620:. Arnold's message also asked how many B-29s could be dispatched on 15 and 20 June. At the time, the first raid on Japan was tentatively scheduled for 23 June, when sufficient supplies were expected to be available in China to support 100 B-29 sorties. Wolfe replied, stating that 50 B-29s could be used on 15 June and 55 if the operation was conducted on the 20th of the month. Arnold regarded these numbers as too low and directed that a raid by at least 70 B-29s be conducted against Japan on 15 June. Following this order, XX Bomber Command's B-29s and transport aircraft embarked on an intensive effort to move fuel to China. Further fuel supplies were made available to the heavy bombers by reducing the activities of USAAF fighter units based in China. During the same period, the command's ground crews reconditioned as many B-29s as possible to improve their reliability.
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attacks on the home islands. The raid demonstrated that Japan had too few airbases and not enough aircraft were available for night operations. It was also found that the Toryu fighter was not well suited to intercepting B-29s, as it was slower than the bombers, too lightly armed, and most aircraft lacked radar. While the air raid alert system had proved successful in this instance, the radars which detected the
American aircraft had been unable to determine their altitude, and it was decided that there was a need to further expand radar coverage. The performance of the 131st Anti Aircraft Regiment during the raid was judged to be so poor that its commander was transferred to
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Each of the aircraft had departed India carrying the 2 short tons (1,800 kg) of 500-pound bombs they would use in the raid. A large number of staff officers, including eight generals, also traveled to
Chengdu to observe the operation but were not allowed to participate in the raid. The bomber crews were joined by eight journalists and three news photographers, however. At the time, the USAAF had few recent photos of Japanese industrial areas, and the bomber crews were briefed on Yawata using maps and photos from the late 1920s and early 1930s.
649:, the Japanese military detected the preparation of B-29 bases in India and China. Moreover, Japanese agents in China reported on all B-29 movements, giving hours of warning time before raids on the home islands. Japanese intelligence services deduced that once logistical preparations were complete, the heavy bombers would attack factories in northern Kyūshū, and that the first raid would be made at night. On 26 April, Japanese fighters encountered a B-29 for the first time, when two
612:, Thailand, as a 'dress rehearsal' for more ambitious operations against Japan and targets in South East Asia. Although little damage was done and five B-29s were lost to flying accidents and technical faults, the operation was rated a success by XX Bomber Command, as it provided useful combat experience for the bomber crews, as well as data on how the B-29 performed in action.
702:. One aircraft crashed immediately after taking off with no casualties and a further four turned back suffering mechanical problems. The remaining 70 aircraft proceeded on a direct course to Okino Island, where they turned for the run-in to Yawata. Each of the 58th Bombardment Wing's four groups sent two aircraft ahead to mark the target and the other aircraft flew in a long
749:. Overall, American losses in the raid were seven B-29s destroyed and a further six damaged by anti-aircraft guns; 57 airmen and one journalist were killed aboard these aircraft. Many of the B-29s were stranded in China for several days after the raid by fuel shortages there and only returned to India after Wolfe borrowed 15,000 US gallons (57,000 L) of fuel from the
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decision made by the
Twentieth Air Force on 1 April 1944, which assigned the highest priority to attacking Japan's steel and coke industry. It was decided to conduct the raid at night, with each B-29 bombing individually, as the aircraft lacked the range needed to conduct a more fuel-intensive formation flight between the forward air bases and Yawata.
571:. The 58th Bombardment Wing was XX Bomber Command's main combat unit, and its movement from Kansas to India took place from April to mid-May. While the wing had not completed training at the time that it left for India, its combat groups were more experienced than most newly deployed USAAF bomber units.
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The
Japanese military began transferring fighter aircraft from China and the Pacific to the home islands in early 1944 in anticipation of B-29 raids. In June 1944, Yawata lay within the Western District of Japan's four regional defense commands. The 19th Air Brigade was formed in June 1944 to command
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The B-29 Superfortress had a difficult introduction into service. Work began on designing the bomber in early 1940, and the first prototype flew on 21 September 1942. The
Superfortress was the largest combat aircraft of World War II and boasted a heavy maximum bomb load, long range, and powerful
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at the time. The raiders were met with heavy but inaccurate anti-aircraft fire, and the searchlights stationed around Yawata were not effective. The 4th Air
Regiment achieved the only kill of the night when one of its fighters shot down a B-29. The Regiment's other aircraft struggled to make contact
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aircraft did not transport fuel for XX Bomber
Command, and this task was instead undertaken by the B-29s. This arrangement proved inefficient, however, as 12 B-29 sorties between India and China were needed to transport enough fuel and other supplies to enable one of the heavy bombers to fly a round
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While the raid did not achieve its aims, it raised
Japanese civilians' awareness that their country was being defeated and received positive media coverage in the United States. Intelligence gathered by the B-29s also revealed weaknesses in Japan's air defenses and the raid was the second of many on
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and obscured by smoke or haze; the other 32 bombed by radar. Two further B-29s bombed Laoyao harbor in China and another five struck targets of opportunity; overall 107 tons of bombs were dropped during the raid. After the first bombs were released, regular updates on the operation were transmitted
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The 19th Air
Brigade's primary mission was to defend the industrial facilities in northern Kyūshū, and particularly the ironworks at Yawata. The brigade's plans for the defense of the Western District called for its interceptor aircraft to be concentrated over Yawata and not move far from the area.
