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rough. The towns and country along the eastern tier of counties were raided with uncomfortable frequency. Free-state men holding claims were driven from them, elections were molested and crimes of violence committed. When the crash came between north and south many of these men became bushwhackers or guerrillas.
327:, were concerned primarily about land titles. He pointed out that, "the great anomaly of 'Bleeding Kansas' is that the slavery issue reached a condition of intolerable tension and violence ... in an area where a majority of the inhabitants apparently did not care very much one way or the other about slavery."
551:
Sharps rifle was a truly moral agency, and that there was more moral power in one of those instruments, so far as the slaveholders of Kansas were concerned, than in a hundred Bibles. You might just as well ... read the Bible to
Buffaloes as those fellows who follow Atchison and Stringfellow; but they
446:
and there were twice as many votes cast than there were eligible voters in the
Territory. Failure to ensure fair elections led to establishment of two territorial governments in Kansas, one pro-slavery and another Free State, each claiming to be the only legitimate government of the entire Territory.
337:
While the main objects of the Border
Ruffian chiefs were the overthrow and destruction of free-state men and the establishment of slavery in Kansas, the ruffian border bands delighted in raiding towns, ransacking houses, stealing horses, and doing whatever they could that was annoying, exciting, and
190:
Gov. Reeder soon after March 30 visited
Washington, hoping to induce Pres. Pierce to disregard the election. On his way there he stopped at his old home, Easton, Pa., and told the story of Kansas' wrongs, in a speech to his old neighbors. In this he designated the invaders as "Border Ruffians", and
653:
Some of the jayhawkers joined a paramilitary group called the Red Legs. Wearing red gaiters and numbered around 100, Red Legs served as scouts during the punitive expedition of the Union troops in
Missouri. Jayhawkers and Red Legs pillaged and burned multiple towns in 1861–1863 in Missouri. The
256:
Gentlemen, Officers & Soldiers! This is the most glorious day of my life! This is the day I am a border ruffian! ... Spring like your bloodhounds at home upon that d--d accursed abolition hole; break through every thing that may oppose your never flinching courage! Yess, ruffians, draw your
427:). This circumstance resulted in a deep partisan divide in regard to the slavery question among settlers and their civic and business leaders. Then extremists on both side resorted to arms. On the pro-slavery side violence was committed by the border ruffians and on the free-state side by the
308:, a proslavery newspaper editor. In particular, Atchison called Northerners "negro thieves" and "abolitionist tyrants". He encouraged Missourians to defend their institution "with the bayonet and with blood" and, if necessary, "to kill every God-damned abolitionist in the district".
567:, head of the national committee, began collecting money, arms, provisions, clothing, and agricultural supplies to aid the Free-State cause in Kansas. The goal was to transport five thousand settlers to Kansas Territory giving them a year's worth of supplies.
626:
forces campaigned to suppress them. Farms on the
Missouri-Kansas state line were looted and burned. Suspected guerrillas were killed; in retaliation, bushwhackers murdered Union sympathizers and suspected informers. Confederate guerrilla leaders, such as
1856:
History of the State of Kansas: Containing a Full
Account of Its Growth from an Uninhabited Territory to a Wealthy and Important State; of Its Early Settlements; Its Rapid Increase in Population; and the Marvelous Development of Its Great Natural
1310:
History of the State of Kansas: Containing a Full
Account of Its Growth from an Uninhabited Territory to a Wealthy and Important State; of Its Early Settlements; Its Rapid Increase in Population; and the Marvelous Development of Its Great Natural
1665:
441:
On March 30, 1855, border ruffians elected a pro-slavery
Territorial Legislature, which introduced harsh penalties for speaking against slavery. It was called the Bogus Legislature by Free-Staters due to the fact that border ruffians arrived
811:
222:
At that time, many Kansas settlers opposed slavery. However, slavery advocates were determined to have their way regardless. When elections were held, bands of armed border ruffians seized polling places, prevented
535:, into a nationally known organization. It worked to recruit abolitionist settlers, raised funds for them to migrate to Kansas, and equipped them with rifles to use against border ruffians. In 1856 it acquired 200
450:
Despite all border ruffians' attempts to push anti-slavery settlers out of the
Territory, far more Free-State immigrants moved to Kansas than pro-slavery. In 1857, the pro-slavery faction in Kansas proposed the
1540:
578:, where immigrants were furnished not only with horses and wagons and other supplies, but also with arms; they were organized into companies and drilled. The National Kansas Committee spent in 1856–1857 around
3014:
1282:
Kansas: A cyclopedia of state history, embracing events, institutions, industries, counties, cities, towns, prominent persons, etc. ... / with a supplementary volume devoted to selected personal history and
1355:
1938:
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It was documented that in 1855–1856 various aid organizations from free states spent at least $ 43,074.26 on rifles, muskets, revolvers, and ammunition, including one cannon, destined for Kansas.
466:, the Free-State capital of the Kansas Territory. On December 1, 1855, a small army of border ruffians laid siege to Lawrence, but were driven off. This became the nearly bloodless climax to the "
230:
Border ruffians operated from Missouri. It was said that they voted and shot in Kansas, but slept in Missouri. They not only interfered in territorial elections, but also committed outrages on
462:
Border ruffians also engaged in general violence against Free-State settlements. They burned farms and sometimes murdered Free-State men. Most notoriously, border ruffians twice attacked
650:, which became known as the Jennison's Jayhawkers. In the fall and winter of 1861 and 1862, Jennison's Jayhawkers became infamous for looting and destroying the property of Missourians.
