Bolivarian propaganda

666:, was initially opposed to Twitter calling it a site "for spoiled brats to criticize him". According to Morozov, when the censorship of the Internet becomes "impractical, politically indefensible, or prohibitively expensive, governments begin to experiment with propaganda". As the use of Twitter by his opposition increased and since Chávez could not easily censor Twitter, he chose to become a user in order to place his own ideology on the social media website. In April 2010, President Chávez created a Twitter account and had 500,000 followers within a month, adding it as "part of the presidential choreography". Chávez's popularity on Twitter was not only attributed to his charisma, but to also his use of his government's resources, with Chávez announcing in a televised address that he would use hundreds of publicly funded staffers to "help him win the Twitter war". Hundreds of state workers then helped Chávez manage his Twitter account. Twitter eventually grew to be the most popular social media site in Venezuela, with Venezuelans being some of the largest Twitter users in the world. 797: 970:

ideology, which is the ideology of the Bolivarian Revolution". Math books have "frequent references to social benefit programs introduced by Chávez". In history books, there is only one page explaining Venezuela's last 40 years of democracy while there are over twenty pages devoted to Chávez. According to Maria Teresa Clement, Secretary of Communication of the Venezuelan Federation of Teachers, the changes to the history books "revolves around the role played by a single president , as if the previous historical record was irrelevant". Other books also include anti-capitalist attitudes and show "economic sectors of the country and the U.S. as the great enemies of the country". One text "ensures economic groups launched a coup with the help of United States sent ships to invade Venezuelan waters".

318:, stated that the committee recognized would continue communicating like "Commander Hugo Chávez, the great communicator, agitator and propagandist to remain so for indeed still with us and will remain, his message, his political doctrine which is the guide and permanent blaze that pushes us to move forward together to conquer this people building the Bolivarian Socialism". Villegas further explained that "the commission planned communication strategies that will be based on the policy guidelines issued by the PSUV". According to the PSUV, "members of the committee will hold regular and special meetings, in order to develop plans and carry out actions to defend the truth and block the war waged against the Bolivarian Revolution". 300:, "since coming to power, the government of the Fifth Republic Movement (MVR), what is today the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV), devoted the bulk of its energies to achieving three basic objectives with respect to communications, ... the erection of a single regulatory framework to govern all audiovisual and electronic media; the expansion of alternative-community media, as well as public, preceded by a strong economic investment in order to optimize the operation of these media devices through training, provision of equipment and infrastructure improvement, and the creation of independent bodies that centralize content control, access to grants and frequencies and management of training courses, among other issues". 1177:, it is explained that Venezuela is "well positioned to develop strategic communication programs, given its oil-related revenues" and that Venezuela "invested considerable resources" in order to "amplify the possibilities of the 'Bolivarian Revolution' for regional integration". The Bolivarian government would also use "supportive statements from allied regimes" while the such regimes would "routinely back each other up publicly, adding credence to their propaganda and jointly discrediting Western media outlets and unallied foreign governments in order to minimise the impact of future criticism". The Bolivarian government would also use the support of "heads of state and left-leaning international celebrities, such as 1139: 1620: 2063: 2011: 1600: 1532: 48: 1608: 1151: 2170: 7061: 7056: 885:

has denounced dozens. Conspiracy theories by the Venezuelan government rarely involved evidence. Some pro-government members have "accused conspirators of using newspaper crossword puzzles to communicate with enemies of the state, of developing tools to give leftist leaders cancer, and of plotting to 'ruin Christmas' with a coup included." During the 2014 Venezuelan protests, President Maduro also alleged that the protests were "orchestrated and directed by political and financial elites in the United States" and were a coup in progress.

20: 741: 272: 1517:, Wilpert, according to individuals in the Venezuelan government, was "an integral part of Venezuela's propaganda complex and key to their foreign service mission in the United States", with Wilpert working with Global Exchange, the Venezuelan Information Office (VIO) and his Venezuelanalysis.com website. Nelson also states that Venezuelanalysis "tried to discredit virtually every independent human rights study" during Hugo Chávez's tenure whenever the Bolivarian government was criticized. 1059: 439: 283:, the Venezuelan government's Ministry of Popular Power for Communication and Information (MINCI) used the majority of their 2014 budget for "official propaganda". According to a political communication analyst, Oswaldo Ramírez, MINCI has been "the propaganda function" during the Maduro presidency due to his low popularity. The vice president of the National Association of Journalists (CNP), Nikary González, stated that MINCI "remains with political propaganda that favors the PSUV". 757: 2083: 1115: 962:". The Venezuelan Chamber of Private Education refused to take part in the proposed plan, with their education specialist, Mariano Herrera, warning that the project "has political bias". Orlando Alzuru, president of the Venezuelan Federation of Teachers (FVM), said that "the new Bolivarian curriculum is also biased and is being used to worship the figure of Chávez" and continued saying " see with astonishment that the government is forcing teachers to sing the 7387: 1002: 36: 1487: 626:, VTV would share ads depicting Venezuelans waiting in line for gas canisters with a voice saying "The opposition unleashed terrorism on the Venezuelan people and it led to hunger and unemployment. Thanks to the new PDVSA, PDVSA is for all of us, all of us are PDVSA". VTV would also alter images of pro-government rallies to make them appear larger and used outdated videos to attack opposition members or former supporters. 2002:. A year later in a 13 February 2012 opinion article by Radio Nacional de Venezuela, titled "The Enemy is Zionism" attacked Capriles' Jewish ancestry and linked him with Jewish national groups because of a meeting he had held with local Jewish leaders, saying, "This is our enemy, the Zionism that Capriles today represents ... Zionism, along with capitalism, are responsible for 90% of world poverty and imperialist wars." 1832:, holding Venezuela's attention and would increase efforts whenever he faced more problems. The images and messages promote ideological mobilization, including Chávez as a "liberator", the positive effects of the Bolivarian Revolution (including social reforms), and power deriving from the people. The overall goal of the Bolivarian propaganda machine is to reflect society's wants and goals for an improved Venezuela. 1403: 1751: 6957: 654:, Morozov explains how the Internet was originally supposed to make individuals "less susceptible to propaganda from politicians" according to one scholar in 1997, though Chávez and others proved that the prediction was wrong. Hugo Chávez's government then "hired contingents of government-funded but technically independent online commentators" to help spread and defend his message. 1583:, Juan Pablo Lupi, the creation of Chávez's cult of personality was "very well-staged, all this process of myth-making and appealing to the feelings and religious sentiment of the people. This is something that is quasi-religious". Lupi's explanation of Chávez's cult of personality was similar to those of Juan Carlos Bertorelli, a marketing company creative director in Caracas and 1050:, "Chávez didn’t fear elections; he embraced them" because "ather than stuffing ballot boxes, Chávez understood that he could tilt the playing field enough to make it nearly impossible to defeat him". Dobson continued saying that "Chávez’s campaign coffers were fed by opaque slush funds holding billions in oil revenue. The government’s media dominance drowned out the opposition." 1099:

it gave "a huge propaganda advantage to Maduro". He also explained that Maduro had "a more than 10-1 advantage in television propaganda time", where Capriles was only allowed 4 minutes of advertising per day, Maduro had the same 4 minutes, 10 minutes for government public service ads and an unlimited amount of time for "obligatory national broadcast speeches".

595:(ALBA), knowing the importance of propaganda, "embarked upon an ambitious plan to control information across the hemisphere" and began their plan with the creation of teleSUR in 2005. TeleSUR changed from a "modest attempt to pluralize media" to an organization that tries "to promote the charismatic presence of Hugo Chávez as an international figure". 1021:, Manuel Anselmi explains that "To get an idea of the importance of Bolivarian propaganda as a source of alternative political education one can use the testimony of Hugo Chávez himself". Chávez explained how he had "read the classics of socialism and of military theory and study the possible role of the army in a democratic popular revolt". 1591:. Carlos Bertorelli stated that the Bolivarian government created a cult of personality surrounding Chávez in order to "maintain a presence that legitimizes them" while Birns stated that "For many in the movement, Chavez, or the movement of the Chavistas towards a religious stance, is less a matter of faith than it is a matter of strategy". 193:". Months after being inaugurated in 1999, Chávez promised to bring dramatic change to Venezuela through this revolution resulting in a "radical redefinition of the relationship of the media system of mass communication with the sphere of political power and beyond, with the State itself as controller and regulating agent of society". 2161:

According to Corales and Penfold, "widespread use of elections is certainly impressive, and many consider it a sign of democratic vitality, even though electoral institutions have been openly manipulated". Elections were in fact used as an "electoral majoritarianism" argument used by Chávez to consolidate more power into his hands.

