927:, some refugees fleeing Bosra spoke of ever-escalating violence with many bodies being left in the streets during the violence. On 15 January 2013, it was reported that the citadel was used by the army to shell the town on a daily basis. Since the beginning of February 2014 the city was under the control of the Syrian Army. However, on 31 January 2015, the Army's 5th Division confronted a contingent from the rebels near the famous Roman theater – fierce firefights broke out between the groups. On 1 February 2015, the Army forces shelled areas in the eastern neighborhood of the town. On 25 March 2015, Syrian rebels seized the town, ousting Syrian soldiers and allied militiamen after
130:
97:
947:
578:
2410:
1312:. The clan interestingly has many members of which have blond hair and blue eyes. However, the oldest clan of Bosra are the Hamd, They claim to be descendants of the ancient Roman governor of Bosra, although other townspeople believe they are of Crusader and Jewish origins. Regarding land ownership, the Hamd clan owns around 1,000 hectares in the town while the al-Mokdad clan owns roughly 12,000. The latter's members were historically influential in the
3222:
4635:
590:
80:
3125:
2144:
211:
2404:
737:
4628:
137:
104:
896:, since then most shop owners are residents of the town. In the late Ottoman era and the French Mandate period, the agricultural relationship was between the small landowner and the sharecroppers, since agrarian reforms in the late 1950s and 1960s, the relevant relationship has been between the landowners and the wage laborers. Many of its residents have found work in the
811:(1196–1218). One of the first architectural developments in the city was the construction of eight large external towers in the Roman theater-turned-fortress. The project began in 1202 and were completed in 1253, towards the end of the Ayyubid period. The two northern corner towers alone occupied more space than the remaining six. After al-Adil's death in 1218, his son
965:
Further, Nabatean and Roman monuments, Christian churches, mosques and
Madrasahs are present within the half-ruined enceinte of the city. The structure of the cathedral, a central plan with eastern apses flanked by 2 sacristies, exerted a decisive influence on the evolution of Christian architectural
1355:. Most of the working members of the Shia community are artisans or laborers. Batatu also asserts that social changes in Bosra since Syrian independence have led to tribal diffusion, with intermarriage between the clans and between the Sunni and Shia communities having increased significantly.
710:
in 634. Throughout
Islamic rule, Bosra would serve as the southernmost outpost of Damascus, its prosperity being mostly contingent on the political importance of that city. Bosra held additional significance as a center of the pilgrim caravan between Damascus and the Muslim holy cities of
911:(1970–2000), Bosra and the surrounding villages were left largely outside of government interference and, for the most part, were politically dominated by members of the prominent al-Mokdad clan who served as intermediaries of sorts between the residents of the town and the governor of
922:
On 14 October 2012, there was intense gunfire from government forces stationed at checkpoints on the main road running through the town. On 13 November 2012, fierce fighting was reported in the east side of the town. By
January 2013, after 22 months of conflict amid the ongoing
815:
inherited the fief of Bosra who resided in its newly fortified citadel. During Ismail's rule, Bosra gained political prominence. Ismail used the city as his base when he claimed the sultanate in
Damascus on two separate occasions, reigning between 1237–38 and 1239–45.
1332:, the chief of the town's bureau of antiquities as well as manager of Bosra's carpet workshop and the owner of the principal coffeehouse. While their members traditionally resided in the eastern quarter of old Bosra, they are currently prevalent throughout the town.
778:, which had been built by the Umayyads in 721. Another mosque commissioned was the smaller al-Khidr Mosque built at the northwestern part of the city, which was established under Kumushtakin, in 1134. Kumushtakin also had a
752:
rule in 1076, increasing focus was paid to Bosra's defenses. In particular, the Roman theater was transformed into a fortress, with a new floor added to the interior staircase tower. With the coming to power of the
729:(721 and 746) when Damascus was the capital of the Caliphate. As Bosra's inhabitants gradually converted to Islam the Roman-era holy sites were utilized for Muslim practices. In the 9th-century
1004:). Rainfall is higher in winter than in summer. The average annual temperature in Bosra is 16.4 °C (61.5 °F). About 247 mm (9.72 in) of precipitation falls annually.
900:
states, sending proceeds to their relatives in Bosra. Social changes together with increased access to education have largely diminished the traditional clan life according to historian
1328:
period and in the Syrian parliament during the French
Mandate period. As of the late 1990s, members of the al-Miqdad clan occupied the positions of mayor, the chief imam of the main
1770:
774:. Under Kumushtakin, efforts to enhance the Muslim nature of the city increased with the construction of a number of Islamic edifices. Of these projects was the restoration of the
1744:
962:, is the only monument of this type with its upper gallery in the form of a covered portico which has been integrally preserved. It was fortified between 481 and 1231.
2912:
892:
Significant social and economic changes have affected Bosra since the end of the French
Mandate in 1946. While up until the 1950s the shopkeepers of Bosra were from
468:
2540:
1717:
2535:
2036:
2615:
1472:
2490:
2325:
842:. It had a Muslim population consisting of 75 households and 27 bachelors, and a Christian population of 15 households and 8 bachelors. Taxes were paid on
478:
Throughout its history under various Muslim rulers, the city maintained its strategic importance as Syria's southern gateway. It attracted attention from
1635:
5091:
4391:
2700:
2320:
916:
854:
788:("camel's knees"), which marked the imprints of the camel the prophet Muhammad rode on when he entered Bosra in the early 7th-century. In 1147, King
2780:
2500:
839:
523:("subdistrict") of Bosra which consisted of nine localities with a collective population of 33,839 in 2004. Bosra's inhabitants are predominantly
3027:
2670:
2625:
2610:
2972:
2660:
2205:
744:
After the end of the
Umayyad era in 750, major activity in Bosra ceased for around 300 years until the late 11th-century. In the last years of
3042:
2480:
2450:
2370:
1815:
2510:
2340:
2245:
934:
Bosra was recaptured by the Syrian Arab Army on 2 July 2018, following the surrender of the rebel forces. The recapture was a part of the
5081:
3091:
3032:
2775:
2695:
2132:
2029:
1774:
885:, and Muslim times, its main feature being the well preserved Roman theatre. Every year there is a national music festival hosted in the
165:
129:
3057:
3037:
2655:
2555:
2485:
2380:
2315:
2225:
1983:
1293:
In the late 1990s, Bosra had an estimated population of 12,000. Its population increased to 19,683 according to the 2004 census by the
5086:
3113:
3072:
3052:
2650:
2385:
2345:
1788:
2550:
2545:
2465:
2460:
2330:
2255:
5096:
3062:
2982:
2755:
2580:
2495:
2285:
2250:
2110:
5061:
4384:
2022:
954:
Of the city which once counted 80,000 inhabitants, there remains today only a village settled among the ruins. The 2nd century
1748:
4053:
2210:
2045:
1449:
2004:
1476:
1294:
514:
1886:. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft.
