683:
44:
792:. Consequently, it is possible for an Ixodes tick to coinfect a host with either two or all other diseases. When a host is coinfected, the combined effects of the diseases act synergistically, often proving to cause worse symptoms than a single infection alone Coinfected humans tend to display a more severe manifestation of Lyme disease. In addition, they tend to acquire a wider range of secondary symptoms, such as influenza-like symptoms. More studies and research must be done to determine the synergistic effect of co-infection and its effect on the human body.
64:
3230:
729:) seen as an erythematous circle encircling a defined center that expands outward. It can get as large as 15 cm in diameter. Once the rash starts to subside the first symptoms can manifest as "flu-like" symptoms. At this stage, antibiotics are most efficacious to prevent further growth and symptoms of the disease before the major symptoms manifest.
955:
on its membrane receptor, which are specific to the infection of the host. One such membrane receptor is the surface protein OspC. The OspC surface protein is shown to be a strong indicator of the identification of genomic classification and the degree of dissemination. Varying number of OspC loci
2744:
Casjens S, Palmer N, van Vugt R, Huang WM, Stevenson B, Rosa P, Lathigra R, Sutton G, Peterson J, Dodson RJ, Haft D, Hickey E, Gwinn M, White O, Fraser CM (2000). "A bacterial genome in flux: the twelve linear and nine circular extrachromosomal DNAs in an infectious isolate of the Lyme disease
935:
genome consists of one megabase chromosome and an unusual variety of circular and linear plasmids ranging in size from 9 to 62 kilobases. The megabase chromosome, unlike many other eubacteria, has no relation to either the bacteria's virulence or to the host-parasite interaction. Some of the
737:
Stage 2 is known as the Early
Disseminated stage and occurs weeks - months after infection if left untreated. The bacteria spreads via the blood through the body to affect the organs. It often presents with general symptoms such as fever, chills, fatigue, and lymphadenopathy as well as the
1070:
Ecological niches are all of the variables in an environment, such as the resources, competitors, and responses, that contribute to the organism's fitness. Multiple-niche polymorphism states that diversity is maintained within a population due to the varying amount of possible niches and
804:, and the outer surface protein C (OspC) are indicators of the severity of the infection. Additionally, humans, themselves, vary in their response to the infection. The variation in response leads to different clinical manifestations and different infections to different organs.
873:, binds the initiating protease complex C1 of the classical pathway. More specifically, BBK32 interacts with C1r subunit of C1. C-terminal domain of the BBK32 protein mediates the binding. As a result, C1 is trapped in an inactive form.
511:
that is highly selected against during transformation. Since these genes are often paired together, infectivity is selected against in transformation, counteracting research to pinpoint particular genes that function in pathogenicity of
722:
Stage 1 is known as the Early
Localized stage and occurs approximately 3 days - 1 month after inoculation. It affects the local area around the bite and is characterized by local swelling and / or a red "bull's-eye" rash (also known as
1592:
Wasiluk, Anna; Waszkiewicz, Napoleon; Szajda, SĆawomir
Dariusz; WojewĂłdzka-Ć»elezniakowicz, Marzena; KÄpka, Alina; Minarowska, Alina; Zwierz, Zbigniew Wojciech; Pancewicz, SĆawomir; Ćadny, Jerzy Robert; Zwierz, Krzysztof (2012-07-05).
2673:
Garcia, B.L., Zhi, H., Wager, B., Höök, M. & Skare, J.T. 2016, "Borrelia burgdorferi BBK32 Inhibits the
Classical Pathway by Blocking Activation of the C1 Complement Complex", PLoS Pathogens, vol. 12, no.
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VelĂĄzquez, Encarna; Peix, Ălvaro; GĂłmez-Alonso, Alberto (March 2011). "Microorganismos y cĂĄncer: evidencias cientĂficas y nuevas hipĂłtesis" [Microorganisms and cancer: scientific evidence and new hypotheses].
567:
to humans, but humans are dead-end hosts, unlikely to continue the life cycle of the spirochete. Nymphs molt into adult ticks, which usually feed on larger mammals that are not able to support the survival of
492:
strains appear to be highly insufficient for use in bacterial transformation due to the large amount of DNA needed for transformation, the time it takes to produce reliable transformants, and the influence of
2398:
Guidoboni M, Ferreri AJ, Ponzoni M, Doglioni C, Dolcetti R (January 2006). "Infectious agents in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue-type lymphomas: pathogenic role and therapeutic perspectives".
2183:
Rollend, Lindsay; Fish, Durland; Childs, James E. (February 2013). "Transovarial transmission of
Borrelia spirochetes by Ixodes scapularis: A summary of the literature and recent observations".
2075:
Ante, Vanessa M.; Farris, Lauren C.; Saputra, Elizabeth P.; Hall, Allie J.; O'Bier, Nathaniel S.; Oliva ChĂĄvez, Adela S.; Marconi, Richard T.; Lybecker, Meghan C.; Hyde, Jenny A. (2021-05-25).
1030:. Balancing selection is the process by which multiple versions of a gene are kept within the gene pool at unexpectedly high frequencies. Two major models that control the selection balance of
3288:
443:
in between. It is characterized as having a flexible cell well and has cells that are long and cylindrical with them being roughly 1 micron wide. However, the outer membrane lacks
2604:"Critical Needs and Gaps in Understanding Prevention, Amelioration, and Resolution of Lyme and Other Tick-Borne Diseases: The Short-Term and Long-Term Outcomes: Workshop Report"
697:(PCDLBCLs), where a review of the primary literature has, as of 2010, noted that most of the PCBCLs examined have been 'unresponsive' to antibiotics; hence, as in the case of
3170:
KoÄi, Juraj; Bista, Sandhya; Chirania, Payal; Yang, Xiuli; Kitsou, Chrysoula; Rana, Vipin Singh; Yas, Ozlem
Buyuktanir; Sonenshine, Daniel E.; Pal, Utpal (17 March 2021).