2124:, Hugo Chávez gave an anti-imperialist and anti-United States speech calling George W. Bush "the devil" and "world dictator". He accused Bush of spreading imperialism saying "he came to share his nostrums, to try to preserve the current pattern of domination, exploitation and pillage of the peoples of the world." He also criticized 200:", had become the foundation of the Hugo Chávez administration, with Chávez utilizing the national hero Simón Bolívar to legitimize his political standing. According to Rory Carroll, "Media mastery had helped the commandante win successive elections and turn his administration into what he called the Bolivarian revolution". 488:, "an obligatory national broadcast, in order to provide information on the activities of his administration, as he believes that private media outlets do not report on official acts and conceal his administration's achievements". Between April 2013 and January 2016, President Maduro spent over 500 hours speaking on 330:. Ernesto Villegas said that, "We will go to each brigade, paintings and some elements for propaganda. For that we will we deploy on the street and has murals and presence of the voice of the Bolivarian Revolution telling the truth, carrying the memory, enthusiasm and optimism, additional information is necessary". 773:, there are dozens of pro-Chavez groups that apply graffiti in Venezuela with most of them being government-sponsored. Government-sponsored works in imagery are prominent in Caracas that link liberators, revolutionaries, and leftist icons to socialist ideals. Individuals included in the government imagery are 2033:

Hugo Chávez described "any opposition to his government as a 'Made in the USA' corrupt, terrorist, coup-mongering plot to topple his democratic government". The opposition was often linked to adversaries of the Venezuelan government and a "sovereignty card" was used linking foreign adversaries to the

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uses emotional arguments to gain attention, exploit the fears (either real or imagined) of the population, create external enemies for scapegoat purposes, and produce nationalism within the population, causing feelings of betrayal for support of the opposition. Whenever a problem was faced by Chávez,

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fanaticism" and saying that since she was a German, she feared that the Bolivarian leaders "consciously used religious symbols and instruments, abusing the spiritual needs of people" in ways that were seen under "German dictatorships". Ennio Cardozo, a political scientist at the Central University of

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stated that "the Chavez administration tended to point fingers at the CIA or shadowy outside groups" while President Maduro would "often target local opposition figures". During Chávez's tenure, there were 63 alleged assassination and coup plots while in the first 15 months of Maduro's presidency, he

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Under President Maduro, the Venezuelan government used tens of thousands of Twitter bots to disseminate their propaganda and ideology for support. Oxford's Computational Propaganda Research Project found that Venezuela often uses bots to disseminate social media posts. Another study by the Utah State

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stated that President Maduro "has continued to use obligatory national radio and television broadcasts to transmit government messages" and criticized President Maduro saying that “not just any information justifies the interruption by the President of the Republic of regularly scheduled programming.

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Through the use of propaganda, Chávez continually verbalized his successes on television which resulted in a large popular base of support. Under Chávez, the number of state television channels grew from one to eight, with each channel constantly showing Chávez. What Chávez said "became de facto law"

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For the new strategic landscape that arises, the fight that falls in the ideological field has to do with a battle of ideas for the hearts and minds of people. We need to develop a new plan, and we are proposing is to the communicational and informational hegemony of the State ... Our socialism needs

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Maria Uribe, the Committee on Communication and Propaganda of PSUV-Táchira member who recited the "prayer" responded to the criticism saying that the "prayer of the delegates" was to reflect on "what it meant to be like Chávez" who she called "an example of solidarity, love, commitment, humanity and

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article that Maduro had a much larger advantage in the 2013 presidential elections saying that the elections were "one of the most uneven electoral contests anywhere in recent times". Oppenheimer said that when Maduro was acting as interim president, when he extended mourning for Hugo Chávez's death

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installed himself in Telesur and took the reins ... For him it wasn't about promoting Latin American identity and doing something different with television, but serving Chávez's domestic agenda and being a political instrument. That meant propaganda as rolling news. The same garbage as the enemy but

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their conversations and playing them throughout state media. The Venezuelan government promotes the use of such recordings since they are "aimed mainly at discrediting opposition politicians", though recent phone tapped recordings used in state media are attributed to entities online instead of the

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has been created around the late-President Hugo Chávez, where his supporters venerate him. Chávez largely received his support through his charisma and by spending Venezuela's oil funds on the poor. Since his death, followers known as "Chavistas" refer to his death as a "transition to immortality",

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stated that "Bolivarian propaganda" of both Chávez and then defense secretary José Vicente Rangel was not just verbal, that there were "indications that the government of Chávez has supported violent indigenous movements in Bolivia, and in the case of Ecuador, military coup members" and called both

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The way Chávez designed the electoral system and the fast rate of elections assisted him since his opposition did not have the same amount of resources and funding that he had. During election campaigns, Chávez was portrayed in many ways; such as being an athlete. An advertisement promoting housing

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Patricia Andrade, president of the NGO Venezuela Awareness, said that the new books involved in the governments new curriculum "contain a high load of ideological doctrine of socialism" and that "the books eliminate critical thinking of children and create the basis for indoctrination into a single

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and how the United States endorsed the 2002 coup. According to critics, the conspiracies brought forth by the Venezuelan government take attention away from domestic problems, such as a high inflation rate, high murder rate and shortages. Gregory Weeks, a political science professor specializing in

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The Venezuelan government requires the "name, image or figure" of Hugo Chávez to be authorized before being applied to public spaces. At the PDVSA headquarters in Caracas, large banners of Chavez appeared on the building despite the constitutional ban on political propaganda on public institutions.

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In 2005 after teleSUR was founded, it was described as being a network showing the diversity of Latin America. After 2007 however, some began to believe that teleSUR appeared to be a propaganda tool for Hugo Chávez and his Bolivarian Revolution, with the network being described as "a mouthpiece for

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in order to state that there was media plurality in the country. The Venezuelan government harassed Globovision with fines and rhetoric until its majority owner fled the country, closed dozens of radio stations and warned all media organizations into fear that if they criticized the government they

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used to be good at propaganda. Now they cannot even get that right". Essayist Alberto Barrera Tyszka has stated that citizens viewing state propaganda see well-fed Bolivarian officials living in "decadence", which offends the "poverty of Venezuelans” and has damaged the government's image, with the

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One strategy of the Venezuelan government's propaganda was to persuade "the Venezuelan people and the international community that Chavez's Bolivarian Revolution is the true democratic road to prosperity". A common message was that Chávez was "the legitimate, legal, democratically elected leader".

2026:. Such tactics would include "simplifying the enemy" by using labels, with the Venezuelan government attempting to polarize the public into thinking that the opposition were "the wealthy" were part of an "oligarchy", blaming the opposition for any of Venezuela's woes. Another tactic would be using 1279:

In November 2014, Palestinian students who aspired to be doctors were accepted into Venezuela through the Venezuelan government's Yasser Arafat Scholarship Program to earn medicine degrees. Months later in July 2015, dozens of students had already left Venezuela and began to drop out, stating that

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as the only ideology in the schools". In 2014, the government made a new effort to implement the proposed curriculum. In April 2014, the government had students answer questionnaires with questions such as "How do you would like your school?" and other questions involving teachers. There were also

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For the 2015 Venezuelan government budget, the Venezuelan government designated 1.8 billion bolívares for the promotion of the supposed achievements made by the government of Nicolás Maduro, which was more than the 1.3 billion bolívares designated by the Ministry of Interior, Justice and Peace for

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which Chávez led, with Straka explaining that some Venezuelans "saw no solution to their most fundamental problems and they saw in Chávez a savior, or an avenger of those groups that had no hope". Since the beginning of Chávez's tenure in 1999, the Venezuelan government manipulated the Venezuelan

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The Associated Press notes that although to foreigners "the allegations can seem far-fetched", "the charges don't seem that wild" to government supporters. The reason for these beliefs of government supporters provided states that Venezuelans are "well-versed" about the United States' involvement

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In September 2014, days after it was reported that some private newspapers stated that their paper reserves had been depleted, President Maduro announced the creation of two state newspapers that he said the "Vice President of Advertising will activate a set of propaganda brigades move out to the

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called "a media savvy, forward-thinking propagandist has the oil wealth to influence public opinion". Many Venezuelan's tuned in because he would "reward his supporters with gifts and patronage, deciding, if not matters of life and death, then at least the destinies of individual citizens". From

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Venezuela will continue to donate heating oil to some 200,000 low-income US households, reversing a decision to suspend supplies, officials say. ... When the scheme began four years ago, critics decried it as a propaganda stunt by President Chávez, aimed at annoying the Bush administration, and

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by a European diplomat, being "planned down to the last detail" in order to promote the Bolivarian Revolution and anti-American sentiments to the tourists. The tourists saw the PDVSA headquarters for choreographed meetings, experienced trips to various Venezuelan government facilities, visits to

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During the 2012 Venezuelan presidential elections, the eastern region of Venezuela had Chávez propaganda covered the region with articles such billboards and banners, supposedly due to the lost support of the Venezuelan government in the area due to oil refinery incidents and other environmental

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stated that "Hitler's partners were Jews… These were not the Jews murdered in the concentration camps. were working-class Jews, Communist Jews, poor Jews, because the rich Jews were the ones behind the plan to occupy Palestine". In April 2011, Cristina González, a popular radio host from Radio

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agency that had a stated mission that was "to prevent US intervention in Venezuela" and to "improve the perception of Venezuela by the American people by managing the communication process through the media". Founded in July 2003 by the Venezuelan government the VIO was funded by the Venezuelan

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Bolivarian propaganda has been disseminated in Venezuela and the abroad. The Bolivarian Revolution is advertised through all outlets: TV, radio, Internet (with websites like the Venezuelan Solidarity Campaign), magazines (like Viva Venezuela), newspapers, murals, billboards, memorabilia (action

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states that TeleSUR "attempts to whitewash regime abuses and failures" and that "TeleSUR focuses on exaggerated coverage of negative events elsewhere ... and sets up false comparisons, such as equating Venezuelan supermarket queues and queues for the 'Black Friday' shopping holiday in the US".