65:
4534:
1721:
1304:
and are mostly divided between eight major clans. The leading clan is the al-Mokdad, said to be descended from
Prophet
725:
pilgrimage. Early
Islamic rule did not alter the general architecture of Bosra, with only two structures dating to the
4377:
1934:
1915:
1891:
1870:
1639:
812:
998:
5101:
2125:
96:
1849:
1437:
1347:, the Shia inhabitants of Bosra were "relatively recent arrivals," and immigrated to the town from the city of
3868:
3106:
935:
1672:
316:
3121:
1574:
5033:
4480:
5040:
2118:
1954:
862:
5071:
3099:
2907:
1839:
897:
789:
674:'s seat (see below) and a large cathedral was built in the 6th century. Bosra was conquered by the
517:(CBS), Bosra had a population of 19,683 in the 2004 census. It is the administrative center of the
340:
285:
2409:
2403:
2140:
1812:
4829:
4709:
4258:
3129:
2091:
1329:
967:
775:
1907:
Patterns of
Stylistic Changes in Islamic Architecture: Local Traditions Versus Migrating Artists
4673:
3918:
3409:
2056:
994:
955:
928:
886:
793:
582:
559:
418:
382:
1999:
857:, the district of Busra had a total population of 26.355, consisting of 22.485 Muslims, 3.096
3137:
1905:
1659:
1610:
1586:
1562:
1544:
1499:
223:
662:
period, which began in the 5th century, Christianity became the dominant religion in Bosra (
79:
4248:
2173:
2071:
1950:
Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500
1340:
938:, which has involved the surrender and/or reconciliation of many rebel groups in the area.
797:
1883:
Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century
8:
4093:
2085:
1948:
1397:
609:
507:
499:
300:
3221:
1993:
803:
A golden age of political and architectural activity in Bosra began during the reign of
4508:
4490:
4454:
4426:
3968:
3928:
3230:
1792:
1371:
699:
652:
235:
5076:
4849:
4805:
4689:
4663:
4526:
4268:
4188:
4128:
4033:
3708:
3021:
2997:
2148:
1988:
1930:
1911:
1887:
1866:
1845:
1445:
1377:
912:
745:
726:
460:
437:
228:
647:. It became an important centre for food production and during the reign of Emperor
4800:
4739:
4668:
4213:
3913:
3743:
3399:
3334:
3329:
2896:
2644:
1901:
1841:
Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics
1365:
1309:
924:
882:
748:
rule, in 1068, a number of building projects were commissioned. With the advent of
703:
667:
659:
632:
495:
4754:
4699:
4557:
4400:
4218:
4208:
4058:
3903:
3748:
3698:
3464:
3454:
3449:
3067:
2937:
2529:
2475:
2215:
2009:
1881:
1860:
1819:
1407:
1390:
978:
804:
707:
675:
648:
544:
409:
373:
2014:
5066:
4927:
4439:
3983:
3843:
3838:
3823:
3693:
3638:
2866:
2810:
2723:
2620:
2455:
1944:
1317:
974:
908:
858:
620:
616:
487:
467:, Bostra flourished as a Metropolitan Archbishopric, under the jurisdiction of
456:
433:
397:
240:
28:
1690:
850:, summer crops, fruit- or other trees, goats and/or beehives and water mill.
447:
Bosra is an ancient city mentioned in 14th century BC Egyptian sources. A key
5055:
4933:
4734:
4516:
4348:
4338:
4298:
4228:
4173:
4098:
4028:
4013:
3948:
3888:
3858:
3653:
3623:
3558:
3508:
3002:
2931:
2750:
2505:
2423:
2300:
2290:
1968:
1352:
1201:
982:
866:
825:
754:
749:
695:
678:
in the early 7th century but was recaptured during the Byzantine reconquest.
491:
490:
era, only to be revitalized in the 20th century with the construction of the
180:
167:
32:
1978:
1316:
region and beyond, having had one of their own in the Ottoman parliament of
946:
4963:
4843:
4764:
4404:
4369:
4343:
4243:
4183:
4178:
4138:
4068:
4063:
4018:
3953:
3818:
3798:
3778:
3723:
3613:
3598:
3593:
3568:
3528:
3364:
3339:
3309:
3289:
3244:
2815:
2770:
2765:
2605:
2295:
1835:
1631:
1344:
1301:
901:
878:
601:
577:
555:
524:
464:
452:
273:
4567:
4472:
4434:
4313:
4308:
4223:
4108:
4083:
4038:
3993:
3828:
3808:
3753:
3688:
3658:
3583:
3573:
3439:
3404:
3259:
3201:
3161:
2992:
2902:
2877:
2599:
2364:
2194:
2080:
1336:
1325:
758:
628:
594:
528:
472:
5011:
486:
learning and endowments. However, it declined into a village during the
4613:
4590:
4358:
4318:
4303:
4288:
4133:
4073:
3963:
3958:
3883:
3848:
3738:
3643:
3553:
3538:
3503:
3474:
3469:
3299:
3284:
3206:
3171:
2310:
2235:
1511:
1413:
730:
671:
636:
624:
448:
1773:. Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 1 February 2015. Archived from
4837:
4780:
4444:
4353:
4333:
4103:
4048:
3998:
3923:
3873:
3863:
3853:
3773:
3728:
3683:
3678:
3668:
3603:
3533:
3459:
3429:
3419:
3414:
3324:
3304:
3294:
3239:
2947:
2942:
2820:
2760:
2279:
1771:"9 people killed in the capital's explosion, and 3 fighters in Daraa"
1636:
Ottoman Population, 1830-1914, Demographic and Social Characteristics
808:
771:
540:
4634:
970:
of Bosra is one of the oldest surviving mosques in Islamic history.
589:
498:-focused development by the Syrian government. Today, it is a major
329:
4958:
4884:
4719:
4595:
4585:
4575:
4549:
4498:
4462:
4278:
4273:
4263:
4253:
4233:
4148:
4123:
4078:
4023:
4003:
3988:
3973:
3943:
3933:
3908:
3833:
3803:
3793:
3768:
3713:
3663:
3633:
3628:
3578:
3513:
3484:
3379:
3191:
3151:
2966:
2841:
2830:
2470:
2335:
2075:
1348:
1321:
1305:
893:
877:
Today, Bosra is a major archaeological site, containing ruins from
687:
640:
479:
796:, however, his attempt was thwarted, as the Damascene army led by
543:
city in the 2nd century BC. The Nabatean Kingdom was conquered by
5005:
4974:
4921:
4901:
4785:
4714:
4694:
4658:
4238:
4203:
4198:
4158:
4143:
4113:
4008:
3978:
3893:
3763:
3733:
3703:
3673:
3648:
3608:
3588:
3543:
3494:
3479:
3434:
3394:
3384:
3374:
3369:
3359:
3354:
3279:
3274:
3186:
2099:
1381:
834:
780:
644:
519:
482:' rulers and was governed by various lords, serving as a hub for
247:
4627:
1745:"Dara'a: Syrian Army Attempts to Counter Rebels at Battalion 82"
736:
566:) after Bostras, a Roman general who was sent into the country.
