441:
3396:fossil fuels
3289:
3253:anthocyanins
3250:
3244:as a way of
3222:carbohydrate
3218:fermentation
3095:
2986:
2962:chloroplasts
2959:
2908:
2907:chlorophyll
2904:
2897:Source image
2891:
2882:
2873:
2864:
2853:
2844:
2835:
2826:
2817:
2808:
2799:
2699:
2671:Calvin cycle
2666:
2663:
2636:
2635:chlorophyll
2630:
2625:
2624:chlorophyll
2618:that formed
2612:chloroplasts
2605:
2597:
2596:Chlorophyll
2595:
2585:
2584:Chlorophyll
2583:
2575:Xanthophylls
2574:
2524:Calvin cycle
2517:
2481:
2445:staple foods
2430:
2387:conservation
2379:
2359:chloroplasts
2341:
2306:bacteriology
2287:haploid and
2237:embryophytes
2234:
2202:
2198:biochemicals
2151:
2143:
2117:
2102:
2099:
2093:
2085:palaeobotany
2069:
2055:rather than
2050:
2026:embryophytes
2010:bacteriology
2007:
2004:
1958:
1921:
1906:metabolomics
1882:spectroscopy
1875:
1819:gas exchange
1792:
1784:biogeography
1725:
1712:
1708:
1690:
1679:
1675:
1654:Robert Brown
1650:cell nucleus
1633:
1625:
1619:
1612:
1595:(1789), and
1578:
1570:
1565:
1558:
1508:
1502:
1469:Robert Hooke
1461:
1438:
1430:
1424:
1409:
1393:
1380:
1372:
1362:
1330:
1321:
1315:
1297:Theophrastus
1290:
1271:
1217:Micrographia
1215:
1212:Robert Hooke
1198:Early botany
1181:biodiversity
1153:horticulture
1137:staple foods
1093:biochemistry
1089:reproduction
1078:
1064:, including
1031:
1011:universities
1009:attached to
992:
964:phycologists
905:
887:
883:
879:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
846:
753:Applications
642:Sociobiology
622:Protistology
587:Photobiology
582:Pharmacology
572:Parasitology
567:Paleontology
547:Neuroscience
527:Microbiology
437:Epidemiology
407:Cytogenetics
367:Cell biology
349:Biosemiotics
339:Biomechanics
319:Biogeography
314:Biochemistry
309:Bacteriology
304:Astrobiology
216:
204:Reproduction
167:
94:
52:
44:
18719:Cordaitales
18713:Caytoniales
18599:Lignophytes
18582:(ferns and
18508:spikemosses
18447:Rhyniopsida
18397:Aglaophyton
18276:(hornworts)
18147:Embryophyta
18130:Anydrophyta
18088:Spirotaenia
18033:Ulvophyceae
17966:Chlorophyta
17916:green algae
17886:Algospongia
17860:Glaucophyta
17812:(red algae)
17415:Eugene Odum
17141:c. 40–90 AD
17118:Influential
17084:Cell theory
16659:Pteridology
16604:Paleobotany
16579:Lichenology
16554:Ethnobotany
16519:Agriculture
16512:disciplines
16202:Pollen tube
16197:Pollinators
16187:Pollination
16182:Germination
15997:Respiration
15980:Chlorophyll
15826:Pedicellate
15760:Gametophyte
15679:Aestivation
15630:Antheridium
15625:Archegonium
15473:Plasmodesma
15450:Plant cells
15313:Paleobotany
15308:Ethnobotany
15293:Astrobotany
15181:Xenobiology
15176:Virophysics
15146:Systematics
15101:Primatology
15046:Ornithology
14986:Ichthyology
14971:Herpetology
14966:Gerontology
14931:Epigenetics
14891:Cryobiology
14781:Agrostology
14771:Aerobiology
14766:Abiogenesis
14713:WikiProject
14623:Xenobiology
14618:Virophysics
14588:Systematics
14543:Primatology
14488:Ornithology
14428:Ichthyology
14413:Herpetology
14408:Gerontology
14373:Epigenetics
14333:Cryobiology
14225:Agrostology
14215:Aerobiology
14210:Abiogenesis
14047:Laboratory
13894:Homeostasis
13797:Plant form
13620:Epigenetics
13542:Cell theory
13442:Amino acids
13421:Common name
13411:Peer review
13386:Mechanistic
11097:(1): 7–25.