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for the future state of Kansas. It tried to get the Lecompton Constitution adopted with additional fraud and violence, but by then there were too many Free-Staters there and the
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of 1854. The Act repealed the previous Federal prohibition on slavery in that area. Instead, the locally elected territorial legislature was to decide on the slavery issue.
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of 1820 and allowed Kansans to vote on slavery, the opponents from both sides of the slavery debate started to recruit settlers to increase support of their causes.
791:
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Border ruffians did not constitute an organized group. They never had meetings, had no designated leaders, and no one ever directed any message to them as a body.
870:
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The first territorial census, taken in January–February 1855, counted 8601 people; 2905 were deemed eligible to vote; there were 192 enslaved in the Territory.
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333:'s encyclopedia of Kansas history summarizes how the rank-and-file among border ruffians took pride in both how they were called and what they were doing:
1997:
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The conquest of Kansas, by Missouri and her allies. A history of the troubles in Kansas, from the passage of the organic act until the close of July 1856
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The presence of violent bands of both Kansan and Missourian combatants made it difficult for settlers on the Kansas–Missouri border to remain neutral.
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revolvers & bowie knives, & cool them in the heart's blood of all those d--d dogs, that dare defend that d--d breathing hole of hell.
1746:
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614:, the violence on the Kansas-Missouri border not only continued, but escalated tremendously. Many of the former border ruffians became pro-
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immigrants aided by the Lafayette Emigration Society, and anti-slavery settlers, established their own territorial enclave (such as
3118:
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for $ 4,947.88 that were shipped to Kansas via Iowa and ended in John Brown's hands. In September 1858, it invested $ 3,800 in 190
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Cecil-Fronsman, Bill. 'Death to All Yankees and Traitors in Kansas': The Squatter Sovereign and the Defense of Slavery in Kansas,
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Few of the ordinary border ruffians actually owned slaves because most were too poor. Their motivation was hatred of
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of 1857 was rejected at the polls, signifying the defeat of border ruffians' cause. On January 29, 1861, President
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17:
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Encyclopedia of African American History, 1619–1895: From the Colonial Period to the Age of Frederick Douglass
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2012:
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75:
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496:, attacked proslavery settlers and suspected border ruffian sympathizers. Most notoriously, abolitionist
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was small-scale and operated mainly at the household level. Most of the Kansans, according to historian
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Barry, Louise. The Emigrant Aid Company Parties of 1854 and The Emigrant Aid Company Parties of 1855,
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39:
1924:, DVD documentary. Kansas City MO: Kansas City Public Television (KCPT) and Wide Awake Films, 2007.
473:
On May 21, 1856, an even larger force of border ruffians and pro-slavery Kansans captured Lawrence,
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On November 29, 1854, border ruffians elected a pro-slavery territorial representative to Congress,
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The federal government did not interfere to stop the violence. Hence, such ignominious episodes as
1788:'Desperate Characters': The Development and Impact of the Confederate Guerrilla Conflict in Kansas
3513:
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3174:
1743:
797:
752:
379:
162:
1854:
1787:
1015:
Watts, Dale. How Bloody was Bleeding Kansas? Political Killings in Kansas Territory, 1854–1861,
199:, border ruffians forcefully interfered in the Kansas row over slavery. A correspondent for the
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Border ruffians contributed to the increasingly violent sectional tensions, culminating in the
141:
130:
1426:'The Crime against Missouri': Slavery, Kansas, and the Cant of Southernness in the Border West
1042:
Ewy, Marvin (Winter 1966). "The United States Army in the Kansas Border Troubles, 1855–1856".
102:; many border ruffians took pride in their reputation as criminals. After the outbreak of the
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2037:
928:
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135:
78:. Their activities formed a major part of a series of violent civil confrontations known as "
1895:
1682:
1662:
John Brown And His Men: With Some Account of the Roads They Traveled to Reach Harper's Ferry
438:. It was determined after a Congressional investigation that 60% of the votes were illegal.
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3553:
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2222:
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initiated the establishment of the Kansas National Aid Committee headquartered in Chicago.
513:
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8:
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611:
575:
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509:
296:), and Speaker of the House in the First Kansas Territorial Legislature, the so-called
262:
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men from voting, and cast votes illegally, falsely stating they were Kansas residents.
103:
59:
1717:
374:, or the border war, a series of violent civil confrontations in Kansas in 1854–1859.
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2007:
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in Kansas when voters were heckled and harassed by border ruffians. In response, the
234:
settlers and destroyed their property. This violence gave the origin of the phrase "
171:
as a "scoundrel, rascal, or unprincipled, deceitful, brutal and unreliable person".
3468:
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1950:
1897:
A History of the Struggle for Slavery Extension or Restriction in the United States
1879:
463:
420:
404:
375:
293:
216:
183:
63:
44:
238:". However, political killings and violence were exercised by both warring sides.
167:
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1942:
1891:
1772:
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1599:
1560:
Poole, W. Scott (2005). "Higginson, Thomas Wentworth". In Finkleman, Paul (ed.).
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The Border Between Them: Violence and Reconciliation on the Kansas-Missouri Line.
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95:
83:
79:
48:
82:", which peaked from 1854 to 1858. Crimes committed by border ruffians included
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said they were led by their chiefs, David R. Atchison and B. F. Stringfellow.
71:
901:
3523:
2536:
2512:
2494:
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749:
The Looming Civil War: How Nineteenth-Century Americans Imagined the Future
678:
571:
540:
536:
467:
312:
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196:
87:
1443:. Kansas Historical Collection, 1923–1925. Vol. 16. pp. 451–463.