4997:
4986:
4980:
4915:
4890:
4871:
4860:
4824:
4795:
4790:
4759:
4744:
4643:
4605:
4328:
4283:
4193:
4168:
4163:
4153:
4118:
4088:
3938:
3898:
3878:
3788:
3758:
3523:
3444:
3424:
3389:
3349:
3344:
3319:
3269:
3254:
3249:
3211:
3146:
2805:
2375:
2260:
2240:
2220:
2200:
2060:
1403:
1313:
959:
847:
767:
762:
716:
691:
548:
503:
441:
20:
2005:
Eastern Orthodox Archdiocese of Bosra, Horan and Jabal al-Arab
1527:
1525:
740:
A view of the citadel in Bosra (the theater is located inside)
4944:
4879:
4854:
4749:
4729:
4704:
4580:
4539:
4323:
4293:
3813:
3783:
3718:
3548:
3518:
3196:
3181:
3156:
3124:
3047:
2987:
2977:
2872:
2847:
2744:
2689:
2665:
2574:
2305:
2230:
2160:
2143:
1718:"Syrian army prepares for an attack from its southern border"
1385:
843:
712:
483:
429:
216:
24:
1973:
494:
and due to growing archaeological interest, later prompting
4968:
4909:
4724:
4043:
3314:
3264:
3176:
3166:
2444:
1522:
721:
277:
1276:
475:
and the episcopal see of a Melkite Catholic Archeparchy.
3563:
1368:, 1st century, Christian proto-deacon and bishop of Bosra
733:
wrote that Bosra was the capital of the Hauran province.
469:
Eastern Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East
451:
city, it became the prosperous provincial capital of the
1691:"سيف الحوراني الإفراج عن الحرائر الذين اختطفهم النظام"
1297:. The population of its metropolitan area was 33,839.
1442:
Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, Addendum
784:
constructed alongside the Muslim shrine honoring the
1879:
1591:
686:
Bosra played an important part in the early life of
423:
387:
1880:Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977).
1791:. Middle East Online. 25 March 2015. Archived from
690:, as described in the entry for the Christian monk
2044:
966:forms, and to a certain extent on Islamic style.
5053:
2010:Brief History of the Archdiocese of Bosra-Hauran
1673:"Syrian refugees: 'Tonight we died many deaths'"
1789:"Syria rebels seize ancient town of Busra Sham"
1339:community of some fifty families. According to
4385:
3107:
2126:
2030:
1858:
1531:
1473:General Census of Population and Housing 2004
706:captured the city from the Byzantines in the
4399:
1715:
1557:
1555:
1553:
54:
48:
1943:
1742:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
651:Bosra began to mint its own coins. The two
4392:
4378:
3114:
3100:
2133:
2119:
2037:
2023:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
800:managed to garrison into Bosra's citadel.
572:
5092:Archaeological sites in Daraa Governorate
1859:Beattie, Andrew; Pepper, Timothy (2001).
1550:
623:. The city flourished and became a major
2172:
1900:
1645:
1622:Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 219.
945:
735:
588:
576:
4413:With correspondence to modern geography
1485:
1393:, fl. 4th century, Christian theologian
5054:
1929:. New York: Barnes & Noble Books.
1834:
1670:
1435:
1300:Bosra's inhabitants are predominantly
655:were held at Bosra in 246 and 247 AD.
4373:
3095:
2721:
2421:
2171:
2114:
2018:
1924:
1671:Miller, Jonathan (January 31, 2013).
1597:
1468:
1466:
593:Roman mosaic from Bosra displaying a
1431:
1429:
432:, administratively belonging to the
1806:
1400:, fl. 5th century, Christian bishop
413:
377:
55:
49:
27:. For the other town in Syria, see
13:
5082:Populated places in Daraa District
4535:Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium
2722:
2081:Ancient Villages of Northern Syria
1477:Syria Central Bureau of Statistics
1463:
1295:Syria Central Bureau of Statistics
855:1914 Ottoman population statistics
670:). The city became a Metropolitan
515:Syria Central Bureau of Statistics
471:. It also became a Latin Catholic
459:following the dissolvement of the
14:
5113:
2422:
1962:
1716:Hassan, Doha (19 February 2014).
1640:The University of Wisconsin Press
1426:
1358:
719:, the destinations of the annual
152:Show map of Eastern Mediterranean
5087:Shia Muslim communities in Syria
4633:
4626:
3220:
3123:
2408:
2402:
2142:
1979:Extensive photo site about Bosra
1747:. Al Masdar News. Archived from
585:, dating from the 2nd century AD
527:, although the town has a small
209:
135:
128:
102:
95:
78:
1781:
1763:
1743:Leith Fadel (31 January 2015).
1736:
1709:
1683:
1664:
1625:
1616:
1603:
1288:
440:and geographically part of the
5097:World Heritage Sites in Danger
1974:Official website of Bosra city
1969:Catholic Encyclopedia on Bosra
1844:. Princeton University Press.
1579:
1567:
1537:
1504:
824:In 1596 Bosra appeared in the
819:
681:
31:. For the genus of moths, see
1:
5062:World Heritage Sites in Syria
2046:World Heritage Sites in Syria
1910:. New York University Press.
1420:
1384:of the second generation and
999:Köppen climate classification
958:, constructed probably under
872:
615:. It was made capital of the
608:and was the residence of the
149:Bosra (Eastern Mediterranean)
136:
103:
1416:(1301–1373), Islamic scholar
941:
23:. For the town in Iraq, see
19:For the town in Jordan, see
7:
5034:UNESCO World Heritage Sites
4481:Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa
1989:GCatholic Latin titular see
1927:Crusading Warfare 1097-1193
1720:. Al Akhbar. Archived from
1130:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
1060:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
929:four days of intense battle
627:at the juncture of several
424:
388:
10:
5118:
5041:Legacy of the Roman Empire
1955:Palestine Exploration Fund
1828:
1479:(CBS). Daraa Governorate.