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A mix of Jay Leno and Mussolini, the show allowed Chávez to share his views on anything from baseball to George W. Bush; to answer phone calls from the populace; to share personal anecdotes, fire ministers, announce the start of wars, or burst into song. International celebrities such as Naomi

1754: 1742:". It was also encouraged by President Maduro for citizens of Venezuela to recite what he called a "poem" in order to follow the "values of Chavez". President of the National Assembly, Diosdado Cabello, also criticized the Catholic Church saying they should worry about more important matters. 1231:

presented evidence that the Venezuelan government allegedly worked through both the Patriotas Cooperantes and Mission Barrio Seguro programs to "promote their revolutionary ideology" through members of the programs. Former SEBIN officials also stated that some members of the program were also

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stated that Chávez's government was able to fund 70% of TeleSUR's functions while also providing broadcasting facilities, with other leftist governments supporting the network as well, advertising it "as a Latin socialist answer to CNN". Joel D. Hirst, a former International Affairs Fellow in

236:, 65% of Venezuela's Ministry of Communication and Information (MINCI) funds were used for "official propaganda" in 2014. Allocation of funds to MINCI were over 500 million Venezuelan bolívares. These funds were divided among separate government media organizations; 161,043,447 bolívares to 1758: 1757: 1753: 1752: 1718:. Monsignor Baltazar Porras, bishop of Mérida, said that this type of action "is nothing new" in the years following the Bolivarian Revolution and that the Venezuelan government wanted to "screw in the principles and values which the revolution wants to impose, a kind of secular religion". 2136:. He then called the United Nations system "worthless" and that it had "collapsed". Chávez said that the United States promoted violence while Venezuela represented "dignity and the search for peace". After making his statements about seeking peace, Chávez asked for Venezuela to be on the 467:

that would interrupt television programs had various topics ranging from visits from Russian delegations to tours of tractor factories, with the program lasting until Chávez wanted to stop speaking. By 2010, Chávez had spent 1,300 hours, or 53 days, speaking on them with a total of 1,923

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stated in a 2012 report that "State-sanctioned anti-Semitic and anti-Israel rhetoric" was "common in Venezuela under President Hugo Chávez" and that it had increased during the 2012 presidential campaign involving Henrique Capriles Radonski, who had Jewish heritage. According to the

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Latin America at the University of North Carolina said that conspiracy theories are "one way that the Maduro administration has added extra paranoia to its strategy" and that "Chavez went after local opposition, too, but he didn't feel the need to use conspiracy theories to do so."

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The National Commission of Propaganda, Agitation and Communication encourages people on the street to use their work and place propaganda in public spaces in order to counter "capitalist relations of exploitation and domination". Their website includes stencils for Venezuelans to

395:, Daniel Aguirre and Caroline Ávila state that the "emergence of new media outlets that amplify the propaganda messaging that Chávez directly articulated and was later channeled by pro-government media" is covered in reports of the limitations of press freedom in Venezuela under 252:. Funding for domestic propaganda increased 139.3% in the 2015 budget with 73.7% of the Ministry of Communication and Information's budget compromising for official propaganda. With the 2015 budget, payments for government media could be around 3.61 billion bolívares per year. 484:

Rather, it must be information that could be of interest to the masses by informing them of facts that could be of public significance and that are truly necessary for real citizen participation in public life”. On 10 September 2013, President Maduro announced the creation of

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Under Maduro, the government's "main weapon ... remains, state control of television, which repeats endlessly the risible claim that Venezuela is a victim of an economic war". However, unlike Chávez, Maduro lacks the same charisma that drew positive attention from the masses.

533:, with personalism in his speeches remaining common throughout his presidency while polarising and "revolutionary" language increased. Chávez would use the program to show Venezuelans that those who supported him were rewarded while those who did not were used as scapegoats. 4987:

The intense propaganda machine installed by Chávez in the U.S. (that costs the Venezuelan Embassy well over a million dollars per year) is trying to sell U.S. public opinion on the idea that Hugo Chávez is universally loved by Venezuelans while the United States is bitterly

1430:. In September 2003, VIO contacted Global Exchange in order to "ensure success" of their campaign while also discussing "ideas for strategizing on Venezuela" and "to begin conference calls of solidarity groups". In 2004, a former Global Economy Director for Global Exchange, 764:

In Venezuela, Chávez's face can be seen on tens of thousands of billboards, posters and buildings throughout the country, usually accompanied by accomplishments of "socialist reforms". The images are "meant to inspire ideological fervor, political loyalty, and reverence".

1955:. The CAIV continues, stating that the media accuses Zionism of being a "predator movement", that "anti-Semitic authors pretend to establish differences between Jewish religion and the Zionist movement" and that the Venezuelan government's media uses anti-Semitic themes. 1771:, Venezuelans in several states attacked the image of Chávez due to its symbolic representation of the ruling Bolivarian government. A 2016 Alfredo Keller y Asociados survey found that 75% of Venezuelans disagreed with the use of Chávez statues as propaganda. In the 1336:, said that Chávez has a costly and "intense propaganda machine" operating via the Venezuelan Embassy in the United States that attempted to tell Americans "that Hugo Chávez is universally loved by Venezuelans while the United States is bitterly hated". A 2005–2009 681:

On 31 January 2019, Twitter deleted thousands of fake accounts linked to the governments of Iran, Russia and Venezuela, stating that the accounts would work in unison to influence international policy. Approximately 2,000 fake accounts from Venezuela were deleted.

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from a radio show to a full-fledged live, unscripted, television show promoting the Bolivarian Revolution, blaming the Venezuelan economic problems on its northern neighbor, the United States as a "mass-market soapbox for the policies and musings" of Chávez, who

923:, which have "political content" in each book, that over 5 million children had used between 2010 and 2014. According to Leonardo Carvajal of the Assembly of Education in Venezuela, the collection of books had "become a vulgar propaganda". Venezuelan historian 1756: 203:

Chávez's popularity was accomplished through "exploitation of charismatic legitimacy" and a propaganda program was established to accomplish "participatory democracy", to strengthen his political position, and to strengthen his power base. Douglas Schoen in

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father". The Catholic Church of Venezuela criticized the modified version in a statement signed by head figures of the organization, saying that The Lord's Prayer is "untouchable", that whoever recited the modified version would be committing the sin of

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to improve the image of Hugo Chávez in the United States. In 2004, it was estimated that the Venezuelan government's funding of propaganda was $ 30,000 per day domestically to about $ 1.0 million per day for both domestic and international propaganda.

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It was in response to this 'Cubanization' that the opposition movement against Chávez was born: A group of mothers realized that their children's new textbooks were really Cuban schoolbooks heavily infused with revolutionary propaganda, with new

919:, the "Bolivarian curriculum" that was instituted to reflect Chávez's goals was against a 1980 law that prohibited political propaganda in schools. The Venezuelan government released 35 million books to primary and secondary schools called the 295:

is the ruling political party of the Venezuelan government which was created from the fusion of pro-Bolivarian Revolution and pro-Chávez parties. The PSUV has used propaganda to influence support for the Bolivarian Revolution. According to the

343:), festivals, and public service vehicles (like buses and ambulances). In Venezuela, "Hugo Chávez is everywhere", along with images portraying similarities to Simón Bolívar; the typical images that accompany the pro-socialist messages are the 811:, a state-owned film and television studio started in 2006, has also been criticized as a "propaganda factory", according to Nichols and Morse and independent film makers. Chávez said that Villa del Cine would help break the "dictatorship of 1306:, Venezuelan radio and television transmitted in Spain portrays a happy Venezuela that is free of conflict which the newspaper says "exists only in the minds of the official propaganda designed to extend the legacy of the late Hugo Chávez". 1654:

In 2014, those involved in education and the government's opposition accused Venezuela's new educational curriculum of making Chávez appear "messianic", as the "liberator of Venezuela", and like "the new God". In a report about Chavez's

2147:, a Venezuelan state newspaper critical of the United States, often used multiple pages to discredit the United States government and shared conspiracies involving the United States and its supposed links to the Venezuelan opposition. 1082:, Nicolás Maduro "has continued to use obligatory national radio and television broadcasts to transmit government messages" and that "the use of obligatory national broadcasts intensified during the campaign and in the days following 670:

University Data Science Lab finding such activity, with professor Kyumin Lee stating that findings "conclude that there is a bot alliance". Twitter has deactivated about 6,000 bots used by the Venezuelan government. Since 2014, the

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The Venezuelan state media "regularly broadcasts government-sponsored activities" and "romotional campaigns for Chavez's social missions" in order "to underscore the diversity of its supporters". Many Venezuelan's viewed Chávez's

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as well as other instances of statue toppling during times of popular unrest. Days later in Santa Barbara, a locally made statue of Chávez was severely damage as protesters threw Molotov cocktails and other objects at the figure.

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with political projects of the ruling to be directly involved in public and private schools" in Venezuela. She continued saying that schoolchildren are "very easy to manipulate" and need to develop political beliefs on their own.

363:"complained about what she called a government-orchestrated propaganda machine that churns out spots ridiculing Chávez's critics, runs talk shows dominated by ruling party hopefuls and picks up all of the president's speeches". 853:. Stone hoped the film would get the rest of the Western world to rethink socialist policies in South America, particularly as it was being applied by Hugo Chávez. Chávez joined Stone for the premiere of the documentary at the 2140:

saying, "Bolivar's home has sought a nonpermanent seat on the Security Council." He concluded saying that a new movement was being formulated in the south and even proposed moving the United Nations headquarters to Venezuela.

