29:
239:
442:
58:
464:
373:, about 420,000–620,000 years ago, when the distance between Borneo and Palawan was shorter, and the sea level was lower, than today. During this period, the relative sea level decreased to about −130 m (−430 ft) due to the expansion of ice sheets. To date, no evidence exists for the tiger surviving in Palawan beyond 12,000 years ago.
318:
measuring 46.44 mm (1.828 in); the other is the distal portion of a subterminal phalanx of the same digit and manus measuring 16.04 mm (0.631 in). These lengths are similar to those of living tigers from the
393:. He took two photographs of the animal. These photos depict a tiger, but the authenticity of the photographs was doubted, and its origin remains unclear. It might have been an escaped captive animal. In 1995, native people in
294:
A bone fragment was also found in the
Philippine island of Palawan, though archaeologists considered it unlikely that these fragments were traded between different regions during the Pleistocene. Two
520:. Tiger motifs are also seen depicted in traditional, ceremonial and modern carvings; additionally, tigers can be seen on weaved fabrics, such as mats and clothing, like the Iban
1114:
Kitchener, A. C. (1999). "Tiger distribution, phenotypic variation and conservation issues". In
Seidensticker, J.; Jackson, P.; Christie, S. (eds.).
500:, possibly for important ceremonies or to be worn by individuals of prominent status; vocabulary referring to the animal's presence (but also in
441:
1154:. Temasek Working Paper No. 1. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies / Yusof Ishak Institute, Temasek History Research Center.
484:; therefore, it has been suggested that the Bornean tiger survived longer than prehistoric times. Tiger claws were used as protective
408:, as big as the Sumatran tiger, and largely brown in colour with faint stripes. The Borneo tiger is thought to have preyed on
928:
836:
Piper, P. J.; Ochoa, J.; Lewis, H.; Paz, V.; Ronquillo, W. P. (2008). "The first evidence for the past presence of the tiger
774:
993:
Waelbroeck, C.; Labeyrie, L.; Michel, E.; Duplessy, J. C.; McManus, J. F.; Lambeck, K.; Balbon, E.; Labracherie, M. (2002).
258:
fragment of a young tiger dated to approximately 13,000 years ago. The second specimen, reported in 2021, is a partial
404:
The
Bornean tiger is considered to have been rather small in size. The native people suggest that it is bigger than a
895:
1175:
656:
1185:
1129:
1180:
622:
1121:
999:
335:
629:
615:
57:
699:
Sherani, S. (2021). "Short notes on a second tiger (Panthera tigris) from Late
Pleistocene Borneo".
480:
Natives of Borneo keep the memory of the tiger alive in their culture by treating its body parts as
401:, and that they were able to distinguish between a tiger's roar and vocalisations of other animals.
263:
995:"Sea-level and deep water temperature changes derived from benthic foraminifera isotopic records"
405:
343:
28:
546:
417:
944:
Rohling, E. G.; Fenton, M.; Jorissen, F. G.; Bertrand, P.; Ganssen, G.; Caulet, J. P. (1998).
879:
912:
755:
217:
Two partial bone fragments suggest that the tiger was certainly present in Borneo during the
1049:
1008:
959:
849:
8:
920:
413:
1053:
1012:
963:
853:
657:"The Niah Excavations and an Assessment of the Impact of Early Man on Mammals in Borneo"
362:, so it is possible that the tiger parts found in Palawan were imported from elsewhere.
1073:
975:
583:
394:
370:
243:
52:
1020:
884:
Evolution of Island
Mammals: Adaptation and Extinction of Placental Mammals on Islands
1149:
1125:
1065:
1036:"Modelled atmospheric temperatures and global sea levels over the past million years"
994:
945:
924:
891:
887:
794:
770:
736:
576:
561:
517:
238:
1035:
1077:
1057:
1040:
1016:
979:
967:
950:
857:
708:
501:
398:
303:
279:
251:
218:
712:
1170:
1115:
1098:
861:
840:(L.) on the island of Palawan, Philippines: extinction in an island population".
470:
386:
320:
315:
255:
163:
766:
598:
571:
366:
359:
339:
275:
221:. A live Bornean tiger has not been conclusively recorded, but the indigenous
1164:
1094:
566:
556:
533:
489:
425:
382:
254:
fossil records of
Bornean tigers. The first specimen, reported in 2007, is a
1069:
792:
685:. Vol. 7. Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society.
551:
493:
448:
311:
267:
222:
593:
541:
497:
421:
307:
211:
139:
1061:
588:
452:
355:
203:
119:
463:
390:
299:
271:
109:
69:
917:
Climate Change and Human
Responses: A Zooarchaeological Perspective
481:
409:
283:
259:
149:
89:
45:
1117:
Riding the Tiger: Tiger
Conservation in Human-Dominated Landscapes
971:
877:
310:
were identified as being of a tiger. One fragment is a full basal
878:
Van der Geer, A.; Lyras, G.; De Vos, J.; Dermitzakis, M. (2011).