1273:
1010:
988:
563:
534:
301:UNESCO World Heritage Site
18:
5029:
4996:
4943:
4900:
4870:
4823:
4814:
4773:
4682:
4651:
4642:
4624:
4604:
4566:
4548:
4525:
4507:
4489:
4471:
4453:
4425:
4418:
4411:
3493:
3229:
3218:
3136:
3130:Cities and towns of Syria
3011:
2956:
2921:
2886:
2856:
2829:
2789:
2734:
2730:
2717:
2679:
2634:
2589:
2564:
2519:
2434:
2430:
2417:
2400:
2354:
2269:
2184:
2180:
2167:
2155:
2052:
1532:Beattie & Pepper 2001
1444:, Brill, pp. 43–44,
1436:Sharon, M. (2007-01-01),
1199:
1129:
1059:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
907:During the presidency of
757:in Damascus, the general
502:and has been declared by
428:), is a town in southern
401:
363:
355:
347:
335:
325:
315:
307:
298:
294:
284:
269:
261:
256:
246:
234:
222:
204:
196:
161:
89:
77:
72:
63:
43:
2913:al-Ghariyah al-Sharqiyah
2908:al-Ghariyah al-Gharbiyah
1862:The Rough Guide to Syria
1822:Archnet Digital Library.
898:Gulf Cooperation Council
792:led a Crusader force to
790:Baldwin III of Jerusalem
761:was allotted the entire
558:, it was called Bostra (
404:) and officially called
5036:; Proposed; in Danger
4830:Palestinian territories
1335:Bosra also has a small
1011:Climate data for Bosra
950:Southern Baths in Bosra
838:of Bani Nasiyya in the
765:plain as a fief by the
573:Roman and Byzantine era
5102:Nabataean architecture
4576:Aelia Augusta Aeclanum
3919:Khirbet al-Tin Mahmoud
3365:al-Mukharram al-Foqani
2541:al-Maliha al-Sharqiyah
1984:Photo Gallery of Bosra
995:cold semi-arid climate
951:
741:
597:
586:
583:Roman Theatre at Bosra
270: • Religions
2536:al-Maliha al-Gharbiya
1925:Smail, R. C. (1956).
1573:le Strange, 1890, p.
1374:, 3rd century, Bishop
949:
739:
592:
580:
463:. With the advent of
311:Ancient City of Bosra
181:32.51833°N 36.48056°E
4249:al-Surah al-Saghirah
2174:Al-Sanamayn District
1609:Meinecke, 1996, pp.
1543:Meinecke, 1996, pp.
1341:Palestinian American
832:, being part of the
631:, in particular the
539:Bosra was the first
321:Cultural: i, iii, vi
84:Bosra Central Square
38:Town in Daraa, Syria
4094:Rasm Harmil al-Imam
2092:Qal’at Salah El-Din
2086:Crac des Chevaliers
1953:. Committee of the
1777:on 3 February 2015.
1751:on 11 February 2019
1585:Meinecke, 1996, p.
1561:Meinecke, 1996, p.
1398:Antipater of Bostra
606:Nova Trajana Bostra
508:World Heritage Site
500:archaeological site
177: /
4857:: Emmaus Nicopolis
4840:: Aelia Capitolina
4652:Of legion veterans
4509:Gallia Narbonensis
4491:Gallia Lugdunensis
4455:Britannia Inferior
4427:Britannia Superior
2326:Manshiyat al-Sabil
1818:2009-09-08 at the
1372:Beryllus of Bostra
952:
919:branch secretary.
742:
700:Rashidun Caliphate
653:Councils of Arabia
604:Bosra was renamed
598:
587:
308:Official name
262: • Total
197:Grid position
186:32.51833; 36.48056
5049:
5048:
5025:
5024:
5021:
5020:
4850:Caesarea Maritima
4774:Possible colonies
4664:Caesarea Maritima
4622:
4621:
4581:Castra Taurinorum
4527:Germania Inferior
4367:
4366:
3709:al-Hajar al-Aswad
3089:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3080:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2149:Daraa Governorate
2108:
2107:
2098:
2090:
1724:on 9 October 2018
1697:. 15 January 2013
1658:Batatu, 1999, p.
1498:Batatu, 1999, p.
1451:978-90-474-2073-6
1378:Shimon ben Lakish
1285:
1284:
973:Close by are the
853:According to the
828:tax registers as
798:Mu'in ad-Din Unur
676:Sasanian Persians
513:According to the
438:Daraa Governorate
422:
386:
367:
366:
119:Show map of Syria
116:Location in Syria
5109:
4821:
4820:
4801:Emmaus Nicopolis
4669:Aelia Capitolina
4649:
4648:
4637:
4630:
4423:
4422:
4394:
4387:
4380:
4371:
4370:
4214:al-Shaykh Maskin
3914:Khirbet Ghazaleh
3744:Harran al-Awamid
3335:Maarat al-Numaan
3330:Jisr ash-Shughur
3224:
3128:
3127:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3093:
3092:
2897:Khirbet Ghazaleh
2887:Khirbet Ghazaleh
2732:
2731:
2719:
2718:
2701:al-Bakkar Sharqi
2645:al-Shaykh Maskin
2432:
2431:
2419:
2418:
2412:
2406:
2182:
2181:
2169:
2168:
2147:
2146:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2112:
2111:
2096:
2088:
2065:Ancient City of
2039:
2032:
2025:
2016:
2015:
1958:
1940:
1921:
1897:
1876:
1865:. Rough Guides.
1855:
1823:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1643:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1614:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1548:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1520:
1519:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1483:
1482:
1470:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1433:
1366:Timon the Deacon
1310:Miqdad ibn Aswad
1281:
1278:
1008:
1007:
925:Syrian Civil War
794:capture the city
704:Khalid ibn Walid
633:Via Traiana Nova
565:
461:Nabatean kingdom
427:
417:
415:
414:بُصْرَىٰ ٱلشَّام
403:
391:
381:
379:
356:Buffer zone
215:
213:
212:
192:
191:
189:
188:
187:
182:
178:
175:
174:
173:
170:
153:
139:
138:
132:
120:
106:
105:
99:
82:
58:
57:
56:بُصْرَىٰ ٱلشَّام
52:
51:
41:
40:
5117:
5116:
5112:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5107:
5106:
5072:Cities in Syria
5052:
5051:
5050:
5045:
5017:
4992:
4983:: Philippopolis
4939:
4912:: Arca Caesarea
4896:
4866:
4828:
4816:
4810:
4769:
4678:
4638:
4632:
4631:
4618:
4600:
4562:
4558:Augusta Emerita
4544:
4521:
4503:
4485:
4467:
4449:
4414:
4407:
4398:
4368:
4363:
4219:Shayukh Tahtani
4209:Shaykh al-Hadid
4059:Qalaat al-Madiq
3929:Ma'arrat Misrin
3904:Kuwayris Sharqi
3489:
3455:al-Suqaylabiyah
3450:ash-Shaykh Badr
3225:
3216:
3132:
3122:
3120:
3090:
3077:
3068:Saham al-Jawlan
3013:
3007:
2958:
2952:
2923:
2917:
2888:
2882:
2858:
2852:
2833:
2825:
2791:
2785:
2736:
2726:
2705:
2681:
2675:
2636:
2630:
2591:
2585:
2566:
2560:
2521:
2515:
2476:Maliha al-Atash
2436:
2426:
2413:
2407:
2390:
2356:
2350:
2321:Mankat al-Hatab
2271:
2265:
2186:
2176:
2163:
2151:
2141:
2139:
2109:
2104:
2048:
2043:
1994:Map of the town
1965:
1945:Strange, le, G.