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In February 2004, the president of state television station Venezolana de Television (VTV) stated that VTV was not a state television station but a station of President Chávez's political party. VTV would have ads showing the

1884:, in Venezuela, “anti-Semitic allegations are an integral part of the extreme anti-Israel propaganda of governmental and pro- Chavez circles”. During Chavez's presidency, the Venezuelan Jewish community made statements at a 1322:. Iglesias was then quoted by Enrique Riobóo, founder and director of Channel 33 for Tele K, as a supporter for the creation of an independent TeleSUR channel for Europe and cooperation of media between Venezuela and Spain. 462:

every few days, often taking over regular programming for hours and using the broadcasts as an effective weapon to fight criticism by running continuously to all audiences both in urban and rural sections of Venezuela. The

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that opposition to Chávez was "born a group of mothers realized that their children's new textbooks were really Cuban schoolbooks heavily infused with revolutionary propaganda". According to Nichols and Morse in the book

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introduced a cultural center that would tell the history of Venezuela and allegedly promoted the cult of personality of Chavez. In a November 2014 conference, photos of Hugo Chávez surrounded the audience and accused the

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the Venezuelan government program "consisted only of Spanish language lessons and indoctrination about Venezuela’s 16-year-old socialist revolution". The departure of the students resulted in the freezing of the program.

2050:, was mainly used to attack the opposition with such tactics, using photographs and audio recording to embarrass their politicians. The source of this content was presumed to be from the country's intelligence agency, 731:

commented on the acquisition stating "having our own media is one of the goals for this year. God willing, in the following days we could have a newspaper, for which we are already doing everything relevant to occur."

1106:, President Maduro was observed on state-media waving to a supposed audience during a victory speech, though later footage showed that he was waving to an imaginary crowd in what was described as a propaganda stunt. 1268: 1264: 832:, showed it at events. The Bolivarian government also used it to build support for Chávez and the film is often seen in Venezuelan television broadcasts or is used during "contentious political conjunctures". 3828: 5586:

Mr. Maduro continues to enjoy widespread support from Chavez followers — known as "Chavistas" — who've countered the recent opposition rallies in Caracas with massive pro-government demonstrations of their

1254:

were reportedly formed and received "economic support, logistic advice and ideological instruction from activists trained by the Venezuelan government" and had links according to intelligence reports with

2182:

program since it was known for unveiling new financial assistance packages every weekend to viewers. Chávez repeatedly expressed successes on television which resulted in a large popular base of support.

2098:

Chávez would blame problems experienced in Venezuela on the United States. Hugo Chávez used "brash, often confounding remarks against the US, capitalism, and a bevy of other topics". Chávez called former

5600: 760:

Propaganda is often incorporated with public housing provided to citizens. Images of Chávez and Maduro, as well as President Maduro's painted signature, cover this government-supplied housing facility.

5218: 689:, quoting Social Science One investigator Ariel Sheen, reported that Venezuela also had a large presence of sock puppets accounts on Facebook that were engaged in coordinated, inauthentic behavior 6542: 1755: 1472:, a former Global Exchange employee, to improve the image of Hugo Chávez and of the Venezuelan government in the United States, supporting and coordinating the media relations work of the VIO. 674:

has sent out messages to be repeated by supporters, state media workers, ministries and other governmental institutions. The Venezuelan government also created a mobile app that automatically

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stated that in all social science books, "there is an abuse of history, ... a clear trend favoring the current political project and the political programs of the Government". According to

309: 4892: 4512: 379:

Following this plan, the Venezuelan government shut down and limited private opposing media organizations, while expanding public propagandistic outlets, though it initially permitted

3770: 721:. In October 2014, the Vice President of The Commission of Propaganda, Agitation and Communication of the PSUV, Ernesto Villegas announced the Venezuelan government's acquisition of 2974: 2775: 1213:

of taking 26 children from Brazil since 2011 "in order to be indoctrinated in the Bolivarian revolution" and were allegedly used for Venezuelan government communication brigades.

3158:

Aguirre, Daniel; Ávila, Caroline (2020). "Propaganda and populist communication in Bolivia, Ecuador and Venezuela". In Baines, Paul; O'Shaughnessy, Nicholas; Snow, Nancy (eds.).

4655: 3028: 1369:, Global Exchange had been "spearheading much of Venezuela's U.S. propaganda campaign" offering what were called "reality tours" to Americans. The tours were described as being 1314:, which is primarily sponsored by Venezuelan state funds, spread the Bolivarian ideology throughout Spain since it was introduced in 2007. TeleSUR partners with Spanish channel 988:

The president of the Venezuelan Chamber of Private Education, María Teresa Hernández claims that Resolution 058 by the government is "unconstitutional" and that it "seeks for

985:

of children by educators" at the regional and national level, claiming that the days between the 5 and 15 of March were aimed "to worship former late President Hugo Chávez".

3744: 5807: 4430: 2802: 2746: 5419: 2915: 1990: 1358:, one of the Venezuelan government's propaganda methods discussed included the use of politically focused tourism for Americans. The Venezuelan government called upon the 1330:

Between 2004 and 2009, Venezuela spent about $ 1 billion on propaganda directed towards the public in the United States and Western countries. Gustavo Coronel, writing in

6453: 1154: 2018:

Enio Cardozo of the Central University of Venezuela states that the Venezuelan government uses the same propaganda tactics against the opposition that were developed by

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Ministry of Popular Power for Communication and Information board stating "The United States appears by providence to plague America with misery in the name of freedom."

266: 123:

was "an important role in maintaining and mobilizing government supporters". The image of Chávez was seen on sides of buildings, on T-shirts, on ambulances, on official

1445:

rallies, arranged for delegations of activists to embark on 'reality tours' of Venezuela, and encouraged art-house theaters to show a propaganda movie on Chávez called

6435: 6189: 4567: 1551:

commonly calling Chávez "the Giant", "the Eternal One", "eternal commander" and "El Comandante". There have been parallels between the veneration of Chávez to that of

5925: 4148: 2652: 1813:" – after two students were killed by the National Guard. Protesters in the area also destroyed five statues of Chávez in addition to destroying his childhood home. 1437:

Critics of the Venezuelan government state that the VIO was used for propaganda in the United States, stating that the VIO was used for one of Hugo Chávez's "modern

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states that "such rhetoric can be vital to propagating the siege mentality that is the main remaining source of legitimacy for the socialist regime Chávez built".

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1999 to 2009, President Chávez spent an average of 40 hours a week on television, spending over 1,500 between 2000 and 2010 denouncing capitalism on the show.

6101: 5998: 5608: 2309: 5951: 5227: 4461: 458:, or obligatory televised transmissions. Chávez's predecessors would only use the broadcasts for emergencies or important events. Hugo Chávez, however, used 6516: 6574: 2660: 1464:

in the years 2004 to 2007 and received about $ 4,308,400 from the Venezuelan government between May 2004 and August 2008. In 2004, the VIO also contracted

526: 244:, 96,861,858 bolívares for the New Television Station of the South, 20,381,890 bolívares for El Correo del Orinoco, 48,935,326 bolívares for AVN and more. 7214: 6546: 5544: 4230: 1816:

Following multiple attacks on the image of Chávez, Venezuelan authorities were ordered to guard various representations of Chávez throughout the country.

5134: 1039:, then my commander" (referring to Chávez with the latter). His "election propaganda" also involved murals, effigies and art representing Chávez's eyes. 958: 2564: 788:

By 2022, a Bloomberg article stated that "spaces once littered with Chavista propaganda" were being replaced by a shift to more capitalist advertising.

409:, under the Chavez and Maduro administrations that resulted in "populist communication" that was "biased and consequently akin to systemic propaganda". 824:"became an influential advocate overseas for Chávez's version , casting him as a romantic hero". Advocacy groups of the Bolivarian government, such as 592: 4520: 3569: 924: 7412: 5752: 5663: 1575:

public with social programs depicting him as a great leader for the people. The struggles that Chávez endured throughout his presidency, such as the

1456:, VIO promoted its views in the media in a number of ways, including issuing press releases and contributing articles, such as responses to the 2008 3855: 3620: 1903:

report by the Venezuelan Confederation of Israelite Associations (CAIV), "distorted news, omissions and false accusations" of Israel originate from

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with the objective to respond to keep "the people informed of everything that the Bolivarian Revolution is doing for the well-being of everyone".

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in the Bible should not be changed for political propaganda or any other purposes". Another domestic reaction came from the Venezuelan newspaper

443: 7239: 6783: 1174: 551:

Campbell, Danny Glover, and Sean Penn would appear on the show, lending their star power to the Chávez brand of permanent socialist revolution.

314:

On 27 August 2014, the first meeting of The Commission of Propaganda, Agitation and Communication of the PSUV was held. Head of the committee,

4628: 5902: 1726: 4171: 3774: 2941: 1511:

describing Wilpert as "perhaps the most prominent Chavista", while dubbing him as a "Chavez defender". According to Brian Nelson, author of

5856: 4486: 1973: 873:, conspiracy theories by the Venezuelan government and supporters were pointed at an alleged involvement of the United States in the coup. 6943:

As long as Chávez's propaganda pits poor against rich, he threatens the nation with an identity crisis that propaganda alone cannot solve.

2997: 6530: 4933: 2832: 2653:"A case study into the making and evolution of populist discourse: examining Hugo Chavez's discourse and its radicalisation through time" 2220: 1384: 820: 796: 2779: 388:, Chavez's "communication hegemony" had been achieved with viewers without cable access limited to "high doses of chavista propaganda". 7133: 6311: 5974: 3970: 5570: 5292: 4337: 3036: 1571: 7107: 7102: 5721: 5095: 1079: 480: 7128: 2857: 2534: 1656: 1576: 1498: 870: 7291: 4750: 2250: 1729:, responded to the action saying that the "Bolivarian movement seems to stop being a political movement for the sake of becoming a 1315: 1086:, on a number of occasions interrupting speeches or press conferences given by leaders of groups in opposition to the government". 623: 6989: 5638: 5334: 3878: 3748: 2271:

Vyas, Kejal; Olson, Bradley (8 November 2018). "Chevron Stayed in Venezuela Long After Rivals Quit. Then It Had Second Thoughts".