791:
The 15–16 June 1944 raid on Yawata marked the beginning of the USAAF's strategic bombing campaign against Japan. The city was struck again by B-29s during daylight and night raids on 20 August, but no serious damage was caused. XX Bomber
Command conducted 49 raids from its bases in China and India
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The 58th Bombardment Wing's B-29s began moving from India to the forward bases in China on 13 June. By 15 June, 83 Superfortresses had reached the four forward airfields around Chengdu, though at least 12 turned back before reaching China, and another crashed, causing the death of its entire crew.
527:
was formed in June 1943 to operate the USAAF's first B-29s, but it did not begin receiving these aircraft until October. The slow delivery of B-29s and mechanical problems with the aircraft meant that the wing lagged behind its training schedule and only became capable of deployment in March 1944,
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plants, and the largest of these was selected as the designated aiming point for the B-29s. Nearby Laoyao harbor, which was an important industrial port, was designated as the raid's secondary target. The selection of Yawata's steelworks as the first target to be attacked was in accordance with a
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in Europe. The raiders were detected by Japanese Army and Army Air Force units in China. These reports were passed onto the 19th Air Brigade, which estimated that the bombers were bound for northern Kyūshū and would arrive there at about midnight local time. A radar station and lookout posts on
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The Yawata raid revealed serious shortcomings in Japan's air defenses. While the 19th Air Brigade initially claimed to have shot down eight B-29s and damaged a further four, it was soon determined that only two of the bombers had been destroyed. This loss ratio was considered too low to defeat
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collected by the B-29s revealed the ineffectiveness of Japanese radar and air defenses. As a result, the USAAF dispatched a single photo-reconnaissance B-29 to overfly much of Japan and Korea on 21 June. This sortie was successful and greatly improved U.S. intelligence holdings on these areas.
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units needed to facilitate night operations were stationed near Yawata and northern Kyūshū was regarded by the Army as being the most important region in the Western District. Prior to the raid on Yawata, the 19th Air Brigade undertook joint planning with anti-aircraft units and implemented a
615:
On 6 June, Wolfe received a message from Arnold informing him that the Joint Chiefs of Staff wanted a raid to be conducted against Japan as soon as possible. The goals of this operation were to relieve pressure on Chinese forces which were being attacked by the Japanese and to support the
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aircraft overflew the city and photographed the target area. These photos showed that only a single bomb had landed within the Imperial Iron and Steel Works complex, and it had hit a powerhouse 3,700 feet (1,100 m) from the nearest coke oven. Light damage had also been inflicted on
510:. Although this raid caused little damage, it boosted morale in the United States. The Japanese government responded to the attack by both increasing the number of fighter units based in the home islands and conducting an offensive in the Pacific Ocean which ended in defeat during the
514:. The USAAF could not mount further attacks on the Japanese home islands after this raid, however, as none of its combat aircraft had sufficient range to reach this area from bases in China or the Pacific until the B-29 Superfortress heavy bomber was ready for combat.
784:. News reports of the Yawata raid and successful U.S. landing at Saipan on the same day also indicated to Japanese civilians that the war was not going well. In response to the raid, Japanese Government ministers urged families living in the country's four major cities to
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and other industrial and civilian buildings in the area. Despite a USAAF policy of encouraging factual reporting of B-29 operations, the raid's results were overstated in the U.S. media. The light combat losses suffered by the raiders and
601:
trip between China and Japan. As a result, it took longer than expected to build up sufficient stockpiles in China to allow B-29 operations to commence. Moreover, continued technical problems with the Superfortress, and particularly their
800:, which began on 28 October 1944, proved much more effective. As a result, XX Bomber Command was transferred to the Mariana Islands in early 1945. Yawata was targeted again by B-29s on 8 August 1945, two days after the
522:
had been ordered by the USAAF before the aircraft first flew, its development was set back by several months when the second prototype crashed on 18 February 1943 and problems with the design were gradually solved. The
723:, as its pilots had not worked with those of the 4th Air Regiment in night operations, its aircraft were suffering from mechanical problems, and it was feared that the B-29s would sight and attack the base at Ashiya.