1937:
1918:
1894:
1873:
1852:
1831:
1826:
1820:Wayback Machine
1813:Al-Omari Mosque
1811:
1807:
1798:
1796:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1754:
1752:
1741:
1737:
1727:
1725:
1714:
1710:
1700:
1698:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1669:
1665:
1657:
1646:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1608:
1604:
1596:
1592:
1584:
1580:
1572:
1568:
1560:
1551:
1542:
1538:
1530:
1523:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1497:
1486:
1480:
1471:
1464:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1434:
1427:
1423:
1391:Titus of Bostra
1380:, 3rd century,
1361:
1330:al-Omari Mosque
1291:
1286:
1275:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
991:
979:Gemarrin Bridge
968:Al-Omari Mosque
944:
936:Daraa Offensive
875:
863:Catholic Greeks
859:Orthodox Greeks
822:
813:as-Salih Ismail
708:Battle of Bosra
684:
668:Greek-Byzantine
649:Philip the Arab
639:that connected
575:
569:
547:, a general of
545:Cornelius Palma
537:
303:
276:
210:
208:
185:
183:
179:
176:
171:
168:
166:
164:
163:
157:
156:
155:
154:
151:
150:
147:
146:
145:
144:
140:
123:
122:
121:
118:
117:
114:
113:
112:
111:
107:
85:
68:
59:
53:
46:
39:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5115:
5105:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5043:
5037:
5030:
5027:
5026:
5023:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5015:
5009:
5002:
5000:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4990:
4984:
4978:
4972:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4949:
4947:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4937:
4931:
4925:
4919:
4913:
4906:
4904:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4894:
4888:
4882:
4876:
4874:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4864:
4858:
4852:
4847:
4841:
4834:
4832:
4818:
4815:Locations with
4812:
4811:
4809:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4777:
4775:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4686:
4684:
4683:Of late Empire
4680:
4679:
4677:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4655:
4653:
4646:
4640:
4639:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4616:
4610:
4608:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4572:
4570:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4554:
4552:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4537:
4531:
4529:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4513:
4511:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4501:
4495:
4493:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4483:
4477:
4475:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4459:
4457:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4442:
4440:Lindum Colonia
4437:
4431:
4429:
4420:
4416:
4415:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4397:
4396:
4389:
4382:
4374:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4129:al-Sabe' Biyar
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3984:Mashta al-Helu
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3824:Jubb al-Jarrah
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3694:al-Ghizlaniyah
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3500:
3498:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3236:
3234:
3227:
3226:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3143:
3141:
3134:
3133:
3119:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3096:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3017:
3015:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2962:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2927:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2892:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2862:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2837:
2835:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2795:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2781:Umm al-Mayazen
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2740:
2738:
2728:
2727:
2724:Daraa District
2715:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2685:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2640:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2621:al-Shaykh Saad
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2595:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2570:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2525:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2456:Busra al-Harir
2453:
2448:
2440:
2438:
2428:
2427:
2415:
2414:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2360:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2275:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2190:
2188:
2178:
2177:
2165:
2164:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2138:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2115:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2094:
2083:
2078:
2069:
2063:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2042:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2002:
2000:Bosra-map; 22M
1997:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1964:
1963:External links
1961:
1960:
1959:
1941:
1935:
1922:
1916:
1898:
1892:
1877:
1871:
1856:
1850:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1805:
1780:
1762:
1735:
1708:
1695:Syria Tomorrow
1682:
1677:Channel 4 News
1663:
1644:
1624:
1615:
1602:
1600:, p. 159.
1590:
1578:
1566:
1549:
1536:
1534:, p. 126.
1521:
1503:
1484:
1462:
1450:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1411:
1401:
1394:
1388:
1375:
1369:
1360:
1359:Notable people
1357:
1322:Constantinople
1318:Abdul Hamid II
1290:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1006:
990:
987:
975:Kharaba Bridge
943:
940:
909:Hafez al-Assad
874:
871:
840:Qada of Hauran
821:
818:
786:mabrak an-naqa
702:under general
683:
680:
621:Arabia Petraea
617:Roman province
574:
571:
536:
533:
457:Arabia Petraea
434:Daraa District
365:
364:
361:
360:
357:
353:
352:
349:
345:
344:
337:
333:
332:
327:
323:
322:
319:
313:
312:
309:
305:
304:
299:
296:
295:
292:
291:
288:
282:
281:
271:
267:
266:
263:
259:
258:
254:
253:
250:
244:
243:
238:
232:
231:
226:
220:
219:
206:
202:
201:
198:
194:
193:
159:
158:
148:
142:
141:
134:
133:
127:
126:
125:
124:
115:
109:
108:
101:
100:
94:
93:
92:
91:
90:
87:
86:
83:
75:
74:
70:
69:
64:
61:
60:
47:
44:
37:
29:Busra al-Harir
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5114:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5042:
5038:
5035:
5032:
5031:
5028:
5013:
5010:
5007:
5004:
5003:
5001:
4999:
4995:
4988:
4985:
4982:
4979:
4976:
4973:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4946:
4942:
4935:
4932:
4929:
4926:
4923:
4920:
4917:
4914:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4903:
4899:
4892:
4889:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4873:
4869:
4862:
4859:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4845:
4842:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4831:
4826:
4822:
4819:
4813:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4772:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4760:Philippopolis
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4725:Arca Caesarea
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4681:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4641:
4636:
4629:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4603:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4565:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4551:
4547:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4524:
4518:
4517:Narbo Martius
4515:
4514:
4512:
4510:
4506:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4470:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4452:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4428:
4424:
4421:
4417:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4395:
4390:
4388:
4383:
4381:
4376:
4375:
4372:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4349:al-Yaarubiyah
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4339:Urum al-Kubra
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4299:Tell al-Daman
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4054:al-Qahtaniyah
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4029:al-Nashabiyah
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4014:al-Musayfirah
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3889:Khan Shaykhun
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3859:Kafr Takharim
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3654:al-Darbasiyah
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3559:Assal al-Ward
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3509:Abu al-Thuhur
3507:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3492:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3223:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3117:
3112:
3110:
3105:
3103:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3010:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2955:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2932:al-Musayfirah
2929:
2928:
2926:
2920:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2788:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2678:
2672:
2671:al-Suhayliyah
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2635:Shaykh Maskin
2633:
2627:
2626:al-Sukkariyah
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2611:al-Jubayliyah
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2424:Izra District
2420:
2416:
2411:
2405:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2353:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2301:Deir al-Bukht
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2136:
2131:
2129:
2124:
2122:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2101:
2095:
2093:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2035:
2033:
2028:
2026:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:, Google Maps
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1936:1-56619-769-4
1932:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1917:9780814754924
1913:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1893:3-920405-41-2
1889:
1885:
1884:
1878:
1874:
1872:9781858287188
1868:
1864:
1863:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1809:
1795:on 2015-10-02
1794:
1790:
1784:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1723:
1719:
1712:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1678:
1674:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1619:
1612:
1606:
1599:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1546:
1540:
1533:
1528:
1526:
1517:
1516:topostext.org
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1453:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1430:
1425:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1356:
1354:
1353:South Lebanon
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1308:'s companion
1307:
1303:
1302:Sunni Muslims
1298:
1296:
1280:
1272:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1203:
1202:precipitation
1198:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1003:
1000:
996:
986:
984:
983:Roman bridges
980:
976:
971:
969:
963:
961:
957:
956:Roman theater
948:
939:
937:
932:
930:
926:
920:
918:
914:
910:
905:
903:
899:
895:
890:
888:
884:
880:
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
851:
849:
845:
841:
837:
836:
831:
827:
817:
814:
810:
806:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
782:
777:
773:
770:
769:
764:
760:
756:
755:Burid dynasty
751:
747:
738:
734:
732:
728:
724:
723:
718:
714:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
679:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
656:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
613:
607:
603:
596:
591:
584:
579:
570:
567:
561:
560:Ancient Greek
557:
554:According to
552:
551:, in 106 AD.
550:
546:
542:
532:
530:
526:
522:
521:
516:
511:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
492:Hijaz railway
489:
485:
481:
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
445:
443:
439:
435:
431:
426:
425:Buṣrā al-Shām
420:
411:
407:
406:Busra al-Sham
399:
395:
390:
384:
375:
371:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
331:
328:
324:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
297:
293:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
272:
268:
264:
260:
255:
251:
249:
245:
242:
239:
237:
233:
230:
227:
225:
221:
218:
207:
203:
199:
195:
190:
162:Coordinates:
160:
131:
98:
88:
81:
76:
73:Busra al-Sham
71:
67:
62:
42:
34:
33:Bostra (moth)
30:
26:
22:
16:Town in Syria
4964:Dura-Europos
4952:
4924:: Heliopolis
4817:modern names
4765:Dura-Europos
4405:Ancient Rome
4344:Wadi al-Oyun
4184:al-Shaddadah
4069:al-Qaryatayn
4019:al-Mushannaf
3819:al-Jawadiyah
3799:al-Janudiyah
3779:Ibbin Samaan
3724:al-Hamidiyah
3618:
3614:Bir al-Helou
3599:Barri Sharqi
3569:Ayn al-Fijah
3495:Sub-district
3410:Ra's al-'Ayn
3340:al-Malikiyah
3020:
2965:
2930:
2895:
2865:
2840:
2799:
2798:
2743:
2688:
2643:
2616:al-Nasiriyah
2598:
2573:
2528:
2443:
2363:
2296:Deir al-Adas
2278:
2193:
2157:
2072:Ancient City
2066:
2057:Ancient City
1949:
1926:
1906:
1902:Meinecke, M.
1882:
1861:
1840:
1808:
1797:. Retrieved
1793:the original
1783:
1775:the original
1765:
1753:. Retrieved
1749:the original
1738:
1726:. Retrieved
1722:the original
1711:
1699:. Retrieved
1694:
1685:
1676:
1666:
1632:Kemal Karpat
1627:
1618:
1605:
1593:
1581:
1569:
1539:
1515:
1506:
1455:, retrieved
1441:
1345:Hanna Batatu
1334:
1299:
1292:
1289:Demographics
1277:climate-data
1204:mm (inches)
1001:
993:Bosra has a
992:
972:
964:
953:
933:
921:
917:Ba'ath Party
906:
902:Hanna Batatu
891:
887:main theatre
876:
852:
833:
829:
823:
802:
785:
779:
776:Umari Mosque
766:
743:
720:
685:
663:
657:
629:trade routes
611:
605:
602:Roman Empire
599:
568:
556:John Malalas
553:
538:
525:Sunni Muslim
518:
512:
477:
465:Christianity
455:province of
446:
405:
393:
392:), formerly
369:
368:
274:Sunni Muslim
4846:: Ptolemais
4540:Mogontiacum
4473:Roman Dacia
4435:Camulodunum
4314:Tell Salhab
4309:Tell Rifaat
4109:al-Ruhaybah
3994:al-Masmiyah
3969:al-Mansurah
3829:Jubb Ramlah
3809:al-Jarniyah
3689:al-Ghariyah
3659:Deir Atiyah
3584:Ayn al-Nasr
3574:Ayn Halaqim
3440:al-Sanamayn
3405:al-Qutayfah
3260:Ayn al-Arab
3202:Rif Dimashq
3162:Deir ez-Zor
3138:Governorate
3014:Subdistrict
2993:Tell Shihab
2959:Subdistrict
2924:Subdistrict
2889:Subdistrict
2878:al-Mataaiya
2859:Subdistrict
2834:Subdistrict
2792:Subdistrict
2737:Subdistrict
2682:Subdistrict
2637:Subdistrict
2592:Subdistrict
2567:Subdistrict
2522:Subdistrict
2491:al-Mujaydil
2481:al-Matallah
2437:Subdistrict
2365:al-Masmiyah
2357:Subdistrict
2272:Subdistrict
2195:Al-Sanamayn
2187:Subdistrict
1512:"ToposText"
1481:(in Arabic)
1337:Shia Muslim
1326:Young Turks
1324:during the
867:Protestants
820:Ottoman era
759:Kumushtakin
727:Umayyad era
682:Islamic era
595:camel train
531:community.