347:
331:
274:
of a tiger, with the latter dated between 10,500 and 3,000 years
197:
129:
41:
37:
992:
289:
760:
Tigers of the world: The
Science, Politics and Conservation of
485:
351:
295:
207:
99:
79:
946:"Magnitudes of sea-level lowstands of the past 500,000 years"
943:
324:
278:, and thus the tiger was likely present in Borneo during the
225:
believe in its existence, and occasionally report sightings.
200:
753:
1033:
250:
As of 2021, only two specimens are confirmed as definitive
262:
of a large tiger dated to approximately 22,000 years ago.
756:"What is a tiger? Biogeography, Morphology, and Taxonomy"
1151:
The Other Tiger: History, Beliefs, and
Rituals in Borneo
1034:
Bintanja, R.; Van de Wal, R.S.W.; Oerlemans, J. (2006).
683:
Mammals of Borneo: field keys and an annotated checklist
16:
Tiger population from the Greater Sunda island of Borneo
873:
871:
793:
Piper, P. J.; R. J. Rabett, Earl of Cranbrook (2007).
868:
835:
424:. According to the local Dayak, the tiger did not
986:
842:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
788:
786:
737:"The Bornean Tiger; Speculation on its existence"
376:
1162:
1113:
1027:
365:It is also possible that the tiger crossed the
350:in the area. Tiger parts were commonly used as
937:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
783:
730:
728:
726:
724:
722:
1107:
799:(L.) in Late Pleistocene and Holocene Borneo"
290:Connection with other Southeast Asian fossils
1089:
1087:
904:
754:Kitchener, A.C. & Yamaguchi, N. (2010).
650:
648:
36:Painting of a tiger at a Buddhist temple in
820:
795:"Confirmation of the presence of the tiger
719:
698:
1143:
1141:
910:
758:. In Tilson, R. & Nyhus, P.J. (eds.).
680:
654:
27:
1084:
645:
734:
694:
692:
237:
1147:
1138:
880:"15 (The Philippines); 26 (Carnivores)"
747:
1163:
1093:
689:
330:Borneo might have been connected to
13:
1103:(in French). Paris: Éditions G. P.
14:
1197:
233:
911:Ochoa, J.; Piper, P. J. (2017).
516:for 'bear', as a replacement in
462:
440:
385:claimed to have seen a tiger in
314:of the second digit of the left
298:bone fragments excavated at the
56:
674:
397:claimed to have heard a tiger
377:Alleged records and conjecture
1:
1021:10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00101-9
713:10.1080/08912963.2019.1625348
639:
431:
862:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.04.003
504:) is also attested, such as
246:in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo
206:that lived on the island of
7:
623:Panthera tigris trinilensis
527:
10:
1202:
1122:Cambridge University Press
1000:Quaternary Science Reviews
547:Mainland Asian populations
264:Archaeological excavations
228:
630:Panthera tigris acutidens
616:Panthera tigris soloensis
473:, featuring tiger stripes
53:Scientific classification
51:
35:
26:
21:
1100:Dans la jungle de Bornéo
584:Sunda island populations
1176:Carnivorans of Malaysia
406:Bornean clouded leopard
266:also produced an upper
915:. In Monks, G. (ed.).
803:Malayan Nature Journal
418:Bornean yellow muntjac
247:
1186:Carnivorans of Borneo
888:John Wiley & Sons
735:Meijaard, E. (1999).
455:in traditional attire
241:
1181:Mammals of Indonesia
1148:Sellato, B. (2019).
890:. pp. 220–347.
613:Prehistoric tigers:
412:species such as the
1062:10.1038/nature03975
1054:2005Natur.437..125B
1013:2002QSRv...21..295W
964:1998Natur.394..162R
921:Springer Publishing
854:2008PPP...264..123P
681:Medway, L. (1977).
655:Medway, L. (1977).
414:Bornean bearded pig
344:molecular phylogeny
342:, judging from the
1124:. pp. 19–39.
923:. pp. 79–80.
769:. pp. 59–81.
701:Historical Biology
664:Asian Perspectives
395:Central Kalimantan
371:Middle Pleistocene
248:
244:Great Cave of Niah
1048:(7055): 125–128.
958:(6689): 162–165.
930:978-9-4024-1106-5
776:978-0-8155-1570-8
577:South China tiger
562:Indochinese tiger
542:Tiger populations
518:Kayanic languages
304:island of Palawan
186:
185:
170:
1193:
1156:
1155:
1145:
1136:
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1111:
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990:
984:
983:
941:
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908:
902:
901:
875:
866:
865:
848:(1–2): 123–127.
833:
818:
817:
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751:
745:
744:
732:
717:
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696:
687:
686:
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672:
671:
661:
652:
502:avoidance speech
469:Coat of arms of
466:
444:
280:late Pleistocene
252:Late Pleistocene
242:Entrance of the
219:Late Pleistocene
182:
169:
167:
61:
60:
31:
19:
18:
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987:
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838:Panthera tigris
834:
821:
812:
810:
797:Panthera tigris
791:
784:
777:
762:Panthera tigris
752:
748:
733:
720:
697:
690:
679:
675:
659:
653:
646:
642:
635:
607:
530:
478:
477:
476:
475:
474:
471:East Kalimantan
467:
458:
457:
456:
445:
434:
387:East Kalimantan
379:
340:glacial periods
321:Malay Peninsula
292:
256:metacarpal bone
236:
231:
196:is possibly an
178:
168:
161:
55:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1199:
1189:
1188:
1183:
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1173:
1158:
1157:
1137:
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1106:
1083:
1026:
1007:(1): 295–305.