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2321:
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1992:
1637:
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1208:
619:
203:
while visiting Kansas in 1856 reported many occurrences of the so-called
111:
1776:
Civil War on the Western Border, The Missouri-Kansas Conflict, 1854–1865
1754:
Civil War on the Western Border: The Missouri-Kansas Conflict, 1854–1865
1705:
Civil War on the Western Border: The Missouri-Kansas Conflict, 1854–1865
1526:
Civil War on the Western Border: The Missouri-Kansas Conflict, 1854–1865
1180:
Civil War on the Western Border: The Missouri-Kansas Conflict, 1855–1865
866:
Civil War on the Western Border: The Missouri-Kansas Conflict, 1855–1865
622:. They operated in western Missouri, sometimes raiding into Kansas, and
480:
Free-State settlers struck back. Anti-slavery Kansan irregulars, led by
3416:
1401:
793:
Looming Civil War: How Nineteenth-Century Americans Imagined the Future
552:
have a supreme respect for the logic that is embodied in Sharps rifles.
400:
370:
The history of border ruffians is woven into the historical context of
349:
Liberty, the fair maid of Kansas, in the hands of the border ruffians,
3352:
952:"The Marais des Cygnes Massacre and the Execution of William Griffith"
639:
493:
428:
200:
70:
during the mid-19th century to help ensure the territory entered the
1684:
Race and Politics: "Bleeding Kansas" and the Coming of the Civil War
1267:
The E Pluribus Unum Project: America in the 1770s, 1850s, and 1920s,
1121:"Kansas Bogus Legislature: J. H. Stringfellow, Speaker of the House"
276:
Border ruffians were driven by the rhetoric of politicians such as
67:
582: (equivalent to $ 3,390,000 in 2023) on the Free State cause.
559:
On July 9, 1856, the Massachusetts State Kansas Committee and the
91:
1538:
Emigrant Aid Organizations: Massachusetts State Kansas Committee
1146:
Pious Preacher or Radical Hypocrite? The Reverend Thomas Johnson
927:. Fort Scott National Historic Site. paragraph 1. Archived from
1616:
Massachusetts State Kansas Aid Committee Report, September 1858
146:
99:
1866:
The Englishman In Kansas: Or, Squatter Life and Border Warfare
2972:
Slave labor on United States military installations 1799–1863
1847:
With the border ruffians; memories of the Far West, 1852–1868
2275:
638:
Many of the Union troops fighting bushwackers were former
1946:
Center for Great Plains Studies, Emporia State University
744:
Bowie Knives, Concealed Rifles, and Caning Charles Sumner
1502:
To Purge This Land With Blood: A Biography of John Brown
1251:
1249:
1247:
106:
in 1861, many border ruffians fought on the side of the
1209:"Copy of David R. Atchison speech to proslavery forces"
1192:
Bleeding Kansas: Contested Liberty in the Civil War Era
902:
Bleeding Kansas: Mid 1850s – Precursor to the Civil War
178:
in connection with the slavery issue in Kansas was the
1921:
Bad Blood, the Border War that Triggered the Civil War
1244:
1085:
Copy of David R. Atchison speech to proslavery forces
27:
Proslavery Missourian raiders within Kansas Territory
3498:
2942:
Slavery in the colonial history of the United States
1980:
165:
reflects the 19th century understanding of the word
1810:
The Kansas 'Red Legs' as Missouri's Dark Underbelly
1441:
The Early Settlement and Raid on the 'Upper Neosho'
252:(D-Missouri) personally incited the assembling mob:
2957:Slave markets and slave jails in the United States
1428:. Civil War History. Vol. 48. pp. 60–81.
1032:. Pleasanton, Kans.: Linn County Publishers, 1977.
134:Ferrying Missouri voters to the Kansas shore, by
300:. and Rev. Thomas Johnson, a Methodist preacher.
186:. On October 8, 1857, it reported the following:
3718:
3221:Movement to reopen the transatlantic slave trade
2606:
2364:and other inhabited territories governed by the
1030:Border Warfare in Southeastern Kansas, 1856–1859
987:Documented political killings in Bleeding Kansas
504:. In revenge, a band of border ruffians, led by
219:, in crates said to have been labeled "Bibles".
43:An illustration of border ruffians entering the
3010:Slavery as a positive good in the United States
1718:"Bleeding Kansas & the Missouri Border War"
900:Newlon, Jack, Rob Spooner, and Alicia Spooner.
642:who held deep grudges against border ruffians.
1672:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1894, p. 122.
1237:Cory, Charles Easterbrook. Slavery in Kansas,
1110:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1955.
602:and Kansas came to the Union as a Free State.
527:, a minister, was instrumental in turning the
519:
3484:
2977:Slavery at American colleges and universities
2592:
1966:
1909:. Boston: Philips, Sampson and company, 1856.
1491:Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2007.
1296:War to the Knife: Bleeding Kansas, 1854–1861.
1277:
1275:
1194:. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2004.
2962:Kidnapping into slavery in the United States
1366:, Vol 20, Issue 5, May 1, 1856, pp. 635-639.
157:Two unidentified border ruffians with swords
3442:Family reunification ads after emancipation
1900:. New York: Dix, Edwards and Company, 1856.
1388:Carruth, William H. New England in Kansas,
911:, in U-S-History.com. Online Highways, 2021
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
388:After the Kansas–Nebraska Act repealed the
3732:Irregular forces of the American Civil War
3491:
3477:
3155:Slavery and the United States Constitution
2599:
2585:
1973:
1959:
1606:, Vol. 12, No. 3 (Apr. 1907), pp. 546–566.
1593:The Sharps Rifle Episode in Kansas History
1272:
3752:Expansion of slavery in the United States
1872:
1703:O’Bryan, Tony. "Wyandotte Constitution,"
1638:National Kansas Relief Committee, minutes
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1298:Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1998.