1062:, low-frequency variants will be advantageous because potential hosts will be less likely to mount an immunological response to the variant-specific OspC outer protein.
844:. This interaction inhibits proper function of the infected areas, leading to the pathological manifestations of Lyme disease. In response, the host will initiate an
3281:
3847:
1180:
Wolcott, Katherine A.; Margos, Gabriele; Fingerle, Volker; Becker, Noémie S. (September 2021). "Host association of
Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato: A review".
1058:
In negative frequency-dependent selection, rare and uncommon variants will have a selective advantage over variants that are very common in an environment. For
1002:
species that cause Lyme
Disease. Current research aims to use bacteriophages as way of identifying virulence factors in spirochaetes that lead to Lyme Disease.
994:
phages is ÏBB-1, a phage with a polyhedral head and a contractile tail of 90 nm in length. ÏBB-1 was the first bacteriophage that provided evidence of
3274:
800:
So far, there are three factors that may contribute to the severity of the clinical manifestation of Lyme
Disease. The presence of ribosomal spacers,
754:(which if significant enough may require the insertion of a pacemaker). It can affect the musculoskeletal system causing non-inflammatory transient
2660:
1595:"Alpha fucosidase and beta galactosidase in serum of a Lyme disease patients as a possible marker of accelerated senescence - a preliminary study"
3821:
694:
3261:
1471:"Borrelia burgdorferi, a Pathogen That Lacks Iron, Encodes Manganese-dependent Superoxide Dismutase Essential for Resistance to Streptonigrin"
404:
sps., this bacterium is also gram-negative and a spirochete. Borrelia colonies are often smaller, rounded, and white with an elevated center.
3309:
869:
has a strategy to directly inhibit the classical pathway of complement system. A borrelial lipoprotein BBK32, expressed on the surface of
774:
Stage 3 is known as the Late
Disseminated stage and occurs months - years after the initial infection. Effects of the 3rd stage include
461:
set at each end that allow the bacterium to move in low- and high-viscosity media alike, which is related to its high virulence factor.
704:
3795:
3172:"Antibodies against EGF-like domains in Ixodes scapularis BM86 orthologs impact tick feeding and survival of Borrelia burgdorferi"
3834:
2515:
1884:
1157:
1130:
3839:
2994:
Eggers, Christian H.; Kimmel, Betsy J.; Bono, James L.; Elias, Abdallah F.; Rosa, Patricia; Samuels, D. Scott (2001-08-15).
3903:
1642:
Pappas, Christopher J.; Iyer, Radha; Petzke, Mary M.; Caimano, Melissa J.; Radolf, Justin D.; Schwartz, Ira (2011-07-07).
3888:
2077:"The Borrelia burgdorferi Adenylate Cyclase, CyaB, Is Important for Virulence Factor Production and Mammalian Infection"
1804:
Motaleb, Mohammed; Corum, Linda; Bono, James; Elias, Abdallah; Rosa, Patricia; Samuels, D. Scott; Charon, Nyles (2000).
925:
555:
living in a tick is mainly acquired through blood meals from an infected, competent vertebrate host, but rare cases of
1149:
Lyme Disease and Relapsing Fever Spirochetes: Genomics, Molecular Biology, Host Interactions, and Disease Pathogenesis
3120:
2956:
2907:
Eggers, C. H.; Casjens, S.; Hayes, S. F.; Garon, C. F.; Damman, C. J.; Oliver, D. B.; Samuels, D. S. (October 2000).
1553:
711:
is truly associated with PCBCL, then there is wide geographic variability and other factors are probably involved".
3266:
682:
400:
is a microaerophile, requiring small amounts of oxygen in order to undergo glycolysis and survive. Like all other
494:
3747:
221:
exists in North America and Eurasia and until 2016 was the only known cause of Lyme disease in North America.
3441:
1035:
3465:
3245:
1075:, varying vertebrae niches, such as deer and mice, can affect the overall balancing selection for variants.
3682:
3357:
641:
Clinical presentation of Lyme disease is best known for the characteristic bull's-eye rash (also known as
424:(ROS). The bacterium appears able to utilize many different monosaccharides for use in energy production.
1644:"Borrelia burgdorferi Requires Glycerol for Maximum Fitness During The Tick Phase of the Enzootic Cycle"
1071:
environments. Therefore, the more various niches the more likelihood of polymophrism and diversity. For
203:
in humans. Along with a few similar genospecies, some of which also cause Lyme disease, it makes up the
2980:
725:
643:
1407:
Shi, Wenyuan; Yang, Zhaomin; Geng, Yongzhi; Wolinsky, Lawrence E.; Lovett, Michael A. (January 1998).
3673:
3654:
3620:
556:
481:
63:
24:
3627:
3576:
1757:"Spirochetal motility and chemotaxis in the natural enzootic cycle and development of Lyme disease"
3256:
1216:
3666:
2791:
Theisen, M.; Borre, M.; Mathiesen, M. J.; Mikkelsen, B.; Lebech, A. M.; Hansen, K. (1995-06-01).