10069:(1): 69–92.
9749:: 554–573.
9123:Science Web
8418:Morton 1981
8370:Stace 2010a
7876:Sussex 2008
7828:Darwin 1880
7816:Darwin 1880
7804:Darwin 1880
7525:Hunter 2008
7285:Stace 2010b
6790:Lüttge 2006
6490:Burger 2013
6340:Finney 1995
6280:Morton 1981
6268:Willis 1997
6196:Harris 2000
6184:Morton 1981
6111:Scharf 2009
6015:Dallal 2010
5979:Greene 1909
5913:Sumner 2000
5663:☠ poisonous
5587:angiosperms
5486:Clive Stace
5466:apomorphies
5458:homoplasies
5370:such as an
5347:columbianum
5296:belongs to
5177:Angiosperms
5173:gnetophytes
5155:Gymnosperms
5120:sugar beets
5103:Saintpaulia
5047:consist of
5041:angiosperms
5037:gymnosperms
5033:seed plants
4976:elaioplasts
4972:amyloplasts
4944:plant cells
4875:climacteric
4851:carotenoids
4827:gibberelins
4806:cytokinesis
4719:Phytochrome
4587:Respiration
4524:Angiosperms
4502:Gymnosperms
4494:seed plants
4486:germination
4482:integuments
4411:Embryophyta
4403:Chlorophyta
4305:guard cells
4274:pluripotent
4223:Epigenetics
4218:Epigenetics
4212:Epigenetics
4174:rhizosphere
4158:and a moss
4135:chloroplast
4128:embryophyte
4096:chloroplast
4092:plant cells
4080:generally.
4054:Arabidopsis
3965:bread wheat
3924:cytokinesis
3851:sporophytes
3843:outcrossing
3815:Angiosperms
3696:systematics
3680:land plants
3584:mycorrhizal
3576:carnivorous
3526:communities
3512:, increase
3494:mutualistic
3474:life cycles
3338:as a metal-
3314:and paper,
3306:, wood and
3285:rose madder
3202:opium poppy
3190:painkillers
3163:derivatives
2970:amino acids
2968:, and most
2966:fatty acids
2500:Ethnobotany
2437:food chains
2322:chlorophyte
2318:lichenology
2297:gametophyte
2285:alternating
2241:seed plants
2038:agrostology
2034:Pteridology
2022:lichenology
1946:antibiotics
1938:bioreactors
1831:Frank Yates
1803:evaporation
1736:communities
1682:means blue.
1662:Fick's laws
1660:formulated
1638:cell theory
1566:Cryptogamia
1471:discovered
1454: 1611
1447:John Gerard
1326:Middle Ages
1157:agriculture
1129:plant cells
1125:epigenetics
1113:systematics
1101:development
1003:monasteries
976:land plants
960:mycologists
912:) meaning "
888:phytologist
692:Xenobiology
687:Virophysics
657:Systematics
612:Primatology
557:Ornithology
497:Ichthyology
482:Herpetology
477:Gerontology
442:Epigenetics
402:Cryobiology
294:Agrostology
284:Aerobiology
279:Abiogenesis
145:Cell theory
18846:Magnoliids
18814:Gnetopsida
18584:horsetails
18512:quillworts
18504:clubmosses
18480:Lycophytes
18453:Renaliales
18230:Bryophytes
17808:Rhodophyta
17797:Rhodelphis
16975:1824–1873
16740:De Plantis
16609:Palynology
16559:Floristics
16534:Cladistics
16510:Fields and
16224:Microspore
16214:Sporangium
16192:Artificial
15880:Sporophyte
15875:Sporophyll
15870:Receptacle
15765:Gynandrium
15635:Androecium
15544:Vegetative
15414:Angiosperm
15409:Gymnosperm
15303:Dendrology
15166:Toxicology
15161:Teratology
15106:Proteomics
15091:Physiology
15031:Neontology
14996:Lipidology
14991:Immunology
14961:Geobiology
14921:Embryology
14901:Dendrology
14831:Biophysics
14811:Biogeology
14639:Glossaries
14608:Toxicology
14603:Teratology
14548:Proteomics
14533:Physiology
14473:Neontology
14438:Lipidology
14433:Immunology
14403:Geobiology
14363:Embryology
14343:Dendrology
14275:Biophysics
14255:Biogeology
14049:techniques
14004:Microbiome
13831:Plant stem
13723:Speciation
13668:Adaptation
13597:Prokaryote
13577:Metabolism
13537:Cell cycle
13368:>
13364:>
13360:>
13358:Population
13356:>
13352:>
13348:>
13344:>
13340:>
13336:>
13332:>
13328:>
13304:Regulation
13288:Adaptation
13154:2016-09-28
13116:2016-05-05
12925:2017-03-13
12761:: 91–129.