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at Yawata, an industrial city about 1,600 miles (2,600 km) from Chengdu. This was the single most important facility in Japan's steel industry, as it produced 24 percent of the country's total output of
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B-29s began to arrive over Yawata at 00:38 local time, and the attack on the city lasted almost two hours. Only 15 of the American aircraft were able to aim their bombs visually, as the city was
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and destroyed by Japanese aircraft after landing at Neihsiang with engine trouble, and a further two aircraft crashed with the loss of their entire crews and a correspondent from the magazine
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between June 1944 and March 1945, of which nine were made on targets in the Japanese home islands, but Operation Matterhorn did not achieve its goals. Despite initial problems,
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Despite an elaborate deception plan, which included planted news stories claiming that B-29s would be deployed as bombers in Europe but only be used as armed transports in the
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single-engined fighters, though only about seven or eight were operational. In addition, Yawata and northern Kyūshū were defended by anti-aircraft artillery units and
698:
The Superfortresses began to depart their bases at 16:16 local time on 15 June. The raiding force was led by the 58th Bombardment Wing's commander, Brigadier General
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twin-engined heavy fighters, of which 25 were operational in mid-June, and had the brigade's best-trained pilots. The inexperienced 59th Air Regiment was based at
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against the Japanese home islands and East Asia by basing B-29s in India and establishing forward airfields in areas of China. This strategy, which was designated
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While this inflexible deployment was considered unsatisfactory by the 19th Air Brigade, it was deemed necessary, as few aircraft were available, the only
1940:
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undertook various tasks to prepare for raids against Japan. Foremost among these was stockpiling fuel at the airfields in China. Until late 1944, USAAF
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heavy bombers staging from bases in China. Only 47 of these aircraft dropped bombs near the raid's primary target, the Imperial Iron and Steel Works at
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XX Bomber Command conducted its first combat operation on 5 June 1944. On this day, 98 B-29s were dispatched from bases in India to attack targets in
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defensive armament. The B-29 also incorporated a number of new features, such as a pressurized cabin and remote-controlled turrets. While 1,664
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was assigned responsibility for this effort, and its ground crew began to leave the United States for India by sea in December 1943. The
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subsequently detected the bombers from 23:31 to 00:30 local time. An air raid alarm was issued at 00:24 and 24 aircraft of the
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fighter units in the Western District and comprised the 4th and 59th Air Regiments. The 4th Air Regiment was stationed at
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Japan. Yawata was attacked again by B-29s operating from China on 20 August 1944 and much of the city was destroyed in a
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753:'s supplies. During this period, the bombers were highly vulnerable to Japanese retaliatory raids, but none came about.
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engines, resulted in many of XX Bomber Command's aircraft being unserviceable and in need of modification at all times.
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was formed in April 1944 to oversee all B-29 operations. In an unprecedented move, the commander of the USAAF, General
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in inland China which would be supplied by Allied cargo aircraft and be used to refuel B-29s traveling from bases in
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Locations of B-29 bomber bases in China and the main targets they attacked in East Asia during Operation Matterhorn
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to the Twentieth Air Force's headquarters in Washington, from where they were relayed to Arnold, who was in
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1645:. The Army Air Forces in World War II. Volume 5. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
1624:. The Army Air Forces in World War II. Volume 5. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
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began to take off three minutes later to patrol over northern Kyūshū. The 59th Air Regiment was not
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The first United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) raid on Japan took place on 18 April 1942 when 16
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Detwiler, Donald S.; Burdick, Charles B., eds. (1980). "Homeland Air Defense Operations Record (
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After establishing itself in India, XX Bomber Command under the command of Brigadier General
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The B-29s' return flight to China was largely uneventful. One of the Superfortresses was
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Flames Over Tokyo: The U.S. Army Air Forces' Incendiary Campaign Against Japan 1944–1945
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training program which included practice in responding to alerts and night flying.
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medium bombers flying from an aircraft carrier attacked several cities during the
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677:. Radar stations and a network of lookout posts provided early warning of raids.
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816:, and the resulting firestorm destroyed 21 percent of Yawata's urban area.
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Strategic bombing by the United States in World War II: The Myths and the Facts
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804:. On this day the city was attacked by 221 B-29s, escorted by three groups of
653:"Oscars" attacked and damaged a lone B-29 flying near the China–India border.
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Described by James Cate as " out Boeing's most experienced B-29 personnel".