995:
597:
and is why this bacteria is so important and being studied. It is most commonly transmitted from
421:
963:. The surface protein is also on the forefront of current vaccine research for Lyme disease via
788:
are also common tick-borne pathogens carried by the Ixodes tick that infect humans similarly to
3826:
3709:
3659:
3500:
3301:
1039:
894:
751:
699:
2623:"Human complement control and complement evasion by pathogenic microbes â Tipping the balance"
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on its plasma membrane to facilitate its dissemination throughout the blood. While infecting,
43:
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contribute to varying degrees of infection and dissemination. Each genomic group has varying
900:
610:
148:
2278:"Of ticks, mice and men: understanding the dual-host lifestyle of Lyme disease spirochaetes"
3769:
3613:
3606:
3556:
3436:
3183:
2700:
1817:
1302:
1114:
Samuels DS; Radolf, JD, eds. (2010). "Chapter 6, Structure, Function and Biogenesis of the
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841:
417:
983:. Several phage particles were isolated and some evidence suggested that they had an 8-kb
8:
3382:
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has been utilized by researchers in order to isolate specific pathogenic genes among the
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2019:
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1942:
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variants, or the variation of specific traits of the species, in certain environments.
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58:
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Swanson, Stephen J.; Neitzel, David; Reed, Kurt D.; Belongia, Edward A. (2006-10-01).
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2098:
2057:
2039:
2000:
1982:
1978:
1947:
1929:
1890:
1880:
1845:
1840:
1806:"Borrelia burgdorferi periplasmic flagella have both skeletal and motility functions"
1805:
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1729:
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859:
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Characteristic "bull's-eye" (erythema chronicum migrans) rash of stage 1 Lyme disease
472:
is a slow-growing microaerophilic spirochete with a doubling time of 24 to 48 hours.
3852:
3296:
3086:
1876:
1710:"Characterization of Borrelia burgdorferi glycoconjugates and surface carbohydrates"
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3460:
3454:
3448:
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3421:
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3023:
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2820:
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1990:
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Kurtti, T. J.; Munderloh, U. G.; Johnson, R. C.; Ahlstrand, G. G. (November 1987).
1310:
1261:
1253:
1189:
233:
1424:
1289:
Burgdorfer W, Barbour AG, Hayes SF, Benach JL, Grunwaldt E, Davis JP (June 1982).
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After the pathogen is transmitted, it will acclimate to the mammalian conditions.
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3375:
3327:
3154:
3110:
2638:
2439:
2196:
2018:
Brisson, Dustin; Drecktrah, Dan; Eggers, Christian H.; Samuels, D. Scott (2012).
1909:
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3195:
2603:
1810:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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889:
854:
also expresses at least seven plasminogen binding proteins for interference of
778:
or meningitis, as well as migratory arthropathies (most commonly of the knee).
652:
602:
548:
454:
447:. Its shape is a flat wave. It is about 0.3 ÎŒm wide and 5 to 20 ÎŒm in length.
105:
2345:
2136:"The Blacklegged Tick, Ixodes Scapularis: An Increasing Public Health Concern"
2093:
1772:
1545:
1257:
1046:
have diversified, and how selection may have affected the distribution of the
3882:
3505:
3318:
3019:
2924:
2875:
2866:
2816:
2561:
2467:
2151:
2102:
2043:
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1933:
1733:
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1620:
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1432:
1370:
976:
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218:
177:
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1487:
1314:
1290:
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by feeding on another vertebrate to complete the cycle. Ticks can transmit
3597:
3416:
3213:
3162:
3078:
3037:
2951:. Milton H. Saier, Jorge GarcĂa-Lara. Wymondham: Horizon Scientific. 2001.
2932:
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2204:
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2004:
1951:
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1709:
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1628:
1573:
1514:
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1201:
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845:
817:
781:
775:
672:
594:
581:
200:
115:
20:
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2722:
2370:
1741:
1611:
1594:
1450:
1388:
1322:
516:. Despite this, some headway has been made in unraveling the mysteries of
214:. The complex currently comprises 20 accepted and 3 proposed genospecies.
3808:
3741:
3549:
3524:
2946:
2553:
2459:
837:
829:
743:
648:
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in that it has an outer membrane and inner membrane with a thin layer of
187:
95:
85:
3069:
3052:
2293:
3800:
3490:
3053:"Fundamental processes in the evolutionary ecology of Lyme borreliosis"
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evasion strategy that leads to downstream blocking of immune response.
785:
759:
668:
664:
544:
436:
211:
3813:
2622:
2510:. United States of America: Pearson Education, Inc. pp. 658â659.
3782:
3571:
3337:
905:
755:
747:
660:
656:
630:
458:
180:
3703:
2620:
762:. It can affect the nervous system manifesting as facial paralysis (
3787:
3726:
3581:
3394:
3353:
855:
833:
821:
606:
409:
195:
125:
75:
2793:"Evolution of the Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface protein OspC"
2713:
2688:
2506:
Tortora, Gerard J.; Funke, Berdell R.; Case, Christine L. (2013).
1965:
Hyde, Jenny A.; Weening, Eric H.; Skare, Jon T. (February 2011).
801:
624:
507:, which is present on a bacterial plasmid that contains the gene
183:
2996:"Transduction by ÏBB-1, a Bacteriophage of Borrelia burgdorferi"
2689:"Genomic sequence of a Lyme disease spirochaete, B. burgdorferi"
1094:
3774:
2397:
1344:
1147:
987:
940:
life cycle but not for propagation of the bacteria in culture.
885:
615:
539:
3112:
Borrelia: Molecular Biology, Host Interaction and Pathogenesis
2790:
3050:
2850:"Vaccination against Lyme disease: past, present, and future"
2687:
Fraser CM, Casjens S, Huang WM, et al. (December 1997).
2222:
2017:
739:
191:
1288:
3362:
1179:
909:
619:
598:
522:
503:
2743:
2535:
1240:
Tilly, Kit; Rosa, Patricia A.; Stewart, Philip E. (2008).