12281:2013-07-06
12183:2015-06-27
12124:2020-10-06
11738:BioScience
11728:2015-06-27
11672:(5): 596.
11270:2014-07-28
10999:2022-07-30
10907:2021-02-20
10848:2019-03-15
10795:2018-09-10
10776:10871/9251
10695:2016-05-04
10553:ChemInform
10461:2020-10-06
10294:August 24,
10231:2015-06-27
9890:2015-06-27
9842:2020-10-06
9568:2009-06-29
9462:2013-07-14
9434:2020-10-06
9402:2015-06-27
9238:. London.
9176:2012-04-01
9078:2012-04-01
8916:2013-06-15
8664:2018-12-14
8406:Capon 2005
8199:Capon 2005
7116:2016-05-05
6634:Capon 2005
6316:Nobel 1983
6208:Small 2012
6172:Starr 2009
6158:2024-06-05
6123:Capon 2005
6039:Levey 1973
5810:References
5470:cladograms
5449:euphorbias
5157:, such as
5143:strawberry
5137:as in the
5083:producing
5077:sporophyte
5065:liverworts
5061:root hairs
5025:clubmosses
5023:including
4992:cell plate
4962:, larger
4886:jasmonates
4873:and other
4871:pineapples
4863:methionine
4855:abscission
4839:acetyl CoA
4835:diterpenes
4829:, such as
4802:Cytokinins
4768:Frits Went
4681:coleoptile
4634:phosphorus
4562:physiology
4498:seed ferns
4474:megaspores
4456:and early
4442:liverworts
4399:Charophyta
4320:parenchyma
4293:parenchyma
4289:plant cell
4277:cell lines
4270:stem cells
4267:totipotent
4255:eukaryotic
4202:transgenes
4182:Ti plasmid
4180:-inducing
4119:green alga
4046:base pairs
3961:tetraploid
3893:by animals
3819:monoecious
3783:peppermint
3672:Palaeozoic
3660:Palynology
3622:to spread
3600:honey bees
3596:ant plants
3586:fungi and
3564:Herbivores
3490:adaptation
3450:bacterium
3404:mosquitoes
3398:, such as
3376:gun cotton
3372:biobutanol
3364:cellophane
3294:, cotton,
3206:stimulants
3204:. Popular
3141:, such as
3062:Asteraceae
3038:Ordovician
3034:Ordovician
3005:xyloglucan
2995:molecules
2951:Asteraceae
2496:ecosystems
2447:, such as
2308:), fungi (
2301:sporophyte
2277:eukaryotes
2265:liverworts
2261:clubmosses
2255:including
2253:cryptogams
2230:physiology
2226:morphology
2206:organelles
2113:palynology
2065:Dendrology
1985:angiosperm
1942:pesticides
1918:totipotent
1902:proteomics
1880:, such as
1772:ecosystems
1658:Adolf Fick
1593:de Jussieu
1585:morphology
1562:classified
1523:characters
1425:Physician
1377:Ibn Bassal
1304: 371
1147:, rubber,
1070:proteomics
1056:and other
988:bryophytes
677:Toxicology
672:Teratology
617:Proteomics
602:Physiology
542:Neontology
507:Lipidology
502:Immunology
472:Geobiology
432:Embryology
412:Dendrology
344:Biophysics
324:Biogeology
199:Regulation
179:Adaptation
18:Botanicals
18346:Bryopsida
18299:Bryophyta
18028:UTC clade
17777:Picomonas
17713:Amoebozoa
17691:Alveolata
17679:Cryptista
17654:Eukaryota
17463:Herbalism
17423:1919–1992
17417:1913–2002
17411:1906–2000
17405:1902–1992
17399:1887–1943
17393:1856–1901
17387:1844–1919