319:, and fear of free Blacks living nearby.
3245:Thirteenth Amendment of the Constitution
1423:
1203:
885:
789:
740:
635:, were feared in Kansas during the war.
395:
344:
268:
152:
140:
129:
121:
38:
2947:Indentured servitude in British America
1869:. New York: Miller & Company, 1857.
1063:Territorial Kansas Online – Transcripts
605:
126:Armed border ruffians going into Kansas
14:
3719:
2410:Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
1578:
1438:
949:
759:from the original on February 28, 2021
288:, editor of the pro-slavery newspaper
3472:
3387:Slavery during the American Civil War
3200:Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves
2580:
1954:
1559:
1219:from the original on November 1, 2020
998:from the original on January 16, 2021
919:
917:
873:from the original on December 4, 2020
2561:
1424:Phillips, Christopher (March 2002).
1353:Kansas Matters – Appeal to the South
869:. New England Emigrant Aid Company.
862:
529:Massachusetts State Kansas Committee
3392:End of slavery in the United States
1823:from the original on March 16, 2021
1806:
1724:from the original on April 12, 2021
1469:from the original on April 16, 2021
1285:. Chicago: Standard Pub. Co., 1912.
1041:
966:from the original on April 16, 2021
839:National Museum of American History
723:from the original on April 11, 2022
590:On August 2, 1858, the pro-slavery
24:
3270:John Quincy Adams and abolitionism
1998:Organized incorporated territories
1838:
1627:West Virginia Archives and History
1127:from the original on July 24, 2011
914:
598:signed the bill that approved the
25:
3763:
3437:Civil rights movement (1865–1896)
3382:Origins of the American Civil War
3089:African American founding fathers
3032:Education during the slave period
1913:
1694:. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1969.
1504:. New York: Harper and Row, 1970.
1439:Godsey, Flora Rosenquist (1925).
1019:Vol. 18, Summer 1995, pp. 116–129
950:Hougen, Harvey R. (Summer 1985).
845:from the original on May 14, 2022
814:from the original on May 14, 2022
712:
3737:Politically motivated migrations
3701:
3700:
3500:Kansas in the American Civil War
3185:History of slavery by U.S. state
2952:Slave trade in the United States
2560:
2551:
2550:
2362:United Nations trust territories
1982:Territories of the United States
1379:12 (1943): pp. 115–155, 227–268.
561:New England Emigrant Aid Company
533:New England Emigrant Aid Company
417:New England Emigrant Aid Company
209:New England Emigrant Aid Company
174:Among the first to use the term
2416:American Concession in Shanghai
1860:. Chicago: A. T. Andreas, 1883.
1800:
1780:
1758:
1736:
1710:
1697:
1675:
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1631:
1609:
1553:
1531:
1507:
1494:
1481:
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1432:
1417:
1395:
1382:
1369:
1346:
1324:
1321:. Chicago: A. T. Andreas, 1883.
1301:
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1231:
1197:
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1139:
1113:
1108:Civil War on the Western Border
1100:
1096:Kansas State Historical Society
1078:
1074:Kansas State Historical Society
1056:
1035:
1022:
1009:
978:
245:, in May 1856 became possible.
243:the sacking of Lawrence, Kansas
3047:List of American slave traders
2927:Slavery among Native Americans
2422:American concession of Tianjin
1850:. New York: John Murray, 1907.
1604:The American Historical Review
1392:Vol. 16, March 1897, pp. 3–21.
943:
856:
825:
783:
770:
734:
719:, kansasboguslegislature.org,
706:
500:killed five proslavery men at
282:Benjamin Franklin Stringfellow
149:, marching on Lawrence, Kansas
13:
1:
3747:American proslavery activists
3255:George Washington and slavery
3134:American Colonization Society
3129:African-American slave owners
699:
531:, a former subsidiary of the
492:, among others, and known as
350:
108:Confederate States of America
62:raiders who crossed into the
3260:Thomas Jefferson and slavery
3005:American proslavery movement
2967:Slave states and free states
2608:Slavery in the United States
2013:U.S. territorial sovereignty
1875:"Song of the border ruffian"
1413:U.S. History Online Textbook
1331:Kansapedia: Kansas Territory
1239:Kansas Historical Collection
419:established theirs (such as
7:
3285:Abraham Lincoln and slavery
1903:Phillips, William Addison.
1873:Anonymous (June 11, 1857).
1844:Williams, Robert Hamilton.
1794:14 (Autumn 1991): 144–161.
1377:Kansas Historical Quarterly
1045:Kansas Historical Quarterly
667:
658:, is depicted in the movie
648:7th Kansas Cavalry Regiment
585:
520:Aid to the Free-State cause
182:, a newspaper published in
10:
3768:
3359:Children of the plantation
3290:Andrew Johnson and slavery
3280:Zachary Taylor and slavery
3226:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
3195:Fugitive Slave Act of 1793
3160:American slave court cases
3124:Amerindian slave ownership
2263:Unincorporated territories
1935:Time Line: Bleeding Kansas
1407:February 27, 2021, at the
694:Marais des Cygnes massacre
363:
359:
29:
3696:
3680:
3655:
3629:
3613:
3606:
3590:
3574:
3506:
3412:Emancipation Proclamation
3372:
3337:Sexual relations and rape
3315:
3265:James Madison and slavery
3147:
2995:
2917:
2910:
2889:
2875:
2614:
2546:
2448:
2431:
2374:
2357:
2271:
2258:
2021:
1988:
1649:Kansas Historical Society
1463:Kansas Historical Society
1358:October 30, 2020, at the
1342:Kansas Historical Society
1174:October 10, 2018, at the
1151:November 8, 2021, at the
1090:November 1, 2020, at the
992:Kansas Historical Society
543:for Kansas. Abolitionist
195:Armed with revolvers and
117:
3397:Compensated emancipation
2348:Northern Mariana Islands
1883:. p. 2 – via
1749:January 9, 2021, at the
1659:Hinton, Richard Josiah.