340: 5811: 4438: 2806: 2750: 705:

street, to the public". Along with the two proposed state newspapers, the Venezuelan government publishes four other newspapers,

7311: 6289: 6073: 5427: 3236: 1852:

that "'Love is socialism. Capitalism is hate and selfishness". Chávez once speculated that if civilization had ever existed on

1526: 947:

In 2007, the Venezuelan government announced plans of a new curriculum for education. The journalist Andrea Montilla claimed in

7163: 7143: 6961: 6461: 6262: 5784: 4717: 1892:

saying, "Where we live, anti-Semitism is sanctioned. It comes from the president, through the government, and into the media."

1664:

wrote, "His last procession is also a TV marathon, presented in the tone of a sermon, during which Chávez, the freedom fighter

1580: 4835: 7112: 7092: 7040: 7035: 6886: 6850: 6825: 5078: 3171: 3103: 1103: 1083: 1067: 6365: 5190: 4575: 6020: 5929: 5518: 4929: 1143: 6333: 3800: 141:

described Chávez as "a media savvy, forward-thinking propagandist" that had "the oil wealth to influence public opinion".

7156: 7097: 4404: 3511: 1423: 292: 6653: 4806: 3595: 1603:

Images of Chávez and Simón Bolívar outside of a church, with such churches professing that "Chávez lives in us forever".

1579:, also drew compassion from his followers which boosted his support. According to one scholar of Latin America from the 1538:, the third tallest building in Venezuela draped with banners saying "Chávez Lives" while featuring Chávez's successor, 6772: 6744: 6637: 5486: 4551: 4076: 4042: 3950: 3545: 3403: 3342: 3317: 3213: 3086: 2691: 2034:

opposition. While covering opposition events, the state media would manipulate images to make gatherings look smaller.

1643:, such "quasi-religious veneration of Chávez by his comrades is not known for its subtlety", stating that followers of 854: 525:

was well-polished in order to create the narrative that Chávez wanted to instill into viewers. In a 2015 case study by

405:

overtaking air time, and a "combination of presidential actions, legislature and media harassment" such as the case of

249: 6413: 3699: 2443: 1871: 869:, "Media conspiracies have been a staple of government propaganda" since Chávez was briefly ousted in 2002. After the 7138: 6712: 6600: 2397: 1969: 7298: 7030: 6487: 1738:

honesty". President Maduro rejected the Catholic Church's response saying that they were trying to implement a "new

569:

from the other side. Bye-bye, credibility, they killed it. Izarra didn't debate. He kicked me out in December 2008.

7432: 7087: 6130: 4695:"Not content with starving and killing Venezuelans, Nicolas Maduro had to insult them by holding a sham election". 1895: 1784: 1247: 1865: 1340:

program to donate heating oil to poor household in the United States was seen by critics "as a propaganda stunt."

7007: 5247: 2137: 2121: 1792:

It is pretty symbolic that the citizens are venting their frustrations on the author of the Bolivarian revolution

1768: 1734:

Venezuela, states that acts like "Our Chávez" is the Venezuelan government's "effort to sustain its legitimacy".

1427: 1075: 841: 476: 155: 454:

The executive office in Venezuela was granted permission to interrupt television broadcasting in Venezuela with

7417: 6840: 5554: 4893:"Palestinians given scholarships to train in Venezuela are quitting over claims it's just socialist propaganda" 4363: 4234: 2100: 1932: 1588: 7328: 6218: 5834: 4598: 1691:

reported that Christians in Venezuela were offended, saying that "the words of a prayer found in the books of

424:

and since he was unpredictable and a great performer, suspense was built around his appearance on television.

7224: 7151: 5265:"A Decade Under Chávez: Political Intolerance and Lost Opportunities for Advancing Human Rights in Venezuela" 4291: 3672: 1535: 5453: 4260: 1501:, with the website being founded with the assistance of the Bolivarian government. The website is headed by 7427: 7355: 7345: 7323: 7229: 6815: 3506: 2998:"Venezuela Head Polishes Image With Oil Dollars: President Hugo Chávez takes his case to America's streets" 2129: 1513: 1397: 1138: 910: 588: 7069: 7025: 6982: 6925: 5879: 5667: 1675:

Since Chávez's death, controversies surrounding his adoration have arisen including the recitation of the

1619: 6736: 6048: 5263:

Holland, Alisha; Brett, S.; Taraciuk, T.; Wilkinson, D.; Fillippini, L.; Loxton, J. (22 September 2008).

5195: 3001: 2062: 2010: 1984: 1944: 812: 5339: 4197: 1940: 1599: 1246:, in 2006, students that were supported by Venezuelan agents printed "Bolivarian propaganda in favor of 612: 447: 2611:"Del Estado Comunicador Al Estado De Los Medios. Catorce Años De Hegemonía Comunicacional En Venezuela" 1260: 701:, focusing the messages on the transformation of Venezuela into a first world nation within ten years. 5309: 7082: 2861: 2499: 2379:

Lansberg-Rodríguez, Daniel (June 2015). "Alo Presidente! Venezuela's Reality Show Authoritarianism".

2199: 1948: 1094: 697:

In 1999, Chávez began to promote his revolution through print media, mostly in local newspapers like

7077: 6790: 3266: 2944:[Maduro: The crisis is not because of policies implemented by the Government] (in Spanish). 1319: 1035:

built by the government told the story of a man who received housing and made the statement: "First

125: 6578: 5642: 4970: 2014:

Political graffiti against Henrique Capriles from a Hugo Chávez speech saying "Ah, the stupid boy".

1772: 1431: 1406: 237: 5601:"Hugo Chávez still rockin' the cult of personality, 2 years after his 'transition to immortality'" 5346: 5160: 2916:"Comisión de Propaganda, Agitación y Comunicación del PSUV planifica agenda de acciones concretas" 208:

said that Chávez has promoted his populist message via programs and legislation including a loyal

6395: 5372: 5103: 2622: 2209: 1965: 1798: 1567: 1531: 1366: 1006: 297: 197: 47: 7422: 7390: 7334: 7045: 6975: 5264: 622:, comparing them to the opposition stating "The people know who the terrorists are". During the 360: 7010: 6457: 3005: 1461: 418: 339:

figures, T-shirts, posters), schools (through the lesson plans and books), movies, symphonies (

170: 6901:

Propaganda in Havana: The Politics of Public Space and Collective Memory in the Socialist City

5391: 3488:

These clips bolster critics who claim the network is and will be a propaganda tool for Chávez.

2967:"Equipos estadales de Agitación, Propaganda y Comunicación del Psuv se instalarán este martes" 1856:, capitalism and imperialism may have "finished off" and said it could do the same to Earth. 1607: 7209: 7199: 6025: 3650: 2836: 2276: 2111: 1885: 1810: 1701: 1469: 1438: 1409:, who was the longest serving director of the VIO, is involved with Global Exchange and CEPR. 1365:

to attract citizens from the United States with discounted travel packages. According to the

1150: 1146:

featuring Chávez and Castro alongside Bolivar and Martí saying, "Bolivarians and Martinians".

989: 97: 4065: 1378:

and BBC News stated that the tours also included meetings with Venezuelan activists such as

1089: 845:

about the rise of populist governments in Latin America, featuring seven presidents include

636:

The Internet can't be just for the bourgeoisie; it's for the ideological battle as well ...

5289: 2310:"Venezuelan propaganda infects and undermines Latin American PR professional organizations" 2214: 2087: 2067: 1776: 1680: 663: 619: 375:

communicational hegemony ... all communications have to rely on the state as a public good.

39:

A political painting saying, "For the love of Chávez. President Maduro." with the popular "

7219: 5729: 5370:

Collier, Robert (21 August 2004). "Venezuelan politics suit Bay Area activists' talents".

5108: 4869: 2473: 2246: 1374:

missions against poverty or socialism groups and a meeting with the electoral commission.

1242: 956:

questions asking about the "teaching or learning of how to help achieve the objectives of

8: 7194: 6492: 6404: 6194: 6190:"Incendian la casa natal de Hugo Chávez luego de la muerte de dos estudiantes en Barinas" 5604: 5549: 5070: 5064: 2865: 1960: 1877: 1547: 1460:

report on Venezuela. According to public records the VIO spent $ 379,000 on lobbying the

6679: 4758: 4003: 3916: 3771:"Partido oficialista tendrá su propio periódico para propaganda tras comprar Diario Vea" 2891:"Comisión de Propaganda, Agitación y Comunicación del PSUV planifica agenda de acciones" 2169: 1980:"were available to the public in an Interior and Justice Ministry office waiting room." 929: 303: 7189: 6930: 6436:"Venezuelan Jews protest promotion of 'Protocols of the Elders of Zion' on state radio" 5396: 5139: 3978: 3677: 3445: 2288: 1665: 1639:

and images depicting him with a Christian cross have become commonplace". According to

1457: 1442: 1251: 1127: 352: 186: 131: 7055: 5952:"Maduro defiende el "Chávez Nuestro" y llama "nueva inquisición" a quienes criticaron" 3722:"Maduro anuncia la creación de un periódico del Psuv (a que no le faltan los dólares)" 3472: 119:

stated in 2007 that, as Chávez began "transforming Venezuela into a socialist state",

7247: 7060: 6882: 6860:

Ortiz, Ana Maria; Vadum, Matthew. "Marxist Hugo Chavez Calls on Friends in America".

6846: 6821: 6768: 6740: 6708: 6633: 5074: 4725: 4547: 4117:

Ortiz, Ana Maria; Vadum, Matthew. "Marxist Hugo Chavez Calls on Friends in America".