529:Shia Muslim
473:titular see
336:Inscription
248:Subdistrict
224:Governorate
184: /
5056:Categories
5039:See also:
5014:: Seleucia
4977:: Laodicea
4863:: Neronias
4710:Heliopolis
4614:Singidunum
4591:Mediolanum
4359:az-Ziyarah
4319:Tell Tamer
4304:Tell Hamis
4289:al-Tamanah
4269:al-Sukhnah
4189:al-Shajara
4134:al-Sabkhah
4074:al-Qurayya
4034:al-Nasirah
3964:al-Malihah
3884:al-Khafsah
3869:al-Karamah
3849:Kafr Batna
3739:Harbnafsah
3644:Darat Izza
3554:al-Asharah
3539:al-Arishah
3504:Abu Qilqil
3475:al-Thawrah
3470:Tell Abyad
3285:Dayr Hafir
3207:as-Suwayda
3172:al-Hasakah
3022:al-Shajara
2998:al-Yadudah
2341:al-Qaziyah
2311:Kafr Nasij
2246:al-Qaniyah
2236:Kafr Shams
1851:0691002541
1836:Batatu, H.
1799:2018-11-10
1755:3 February
1728:3 February
1701:15 January
1598:Smail 1956
1457:2024-02-13
1421:References
1414:Ibn Kathir
1406:, c. 600,
1343:historian
873:Modern era
830:Nafs Busra
672:archbishop
637:Roman road
625:metropolis
610:legio III
600:Under the
339:1980 (4th
280:(minority)
257:Population
172:36°28′50″E
169:32°31′06″N
5008:: Antioch
4989:: Palmyra
4918:: Berytus
4838:Jerusalem
4674:Ptolemais
4596:Placentia
4586:Florentia
4445:Londinium
4354:al-Zirbah
4334:Uqayribat
4104:al-Riqama
4049:al-Qadmus
3999:al-Mazraa
3924:al-Kiswah
3874:al-Kasrah
3864:Kafr Zita
3854:Kafr Nabl
3774:al-Huwash
3729:al-Hamraa
3684:Ghandoura
3679:Ghabaghib
3669:al-Dumayr
3604:Beit Jinn
3534:al-Ariqah
3460:Talkalakh
3430:Salamiyah
3420:as-Safira
3415:al-Rastan
3400:al-Qusayr
3325:Jarabulus
3305:al-Haffah
3295:Duraykish
3240:Abu Kamal
3033:Ayn Zakar
2948:Umm Walad
2943:al-Sahwah
2922:Musayfira
2821:Samaqiyat
2776:al-Taybeh
2761:al-Naimah
2696:al-Bakkar
2280:Ghabaghib
2270:Ghabaghib
942:Landmarks
883:Byzantine
809:al-Adil I
772:Tughtakin
660:Byzantine
612:Cyrenaica
419:romanized
383:romanized
326:Reference
286:Area code
5077:Nabataea
5012:Samandağ
4959:Damascus
4955:: Bostra
4893:: Gerasa
4887:: Gadara
4885:Umm Qais
4806:Neronias
4755:Neapolis
4720:Damascus
4700:Seleucia
4690:Laodicea
4550:Hispania
4499:Lugdunum
4463:Eboracum
4401:Colonies
4279:Talbiseh
4274:al-Tabni
4264:al-Susah
4254:al-Suwar
4234:Sirghaya
4149:Saidnaya
4124:Sabburah
4079:Qurqania
4024:Muzayrib
4004:Muhambal
3989:Maskanah
3944:Maaloula
3934:Maabatli
3909:Khanaser
3834:Jindires
3804:Jaramana
3794:al-Jalaa
3769:Huraytan
3749:al-Hirak
3714:al-Hajib
3699:al-Hader
3664:al-Dimas
3629:Busayrah
3579:Ayn Issa
3514:Akhtarin
3485:Zabadani
3380:Qamishli
3231:District
3192:Quneitra
3152:Damascus
3058:Maariyah
3038:Bayt Ara
2967:Muzayrib
2957:Muzayrib
2938:al-Karak
2656:al-Faqia
2556:al-Surah
2530:al-Hirak
2486:Miskiyah
2471:Mahajjah
2381:Buwaydan
2355:Masmiyah
2336:Muthabin
2316:Kammunah
2226:Judayyah
2216:al-Harra
2185:Sanamayn
2158:Capital:
2097:Site of
2076:Damascus
1947:(1890).
1904:(1996).
1838:(1999).
1816:Archived
1642:, p. 178
1634:(1985),
1408:Assyrian
1349:Nabatieh
1306:Muhammad
1274:Source:
1200:Average
977:and the
915:and the
894:Damascus
865:and 180
688:Muhammad
641:Damascus
541:Nabatean
480:Damascus
449:Nabatean
444:region.
378:بُصْرَىٰ
359:200.4 ha
351:116.2 ha
317:Criteria
236:District
50:بُصْرَىٰ
5006:Antakya
4975:Latakia
4971:: Emesa
4936:: Tyrus
4930:: Sidon
4922:Baalbek
4902:Lebanon
4827:and the
4786:Ascalon
4740:Sebaste
4715:Palmyra
4695:Antioch
4659:Berytus
4239:Slinfah
4204:Shathah
4199:Sharran
4159:Saraqib
4144:Sahnaya
4114:al-Saan
4009:Muhasan
3979:Markada
3894:Khasham
3844:al-Qabu
3839:al-Jiza
3764:al-Hawl
3734:Harasta
3704:Hadidah
3674:Furqlus
3649:Darkush
3639:al-Dana
3609:Binnish
3589:Babbila
3544:Armanaz
3497:centres
3480:Yabroud
3465:al-Tall
3435:Salkhad
3395:Qudsaya
3385:Qardaha
3375:Palmyra
3370:an-Nabk
3360:Mhardeh
3355:Mayadin
3280:Darayya
3275:Baniyas
3233:centres
3187:Latakia
3140:centres
3073:Shabraq
3053:Kuwayah
3012:Shajara
2867:al-Jiza
2811:Maaraba
2651:al-Dali
2501:Qiratah
2386:Shaarah
2346:al-Tiha
2100:Palmyra
1829:Sources
1438:"Sites"
1195:(49.3)
1190:(38.3)
1185:(45.9)
1180:(53.2)
1175:(58.3)
1170:(61.3)
1165:(61.0)
1160:(58.3)
1155:(53.4)
1150:(47.3)
1145:(41.5)
1140:(37.6)
1135:(35.8)
1125:(73.6)
1120:(57.0)
1115:(68.2)