1643:January 4, 2018, at the
1520:January 4, 2020, at the
1157:The New Santa Fe Trailer
790:Phillips, Jason (2018),
780:16 (Spring 1993): 22–33.
741:Phillips, Jason (2018),
716:Benjamin F. Stringfellow
508:, sacked the village of
415:immigrants aided by the
145:Border ruffians, with a
30:Not to be confused with
3232:Partus sequitur ventrem
3175:Three-fifths Compromise
1941:March 13, 2021, at the
1621:April 27, 2021, at the
1336:April 16, 2021, at the
1261:March 16, 2021, at the
1241:7 (1901–1902): 229–242.
798:Oxford University Press
753:Oxford University Press
459:refused to confirm it.
3307:Supreme Court Justices
3275:John Tyler and slavery
3250:Presidents and slavery
3239:Dred Scott v. Sandford
1771:March 2, 2021, at the
1317:April 8, 2022, at the
907:June 30, 2017, at the
661:The Outlaw Josey Wales
629:"Bloody Bill" Anderson
600:Wyandotte Constitution
592:Lecompton Constitution
554:
453:Lecompton Constitution
356:
340:
259:
193:
166:
158:
150:
138:
127:
52:
3180:Slave and free states
3170:Fugitive Slave Clause
3084:List of abolitionists
2937:Slavery in New France
2003:Territorial evolution
1863:Gladstone, Thomas H.
1690:May 14, 2022, at the
1668:May 14, 2022, at the
1598:May 14, 2022, at the
1543:May 14, 2022, at the
1390:New England Magazine,
1269:Assumption University
1068:May 14, 2022, at the
684:Pottawatomie massacre
549:
396:Immigration to Kansas
348:
335:
269:Leaders and followers
254:
188:
156:
144:
133:
125:
42:
3206:Gag rule (1836–1840)
3067:Underground Railroad
3042:Domestic slave trade
3027:Mandatory illiteracy
2932:Slavery in New Spain
2883:District of Columbia
1807:Gilmore, Donald L.,
1515:Battle of Osawatomie
1213:www.kansasmemory.org
1167:Matthew E. Stanley.
689:Battle of Osawatomie
606:During the Civil War
514:Battle of Osawatomie
286:John H. Stringfellow
163:Webster's Dictionary
161:The 1913 edition of
3514:Kansas–Nebraska Act
3427:Radical Republicans
3374:Civil War and after
3302:Members of Congress
3119:List of plantations
2902:U.S. Virgin Islands
2440:uninhabited islands
2342:U.S. Virgin Islands
1853:Cutler, William G.
1455:"Bogus Legislature"
1307:Cutler, William G.
674:Sacking of Lawrence
644:Charles R. Jennison
482:Charles R. Jennison
390:Missouri Compromise
380:Kansas–Nebraska Act
378:was created by the
278:David Rice Atchison
250:David Rice Atchison
3422:Reconstruction era
1786:Cheatham, Gary L.
1549:Territorial Kansas
1513:Rein, Christopher.
1500:Oates, Stephen B.
1294:Goodrich, Thomas.
1205:Atchison, David R.
1190:Etcheson, Nicole.
1028:Welch, G. Murlin.
863:Prichard, Jeremy.
612:American Civil War
576:Mt. Pleasant, Iowa
510:Osawatomie, Kansas
357:
290:Squatter Sovereign
263:American Civil War
205:bowie-knife voting
159:
151:
139:
128:
104:American Civil War
53:
3714:
3713:
3676:
3675:
3663:Marais des Cygnes
3564:Marais des Cygnes
3466:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3432:Freedmen's Bureau
2574:
2573:
2438:claims and other
2436:Guano Islands Act
2336:Panama Canal Zone
2008:Thirteen Colonies
1681:Rawley, James A.
1256:"Bleeding Kansas"
925:"Bleeding Kansas"
807:978-0-19-086817-8
656:Osceola, Missouri
633:William Quantrill
547:pronounced that,
475:which they sacked
436:John W. Whitfield
331:Frank W. Blackmar
298:Bogus Legislature
180:Herald of Freedom
16:(Redirected from
3759:
3742:Kansas Territory
3704:
3703:
3688:General Order 11
3611:
3610:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3470:
3469:
3148:Law and politics
3072:Freedmen's towns
3052:Runaway slave ad
2915:
2914:
2877:Federal district
2601:
2594:
2587:
2578:
2577:
2564:
2563:
2554:
2553:
2519:Quita Sueño Bank
2099:Indian Territory
1975:
1968:
1961:
1952:
1951:
1888:
1880:Montreal Gazette
1832:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1822:
1815:
1804:
1798:
1784:
1778:
1762:
1756:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1714:
1708:
1701:
1695:
1679:
1673:
1657:
1651:
1635:
1629:
1613:
1607:
1589:
1576:
1575:
1557:
1551:
1535:
1529:
1511:
1505:
1498:
1492:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1421:
1415:
1399:
1393:
1386:
1380:
1373:
1367:
1350:
1344:
1328:
1322:
1305:
1299:
1292:
1286:
1279:
1270:
1253:
1242:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1207:(May 21, 1856).