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Boeing B-29 Superfortress: The Ultimate Look: From Drawing Board to VJ-Day
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bombers shortly before participating in the 15–16 June 1944 raid on Yawata
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based on Ie Shima off the coast of Okinawa. The bombers were armed with
706:; both of these tactics had been adopted from those used by the British
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1615:
Cate, James Lea (1953). Craven, Wesley Frank; Cate, James Lea (eds.).
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1992:
1982:
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Little damage was caused by the raid on Yawata. On 18 June, a USAAF
1597:
A Radar History of World War II: Technical and Military Imperatives
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The Kawasaki Ki-45 Toryu and Kawasaki Ki-61 Hien were assigned the
745:
446:) on the night of 15–16 June 1944 marked the beginning of the
1704:. War in Asia and the Pacific. New York City: Garland Publishing.
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55:
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World War II aerial operations and battles of the Pacific theatre
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The Enola Gay: The B-29 That Dropped the Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima
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609:
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1921:. Vol. 17, no. 2. Time Inc. 10 July 1944. p. 78.
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552:
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1788:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum.
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The Pacific: Matterhorn to Nagasaki June 1944 to August 1945
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The Pacific: Matterhorn to Nagasaki June 1944 to August 1945
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of 'Nick' and 'Tony' respectively by the Western Allies.
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The target selected for the first raid on Japan was the
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1401:
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1828:. Aviation Elite Units 5. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
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Volume 12: Defense of the Homeland and End of the War
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547:, required the construction of large airstrips near
1666:(March 2009). Arlington: The Air Force Association.
1641:. In Craven, Wesley Frank; Cate, James Lea (eds.).
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532:" program began to produce combat-ready aircraft.
1721:Downfall. The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire
1524:
736:with the bombers and achieved few interceptions.
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1673:"Before Hiroshima: The Bombing of Japan 1944–45"
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898:"America Hits Back: The Doolittle Tokyo Raiders"
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1494:
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1847:Whirlwind: The Air War Against Japan 1942–1945
1941:
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1600:. London: Institute of Physics Publishing.
632:steel. The facility was dependent on three
1948:
1934:
1892:. Fortress 99. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
185:
171:
3173:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
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1637:Cate, James Lea; Olson, James C. (1953).
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1578:
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1915:"B-29 Superforts Bomb Japanese Mainland"
1746:. Garden City: Doubleday & Company.
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27:Air raid on Japan during the Pacific War
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900:. National Museum of the US Air Force.
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14:
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555:en route to bombing targets in Japan.
1957:Strategic bombing during World War II
1929:
1824:Sakaida, Henry; Takaki, KĹŤji (2001).
1769:. New York City: Donald I. Fine Inc.
1718:
1593:
1482:
1054:
490:raid conducted by B-29s based in the
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1671:Daniels, Gordon (31 December 1981).
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1851:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
1742:Airwar. Volume Four: Wings of Fire
848:of April 1942 was conducted using
25:
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1907:
904:from the original on 15 June 2021
1653:– via Hyperwar Foundation.
1632:– via Hyperwar Foundation.
708:Royal Air Force's Bomber Command
579:
535:In late 1943, the United States
470:. The raid was undertaken by 75
117:
103:
54:
867:
574:
539:approved a proposal to begin a
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858:
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13:
1:
1803:Ross, Stewart Halsey (2003).
1587:
1495:Detwiler & Burdick (1980)
1369:Detwiler & Burdick (1980)
1357:Detwiler & Burdick (1980)
1292:Detwiler & Burdick (1980)
1280:Detwiler & Burdick (1980)
1268:Detwiler & Burdick (1980)
1256:Detwiler & Burdick (1980)
1232:Detwiler & Burdick (1980)
1220:Detwiler & Burdick (1980)
625:Imperial Iron and Steel Works
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448:United States Army Air Forces
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831:
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504:North American B-25 Mitchell
7:
1723:. New York: Penguin Books.
1196:Sakaida & Takaki (2001)
819:
802:atomic bombing of Hiroshima
640:
10:
3561:
1761:Kerr, E. Bartlett (1991).
1738:Jablonski, Edward (1979).
1719:Frank, Richard B. (1999).
381:Volcano and Ryukyu Islands
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1963:
1843:Tillman, Barrett (2010).
1660:"The Matterhorn Missions"
1658:Correll, John T. (2009).
1639:"The All-Out B-29 Attack"
661:and was equipped with 35
647:China Burma India Theater
472:Boeing B-29 Superfortress
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131:
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67:
61:Boeing B-29 Superfortress
53:
41:
36:
1973:Aerial bombing of cities
1870:. Atglen, PA: Schiffer.
1826:B-29 Hunters of the JAAF
1809:. Jefferson: McFarland.
1294:, pp. 132, 142–143.