17381:1841–1924
17375:1832–1897
17369:1824–1877
17363:1823–1894
17357:1822–1884
17351:1817–1911
17345:1814–1879
17339:1810–1888
17333:1809–1884
17327:1805–1877
17321:1804–1881
17315:1789–1852
17309:1786–1859
17303:1773–1858
17297:1769–1859
17291:1767–1845
17285:1765–1812
17279:1749–1832
17273:1743–1820
17267:1742–1821
17261:1732–1808
17255:1730–1799
17249:1727–1806
17243:1707–1778
17237:1699–1777
17231:1677–1761
17225:1665–1721
17219:1656–1708
17213:1628–1694
17207:1628–1711
17201:1623–1705
17195:1587–1657
17189:1560–1624
17183:1525–1594
17177:1519–1603
17171:1517–1585
17165:1515–1568
17159:1515–1544
17153:1498–1554
17147:1464–1534
16614:Phycology
16421:Botanists
16339:Herbarium
16236:Megaspore
16134:Evolution
16077:Subshrubs
16045:and habit
15970:Nutrition
15965:Cellulose
15960:Bulk flow
15943:Materials
15906:Epidermis
15770:Gynoecium
15751:Endosperm
15746:Dispersal
15662:Staminode
15598:Sessility
15586:Cataphyll
15506:Mesophyll
15458:Cell wall
15399:Lycophyte
15379:Bryophyte
15333:Geobotany
15318:Phycology
15081:Phycology
15066:Pathology
15051:Osteology
15041:Nutrition
15001:Mammalogy
14976:Histology
14523:Phycology
14508:Pathology
14493:Osteology
14483:Nutrition
14443:Mammalogy
14418:Histology
14161:in silico
14037:Research
14014:Resources
13987:Ecosystem
13977:Community
13962:Biosphere
13874:Breathing
13756:Eukaryote
13738:Diversity
13688:Gene flow
13660:Evolution
13567:Eukaryote
13479:Molecules
13370:Biosphere
13366:Ecosystem
13362:Community
13334:Organelle
13229:Evolution
13068:March 10,
12292:(2010b).
12255:(2010a).
12021:ignored (
12011:cite book
11878:: 13–86.
11230:0378-8741
10512:CiteSeerX
9851:Gray, Asa
9281:1040-4651
8097:Lepp 2012
7984:Roux 1984
7549:Reik 2007
7513:Bird 2007
6988:Mann 1987
6706:Butz 2007
6550:Gust 1996
6220:Karp 2009
6051:Hill 1915
5928:Reed 1942
5815:Citations
5659:perennial
5583:phylogeny
5429:Although
5358:phylogeny
5301:Eukaryota
5255:Darwinian
5227:herbarium
5069:hornworts
4952:cellulose
4948:cell wall
4646:magnesium
4638:potassium
4622:mass flow
4610:Diffusion
4490:Famennian
4446:hornworts
4309:epidermis
4261:. During
4248:heritable
4172:, a soil
3996:Mendelian
3969:hexaploid
3875:is rare,
3859:bryophyte
3847:dioecious
3835:germinate
3640:phenology
3608:pollinate
3572:parasitic
3546:geography
3540:factors,
3518:ecosystem
3458:anaerobic
3400:biodiesel
3380:Sugarcane
3352:Cellulose
3348:gunpowder
3344:adsorbent
3332:pyrolysis
3263:and blue
3259:, yellow
3135:medicinal
3123:capsaicin
3060:like the
3056:and some
3054:pineapple
3017:tracheids
3015:of xylem
2997:cellulose
2991:like the
2811:Reduction
2532:cellulose
2329:phycology
2269:hornworts
2218:evolution
2214:phylogeny
2109:carpology
2018:phycology
1981:phylogeny
1948:or other
1519:taxonomic
1407:in 1621.