457:, motile spirochete with seven to 11 bundled perisplasmic
3139:
1469:
Troxell, Bryan; Xu, Haijun; Yang, X. Frank (2012-06-01).
1347:"Colony formation and morphology in Borrelia burgdorferi"
1053:
1018:, are maintained within the Northeastern United States.
984:
2275:
1026:
or a nearby sequence to maintain the genetic variety of
693:
infections have been found in possible association with
412:
that allow it motility. It may be oxidase negative, but
2906:
1863:
ZĂŒckert, Wolfram R. (2007). "Laboratory Maintenance of
1641:
1534:: Carbon Metabolism and the Tick-Mammal Enzootic Cycle"
956:
are indications and determinants for the variations of
766:, classically bilateral), fatigue, and loss of memory.
2223:
Brisson D, Drecktrah D, Eggers CH, Samuels DS (2012).
1707:
1217:"New Lyme-disease-causing bacteria species discovered"
1123:: Molecular Biology, Host Interaction and Pathogenesis
559:
exist. Once a tick is infected, it will then transmit
3169:
2993:
2948:
The spirochetes : molecular and cellular biology
2848:
Embers, Monica E.; Narasimhan, Sukanya (2013-02-12).
2433:
2431:
2429:
2074:
1803:
1708:
HulĂnskĂĄ, D.; Volf, P.; Grubhoffer, L. (April 1992).
707:(MALT lymphoma), the working conclusion was that "if
1113:
2913:
Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology
1908:Brisson, Dustin; Dykhuizen, Daniel E (2004-10-01).
1406:
638:via its saliva to the human during its blood meal.
2686:
2426:
2276:Radolf JD, Caimano MJ, Stevenson B, Hu LT (2012).
2182:
714:Progression of the disease follows three stages.
3880:
2854:Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
2847:
2505:
2330:"Biology of infection with Borrelia burgdorferi"
2327:
1964:
1907:
1754:
1242:"Biology of Infection with Borrelia burgdorferi"
1239:
904:in 1995. Its linear chromosome contains 910,725
695:primary cutaneous diffuse large B-cell lymphomas
164:Johnson et al. 1984 emend. Baranton et al. 1992
3044:
2437:
2391:
2218:
2216:
2214:
1967:"Genetic Manipulation of Borrelia burgdorferi"
1527:
1065:
828:will express proteins that will interact with
3282:
2682:
2680:
2621:Zipfel P., Hallström T., Riesbeck K. (2013).
2134:Eisen, Rebecca J.; Eisen, Lars (April 2018).
1528:Corona, Arianna; Schwartz, Ira (2015-08-04),
1468:
1145:
2659:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2380:. Centers For Disease Control. March 4, 2015
2323:
2321:
858:at the activation level. This is part of a
420:. This protein inhibits the accumulation of
236:, who first isolated the bacterium in 1982.
2737:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2334:Infectious Disease Clinics of North America
2211:
1856:
1748:
1246:Infectious Disease Clinics of North America
738:organ-specific symptoms. It can affect the
3289:
3275:
2677:
2269:
2133:
1871:. Vol. 4. pp. 12C.1.1â12C.1.10.
1291:"Lyme disease-a tick-borne spirochetosis?"
1282:
1221:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
705:mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma
42:
3488:
3203:
3068:
3027:
2883:
2865:
2824:
2712:
2569:
2538:"Coinfections Acquired from Ixodes Ticks"
2475:
2353:
2318:
2301:
2252:
2159:
2110:
2092:
2051:
1994:
1941:
1839:
1829:
1780:
1677:
1659:
1610:
1563:
1504:
1486:
1440:
1378:
1265:
807:
3532:
2586:
2492:
1910:"ospC Diversity in Borrelia burgdorferi"
795:
681:
634:). The infected nymphal tick transmits
199:, and is one of the causative agents of
3108:
2030:: 10.1146/annurevâgenetâ011112-112140.
1862:
1233:
1166:
1014:strains, as defined by the sequence of
916:. The sequencing project, published in
3881:
1054:Negative-frequency dependent selection
1036:negative frequency-dependent selection
526:as essential for mammalian infection.
3708:
3707:
3270:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3096:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2328:Tilly K, Rosa PA, Stewart PE (2008).
1755:Motaleb MA, Liu J, Wooten RM (2015).
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1538:Metabolism and Bacterial Pathogenesis
884:(B31 strain) was the third microbial
679:depending on the stage of infection.
605:for this bacteria. Lyme disease is a
2601:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1409:"Chemotaxis in Borrelia burgdorferi"
1402:
1400:
1398:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1146:Radolf JD, Samuels DS, eds. (2021).
848:to attempt to remove the infection.
601:to humans. Humans act as the tick's
3262:Borrelia burgdoferi B31 Genome Page
2245:10.1146/annurev-genet-011112-112140
2036:10.1146/annurev-genet-011112-112140
1599:Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologica
1475:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1214:
892:, following the sequencing of both
13:
3133:
3093:
2777:
2524:
2378:"Signs and Symptoms, Lyme Disease"
2020:"Genetics of Borrelia burgdorferi"
1694:
926:The Institute for Genomic Research
14:
3915:
3221:
2444:"Role of Bacteria in Oncogenesis"
1971:Current Protocols in Microbiology
1869:Current Protocols in Microbiology
1457:
1395:
1329:
912:. The sequencing method used was
475:
3228:
3109:Samuels, D. Scott (2010-01-01).