1201:
1195:
1188:
1182:
1165:
1159:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1117:
1111:
1104:
1098:
1082:
1076:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1039:
1033:
1026:
1020:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1003:
982:
976:
975:
973:
971:
947:
941:
940:
938:
936:
931:on June 21, 2008
921:
912:
898:
883:
882:
880:
878:
860:
854:
853:
852:
850:
829:
823:
822:
821:
819:
787:
781:
774:
768:
767:
766:
764:
738:
732:
731:
730:
728:
713:Clark, Charles,
710:
581:
545:Henry W. Beecher
486:James Montgomery
376:Kansas Territory
355:
352:
294:Atchison, Kansas
217:Kansas Territory
184:Lawrence, Kansas
64:Kansas Territory
45:Kansas Territory
21:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3727:Bleeding Kansas
3717:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3692:
3672:
3651:
3625:
3602:
3586:
3570:
3519:Bleeding Kansas
3502:
3497:
3467:
3458:
3447:Freedmen's town
3368:
3347:Slave marriages
3320:and procreation
3319:
3317:
3311:
3297:Vice presidents
3211:Nullifier Party
3190:Fugitive slaves
3143:
3139:Slave narrative
3077:Black Canadians
2997:
2991:
2906:
2885:
2871:
2610:
2605:
2575:
2570:
2542:
2453:Phoenix Islands
2444:
2427:
2404:Volcano Islands
2370:
2353:
2267:
2254:
2017:
1984:
1979:
1943:Wayback Machine
1916:
1892:Greeley, Horace
1841:
1839:Further reading
1836:
1835:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1805:
1801:
1785:
1781:
1773:Wayback Machine
1764:O'Bryan, Tony.
1763:
1759:
1751:Wayback Machine
1742:O’Bryan, Tony.
1741:
1737:
1727:
1725:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1702:
1698:
1692:Wayback Machine
1680:
1676:
1670:Wayback Machine
1658:
1654:
1645:Wayback Machine
1636:
1632:
1623:Wayback Machine
1614:
1610:
1600:Wayback Machine
1590:
1579:
1572:
1558:
1554:
1545:Wayback Machine
1536:
1532:
1522:Wayback Machine
1512:
1508:
1499:
1495:
1487:Neely, Jeremy.
1486:
1482:
1472:
1470:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1437:
1433:
1422:
1418:
1409:Wayback Machine
1402:Border Ruffians
1400:
1396:
1387:
1383:
1374:
1370:
1364:De Bow's Review
1360:Wayback Machine
1351:
1347:
1338:Wayback Machine
1329:
1325:
1319:Wayback Machine
1306:
1302:
1293:
1289:
1280:
1273:
1263:Wayback Machine
1254:
1245:
1236:
1232:
1222:
1220:
1202:
1198:
1189:
1185:
1176:Wayback Machine
1169:Woodson, Daniel
1166:
1162:
1153:Wayback Machine
1144:
1140:
1130:
1128:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1106:Monaghan, Jay.
1105:
1101:
1092:Wayback Machine
1083:
1079:
1070:Wayback Machine
1061:
1057:
1040:
1036:
1027:
1023:
1017:Kansas History,
1014:
1010:
1001:
999:
984:
983:
979:
969:
967:
948:
944:
934:
932:
923:
922:
915:
909:Wayback Machine
899:
886:
876:
874:
861:
857:
848:
846:
831:
830:
826:
817:
815:
808:
788:
784:
775:
771:
762:
760:
747:, Adapted from
739:
735:
726:
724:
711:
707:
702:
670:
654:destruction of
618:guerrillas, or
608:
588:
579:
570:A distribution
525:T. W. Higginson
522:
398:
372:Bleeding Kansas
368:
366:Bleeding Kansas
362:
353:
325:David M. Potter
302:Samuel J. Jones
271:
236:Bleeding Kansas
120:
96:property damage
84:electoral fraud
80:Bleeding Kansas
56:Border ruffians
49:F. O. C. Darley
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3765:
3755:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3684:
3682:
3681:Related topics
3678:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3647:Baxter Springs
3644:
3639:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3617:
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3608:
3604:
3603:
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3503:
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3481:
3473:
3464:
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3460:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3407:Colored Troops
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3378:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3349:
3344:
3342:Slave breeding
3339:
3334:
3332:Female slavery
3329:
3327:Sexual slavery
3323:
3321:
3318:sexual slavery
3313:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3287:
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3277:
3272:
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3182:
3177:
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3157:
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3141:
3136:
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3126:
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3116:
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3101:
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3091:
3086:
3081:
3080:
3079:
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3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3037:Slave quarters
3034:
3029:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3012:
3007:
3001:
2999:
2998:social history
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
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2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2817:South Carolina
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2782:North Carolina
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
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2729:
2724:
2719:
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2618:
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2603:
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2581:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2558:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2534:
2533:(1899–present)
2528:
2527:(1898–present)
2522:
2516:
2515:(1867–present)
2510:
2509:(1867–present)
2507:Howland Island
2504:
2498:
2497:(1860–present)
2492:
2491:(1858–present)
2489:Navassa Island
2486:
2485:(1858–present)
2483:Johnston Atoll
2480:
2479:(1858–present)
2474:
2473:(1857–present)
2468:
2462:
2456:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2387:
2379:Ryukyu Islands
2375:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2350:(1986–present)
2345:
2344:(1917–present)
2339:
2333:
2332:(1899–present)
2330:American Samoa
2327:
2326:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2279:
2278:(1898–present)
2272:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2239:
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2226:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2187:
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2169:
2163:
2157:
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2155:
2149:
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2128:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2108:
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2081:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1978:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1932:
1915:
1914:External links
1912:
1911:
1910:
1901:
1889:
1885:newspapers.com
1870:
1861:
1851:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1799:
1792:Kansas History
1779:
1757:
1735:
1709:
1696:
1674:
1652:
1630:
1608:
1577:
1571:978-0195167771
1570:
1552:
1530:
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1493:
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1368:
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1138:
1112:
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1034:
1021:
1008:
977:
956:Kansas History
942:
913:
884:
855:
834:Sharps Carbine
824:
806:
800:, p. 29,
782:
778:Kansas History
769:
733:
704:
703:
701:
698:
697:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
669:
666:
646:recruited the
607:
604:
596:James Buchanan
587:
584:
574:was set up at
565:Thaddeus Hyatt
521:
518:
397:
394:
364:Main article:
361:
358:
321:Kansas slavery
306:Daniel Woodson
270:
267:
176:border ruffian
119:
116:
32:Border reivers
26:
18:Border Ruffian
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3764:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3707:
3699:
3698:
3695:
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3686:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3660:
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3654:
3648:
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3364:Shadow family
3362:
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3333:
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3165:Freedom suits
3163:
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3146:
3140:
3137:
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3114:Planter class
3112:
3110:
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3087:
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3057:Slave catcher
3055:
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2857:West Virginia
2855:
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2762:New Hampshire
2760:
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2722:Massachusetts
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2529:
2526:
2525:Palmyra Atoll
2523:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2487:
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2481:
2478:
2477:Jarvis Island
2475:
2472:
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2459:Roncador Bank
2457:
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2366:United States
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2024:
2023:
2020:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1971:
1969:
1964:
1962:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1930:0-9777261-4-2
1927:
1923:
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1918:
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1789:
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1755:
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1748:
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1744:"Jayhawkers,"
1739:
1723:
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1713:
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1597:
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1591:W. H. Isely.