1308:Aristotle
1274:herbalism
1081:structure
995:herbalism
892:scientist
866:, is the
864:phytology
717:Biologist
592:Phycology
577:Pathology
562:Osteology
552:Nutrition
512:Mammalogy
487:Histology
160:Phylogeny
155:Evolution
150:Ecosystem
59:Indonesia
18949:Category
18856:Eudicots
18851:Monocots
18569:Ibykales
18303:(mosses)
18208:Plantae
17906:Plantae
17708:Amorphea
17686:Rhizaria
17674:Hacrobia
17664:Excavata
17649:Bacteria
17620:Plantae
17572:Category
17337:Asa Gray
17199:John Ray
17135:23–79 AD
17104:Taxonomy
17072:concepts
16759:77–79 AD
16589:Mycology
16564:Forestry
16544:Cytology
16529:Bryology
16461:Category
16381:Forestry
16371:Agronomy
16364:Practice
16315:Cultivar
16310:Cultigen
16170:timeline
16062:Rosettes
15950:Aleurone
15926:Trichome
15843:Perianth
15655:Filament
15513:Meristem
15436:glossary
15298:Bryology
15195:See also
15171:Virology
15156:Taxonomy
15096:Pomology
15026:Mycology
14956:Genomics
14951:Genetics
14776:Agronomy
14693:Category
14613:Virology
14598:Taxonomy
14538:Pomology
14468:Mycology
14398:Genomics
14393:Genetics
14220:Agronomy
14201:Branches
14154:in vitro
13751:Bacteria
13728:Taxonomy
13708:Mutation
13678:Function
13607:Genetics
13509:Proteins
13354:Organism
13330:Molecule
13314:),
13270:Overview
13245:Timeline
13225:Genetics
13110:Archived
13092:March 4,
13086:Archived
13062:Archived
13024:July 30,
13018:Archived
13004:March 2,
12984:June 25,
12978:Archived
12964:June 26,
12958:Archived
12919:Archived
12895:Archived
12893:. 2012.
12887:"Botany"
12877:March 5,
12871:Archived
12857:July 15,
12847:"Auxins"
12839:11130711
12723:27788891
12629:Archived
12616:18256045
12608:11359607
12525:21747749
12461:18515500
12418:21855733
12410:11753431
12264:Watsonia
12205:11471754
12177:Archived
12118:Archived
12093:12177483
12048:March 1,
11968:32144220
11960:18174426
11931:25763275
11923:19831202
11863:42758718
11813:12239395
11766:11540810
11722:Archived
11704:(1998).
11690:Archived
11650:11794102
11642:17522676
11470:20923348
11336:28072754
11328:12789442
11296:July 26,
11287:Archived
11264:Archived
11121:16771979
11078:11950997
11035:14657098
10993:Archived
10978:19567479
10943:16772262
10901:Archived
10886:14062252
10878:21652308
10842:Archived
10815:July 14,
10809:Archived
10805:"Mosses"
10789:Archived
10785:22530650
10742:22194700
10689:Archived
10659:Archived
10651:15928076
10573:15861454
10544:83672683
10455:Archived
10378:23552893
10341:19666622
10275:18468982
10225:Archived
10197:Archived
10156:(1915).
10119:Archived
9977:20940348
9926:17451550
9884:Archived
9861:Archived
9836:Archived
9796:March 1,
9771:26871863
9694:12177442
9641:83251018
9612:22366161
9562:Archived
9558:10810140
9453:Archived
9428:Archived
9396:Archived
9364:17194589
9328:84634277
9299:15178748
9240:Archived
9215:17637675
9167:Archived
9069:Archived
9065:15306349
8988:(2006).