4072: 4038: 3946: 3541: 3399: 3338: 3313: 3209: 3167: 3082: 2687: 2393: 2389: 1848:

was attacked by the Bolivarian government with Chávez telling viewers on his program

1806: 1043: 599: 7376: 7279: 6838: 1539: 1158: 1063: 503: 145: 19: 7350: 7305: 6604: 6168: 5222: 4896: 4864: 4718:"Nicolas Maduro filmed victoriously waving to an empty plaza after 'sham' election" 3599: 3108: 2626: 2382:

Beyond Propaganda June 2015 – The New Authoritarians: Ruling Through Disinformation

1977: 1631:

states that "Chavez's legacy has taken on a religious glow in Venezuela" and that "

1481: 1465: 1370: 881: 740: 728: 582: 315: 224:

In 2002, the Venezuelan government signed a $ 1.2 million contract with lobby firm

137: 112:

within the population, causing feelings of betrayal for support of the opposition.

7179: 5026: 4807:"Fiscalía de Brasil pide explicar participación de niños en brigadas en Venezuela" 129:(PDVSA) billboards, and as action figures throughout Venezuela. A 2011 article by 6875: 6373: 5454:"Response to the Venezuelan Government's Attacks on The Silence and the Scorpion" 5296: 4697: 4513:"Denuncian que colectivos con proyectos políticos quieren participar en colegios" 4032: 4007: 3163: 2280: 2023: 2019: 1920: 1710: 1706: 1502: 1490: 1362: 1349: 1302: 1223: 1197: 1131: 903: 271: 150: 5571:"Pro-Chavista 'paramilitary' active in Venezuela, jailed opposition leader says" 4151:. No. 8858. The Economist Intelligence Unit. The Economist. 19 October 2013 3829:"Venezuelan Muralists, Cartoonist, Paint Different Pictures of President Chavez" 1644: 940:, the first page of each of the newly implemented textbooks for children reads, 359:, Uncle Sam as a snake, and Chávez with the superman logo. Opposition candidate 7369: 6165:"Hugo Chavez's childhood home burned by protesters in Venezuela, lawmaker says" 4201: 3367: 2631: 2610: 2333:"Opening a Second Western Front Against Putin: Russia's Latin American Proxies" 2118: 2103: 2038: 2027: 1995: 1722: 1660: 1414: 1359: 1178: 982: 974: 808: 538: 101: 6998: 1780: 1382:, community leaders and the tourists watched the Chávez-approving documentary 1010: 846: 260: 93: 52: 40: 24: 7406: 7317: 7184: 4729: 3673:"Ahead of 2020, Facebook Falls Short on Plan to Share Data on Disinformation" 3423: 2569: 2204: 2075: 2042: 1928: 1294: 1058: 774: 438: 160: 6517:"Chavez media say rival Capriles backs plots ranging from Nazis to Zionists" 4397:"El chavismo reescribe la historia de Venezuela para adoctrinar a los niños" 3646:"Facebook y Twitter eliminaron cuentas vinculadas a Venezuela, Irán y Rusia" 2173:

The slogan "Fatherland, socialism or death" on the side of a PDVSA facility.

1210: 6102:"Otras caídas de estatuas y símbolos que representaron el final de una era" 5926:""Our Chávez, who art in heaven": Venezuelan leader now has his own prayer" 5387: 5314: 4781:"Elías Jaua habría "reclutado" niños brasileños desde 2011 hacia Venezuela" 4680:

Oppenheimer, Andres (24 March 2014). "Rigging Venezuela's April election".

2107: 2082: 1999: 1669: 1379: 1332: 1232:"providing information on potential enemies of the revolutionary process". 1182: 1123: 978: 836: 801: 756: 401:; the authors mention Telesur, TVes, the "Aló Presidente" television show, 225: 6765:

Chávez's children : ideology, education, and society in Latin America

4544:

Chávez's children : ideology, education, and society in Latin America

1805:

On 22 May 2017, the birthplace home of Chávez was burned by protesters in

1497:

Venezuelanalysis is a pro-Bolivarian website set up in 2003 following the

1114: 7262: 5262: 5135:"Venezuela's government seeks to show that its oil riches are well spent" 5000: 4462:"Federación de Maestros: "Nuevo currículo busca rendirle culto a Chávez"" 4341: 1739: 1584: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1162: 778: 752:

despite a constitutional ban of political propaganda on public buildings.

380: 348: 323: 109: 92:, Venezuelan socialism. This type of propaganda has been associated with 78: 5999:"Diosdado arremete contra Urosa Savino por repudiar el "Chávez Nuestro"" 4034:

The threat closer to home : Hugo Chávez and the war against America

3419: 2942:"Maduro: La crisis no se debe a políticas implementadas por el Gobierno" 2046:

Venezuelan government. One of Chávez's favorite state television shows,

1648: 1623:

A mural of Chávez saying, "Death can not touch you, you are above time".

189:'s vision of a unified South America led by a "strong but compassionate 6784:"Venezuela's Hugo Chávez, Bolivarian socialism, and asymmetric warfare" 6488:"Henrique Capriles Radonski: Hugo Chavez Foe A Target Of Anti-Semitism" 6135: 6078: 2144: 1952: 1845: 1507: 1289: 723: 154:. Maduro became unpopular among Venezuelans, especially throughout the 120: 81: 4487:"Docentes estadales exigen aumento salarial y cese al adoctrinamiento" 4067:

The revolutionary has no clothes : Hugo Chávez's Bolivarian farce

3136: 1001: 385: 6654:"President Hugo Chavez Delivers Remarks at the U.N. General Assembly" 5522: 5347:"Lumina Strategies' filing to US DoJ Foreign Agent Registration Unit" 3237:"Annual Report of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 2013" 1912: 1889: 1829: 1186: 1048:

The Dictator's Learning Curve: Inside the Global Battle for Democracy

952: 850: 356: 310:

The Commission of Propaganda, Agitation and Communication of the PSUV

304:

The Commission of Propaganda, Agitation and Communication of the PSUV

216:, and altering laws to require citizens to report disloyal citizens. 105: 85: 56: 35: 5251: 4751:"EE UU sospecha que Chávez intenta exportar su proyecto bolivariano" 3621:"Government 'Cyber Troops' Manipulate Facebook, Twitter, Study Says" 2535:"Channeling his energies Venezuelans riveted by president's TV show" 1019:

Chávez's Children: Ideology, Education, and Society in Latin America

7204: 5781:"La nueva inquisición arremete contra el "Chávez Nuestro" (+AUDIO)" 4261:"Venezuela's vice president says he's target of assassination plot" 3745:"Presidente Maduro "aprobó" crear dos nuevos impresos pro gobierno" 2945: 2776:"Gobierno gastará más en propaganda que en el municipio Libertador" 2071: 1908: 1632: 1418: 890: 397: 344: 327: 209: 190: 165: 148:, has continued using obligatory broadcasts on television known as 89: 28: 6474:

Includes English translation of Venezuelan National Radio article.

5857:"Obispos condenan versión chavista del Padre Nuestro (Comunicado)" 5066:

The Threat Closer to Home: Hugo Chávez and the War against America

4956:

The Threat Closer to Home: Hugo Chavez and the War Against America

3538:

Rhetoric of soft power : public diplomacy in a global context

1486: 1356:

The Threat Closer to Home: Hugo Chávez and the War Against America

240:, 65% more than it received in 2012, 97,335,051 bolívares for the 7340: 6223: 6106: 4754: 4684:. Tribune-Review Publishing Company. Pittsburgh Tribune – Review. 3856:"Chávez reelection at risk as Venezuela's oil heartland moves on" 3271: 2133: 2094:. It reads "Out to Imperialism: Only the People Saves the People" 2091: 1936: 1715: 1636: 1570:, explains that Chávez's cult of personality began following the 1311: 936: 675: 561: 135:

said Venezuela has an "expanding state propaganda complex" while

5069:(Free Press hardcover ed.). New York: Free Press. pp. 3502:"The Bolivarian Alliance and the Hugo Chavez Propaganda Machine" 1988:

Nacional de Venezuela, highly recommended her listeners to read

1402: 1209:

In November 2014, the Federal Public Ministry of Brazil accused

6956: 6219:"Venezuela soldiers guard Chavez symbols in seething heartland" 5783:. Radio Nacional de Venezuela. 5 September 2014. Archived from 3879:"Venezuela Dismantles Chavez Propaganda in Capitalist Makeover" 3267:"Garrulous Maduro has addressed Venezuela for 500 hours: group" 2125: 2078:

logo. It reads: "Against Imperialism: The unity of Our America"

1916: 1612: 1171:

The Rhetoric of Soft Power: Public Diplomacy in Global Contexts

1119: 51:

House painted with propaganda and woman in clothing supporting

6967: 6705:

The Anthropology of News & Journalism: Global Perspectives

6575:"How Maduro's Government Is Attacking Critics With Propaganda" 6131:"Trataron de quemar figura de Chávez en el oeste - El Impulso" 2833:"El Minci "sigue siendo un ministerio de propaganda del PSUV"" 6839:

Nichols, Elizabeth Gackstetter and Kimberly J. Morse (2010).