1588:
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828:
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746:
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722:
718:
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709:
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695:
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621:
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597:
593:
583:
577:
573:
568:
566:
562:
557:
553:
548:
546:
542:
541:Sharps rifles
538:
537:Sharps rifles
534:
530:
526:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
490:James H. Lane
487:
483:
478:
476:
471:
469:
465:
460:
458:
457:U.S. Congress
454:
448:
445:
439:
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432:
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422:
418:
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393:
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386:
383:
381:
377:
373:
367:
347:
343:
339:
334:
332:
328:
326:
322:
318:
317:abolitionists
314:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
274:
266:
264:
258:
253:
251:
248:
244:
239:
237:
233:
228:
226:
220:
218:
214:
213:Sharps rifles
210:
206:
202:
198:
192:
187:
185:
181:
177:
172:
170:
169:
164:
155:
148:
143:
137:
132:
124:
115:
113:
110:as irregular
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
72:United States
69:
65:
61:
57:
50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3534:Pottawatomie
3524:Wakarusa War
3351:
3237:
3230:
3099:Field slaves
3062:Abolitionism
2996:Cultural and
2987:Bibliography
2822:South Dakota
2812:Rhode Island
2807:Pennsylvania
2787:North Dakota
2537:Corn Islands
2513:Midway Atoll
2501:Swan Islands
2495:Kingman Reef
2471:Baker Island
2465:Serrana Bank
2324:1952–present
2322:Commonwealth
2306:Puerto Rico
2299:Commonwealth
1945:
1920:
1905:
1896:
1878:
1864:
1855:
1846:
1825:, retrieved
1809:
1802:
1791:
1782:
1775:
1760:
1753:
1738:
1726:. Retrieved
1712:
1704:
1699:
1683:
1677:
1661:
1655:
1648:
1633:
1626:
1611:
1603:
1561:
1555:
1548:
1533:
1525:
1509:
1501:
1496:
1488:
1483:
1471:. Retrieved
1458:
1449:
1440:
1434:
1425:
1419:
1412:
1397:
1389:
1384:
1376:
1371:
1363:
1348:
1341:
1326:
1309:
1303:
1295:
1290:
1283:reminiscence
1266:
1238:
1233:
1221:. Retrieved
1212:
1199:
1191:
1186:
1179:
1163:
1156:
1141:
1129:. Retrieved
1115:
1107:
1102:
1095:
1080:
1073:
1058:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1029:
1024:
1016:
1011:
1000:, retrieved
986:
980:
968:. Retrieved
959:
955:
945:
935:November 19,
933:. Retrieved
929:the original
875:. Retrieved
865:
858:
847:, retrieved
833:
827:
816:, retrieved
796:, New York:
792:
785:
777:
772:
761:, retrieved
748:
743:
736:
725:, retrieved
715:
708:
679:Wakarusa War
659:
652:
637:
620:bushwhackers
609:
589:
569:
558:
555:
550:
523:
506:John W. Reid
502:Pottawatomie
479:
472:
468:Wakarusa War
461:
449:
443:
440:
433:
399:
387:
384:
369:
341:
336:
329:
310:
289:
275:
272:
260:
255:
247:U.S. Senator
240:
229:
221:
204:
201:London Times
197:Bowie knives
194:
189:
179:
175:
173:
160:
136:Gilbert Gaul
112:bushwhackers
88:intimidation
55:
54:
36:
3216:Fire-Eaters
3109:Task system
3104:Gang system
3094:Plantations
2897:Puerto Rico
2890:Territories
2737:Mississippi
2652:Connecticut
2539:(1914–1971)
2531:Wake Island
2521:(1869–1981)
2503:(1863–1972)
2467:(1856–1981)
2461:(1856–1981)
2455:(1856–1979)
2424:(1860–1901)
2418:(1848–1863)
2412:(1947–1994)
2406:(1945–1968)
2400:(1945–1968)
2338:(1903–1979)
2282:Philippines
2251:(1900–1959)
2245:(1868–1890)
2216:(1864–1889)
2210:(1863–1912)
2204:(1863–1890)
2198:(1861–1889)
2192:(1861–1876)
2186:(1861–1864)
2180:(1854–1867)
2174:(1854–1861)
2168:(1853–1889)
2162:(1850–1896)
2146:Provisional
2142:New Mexico
2139:(1849–1858)
2133:(1848–1859)
2127:(1838–1846)
2121:(1836–1848)
2092:(1822–1845)
2086:(1819–1836)
2080:(1817–1819)
2074:(1809–1818)
2068:(1805–1837)
2062:(1805–1821)
2052:(1804–1812)
2046:(1800–1816)
2040:(1798–1817)
2038:Mississippi
2034:(1790–1796)
2028:(1787–1803)
1993:Organic act
1766:"Red Legs,"
616:Confederate
610:During the
580:US$ 100,000
409:Leavenworth
354: 1856
76:slave state
3721:Categories
3668:Mine Creek
3575:Combatants
3559:Osawatomie
3554:Fort Titus
3544:Black Jack
3417:Juneteenth
3402:Contraband
2852:Washington
2772:New Mexico
2767:New Jersey
2642:California
2223:Department
2166:Washington
1564:. Oxford.