985:
936:
929:
903:
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867:
819:
782:
775:
767:Academic Press
746:
718:
688:
673:
643:
641:
638:
637:
636:
634:
633:
626:
619:
610:
606:
605:
604:
603:
602:
601:
599:Sumatran tiger
596:
591:
581:
580:
579:
574:
572:Siberian tiger
569:
564:
559:
554:
538:
537:
536:
529:
526:
468:
461:
460:
459:
446:
439:
438:
437:
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367:Balabac Strait
360:Southeast Asia
291:
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235:
234:Fossil records
232:
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63:
62:
49:
48:
33:
32:
24:
23:
22:Bornean tiger
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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972:10.1038/28134
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907:
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897:9781444391282
893:
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832:
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765:. Cambridge:
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585:
582:
578:
575:
573:
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568:
567:Malayan tiger
565:
563:
560:
558:
557:Caspian tiger
555:
553:
550:
549:
548:
545:
544:
543:
540:
539:
535:
534:Sunda Islands
532:
531:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
508:for 'dog' or
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
472:
465:
454:
450:
443:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
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396:
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388:
384:
383:Douchan Gersi
374:
372:
368:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
338:and previous
337:
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328:
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245:
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226:
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220:
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213:
209:
205:
202:
199:
195:
191:
190:Bornean tiger
181:
180:Bornean tiger
177:
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998:
988:
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949:
939:
916:
906:
883:
845:
841:
837:
811:. Retrieved
809:(3): 259–267
806:
802:
796:
763:
759:
749:
743:(30): 12–15.
740:
704:
700:
682:
676:
667:
663:
628:
621:
614:
552:Bengal tiger
521:
513:
509:
505:
498:Iban peoples
479:
403:
380:
364:
329:
312:phalanx bone
293:
268:canine tooth
249:
223:Dayak people
216:
194:Borneo tiger
193:
189:
187:
179:
175:Population:
162:
150:
670:(1): 51–69.
594:Javan tiger
426:climb trees
422:sambar deer
336:penultimate
334:during the
308:Philippines
212:prehistoric
140:Pantherinae
136:Subfamily:
1165:Categories
1131:0521648351
813:2018-05-29
640:References
589:Bali tiger
488:among the
453:Kalimantan
432:In culture
204:population
120:Feliformia
116:Suborder:
1095:Gersi, D.
522:pua kumbu
482:heirlooms
449:Dayak man
391:Indonesia
381:In 1975,
300:Ille Cave
272:navicular
164:P. tigris
158:Species:
110:Carnivora
76:Kingdom:
70:Eukaryota
1097:(1975).
1070:16136140
741:Cat News
528:See also
420:and the
410:ungulate
284:Holocene
260:mandible
151:Panthera
126:Family:
100:Mammalia
90:Chordata
86:Phylum:
80:Animalia
66:Domain:
46:Malaysia
1078:4347450
1050:Bibcode
1009:Bibcode
980:4421184
960:Bibcode
913:"Tiger"
850:Bibcode
486:amulets
369:in the
352:amulets
332:Palawan
306:in the
302:on the
229:History
214:times.
198:extinct
146:Genus:
130:Felidae
106:Order:
96:Class:
42:Sarawak
38:Kuching
1171:Tigers
1128:
1076:
1068:
1041:Nature
978:
951:Nature
927:
894:
773:
514:bohang
490:Kenyah
416:, the
348:murids
296:fossil
270:and a
208:Borneo
1074:S2CID
976:S2CID
707:(4).
660:(PDF)
510:buang
494:Ngaju
356:South
325:India
316:manus
201:tiger
1126:ISBN
1066:PMID
925:ISBN
892:ISBN
771:ISBN
496:and
399:roar
358:and
323:and
282:and
188:The
1058:doi
1046:437
1017:doi
968:doi
956:394
858:doi
846:264
709:doi
506:aso
451:in
354:in
346:of
327:.
210:in
192:or
1167::
1140:^
1120:.
1086:^
1072:.
1064:.
1056:.
1044:.
1038:.
1015:.
1005:21
1003:.
997:.
974:.
966:.
954:.
948:.
919:.
886:.
882:.
870:^
856:.
844:.
822:^
807:59
805:.
801:.
785:^
739:.
721:^
705:33
703:.
691:^
668:20
666:.
662:.
647:^
524:.
512:/
492:,
447:A
428:.
389:,
286:.
276:BP
44:,
40:,
1134:.
1080:.
1060::
1052::
1023:.
1019::
1011::
982:.
970::
962::
933:.
900:.
864:.
860::
852::
816:.
779:.
715:.
711::
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