808:fighters, including the
152:57 aircrew, 1 journalist
1784:Polmar, Norman (2004).
1579:Cate & Olson (1953)
796:'s operations from the
786:evacuate their children
773:electronic intelligence
689:
667:Ashiya Fukuoka Airfield
142:Anti-aircraft artillery
1978:Area bombing directive
1866:Wolf, William (2005).
589:
541:strategic air campaign
364:Hiroshima and Nagasaki
3545:Firebombings in Japan
1890:Defense of Japan 1945
1594:Brown, Louis (1999).
598:Air Transport Command
587:
537:Joint Chiefs of Staff
528:after the so-called "
525:58th Bombardment Wing
456:Japanese home islands
454:campaign against the
147:Casualties and losses
2343:Ludwigshafen / Oppau
2075:Saint-Leu-d'Esserent
1222:, pp. 3–5, 129.
763:Fourteenth Air Force
663:Kawasaki Ki-45 Toryu
545:Operation Matterhorn
422:Hokkaido (cancelled)
3418:Mandatory Palestine
1698:Japanese Monographs
1581:, pp. 655–656.
1545:, pp. 113–114.
1497:, pp. 147–149.
1485:, pp. 421–422.
1473:, pp. 101–103.
1383:, pp. 100–101.
1359:, pp. 144–146.
1282:, pp. 131–132.
1270:, pp. 134–136.
1234:, pp. 129–130.
810:318th Fighter Group
700:LaVerne G. Saunders
671:Kawasaki Ki-61 Hien
561:Twentieth Air Force
2694:Rotterdam (Allied)
1664:Air Force Magazine
1306:, pp. 99–100.
826:Air raids on Japan
794:XXI Bomber Command
751:312th Fighter Wing
618:invasion of Saipan
590:
494:on 8 August 1945.
462:and was the first
393:Naval bombardments
44:air raids on Japan
3525:Conflicts in 1944
3512:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3479:
3478:
3408:Mediterranean and
3402:
3401:
3300:
3299:
3037:
3036:
2810:Barrow-in-Furness
2795:Battle of Britain
2471:
2470:
2248:Freiburg (Allies)
1988:Strategic bombing
1899:978-1-84603-687-3
1886:Zaloga, Steven J.
1858:978-1-4165-8440-7
1835:978-1-84176-161-9
1816:978-0-7864-1412-3
1422:, pp. 51–52.
1347:, pp. 50–51.
1183:, pp. 44–45.
1171:, pp. 77–79.
1159:, pp. 93–94.
1117:, pp. 98–99.
1105:, pp. 94–98.
1033:, pp. 43–44.
997:, pp. 75–79.
985:, pp. 62–63.
973:, pp. 52–57.
806:P-47N Thunderbolt
557:XX Bomber Command
468:strategic bombers
452:strategic bombing
430:
429:
161:
160:
92:
91:
46:, as part of the
37:Bombing of Yawata
18:Bombing of Yawata
16:(Redirected from
3552:
3535:June 1944 events
3490:
3489:
3415:
3414:
3312:Allied Singapore
3281:
3280:
3048:
3047:
3006:(Czechoslovakia)
2689:Rotterdam (Axis)
2088:
2087:
2008:
2007:
2003:European theatre
1968:Area bombardment
1950:
1943:
1936:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1903:
1881:
1862:
1850:
1839:
1820:
1799:
1780:
1768:
1757:
1745:
1734:
1715:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1667:
1654:
1633:
1623:
1611:
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1576:
1570:
1564:
1558:
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1540:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1447:Jablonski (1979)
1444:
1438:
1432:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1366:
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1229:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1133:
1130:Jablonski (1979)
1127:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1010:
1004:
998:
992:
986:
980:
974:
968:
962:
956:
950:
944:
938:
932:
926:
920:
914:
913:
911:
909:
894:
878:
871:
865:
862:
856:
842:
814:incendiary bombs
788:to rural areas.
718:
717:4th Air Regiment
675:barrage balloons
669:and operated 25
594:Kenneth B. Wolfe
530:Battle of Kansas
521:
512:Battle of Midway
201:
187:
180:
173:
164:
163:
137:75 heavy bombers
127:
123:
121:
120:
109:
107:
106:
69:
68:
58:
34:
33:
21:
3560:
3559:
3555:
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3126:
3105:
3074:
3033:
2962:
2926:
2787:
2781:
2750:
2729:
2703:
2647:
2593:Reggio Calabria
2467:
2448:Wiener Neustadt
2253:Friedrichshafen
2243:Freiburg (Axis)
2146:
2093:
2079:
2048:
2027:
1997:
1959:
1954:
1913:
1910:
1900:
1878:
1859:
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1017:
1013:
1005:
1001:
993:
989:
981:
977:
969:
965:
961:, pp. 6–8.