1459:Kansapedia
1052:: 385–400.
700:References
640:jayhawkers
512:after the
498:John Brown
494:jayhawkers
429:jayhawkers
413:Free-State
401:Proslavery
232:Free-State
225:Free-State
60:proslavery
3591:Campaigns
3316:Marriage,
3015:Treatment
2862:Wisconsin
2827:Tennessee
2732:Minnesota
2707:Louisiana
2392:1950–1972
2386:1945–1950
2318:1900–1952
2312:1898–1900
2301:1935–1946
2295:1901–1935
2289:1898–1901
2237:1912–1959
2235:Territory
2231:1884–1912
2225:1867–1884
2154:1850–1912
2152:Territory
2148:1846–1850
2137:Minnesota
2119:Wisconsin
2113:1890–1907
2111:Territory
2107:1850–1890
2105:Panhandle
2101:1834–1907
2095:Oklahoma
2056:Louisiana
2032:Southwest
2026:Northwest
1857:Resources
1827:March 16,
1728:March 11,
1473:March 14,
1465:. 2013 .
1311:Resources
1131:March 11,
1002:March 13,
962:(2): 76.
877:March 11,
849:March 16,
818:March 11,
763:March 11,
727:March 11,
3706:Category
3642:Brooklyn
3637:Lawrence
3598:Missouri
3549:Franklin
3529:Lawrence
2982:Glossary
2847:Virginia
2797:Oklahoma
2777:New York
2752:Nebraska
2742:Missouri
2727:Michigan
2717:Maryland
2702:Kentucky
2682:Illinois
2657:Delaware
2647:Colorado
2637:Arkansas
2556:Category
2384:Military
2310:Military
2287:Military
2229:District
2190:Colorado
2178:Nebraska
2084:Arkansas
2072:Illinois
2066:Michigan
2060:Missouri
1939:Archived
1818:archived
1796:Archived
1769:Archived
1747:Archived
1722:Archived
1688:Archived
1666:Archived
1641:Archived
1619:Archived
1596:Archived
1541:Archived
1518:Archived
1467:Archived
1405:Archived
1356:Archived
1334:Archived
1315:Archived
1259:Archived
1223:March 8,
1217:Archived
1172:Archived
1149:Archived
1125:Archived
1088:Archived
1066:Archived
996:archived
970:March 8,
964:Archived
905:Archived
871:Archived
843:archived
812:archived
757:archived
721:archived
668:See also
586:Outcomes
464:Lawrence
444:en masse
421:Lawrence
405:Atchison
211:shipped
68:Missouri
3621:Osceola
3607:Battles
3507:Origins
3353:Plaçage
2919:History
2867:Wyoming
2842:Vermont
2747:Montana
2687:Indiana
2667:Georgia
2662:Florida
2632:Arizona
2622:Alabama
2566:Commons
2316:Insular
2293:Insular
2243:Wyoming
2219:Alaska
2214:Montana
2208:Arizona
2090:Florida
2078:Alabama
2050:Orleans
2044:Indiana
411:), and
360:History
313:Yankees
215:to the
168:ruffian
92:assault
3202:(1808)
3020:Health
2911:Topics
2802:Oregon
2757:Nevada
2697:Kansas
2672:Hawaii
2627:Alaska
2615:States
2249:Hawaii
2196:Dakota
2184:Nevada
2172:Kansas
2131:Oregon
1928:
1568:
804:
488:, and
425:Topeka
304:, and
147:cannon
118:Origin
100:murder
3582:Union
3539:Spurs
2832:Texas
2712:Maine
2677:Idaho
2390:Civil
2202:Idaho
1821:(PDF)
1814:(PDF)
624:Union
572:depot
74:as a
66:from
58:were
3656:1864
3630:1863
3614:1861
3452:list
2837:Utah
2792:Ohio
2692:Iowa
2276:Guam
2160:Utah
2125:Iowa
1926:ISBN
1829:2021
1730:2021
1566:ISBN
1475:2021
1225:2021
1133:2021
1004:2021
972:2021
937:2007
879:2021
851:2021
820:2021
802:ISBN
765:2021
729:2021
631:and
407:and
315:and
98:and
470:".
47:by
3723::
1937:,
1894:.
1877:.
1816:,
1790:,
1720:.
1647:,
1625:,
1602:,
1580:^
1547:,
1524:,
1461:.
1457:.
1411:,
1362:,
1340:,
1274:^
1265:,
1246:^
1215:.
1211:.
1178:.
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