3012:10.1128/JB.183.16.4771-4778.2001
2809:10.1128/jb.177.11.3036-3044.1995
2763:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2000.01698.x
1979:10.1002/9780471729259.mc12c04s20
1363:10.1128/jcm.25.11.2054-2058.1987
1351:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
970:
703:association with ocular adnexal
495:restriction modification systems
62:
2987:
2939:
2909:"Bacteriophages of spirochetes"
2900:
2841:
2667:
2614:
2400:Clinical Lymphoma & Myeloma
2176:
2127:
2068:
2011:
1958:
1901:
1877:10.1002/9780471729259.mc12c01s4
1797:
1761:Current Opinion in Microbiology
1635:
1585:
1521:
1042:. These models may explain how
936:plasmids are necessary for the
224:
23:. For the species complex, see
3257:NCBI Borrelia Taxonomy Browser
1714:Zentralblatt fĂŒr Bakteriologie
1208:
1139:
1107:
520:such as the discovery of gene
232:is named after the researcher
1:
2542:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
2508:Microbiology: An Introduction
2448:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
2185:Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases
1726:10.1016/s0934-8840(11)80672-9
1425:10.1128/JB.180.2.231-235.1998
1182:Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases
1100:
998:for lateral gene transfer in
529:
464:
427:
3683:Streptobacillus moniliformis
3155:10.1016/j.ciresp.2010.08.006
3115:. Horizon Scientific Press.
3057:Nature Reviews. Microbiology
2639:10.1016/j.molimm.2013.05.222
2282:Nature Reviews. Microbiology
2197:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2012.06.008
1661:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002102
1194:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101766
1005:
416:possesses a gene coding for
7:
3904:Suicide-inducing parasitism
3442:Louse borne relapsing fever
1926:10.1534/genetics.104.028738
1078:
1066:Multiple-niche polymorphism
1040:multiple-niche polymorphism
10:
3920:
3889:Bacteria described in 1992
3466:Tick borne relapsing fever
3196:10.1038/s41598-021-85624-5
1152:. Caister Academic Press.
1125:. Caister Academic Press.
924:in 2000, was conducted at
769:
732:
726:erythema chronicum migrans
717:
644:erythema chronicum migrans
579:
575:
497:. In fact, infectivity of
18:
3716:
3674:Fusobacterium polymorphum
3655:Fusobacterium necrophorum
3644:
3621:Capnocytophaga canimorsus
3596:
3523:
3479:
3392:
3335:
3326:
3317:
2346:10.1016/j.idc.2007.12.013
2233:Annual Review of Genetics
2094:10.3389/fmicb.2021.676192
2081:Frontiers in Microbiology
2024:Annual Review of Genetics
1773:10.1016/j.mib.2015.09.006
1546:10.1128/9781555818883.ch8
1258:10.1016/j.idc.2007.12.013
990:. Among the best-studied
876:
557:transovarial transmission
360:
317:
299:Physiological characters
298:
288:Morphological characters
252:
154:
147:
59:Scientific classification
57:
50:
41:
34:
25:Lyme disease microbiology
3628:Porphyromonas gingivalis
3577:Lymphogranuloma venereum
2867:10.3389/fcimb.2013.00006
2152:10.1016/j.pt.2017.12.006
501:often requires the gene
3667:Fusobacterium nucleatum
3000:Journal of Bacteriology
2797:Journal of Bacteriology
1973:. CHAPTER: Unitâ12C.4.
1488:10.1074/jbc.M112.344903
1413:Journal of Bacteriology
1315:10.1126/science.7043737
752:atrioventricular blocks
647:) but can also include
422:reactive oxygen species
345:Oxidative-Fermentative
318:Biochemical characters
3501:Leptospira interrogans
2979:: CS1 maint: others (
2751:Molecular Microbiology
2608:The National Academies
2412:10.3816/CLM.2006.n.003
2140:Trends in Parasitology
1831:10.1073/pnas.200221797
922:Molecular Microbiology
895:Haemophilus influenzae
808:Molecular pathogenesis
700:Chlamydophila psittaci
687:
3635:Prevotella intermedia
3566:Chlamydia trachomatis
1612:10.5603/fhc.2012.0036
901:Mycoplasma genitalium
846:inflammatory response
796:Variation of severity
685:
622:(also the vector for
19:For the disease, see
3853:borrelia-burgdorferi
3748:Borrelia burgdorferi
3718:Borrelia burgdorferi
3614:Tannerella forsythia
3607:Bacteroides fragilis
3557:Chlamydia pneumoniae
3437:Borrelia recurrentis
3405:Borrelia burgdorferi
3246:Borrelia burgdorferi
2627:Molecular Immunology
2602:Weis, Janet (2011).
2554:10.1128/CMR.00011-06
2460:10.1128/CMR.00012-10
1865:Borrelia burgdorferi
1532:Borrelia burgdorferi
1010:Genetically diverse
979:are known to infect
914:whole genome shotgun
871:Borrelia burgdorferi
867:Borrelia burgdorferi
852:Borrelia burgdorferi
842:extracellular matrix
814:Borrelia burgdorferi
790:Borrelia burgdorferi
611:vector-borne disease
514:Borrelia burgdorferi
486:Borrelia burgdorferi
418:superoxide dismutase
398:Borrelia burgdorferi
310:Growth at 6.5% NaCl
230:Borrelia burgdorferi
209:Borrelia burgdorferi
173:Borrelia burgdorferi
158:Borrelia burgdorferi
52:Borrelia burgdorferi
36:Borrelia burgdorferi
3660:Lemierre's syndrome
3383:Treponema denticola
3188:2021NatSR..11.6095K
3070:10.1038/nrmicro1475
2705:1997Natur.390..580F
2294:10.1038/nrmicro2714
1822:2000PNAS...9710899M
1816:(20): 10899â10904.
1481:(23): 19284â19293.