957:
953:
945:
941:
937:, pp. 4–5.
933:
929:
921:
917:
907:
905:
896:
895:
891:
887:
882:
881:
875:reporting names
872:
868:
863:
859:
843:
839:
834:
822:
798:Mariana Islands
759:
716:
692:
643:
582:
577:
565:Henry H. Arnold
519:
500:
492:Mariana Islands
433:
432:
431:
426:
412:
376:Mariana Islands
317:
237:
202:
193:
191:
154:7 heavy bombers
153:
141:
118:
116:
104:
102:
88:
75:15–16 June 1944
59:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3558:
3548:
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3404:
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3378:
3371:
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3356:
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3348:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3317:Axis Singapore
3314:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3287:
3285:
3278:
3277:
3272:
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3255:
3250:
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3098:
3093:
3088:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3068:Allied Rangoon
3065:
3058:Burma campaign
3054:
3052:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3025:
3019:
3013:
3007:
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2800:Baedeker Blitz
2797:
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2717:
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2709:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2479:
2477:
2473:
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2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2455:
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2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2308:Kaiserslautern
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
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2235:
2230:
2225:
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2205:
2200:
2195:
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2165:
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2154:
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2148:
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2139:
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2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
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2062:
2056:
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2041:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2014:
2012:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1953:
1952:
1945:
1938:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1909:
1908:External links
1906:
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1589:
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1584:
1583:
1571:
1569:, p. 171.
1559:
1555:Correll (2009)
1547:
1535:
1523:
1519:Daniels (1981)
1511:
1499:
1487:
1475:
1463:
1459:Tillman (2010)
1451:
1449:, p. 134.
1439:
1437:, p. 101.
1424:
1420:Tillman (2010)
1412:
1410:, p. 102.
1397:
1395:, p. 298.
1385:
1373:
1371:, p. 147.
1361:
1349:
1345:Tillman (2010)
1337:
1335:, p. 100.
1320:
1318:, p. 164.
1308:
1296:
1284:
1272:
1260:
1258:, p. 132.
1248:
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1236:
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1181:Tillman (2010)
1173:
1161:
1149:
1134:
1132:, p. 133.
1119:
1107:
1095:
1091:Correll (2009)
1083:
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1067:Correll (2009)
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1047:
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1031:Tillman (2010)
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1019:Tillman (2010)
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1007:Tillman (2010)
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983:Correll (2009)
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963:
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939:
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923:Correll (2009)
915:
888:
886:
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880:
879:
866:
857:
853:medium bombers
846:Doolittle raid
836:
835:
833:
830:
829:
828:
821:
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768:Kokura Arsenal
758:
755:
691:
688:
659:Ozuki Airfield
651:Nakajima Ki-43
642:
639:
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578:
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573:
508:Doolittle Raid
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3395:(Philippines)
3394:
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3242:10 March 1945
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2132:Gelsenkirchen
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1753:0-385-14279-X
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1730:0-14-100146-1
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1711:0-8240-3296-9
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1677:History Today
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1603:
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1563:
1557:, p. 65.
1556:
1551:
1544:
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1532:
1527:
1520:
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1509:, p. 51.
1508:
1507:Zaloga (2010)
1503:
1496:
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1461:, p. 52.
1460:
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1210:, p. 61.
1209:
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1182:
1177:
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1165:
1158:
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1147:, p. 99.
1146:
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1126:
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1111:
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1099:
1093:, p. 63.
1092:
1087:
1081:, p. 98.
1080:
1075:
1069:, p. 64.
1068:
1063:
1057:, p. 50.
1056:
1051:
1045:, p. 57.
1044:
1039:
1032:
1027:
1021:, p. 45.
1020:
1015:
1009:, p. 41.
1008:
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991:
984:
979:
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967:
960:
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948:
943:
936:
935:Polmar (2004)
931:
925:, p. 62.
924:
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709:
705:
704:bomber stream
701:
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664:
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603:Wright R-3350
599:
595:
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580:United States
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408:Kuril Islands
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40:
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3485:North Africa
3387:Kuala Lumpur
3368:Other cities
3354:Pearl Harbor
3267:
3010:Schaffhausen
2967:Other cities
2755:Soviet Union
2188:Braunschweig
2168:Aschersleben
2151:Other cities
1918:
1889:
1867:
1846:
1825:
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1785:
1764:
1741:
1720:
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1700:No. 157 )".
1685:. Retrieved
1680:
1676:
1663:
1642:
1617:
1596:
1574:
1562:
1550:
1538:
1533:, p. 3.