8910:Archived
8820:17522671
8766:June 27,
8760:Archived
8726:16754868
8708:30051907
8655:Archived
8643:11268207
8596:19273476
8553:22385652
6913:Fry 1989
5678:See also
5653:biennial
5648:☉ annual
5630:♀ female
5431:Pereskia
5378:Pereskia
5363:Pereskia
5327:(plural
5292:Kingdom
5159:conifers
5147:layering
5118:, as in
4994:late in
4968:plastids
4964:vacuoles
4910:are the
4867:ethephon
4859:Ethylene
4841:via the
4815:Zea mays
4630:nitrogen
4520:Gnetales
4506:conifers
4462:lycopods
4458:Devonian
4454:Silurian
4239:silencer
4190:Nif gene
4156:soybeans
4139:red alga
4094:and the
4086:such as
4078:monocots
3975:hybrid.
3973:triploid
3909:apomixis
3855:dioicous
3811:specific
3791:piperita
3718:Genetics
3700:taxonomy
3694:, plant
3676:stomatal
3588:rhizobia
3580:mutually
3574:or even
3548:make up
3480:, their
3470:habitats
3416:coumarin
3392:biofuels
3384:rapeseed
3358:include
3340:smelting
3328:Charcoal
3257:red wine
3214:nicotine
3210:caffeine
3198:morphine
3159:nicotine
3155:morphine
3151:caffeine
3147:cannabis
3105:alkaloid
3068:and the
3052:and the
3046:monocots
3042:Silurian
2989:polymers
2947:fructose
2642:spectrum
2375:reducing
2371:changing
2337:protists
2333:virology
2310:mycology
2210:taxonomy
2120:agronomy
2105:xylology
2046:batology
2030:Bryology
2014:mycology
1961:trichome
1922:in vitro
1898:genomics
1811:stomatal
1597:Candolle
1591:(1763),
1466:Polymath
1357:include
1169:breeding
1161:forestry
1105:diseases
1066:genomics
1058:proteins
880:botanist
808:Category
774:Pharming
711:Research
682:Virology
667:Taxonomy
607:Pomology
537:Mycology
467:Genomics
462:Genetics
289:Agronomy
271:Branches
258:Protists
237:Bacteria
222:Kingdoms
127:timeline
116:Glossary
18919:extinct
17768:Picozoa
17723:Animals
17644:Archaea
17431:Related
17120:figures
16927:1763–64
16919:1758–59
16139:Ecology
15896:Cuticle
15726:Capsule
15716:Anatomy
15667:Tapetum
15591:Petiole
15566:Rhizome
15561:Rhizoid
15488:Tissues
15478:Vacuole
15468:Plastid
15270:Outline
15265:History
15186:Zoology
14916:Ecology
14786:Anatomy
14703:Commons
14646:Biology
14628:Zoology
14358:Ecology
14230:Anatomy
14147:in vivo
14039:methods
13992:Habitat
13967:Climate
13952:Biomass
13934:Ecology
13781:Protist
13746:Archaea
13640:Genomes
13587:Mitosis
13582:Meiosis
13504:Polymer
13484:Monomer
13472:Quantum
13306:,
13302:,
13298:,
13294:,
13290:,
13277:Science
13262:Biology
13240:History
13235:Outline
13213:Biology
12817:Bibcode
12695:Bibcode
12554:1930070
12534:Ecology
12516:3131562
12452:2438469
12351:Bananas
11940:Science
11758:1309422
11686:2445418
11622:Bibcode
11550:2691108
11530:Bibcode
11365:2446172
11238:1453710
11113:3694480
10733:3240601
10704:(ed.).
10642:1142120
10619:Bibcode
10499:3866183
10479:Bibcode
10386:4371468
10358:Bibcode
10332:2722355
10266:2606771
10193:2990033
10125:July 2,
10012:2433023
9968:3075750
9934:2808844
9904:Traffic
9719:Bibcode
9662:Bibcode
9603:3315222
9540:3870991
9246:July 5,
9223:4383741
9195:Bibcode
9113:2802946
9056:1691724
8968:Biology
8895:June 3,
8845:Bibcode
8828:4357965
8798:Bibcode
8717:1482576
8686:Bibcode
8651:4386118
8623:Bibcode
8587:2707909
8545:8641556
8523:FASEB J
8489:June 8,
8451:Sources
5601:Symbols
5545:animals
5386:areoles
5333:Species
5305:Kingdom
5294:Plantae
5243:species
5185:azaleas
5139:stolons
5089:Stolons
5011:eudicot
4884:is the
4877:crops.