1307:1982Sci...216.1317B
1020:Balancing selection
613:transmitted by the
537:circulates between
140:B. burgdorferi
16:Species of bacteria
3545:Chlamydia psittaci
3371:Treponema carateum
3348:Treponema pallidum
3298:Bacterial diseases
3176:Scientific Reports
1215:CDC (2016-02-08).
945:genomic variations
688:
677:facial nerve palsy
445:lipopolysaccharide
253:Colony characters
3876:
3875:
3861:Open Tree of Life
3710:Taxon identifiers
3701:
3700:
3592:
3591:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3475:
3474:
3006:(16): 4771â4778.
2803:(11): 3036â3044.
2517:978-0-321-73360-3
1886:978-0-471-72925-9
1357:(11): 2054â2058.
1159:978-1-913652-61-6
1132:978-1-904455-58-5
860:complement system
830:endothelial cells
395:
394:
169:
168:
3911:
3869:
3868:
3856:
3855:
3843:
3842:
3830:
3829:
3817:
3816:
3804:
3803:
3791:
3790:
3778:
3777:
3765:
3764:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3705:
3704:
3530:
3529:
3486:
3485:
3461:Borrelia parkeri
3455:Borrelia duttoni
3449:Borrelia hermsii
3427:Neuroborreliosis
3422:Erythema migrans
3411:Borrelia afzelii
3333:
3332:
3324:
3323:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3268:
3267:
3232:
3231:
3217:
3207:
3166:
3143:CirugĂa Española
3127:
3126:
3106:
3091:
3090:
3072:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3031:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2978:
2970:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2887:
2869:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2828:
2788:
2775:
2774:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2716:
2684:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2658:
2650:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2599:
2584:
2583:
2573:
2533:
2522:
2521:
2503:
2490:
2489:
2479:
2435:
2424:
2423:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2357:
2340:(2): 217â34, v.
2325:
2316:
2315:
2305:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2256:
2220:
2209:
2208:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2163:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2114:
2096:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2055:
2015:
2009:
2008:
1998:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1945:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1843:
1833:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1784:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1705:
1692:
1691:
1681:
1663:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1614:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1567:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1508:
1490:
1466:
1455:
1454:
1444:
1404:
1393:
1392:
1382:
1342:
1327:
1326:
1301:(4552): 1317â9.
1286:
1280:
1279:
1269:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1227:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1177:
1164:
1163:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1118:Cell Envelope".
1111:
934:
816:will change its
435:resembles other
353:ÎČ-Galactosidase
248:Characteristics
239:
238:
234:Willy Burgdorfer
160:
67:
66:
46:
32:
31:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3864:
3859:
3851:
3846:
3838:
3833:
3825:
3820:
3812:
3807:
3799:
3794:
3786:
3781:
3773:
3768:
3760:
3755:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3712:
3702:
3697:
3692:Haverhill fever
3640:
3588:
3511:
3471:
3388:
3328:Spirochaetaceae
3313:
3295:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3136:
3134:Further reading
3131:
3130:
3123:
3107:
3094:
3049:
3045:
2992:
2988:
2972:
2971:
2959:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2905:
2901:
2846:
2842:
2789:
2778:
2742:
2738:
2699:(6660): 580â6.
2685:
2678:
2672:
2668:
2652:
2651:
2619:
2615:
2600:
2587:
2534:
2525:
2518:
2504:
2493:
2436:
2427:
2396:
2392:
2383:
2381:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2326:
2319:
2274:
2270:
2221:
2212:
2181:
2177:
2132:
2128:
2073:
2069:
2016:
2012:
1963:
1959:
1906:
1902:
1887:
1861:
1857:
1802:
1798:
1753:
1749:
1706:
1695:
1654:(7): e1002102.
1640:
1636:
1590:
1586:
1578:
1576:
1556:
1526:
1522:
1467:
1458:
1405:
1396:
1343:
1330:
1287:
1283:
1238:
1234:
1225:
1223:
1213:
1209:
1178:
1167:
1160:
1144:
1140:
1133:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1081:
1068:
1056:
1008:
975:Relatively few
973:
932:
879:
810:
798:
772:
735:
720:
591:causative agent
584:
578:
532:
518:B. burgdorferi,
478:
467:
430:
361:Utilization of
227:
205:species complex
165:
162:
156:
143:
61:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3917:
3907:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3857:
3844:
3831:
3818:
3805:
3792:
3779:
3766:
3753:
3738:
3722:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3688:Rat-bite fever
3678:
3677:
3670:
3663:
3650:
3648:
3646:Fusobacteriota
3642:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3631:
3624:
3617:
3610:
3602:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3561:
3560:
3553:
3540:
3538:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3496:
3494:
3483:
3481:Leptospiraceae
3477:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3445:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3400:
3398:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3379:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3343:
3341:
3330:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3306:proteobacteria
3294:
3293:
3286:
3279:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3234:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:External links
3220:
3219:
3218:
3167:
3149:(3): 136â144.
3145:(in Spanish).
3135:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3121:
3092:
3043:
2986:
2957:
2938:
2919:(4): 365â373.
2899:
2840:
2776:
2757:(3): 490â516.
2747:B. burgdorferi
2736:
2676:
2666:
2633:(3): 152â160.
2613:
2585:
2548:(4): 708â727.
2523:
2516:
2491:
2454:(4): 837â857.
2438:Chang, A. H.;
2425:
2406:(4): 289â300.
2390:
2369:
2317:
2268:
2227:B. burgdorferi
2210:
2191:(1â2): 46â51.
2175:
2126:
2067:
2010:
1957:
1920:(2): 713â722.
1900:
1885:
1855:
1796:
1747:
1720:(4): 473â480.
1693:
1648:PLOS Pathogens
1634:
1605:(2): 270â274.