1526:
1514:
1502:
1490:
1483:Brown (1999)
1478:
1466:
1454:
1442:
1415:
1388:
1376:
1364:
1352:
1340:
1311:
1299:
1287:
1275:
1263:
1251:
1239:
1227:
1215:
1203:
1198:, p. 6.
1176:
1164:
1152:
1110:
1098:
1086:
1074:
1062:
1055:Frank (1999)
1050:
1038:
1026:
1014:
1002:
990:
978:
966:
954:
949:, p. 6.
942:
930:
918:
906:. Retrieved
892:
869:
860:
840:
790:
778:
760:
744:
738:
725:
697:
693:
679:
655:
644:
622:
614:
607:
591:
575:Preparations
569:the Pentagon
534:
516:
501:
484:
478:in northern
444:Yahata kūshū
443:
436:
434:
414:
386:
245:Meetinghouse
244:
222:
157:Light damage
97:Belligerents
42:Part of the
29:
3449:Other areas
3410:Middle East
3383:(Sri Lanka)
3043:Pacific War
2915:Southampton
2830:Bournemouth
2652:Netherlands
2483:Alessandria
2423:Schweinfurt
2418:SaarbrĂĽcken
2263:Halberstadt
2223:Dietzenbach
2173:Baden-Baden
1567:Cate (1953)
1543:Cate (1953)
1531:Cate (1953)
1471:Cate (1953)
1435:Cate (1953)
1408:Cate (1953)
1393:Wolf (2005)
1381:Cate (1953)
1333:Cate (1953)
1316:Cate (1953)
1304:Cate (1953)
1244:Ross (2003)
1208:Kerr (1991)
1169:Cate (1953)
1157:Cate (1953)
1145:Cate (1953)
1115:Cate (1953)
1103:Cate (1953)
1079:Cate (1953)
1043:Cate (1953)
995:Cate (1953)
971:Cate (1953)
959:Cate (1953)
947:Cate (1953)
728:blacked out
683:searchlight
488:firebombing
460:Pacific War
458:during the
437:bombing of
417:(cancelled)
199:Pacific War
140:24 fighters
48:Pacific War
3519:Categories
3389:(Malaysia)
3377:(Thailand)
3258:Utsunomiya
3018:(Bulgaria)
2986:Hammerfest
2931:Yugoslavia
2900:Nottingham
2890:Manchester
2825:Birmingham
2777:Stalingrad
2679:Middelburg
2398:PeenemĂĽnde
2378:Nordhausen
2328:Königsberg
2293:Hildesheim
2208:Crailsheim
2122:DĂĽsseldorf
1687:7 February
1588:References
908:19 January
498:Background
466:to employ
398:Sagami Bay
387:Starvation
319:Utsunomiya
3500:Fort Lamy
3466:Gibraltar
3326:Australia
3305:Singapore
3275:Yokkaichi
3268:June 1944
3248:Toyohashi
3168:Hiratsuka
3163:Hamamatsu
3110:Indonesia
3091:Hong Kong
3086:Chongqing
3030:(Croatia)
3024:(Austria)
2994:(Finland)
2982:(Ireland)
2976:(Hungary)
2953:Podgorica
2937:Belgrade
2910:Sheffield
2880:Liverpool
2850:Clydebank
2805:The Blitz
2767:Leningrad
2741:Bucharest
2699:The Hague
2674:Enkhuizen
2664:Eindhoven
2659:Amsterdam
2498:Benevento
2433:Stuttgart
2403:Pforzheim
2393:Paderborn
2388:OsnabrĂĽck
2383:Nuremberg
2353:Magdeburg
2313:Karlsruhe
2298:Innsbruck
2288:Heilbronn
2238:Frankfurt
2213:Darmstadt
2142:Wuppertal
2092:Battle of
1993:V-weapons
1983:Firestorm
885:Citations
832:Footnotes
782:Manchuria
757:Aftermath
721:scrambled
464:such raid
334:Yokkaichi
324:Toyohashi
313:Hiratsuka
308:Hamamatsu
211:Air raids
3440:Tel Aviv
3359:Unalaska
3293:(Taiwan)
3284:Colonies
3253:Toyokawa
3233:Shizuoka
3122:Surabaya
3117:Sukabumi
3101:Shanghai
3063:Mandalay
3000:(Norway)
2992:Helsinki
2988:(Norway)
2974:Budapest
2958:Sarajevo
2905:Plymouth
2865:Greenock
2855:Coventry
2835:Brighton
2746:Ploiești
2684:Nijmegen
2669:Enschede
2548:Grosseto
2533:Frascati
2508:Cagliari
2463:WĂĽrzburg
2358:Mannheim
2283:Hannover
2203:Chemnitz
2163:Augsburg
2117:Duisburg
2112:Dortmund
2094:the Ruhr
2065:Le Havre
1888:(2010).