1110:(80.1)
1105:(87.1)
1100:(90.1)
1095:(89.4)
1090:(87.3)
1085:(80.8)
1080:(71.4)
1075:(62.4)
1070:(56.3)
1065:(53.2)
989:Climate
981:, both
835:nahiyah
826:Ottoman
807:sultan
805:Ayyubid
781:madrasa
746:Fatimid
731:Ya'qubi
698:of the
694:. The
658:By the
645:Red Sea
643:to the
535:History
520:nahiyah
496:tourism
488:Ottoman
484:Islamic
436:of the
421::
385::
341:Session
205:Country
200:289/214
4998:Turkey
4987:Tadmur
4981:Shahba
4916:Beirut
4891:Jerash
4872:Jordan
4861:Banias
4825:Israel
4796:Gadara
4791:Gerasa
4745:Bostra
4644:Levant
4606:Moesia
4568:Italia
4419:Europe
4329:Thiban
4284:Taldou
4229:Sinjar
4194:Shaqqa
4174:Sawran
4169:Sarrin
4164:Sarmin
4154:Salqin
4119:Saasaa
4099:al-Rai
4089:Rankus
3949:Madaya
3939:Maadan
3899:Kirnaz
3879:Kessab
3789:Jayrud
3759:Hisyah
3624:Bulbul
3524:Arbeen
3445:Shahba
3425:Safita
3390:Qatana
3350:Masyaf
3345:Manbij
3320:Jableh
3270:al-Bab
3255:Atarib
3250:Arihah
3212:Tartus
3147:Aleppo
3028:Abidin
3003:Zayzun
2806:Jamrin
2751:Ataman
2551:Rakham
2546:Nahita
2506:Shaqra
2466:Jaddal
2461:Buwayr
2376:Burraq
2331:al-Mal
2291:Aqraba
2261:Zimrin
2256:Samlin
2241:Khabab
2221:Inkhil
2201:Bassir
2061:Aleppo
1933:
1914:
1890:
1869:
1848:
1448:
1404:Bahira
1396:Saint
1364:Saint
1314:Hauran
1269:(9.7)
1264:(1.9)
1259:(0.9)
1254:(0.4)
1229:(0.2)
1224:(0.6)
1219:(1.7)
1214:(2.1)
1209:(2.0)
1016:Month
960:Trajan
861:, 594
848:barley
768:atabeg
763:Hauran
750:Seljuk
717:Medina
696:forces
692:Bahira
564:Βόστρα
549:Trajan
504:UNESCO
442:Hauran
410:Arabic
402:Βόστρα
394:Bostra
374:Arabic
265:19,683
214:
21:Bozrah
5067:Bosra
4953:Bosra
4945:Syria
4928:Saida
4880:Petra
4855:Imwas
4750:Petra
4735:Tyrus
4730:Sidon
4705:Emesa
4324:Tedef
4294:Tasil
4259:Suran
4244:Suluk
4179:Sebei
4139:Sadad
4064:Qarah
3974:Mare'
3959:Malah
3954:Mahin
3814:Jasim
3784:Ihsim
3719:Hajin
3634:Da'el
3619:Bosra
3594:Banan
3549:Arwad
3529:Arima
3519:Amuda
3315:Izra'
3310:Harem
3290:Douma
3245:Afrin
3197:Raqqa
3182:Idlib
3157:Daraa
3063:Nafia
3048:Jamla
2988:Tafas
2983:Nasij
2978:Jalin
2973:Ajami
2873:Ghasm
2848:Abtaa
2842:Da'el
2831:Da'el
2816:Samad
2800:Bosra
2790:Bosra
2771:Saida
2766:Nasib
2756:Kahil
2745:Daraa
2735:Daraa
2690:Tasil
2680:Tasil
2666:Qarfa
2661:Namer
2606:Adwan
2581:Nimer
2575:Jasim
2565:Jasim
2520:Hirak
2496:Najih
2306:Jabab
2286:Alqin
2251:Qayta
2231:Tubna
2206:Burqa
2161:Daraa
2067:Bosra
1386:rabbi
1382:amora
1055:Year
913:Daraa
879:Roman
844:wheat
713:Mecca
664:Βόσρα
506:as a
453:Roman
430:Syria
398:Greek
389:Buṣrā
370:Bosra
252:Bosra
241:Daraa
229:Daraa
217:Syria
143:Bosra
110:Bosra
45:Bosra
25:Basra
4969:Homs
4934:Tyre
4910:Arqa
4844:Acre
4781:Gaza
4224:Shin
4084:Rajo
4044:Nubl
4039:Nawa
3754:Hish
3265:Azaz
3177:Homs
3167:Hama
3043:Heet
2903:Alma
2857:Jiza
2600:Nawa
2590:Nawa
2451:Asim
2445:Izra
2435:Izra
2371:Bali
1931:ISBN
1912:ISBN
1888:ISBN
1867:ISBN
1846:ISBN
1757:2015
1730:2015
1703:2013
1613:-39.
1547:-32.
1446:ISBN
1410:monk
1279:.org
1249:(0)
1244:(0)
1239:(0)
1234:(0)
1178:11.8
1173:14.6
1168:16.3
1163:16.1
1158:14.6
1153:11.9
1123:23.1
1118:13.9
1113:20.1
1108:26.7
1103:30.6
1098:32.3
1093:31.9
1088:30.7
1083:27.1
1078:21.9
1073:16.9
1068:13.5
1063:11.8
1052:Dec
1049:Nov
1046:Oct
1043:Sep
1040:Aug
1037:Jul
1034:Jun
1031:May
1028:Apr
1025:Mar
1022:Feb
1019:Jan
722:hajj
715:and
635:, a
581:The
348:Area
278:Shia
66:Town
4403:of
3564:Awj
3300:Fiq
2511:Sur
2211:Eib
2089:and
2074:of
2059:of
1575:425
1351:in
1320:in
1267:247
1193:9.6
1188:3.5
1183:7.7
1148:8.5
1143:5.3
1138:3.1
1133:2.1
1002:BSk
666:in
619:of
5058::
1693:.
1675:.
1660:25
1647:^
1638:,
1611:38
1587:37
1563:35
1552:^
1545:31
1524:^
1514:.
1500:24
1487:^
1475:.
1465:^
1440:,
1428:^
1262:47
1257:22
1252:10
1222:15
1217:42
1212:53
1207:52
985:.
931:.
904:.
889:.
881:,
869:.
846:,
562::
510:.
416:,
412::
400::
380:,
376::
330:22
290:15
4393:e
4386:t
4379:v
3115:e
3108:t
3101:v
2134:e
2127:t
2120:v
2038:e
2031:t
2024:v
1957:.
1939:.
1920:.
1896:.
1875:.
1854:.
1802:.
1759:.
1732:.
1705:.
1679:.
1518:.
1247:0
1242:0
1237:0
1232:0
1227:6
997:(
408:(
396:(
372:(
343:)
35:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