1584:
1554:
1520:
1456:
1419:(2): 231â235.
1394:
1328:
1281:
1252:(2): 217â234.
1232:
1207:
1165:
1158:
1138:
1131:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1080:
1077:
1073:B. burgdorferi
1067:
1064:
1060:B. burgdorferi
1055:
1052:
1048:B. burgdorferi
1044:B. burgdorferi
1028:B. burgdorferi
1012:B. burgdorferi
1007:
1004:
981:B. burgdorferi
977:bacteriophages
972:
969:
949:B. burgdorferi
938:B. burgdorferi
930:B. burgdorferi
882:B. burgdorferi
878:
875:
826:B. burgdorferi
809:
806:
797:
794:
771:
768:
734:
731:
719:
716:
709:B. burgdorferi
691:B. burgdorferi
653:cardiomyopathy
636:B. burgdorferi
587:B. burgdorferi
580:Main article:
577:
574:
570:B. burgdorferi
565:B. burgdorferi
561:B. burgdorferi
553:B. burgdorferi
549:enzootic cycle
535:B. burgdorferi
531:
528:
499:B. burgdorferi
490:B. burgdorferi
482:transformation
477:
476:Transformation
474:
470:B. burgdorferi
466:
463:
451:B. burgdorferi
433:B. burgdorferi
429:
426:
414:B. burgdorferi
406:B. burgdorferi
393:
392:
389:
385:
384:
381:
377:
376:
373:
369:
368:
365:
362:
358:
357:
354:
350:
349:
346:
342:
341:
338:
334:
333:
330:
326:
325:
322:
321:Gram staining
319:
315:
314:
311:
307:
306:
303:
300:
296:
295:
292:
289:
285:
284:
281:
277:
276:
273:
269:
268:
265:
261:
260:
257:
254:
250:
249:
246:
243:
226:
223:
216:B. burgdorferi
167:
166:
163:
152:
151:
145:
144:
137:
135:
131:
130:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
106:Spirochaetales
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
55:
54:
48:
47:
39:
38:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3916:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3867:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3758:
3754:
3749:
3743:
3739:
3734:
3728:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3706:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3551:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3507:
3506:Leptospirosis
3503:
3502:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3467:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3377:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3319:Spirochaetota
3316:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3302:gram negative
3299:
3292:
3287:
3285:
3280:
3278:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3248:
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2225:"Genetics of
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971:Bacteriophage
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863:
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441:peptidoglycan
438:
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387:
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379:
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355:
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348:Fermentative
347:
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220:
219:sensu stricto
217:
213:
210:
206:
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198:
197:
193:
190:class in the
189:
185:
182:
179:
178:gram-negative
175:
174:
161:
159:
153:
150:
149:Binomial name
146:
142:
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120:
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86:Spirochaetota
84:
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3598:Bacteroidota
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3409:
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2630:
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2393:
2382:. Retrieved
2372:
2337:
2333:
2288:(2): 87â99.
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2184:
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1577:, retrieved
1537:
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1249:
1245:
1235:
1224:. Retrieved
1220:
1210:
1185:
1181:
1148:
1141:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1090:Allen Steere
1085:Jorge Benach
1072:
1069:
1059:
1057:
1047:
1043:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1015:
1011:
1009:
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996:transduction
991:
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942:
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920:in 1997 and
917:
899:
893:
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880:
870:
866:
864:
851:
850:
838:chondrocytes
825:
813:
811:
799:
789:
782:Anaplasmosis
780:
776:encephalitis
773:
764:Bell's palsy
736:
724:
721:
713:
708:
698:
690:
689:
673:neuropathies
642:
640:
635:
629:
623:
614:
595:Lyme disease
586:
585:
582:Lyme disease
569:
564:
560:
552:
543:ticks and a
538:
534:
533:
521:
517:
513:
508:
502:
498:
489:
485:
479:
469:
468:
455:microaerobic
450:
449:
432:
431:
413:
405:
401:
397:
396:
229:
228:
225:Microbiology
215:
208:
201:Lyme disease
194:
172:
171:
170:
157:
155:
139:
138:
126:
116:Borreliaceae
96:Spirochaetia
51:
35:
29:
21:Lyme disease
3809:iNaturalist
3742:Wikispecies
3550:Psittacosis
3525:Chlamydiota
3182:(1): 6095.
2745:spirochete
961:burgdorferi
760:arthralgias
744:myocarditis
649:myocarditis
547:host in an
437:spirochetes
294:Spirochete
3883:Categories
3491:Leptospira
2384:2015-07-16
2239:: 515â36.
2087:: 676192.
1767:: 106â13.
1579:2022-04-21
1226:2019-01-18
1101:References
906:base pairs
840:, and the
786:babesiosis
748:arrythmias
669:meningitis
665:arthralgia
545:vertebrate
530:Life cycle
480:Bacterial
465:Metabolism
428:Morphology
408:possesses
388:D-Mannose
380:D-Glucose
372:Galactose
242:Test type
212:sensu lato
188:spirochete
3572:Chlamydia
3535:Chlamydia
3338:Treponema
3020:0021-9193
2975:cite book
2925:1464-1801
2876:2235-2988
2817:0021-9193
2610:: 97â101.
2562:0893-8512
2468:0893-8512
2103:1664-302X
2044:0066-4197
1987:1934-8525
1934:1943-2631
1734:0934-8840
1670:1553-7366
1621:1897-5631
1497:0021-9258
1433:0021-9193
1371:0095-1137
1006:Evolution
890:sequenced
834:platelets
822:proteases
758:and / or
756:arthritis
661:arthritis
657:arrythmia
631:Anaplasma
364:Glycerol
337:Catalase
302:Motility
181:bacterial
134:Species:
3894:Borrelia
3827:10689673
3733:Q2723634
3727:Wikidata
3582:Trachoma
3395:Borrelia
3354:Syphilis
3214:33731754
3163:21292247
3087:10877654
3079:16894341
3038:11466280
2967:47901873
2933:11075907
2894:23407755
2771:10672174
2647:23810413
2580:17041141
2486:20930075
2442:(2010).