902:Archived
820:See also
746:Newsweek
713:Cheju-Do
641:Japanese
450:(USAAF)
415:Downfall
359:2nd Kure
354:Yokosuka
349:Kumagaya
344:Shizuoka
329:Toyokawa
268:1st Kure
132:Strength
80:Location
3456:Bahrain
3381:Colombo
3375:Bangkok
3291:Taihoku
3213:Okazaki
3193:Nagaoka
3153:Fukuoka
3096:Nanjing
2920:Swansea
2895:Norwich
2845:Cardiff
2840:Bristol
2820:Belfast
2788:Kingdom
2734:Romania
2715:Frampol
2638:Viterbo
2633:Vicenza
2618:Trieste
2613:Treviso
2583:Pescara
2578:Palermo
2558:Messina
2553:Livorno
2523:Ferrara
2518:Catania
2513:Cassino
2503:Bologna
2413:Rostock
2408:Potsdam
2368:MĂĽnster
2333:Leipzig
2273:Hamburg
2258:Giessen
2228:Dresden
2198:Breslau
2183:Bocholt
2137:Krefeld
2107:Cologne
2084:Germany
2044:Tallinn
2032:Estonia
2011:Denmark
1651:9828710
1630:9828710
741:strafed
610:Bangkok
549:Chengdu
370:Battles
339:Okazaki
283:Fukuoka
228:Nagaoka
197:of the
87:, Japan
3461:Cyprus
3393:Manila
3338:Darwin
3333:Broome
3263:Yawata
3228:Sendai
3223:Rabaul
3208:Numazu
3198:Nagoya
3143:Aomori
3028:Zagreb
3022:Vienna
3004:Prague
2998:Namsos
2980:Dublin
2885:London
2860:Exeter
2786:United
2725:Wieluń
2720:Warsaw
2708:Poland
2628:Verona
2598:Rimini
2568:Naples
2528:Foggia
2488:Ancona
2428:Siegen
2373:Munich
2338:LĂĽbeck
2318:Kassel
2218:Dessau
2193:Bremen
2178:Berlin
2158:Aachen
2102:Bochum
2053:France
1896:
1874:
1855:
1832:
1813:
1792:
1773:
1750:
1727:
1708:
1649:
1628:
1604:
733:London
630:rolled
553:Bengal
480:Kyūshū
476:Yawata
439:Yawata
298:Aomori
273:Sendai
253:Nagoya
233:Numazu
223:Yawata
122:
108:
85:Yawata
3471:Malta
3435:Jaffa
3430:Haifa
3238:Tokyo
3218:Osaka
3148:Fukui
3138:Akita
3131:Japan
3079:China
3051:Burma
3016:Sofia
2875:Leeds
2772:Minsk
2762:Gorky
2643:Zadar
2623:Turin
2608:Terni
2573:Padua
2563:Milan
2543:Gorla
2538:Genoa
2476:Italy
2458:Worms
2443:Wesel
2363:Moers
2348:Mainz
2323:Kleve
2278:Hanau
2268:Halle
2233:Emden
2127:Essen
2070:Royan
2039:Narva
2023:Rønne
1622:(PDF)
520:B-29s
293:Akita
278:Fukui
258:Osaka
239:Tokyo
125:Japan
3493:Chad
3425:Acre
3203:Naha
3188:Kure
3183:KĹŤfu
3178:Kobe
3158:Gifu
2946:1944
2941:1941
2870:Hull
2815:Bath
2603:Rome
2588:Pisa
2493:Bari
2303:Jena
2060:Caen
2018:Nexø
1919:Life
1894:ISBN
1872:ISBN
1853:ISBN
1830:ISBN
1811:ISBN
1790:ISBN
1771:ISBN
1748:ISBN
1725:ISBN
1706:ISBN
1689:2011
1647:OCLC
1626:OCLC
1602:ISBN
910:2016
850:B-25
844:The
690:Raid
634:coke
435:The
303:Gifu
288:KĹŤfu
263:Kobe
72:Date
2438:Ulm
1683:(1)
3521::
1917:.
1681:32
1679:.
1675:.
1662:.
1427:^
1400:^
1323:^
1188:^
1137:^
1122:^
3244:)
3240:(
1949:e
1942:t
1935:v
1902:.
1880:.
1861:.
1838:.
1819:.
1798:.
1779:.
1756:.
1733:.
1714:.
1691:.
1610:.
1521:.
912:.
855:.
442:(
186:e
179:t
172:v
20:)
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