4823:adenine
4754:gravity
4696:there.
4679:An oat
4658:Sucrose
4642:calcium
4614:osmosis
4598:enzymes
4307:of the
4279:of the
4198:legumes
4148:Spinach
4074:grasses
4070:cereals
4040:). The
3949:species
3839:gametes
3795:sterile
3779:hybrids
3618:act as
3542:climate
3534:abiotic
3506:edaphic
3486:fitness
3438:nodules
3336:history
3312:papyrus
3290:Sugar,
3281:gamboge
3273:indoxyl
3167:aspirin
3133:. Many
3112:hemlock
3108:coniine
3021:vessels
2955:sucrose
2938:glucose
2930:rubisco
2702:RuBisCo
2461:bananas
2320:), non-
2293:haploid
2289:diploid
2222:anatomy
2194:erosion
2072:biology
1701:gametes
1589:Adanson
1555:species
1533:of the
1286:Avestan
1210:, from
1187:History
1133:tissues
1054:enzymes
972:species
943:boskein
937:βόσκειν
924:", or "
914:pasture
876:biology
868:science
697:Zoology
427:Ecology
299:Anatomy
246:Animals
242:Eukarya
232:Archaea
224:of life
218:Domains
123:History
111:Outline
82:Biology
18955:Botany
18914:groups
18802:Ginkgo
18510:&
18368:
17964:
17701:Plants
17638:Domain
17443:Herbal
16443:Plants
16346:(IAPT)
16099:Lianas
16067:Shrubs
16019:Starch
15911:Nectar
15831:Raceme
15797:Stigma
15785:Locule
15775:Carpel
15736:Pyrena
15674:Flower
15650:Anther
15645:Stamen
15640:Pollen
15362:groups
15254:Botany
14851:Botany
14294:Botany
14101:vector
13957:Biomes
13826:Phloem
13811:Flower
13771:Fungus
13766:Animal
13562:Enzyme
13467:Matter
13462:Lipids
13401:Theory
13342:Tissue
13296:Growth
13176:Botany
13137:
12837:
12809:Nature
12792:
12777:769423
12775:
12738:
12721:
12715:408502
12713:
12614:
12606:
12569:
12552:
12523:
12513:
12476:
12459:
12449:
12416:
12408:
12376:
12357:
12338:
12319:
12300:
12220:
12203:
12169:
12110:
12091:
12084:166758
12081:
12003:336023
12001:
11991:
11966:
11958:
11929:
11921:
11890:
11861:
11811:
11804:161126
11801:
11764:
11756:
11714:
11684:
11648:
11640:
11614:Nature
11588:
11565:
11548:
11509:
11490:
11468:
11431:
11412:
11384:
11363:
11334:
11326:
11256:
11236:
11228:
11195:
11176:
11157:
11138:
11119:
11111:
11076:
11069:154276
11066:
11033:
10976:
10941:
10884:
10876:
10834:
10783:
10740:
10730:
10681:
10649:
10639:
10594:
10571:
10542:
10532:
10514:
10497:
10471:Nature
10447:
10426:
10403:
10384:
10376:
10350:Nature
10339:
10329:
10273:
10263:
10217:
10191:
10142:
10086:
10050:
10010:
9975:
9965:
9932:
9924:
9828:
9769:
9763:770162
9761:
9692:
9685:123283
9682:
9639:
9610:
9600:
9556:
9549:139917
9546:
9538:
9500:
9420:
9388:
9362:
9326:
9297:
9290:490031
9287:
9279:
9221:
9213:
9187:Nature
9129:
9110:
9063:
9053:
9015:
8996:
8974:
8955:
8936:
8872:
8826:
8818:
8790:Nature
8741:
8724:
8714:
8706:
8649:
8641:
8615:Nature
8594:
8584:
8551:
8543:
8506:
8466:
5633:♂ male
5508:plants
5368:cactus
5343:Lilium
5329:genera
5321:Family
5309:Phylum
5298:Domain
5239:genera
5197:phloem
5171:, and
5168:Ginkgo
5163:cycads
5131:tubers
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