2420:16507206
2364:18452798
2312:22230951
2263:22974303
2205:23238242
2170:29336985
2121:34113333
2062:22974303
2005:21400675
1952:15514047
1914:Genetics
1895:18770608
1850:10995478
1791:26519910
1688:21750672
1629:22763966
1574:26185064
1515:22500025
1276:18452798
1202:34161868
1121:Borrelia
1116:Borrelia
1079:See also
1000:Borrelia
992:Borrelia
965:Borrelia
953:antigens
908:and 853
856:factor H
802:plasmids
750:such as
742:causing
607:zoonotic
459:flagella
410:flagella
402:Borrelia
329:Oxidase
196:Borrelia
127:Borrelia
112:Family:
82:Phylum:
76:Bacteria
72:Domain:
3866:1080470
3801:3228185
3300:due to
3236:Scholia
3205:7971074
3184:Bibcode
2885:3569838
2835:7768799
2731:4388492
2723:9403685
2701:Bibcode
2571:1592693
2477:2952975
2355:2440571
2303:3313462
2254:3856702
2161:5879012
2112:8186283
2053:3856702
1996:3561735
1943:1448846
1818:Bibcode
1782:4688064
1742:1611204
1679:3131272
1565:7942402
1506:3365960
1451:9440510
1389:3693538
1323:7043737
1303:Bibcode
1295:Science
1267:2440571
770:Stage 3
733:Stage 2
718:Stage 1
625:Babesia
589:is the
576:Disease
283:Raised
186:of the
184:species
122:Genus:
102:Order:
92:Class:
3840:960010
3814:492543
3788:BORRBU
3775:973517
3238:has a
3212:
3202:
3161:
3119:
3085:
3077:
3036:
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2923:
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2882:
2874:
2833:
2826:176990
2823:
2815:
2769:
2729:
2721:
2693:Nature
2645:
2578:
2568:
2560:
2514:
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2251:
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1993:
1985:
1950:
1940:
1932:
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1676:
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1449:
1442:106876
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1431:
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1380:269410
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1369:
1321:
1274:
1264:
1200:
1156:
1129:
988:genome
933:'s
918:Nature
886:genome
877:Genome
675:, and
616:Ixodes
540:Ixodes
291:Shape
280:Shape
275:White
272:Color
267:Round
259:Small
3822:IRMNG
3762:5WP8G
3376:Pinta
3358:bejel
3240:topic
3083:S2CID
3029:99531
2860:: 6.
2727:S2CID
1841:27121
985:dsDNA
910:genes
888:ever
740:heart
599:ticks
509:bbe02
453:is a
264:Type
256:Size
245:Test
192:genus
176:is a
3848:LPSN
3835:ITIS
3796:GBIF
3783:EPPO
3363:Yaws
3304:non-
3210:PMID
3159:PMID
3117:ISBN
3075:PMID
3034:PMID
3016:ISSN
2981:link
2963:OCLC
2953:ISBN
2929:PMID
2921:ISSN
2890:PMID
2872:ISSN
2831:PMID
2813:ISSN
2767:PMID
2719:PMID
2661:link
2643:PMID
2576:PMID
2558:ISSN
2512:ISBN
2482:PMID
2464:ISSN
2416:PMID
2360:PMID
2308:PMID
2259:PMID
2201:PMID
2166:PMID
2117:PMID
2099:ISSN
2058:PMID
2040:ISSN
2001:PMID
1983:ISSN
1948:PMID
1930:ISSN
1891:PMID
1881:ISBN
1846:PMID
1787:PMID
1738:PMID
1730:ISSN
1684:PMID
1666:ISSN
1625:PMID
1617:ISSN
1570:PMID
1550:ISBN
1511:PMID
1493:ISSN
1447:PMID
1429:ISSN
1385:PMID
1367:ISSN
1319:PMID
1272:PMID
1198:PMID
1154:ISBN
1127:ISBN
1095:Ătzi
1038:and
1024:ospC
1016:ospC
943:The
898:and
820:and
784:and
628:and
620:tick
603:host
523:cyaB
504:pncA
3770:EoL
3757:CoL
3310:BV4
3200:PMC
3192:doi
3151:doi
3065:doi
3024:PMC
3008:doi
3004:183
2880:PMC
2862:doi
2821:PMC
2805:doi
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2759:doi
2749:".
2709:doi
2697:390
2635:doi
2566:PMC
2550:doi
2472:PMC
2456:doi
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2342:doi
2298:PMC
2290:doi
2249:PMC
2241:doi
2193:doi
2156:PMC
2148:doi
2107:PMC
2089:doi
2048:PMC
2032:doi
1991:PMC
1975:doi
1938:PMC
1922:doi
1918:168
1873:doi
1867:".
1836:PMC
1826:doi
1777:PMC
1769:doi
1722:doi
1718:276
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1501:PMC
1483:doi
1479:287
1437:PMC
1421:doi
1417:180
1375:PMC
1359:doi
1311:doi
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1262:PMC
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1190:doi
1034:is
947:of
593:of
207:of
3885::
3863::
3850::
3837::
3824::
3811::
3798::
3785::
3772::
3759::
3744::
3729::
3208:.
3198:.
3190:.
3180:11
3178:.
3174:.
3157:.
3147:89
3095:^
3081:.
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