5975:"Saintly Hugo Chavez Replaces God in Socialist Lord's Prayer" 5722:"Se vende la imagen de Chávez como mesiánica y de Libertador" 5519:"Saintly Hugo Chavez Replaces God in Socialist Lord's Prayer" 4930:"La propaganda chavista extiende sus tentáculos hasta España" 4431:"Hoy se inicia consulta nacional para el currículo educativo" 4338:"Denuncian adoctrinamiento chavista en la educación infantil" 3876: 2747:"65% del dinero del Minci se utilizará en propaganda oficial" 2051: 1337: 1228: 942:"Hugo Chávez: Supreme Commander of the Bolivarian Revolution" 749: 745: 286: 241: 1126:

and Chávez, including the quote, "We will make the dream of

248:

public safety of the most populous Venezuelan municipality,

7252: 6543:"Chavez allies attack new opponent Capriles as Jewish, gay" 5903:"Comment: "Our Chávez" rather than an unfortunate metaphor" 5290:

The Truth Suffers in Human Rights Watch Report on Venezuela

5219:"Venezuelan oil marks Chavez's latest bid to win over U.S." 2270: 1976:'s "Report on Global Anti-Semitism" noted that antisemitic 1924: 1904: 1853: 1730: 1684: 1453: 1256: 1194:

Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs

672:

Ministry of Popular Power for Communication and Information

406: 368:

Ministry of Popular Power for Communication and Information

267:

Ministry of Popular Power for Communication and Information

261:

Ministry of Popular Power for Communication and Information

255: 213: 5753:"The Eternal Comandante: Hugo Chávez's Complicated Legacy" 5691:"Las escuelas bolivarianas y la resolución 058 fracasaron" 5096:"The American Friends of Hugo Chavez: Dial 1-800-4-TYRANT" 3596:"5 countries that use bots to spread political propaganda" 3312:(1st ed.). New York: PublicAffairs. pp. 113–16. 5376:. Hearst Communications Inc., Hearst Newspapers Division. 3570:"Venezuela ruling party games Twitter for political gain" 3310:

The net delusion : the dark side of Internet freedom

3132:"Venezuelan TV: chained to censorship and frozen in time" 2803:"Con "m" de millardo se escribe hegemonía comunicacional" 1688: 1677:

Committee on Communication and Propaganda of PSUV-Táchira

1036: 7258:

Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)

4865:"Operan grupos bolivarianos 10 centros logísticos en DF" 4568:"Propaganda electoral muestra a un Hugo Chávez atlético" 3246:. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. August 2009 3104:"Hugo Chavez Might Actually Lose His Election on Sunday" 2474:"Venezuela bans unauthorised use of Hugo Chávez's image" 1763:

A statue of Hugo Chávez destroyed in Zulia on 5 May 2017

6801:

Miller, John J. (27 December 2004). "Friends of Hugo".

6394: 4095:

Miller, John J. (27 December 2004). "Friends of Hugo".

4037:(Free Press hardcover ed.). New York: Free Press. 4004:"Venezuela bids to beat bad image to win over tourists" 2030:

in order to make large threats against the opposition.

829: 648:

Hugo Chávez Would Like to Welcome You to the Spinternet

580:

Chávez after Andres Izarra became head of the network.

492:, with the broadcasts costing 255,000 Bs.F per minute. 6915:"Chávez in driver's seat as he silences his critics". 6312:"Venezuela's oldest synagogue vandalized by armed men" 5487:"Hugo Chavez Personality Cult Flourishes In Venezuela" 5310:"Human Rights Watch condemns Chávez's decade in power" 4836:"El chavismo opera red latinoamericana de informantes" 4629:"Hugo Chavez election propaganda fill Caracas streets" 3026: 1705:, who compared the act to something "from the mind of 1227:

report, former Venezuelan intelligence officials from

5252:

Venezuela Information Office – FARA fillings 29.08.04

4364:"'Chavista' school books stoke passions in Venezuela" 4172:"Oas Should Bite Bullet, Confront Venezuela's Chavez" 1391: 5666:. Associated Press. 5 September 2014. Archived from 5062: 4231:"Venezuelan Conspiracy Theories a Threat to Critics" 4149:"News that's fit to print; A crackdown in Venezuela" 4030: 2661:

The London School of Economics and Political Science

1520: 527:

The London School of Economics and Political Science

100:, which used emotional arguments to gain attention, 6731:Corrales, Javier; Penfold, Michael (2 April 2015). 6568: 6566: 6564: 5751:Gluesing, Jens; von Rohr, Mathieu (11 March 2013). 5335:

opensecrets.org, Venezuela Information Office entry

5001:"BBC News Americas: Venezuela suspends US fuel aid" 4599:"Venezuela election ads glorifying Chavez irk foes" 4259:Wallis, Daniel; Buitrago, Deisy (23 January 2013). 2500:"In Venezuela, an American Has the President's Ear" 2307: 973:In 2014, an assembly of teachers on the islands of 652:

The Net Delusion: The Dark Side of Internet Freedom

355:portraits, red barrettes, Venezuelan flags, "evil" 6874: 6370:Venezuelan Confederation of Israelite Associations 4195: 4064: 3971:"Visitors Seek a Taste of Revolution in Venezuela" 3129: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3029:"Chávez foes face obstacles ahead of crucial vote" 2378: 1785:the destruction of Saddam Hussein's statue in Iraq 1452:In addition to maintaining a public website and a 1441:" and that they "distributed pro-Chávez flyers at 1013:flags saying, "Chávez lives, the fight continues". 593:Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America 212:branch of bishops in the Catholic Church, closing 6789:. The Strategic Studies Institute. Archived from 6680:"Mission of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela" 6601:"Phone taps target Chavez opponents in Venezuela" 6514: 5417: 4254: 4252: 3470: 3389: 3387: 3385: 2910: 2908: 2885: 2883: 2565:"The declining quality of Venezuela's propaganda" 7404: 6813: 6733:Dragon in the Tropics: The Legacy of Hugo Chávez 6561: 6334:"Summary of Contemporary Forms of Anti-Semitism" 6163:Sanchez, Fabiola; Dreier, Hannah (22 May 2017). 5750: 5191:"Venezuela head polishes image with oil dollars" 4968: 4858: 4856: 3877:Fabiola Zerpa and Ezra Fieser (17 August 2022). 3563: 3561: 3559: 3557: 1931:, and Venezuela's state media, including SIBCI, 1779:burned and tore down a statue of late President 16:Pro-Venezuela/Hugo Chávez nationalist propaganda 6923: 6730: 6482: 6480: 6074:"Manifestantes derriban estatua de Hugo Chávez" 5639:"The Cult Following of Venezuela's Hugo Chávez" 5545:"The Cult Following of Venezuela's Hugo Chávez" 5512: 5510: 5508: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5474: 5411: 4829: 4827: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4218: 3051: 2995: 2858:"Maduro Elected Venezuela's Ruling Party Chief" 2467: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2186:In 2013, the Venezuelan government created the 1053: 1029: 104:of the population, create external enemies for 5808:"In Venezuela, a 'sacrilegious' Lord's Prayer" 4923: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4258: 4249: 3382: 3185: 3183: 3101: 2905: 2880: 2778:. El Nacional. 23 October 2014. Archived from 2705: 2703: 2559: 2557: 2555: 1651:began to venerate Chávez following his death. 529:focused of Hugo Chávez's populism rhetoric in 6983: 6162: 5664:"Controversy in Venezuela Over Chavez Prayer" 4853: 4833: 4748: 4391: 4389: 4191: 4189: 3914: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3554: 3464: 3398:. Penguin Books: New York. pp. 195–196. 3027:Toothaker, Christopher (September 19, 2010). 2939: 2608: 2590: 2588: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2497: 2491: 2411: 2409: 2244: 1866:Antisemitism in Venezuela § 21st century 1422:government and therefore registered with the 1413:The Venezuela Information Office (VIO) was a 1269:Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo Insurgente 1265:Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo Insurgente 475:During the presidency of Nicolás Maduro, the 6726: 6724: 6508: 6477: 6446: 6360: 6358: 6243: 6241: 6182: 6021:"Derribaron estatua de Hugo Chávez en Zulia" 5715: 5713: 5711: 5505: 5471: 5210: 4824: 4505: 4324: 4215: 4026: 4024: 3997: 3995: 3964: 3962: 3589: 3587: 3157: 3081:. Penguin Books: New York. pp. 182–94. 2770: 2768: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2458: 2293:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2057: 2037:The Venezuelan government occasionally uses 1974:Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor 1721:Head of the Department of Latin America for 1434:, became the executive director of the VIO. 7253:Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA) 6903:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. 6454:"Anti-Semitic article appears in Venezuela" 6257: 6255: 6253: 6158: 6156: 6154: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5626: 5592: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5019: 4953: 4927: 4910: 4834:Maria Delgado, Antonio (23 November 2014). 4679: 4428: 4196:Lansberg-Rodríguez, Daniel (3 March 2016). 4134: 4132: 4090: 4088: 3945:. Penguin Books: New York. pp. 82–83. 3700:"Se agotan las reservas de papel periódico" 3531: 3529: 3360: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3208:. Penguin Books: New York. pp. 23–26. 3180: 2700: 2552: 2471: 2350: 2330: 2106:a "drunkard", "donkey" and compared him to 727:, where President of the National Assembly 606: 6990: 6976: 6535: 6388: 6304: 6290:"EU anti-Semitic acts dropped 46% in 2010" 5877: 5849: 5832: 5719: 5153: 4590: 4386: 4335: 4186: 4112: 4110: 4058: 4056: 4054: 3847: 3815: 3794: 3792: 3356: 3354: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3020: 2744: 2609:Canelón-Silva, Agrivalca Ramsenia (2014). 2604: 2602: 2600: 2585: 2532: 2517: 2406: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2114:was due to a "secretive US weapons test". 384:could be shut down. By 2023, according to 293:United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV) 287:United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV) 6781: 6721: 6630:Comandante : Hugo Chavez's Venezuela 6623: 6621: 6545:. MSNBC. 15 February 2012. Archived from 6355: 6238: 6216: 5878:Villalobos, Cristina (6 September 2014). 5833:Villalobos, Cristina (4 September 2014). 5708: 4783:. NTN24. 18 November 2014. Archived from 4621: 4596: 4021: 3992: 3959: 3943:Comandante : Hugo Chavez's Venezuela 3910: 3908: 3584: 3438: 3396:Comandante : Hugo Chavez's Venezuela 3335:Comandante : Hugo Chavez's Venezuela 3264: 3206:Comandante : Hugo Chavez's Venezuela 3079:Comandante : Hugo Chavez's Venezuela 2826: 2824: 2765: 2740: 2738: 2726: 2712: 2684:Comandante : Hugo Chavez's Venezuela 2630: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2421: 1080:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 951:that the new curriculum "seeks to impose 860: 481:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 242:Venezuelan Telecommunications Corporation 185:denotes a system of government, based on 7413:Anti-American sentiment in South America 7292:Chavismo: The Plague of the 21st Century 6767:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 44. 6250: 6151: 5623: 5447: 5445: 5188: 5063:Schoen, Douglas; Rowan, Michael (2009). 5049: 4962: 4954:Schoen, Douglas; Rowan, Michael (2009). 4862: 4749:Jesus Aznarez, Juan (11 February 2001). 4546:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 44. 4424: 4422: 4292:"Venezuelan president sees conspiracies" 4129: 4085: 4031:Schoen, Douglas; Rowan, Michael (2009). 4001: 3773:. NTN24. 3 November 2014. Archived from 3593: 3540:. Lanham: Lexington Books. p. 132. 3526: 3286: 3199: 3197: 3195: 2989: 2251:North American Congress on Latin America 2168: 2090:graffiti in a low class neighborhood of 2081: 2061: 2009: 1749: 1618: 1606: 1598: 1530: 1485: 1401: 1149: 1137: 1113: 1057: 1000: 839:completed a feature-length documentary, 795: 755: 739: 735: 437: 270: 256:Governmental and political organizations 46: 34: 18: 6762: 6632:. Penguin Books: New York. p. 38. 6287: 5972: 5900: 5775: 5773: 5516: 5369: 5307: 5241: 5184: 5182: 5180: 5126: 4541: 4459: 4306: 4169: 4107: 4051: 3789: 3742: 3471:Sreeharsha, Vinod (November 22, 2005). 3351: 3337:. Penguin Books: New York. p. 16. 3307: 3222: 2800: 2686:. Penguin Books: New York. p. 15. 2597: 2433: 2359: 2247:"Venezuela: Propaganda Blurs the Lines" 1983:In 2008, a radio host on the state-run 1611:Mural of Chávez and his ascension into 889:against leftist governments during the 412: 7405: 7164:2010 Venezuelan parliamentary election 7144:2005 Venezuelan parliamentary election 7134:Venezuelan general strike of 2002–2003 6898: 6872: 6859: 6800: 6618: 6515:Devereux, Charlie (20 February 2012). 6128: 5688: 5568: 5386: 5380: 5132: 5093: 5044:criticised Mr Kennedy for taking part. 4890: 4742: 4715: 4116: 4094: 3968: 3905: 3853: 3826: 3799:Mander, Benedict (16 September 2012). 3798: 3567: 3535: 2996:Bogardus, Kevin (September 22, 2004). 2821: 2735: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2434:Moloney, Anastasia (29 January 2007). 2418: 1994:, an anti-Semitic text created by the 1687:gathering that was focused on Chávez. 1581:University of California Santa Barbara 1297:of destroying the Venezuelan economy. 1201:individuals "professional agitators." 996: 6971: 6598: 6572: 5923: 5636: 5542: 5484: 5442: 5418:Devereux, Charlie (2 December 2009). 5352:. United States Department of Justice 5216: 5189:Bogardus, Kevin (22 September 2004). 4429:Montilla K., Andrea (23 April 2014). 4419: 4336:Clarembaux, Patricia (24 June 2014). 4271:from the original on 3 September 2014 4228: 4062: 3594:Garfield, Leanna (16 December 2015). 3265:Cawthorne, Andrew (26 January 2016). 3192: 2308:Juan-Carlos Molleda (10 April 2015). 1155:Santiago Mariño International Airport 1084:the April 2013 presidential elections 6924:Lopez, Fernanda (October 11, 2007). 6627: 6263:"The endlessly quotable Hugo Chavez" 5835:"El Chávez nuestro es una blasfemia" 5805: 5770: 5720:Valderrama, Judith (28 April 2014). 5598: 5517:Strange, Hannah (4 September 2014). 5177: 5087: 4969:Coronel, Gustavo (August 15, 2007). 4928:Vinogradoff, L. (11 November 2014). 4863:Reséndiz, Francisco (8 March 2006). 4289: 4002:Grainger, Sarah (6 September 2012). 3940: 3393: 3332: 3203: 3130:Florantonia Singer (4 August 2023). 3076: 2959: 2830: 2745:VÁSQUEZ S., ÁLEX (28 October 2014). 2681: 2436:"Photo Feature: Chavez's Propaganda" 2221:The Revolution Will Not Be Televised 1572:1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempts 1447:The Revolution Will Not Be Televised 1385:The Revolution Will Not Be Televised 1250:" a leftist presidential candidate. 1144:World Festival of Youth and Students 821:The Revolution Will Not Be Televised 624:Venezuelan general strike of 2002–03 446:sharing Chávez's message beside the 7098:United Socialist Party of Venezuela 4361: 3361:Pomerantsev, Peter (23 June 2015). 2920:United Socialist Party of Venezuela 2650: 2639: 2533:Lakshmanan, Indira (27 July 2005). 2110:. Chávez also made claims that the 1991:The Protocols of the Elders of Zion 1797:Eric Farnsworth, vice president of 1577:2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt 1499:2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt 1475: 1424:United States Department of Justice 1288:In Madrid, former Foreign Minister 871:2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt 662:President Chávez, similar to other 13: 6908: 6842:Venezuela (Latin America in Focus) 6707:. Indiana University Press. 2010. 6460:. 17 February 2012. Archived from 6217:Cawthorne, Andrew (19 June 2017). 5924:Rueda, Manuel (2 September 2014). 5637:Rueda, Manuela (11 January 2013). 5451: 5420:"Gregory Wilpert: Chavez defender" 5308:Carroll, Rori (9 September 2008). 5217:Melia, Michael (30 January 2006). 5133:Forero, Juan (30 September 2004). 5094:Ortiz, Ana Maria; Vadum, Matthew. 5027:"Venezuela resumes fuel aid to US" 4653: 4609:from the original on 30 April 2014 4597:Cawthorne, Andrew (26 June 2012). 4233:. Associated Press. Archived from 3915:Ingham, James (November 1, 2007). 3854:Bodzin, Steven (12 October 2012). 3827:Bowman, Michael (11 August 2010). 3743:Morales, Maru (9 September 2014). 3035:. Associated Press. Archived from 2801:Morales, Maru (17 November 2014). 2498:Romero, Simon (February 4, 2011). 2245:Eric Biewener (4 September 2007). 2041:against the opposition, illegally 1943:(VTV), Alba TV, La Radio del Sur, 1745: 1594: 1392:Venezuela Information Office (VIO) 1343: 917:Venezuela (Latin America in Focus) 855:Venice International Film Festival 472:lasting an average of 40 minutes. 250:Libertador Bolivarian Municipality 14: 7444: 7312:Hugo Chávez's cult of personality 7108:Constitutional referendum of 2009 7103:Constitutional referendum of 2007 6949: 6926:"The Danger of Chávez's Rhetoric" 6893:Schoen the threat closer to home. 6366:"Antisemitisim in Venezuela 2013" 5901:Thofern, Uta (6 September 2014). 5806:Romo, Rafael (3 September 2014). 5689:Mendez, Gustavo (14 April 2014). 5543:Rueda, Manuel (14 October 2013). 4460:Obregon, Walter (24 April 2014). 4321:Nichols and Morse (2010), p. 230. 4290:Romo, Rafael (24 February 2014). 4198:"Why Venezuela Needs an Exorcism" 4170:Marquez, Myriam (22 April 2002). 3917:"Venezuelan cinema, Chávez style" 3902:Nichols and Morse (2010), p. 326. 3499: 3446:"Chávez bid to counter Hollywood" 3102:Francisco Toro (4 October 2012). 2472:Grant, Will (November 23, 2010). 1970:United States Department of State 1783:, a display of anger compared to 1527:Hugo Chávez's cult of personality 1521:Hugo Chávez's cult of personality 495: 7386: 7385: 7059: 7054: 6955: 6919:(via LexisNexis). 10 March 2010. 6697: 6672: 6646: 6592: 6428: 6326: 6281: 6210: 6122: 6094: 6066: 6041: 6013: 5991: 5966: 5944: 5917: 5894: 5880:"El Chávez nuestro es una burla" 5871: 5826: 5799: 5744: 5682: 5656: 5536: 5363: 5328: 5301: 5278: 5256: 4993: 4947: 4574:. 21 August 2012. Archived from 4374:from the original on 3 June 2014 3568:Dreier, Hannah (4 August 2015). 3473:"Telesur tested by Chávez video" 3420:"Using oil to spread revolution" 2940:Desiree Sousa (26 August 2014). 1325: 1109: 341:Orquesta Sinfónica Simón Bolívar 6997: 6573:Rueda, Manuel (20 April 2013). 5248:Foreign Agents Registration Act 5161:"FARA US Department of Justice" 4891:Dreier, Hannah (16 July 2015). 4884: 4799: 4773: 4709: 4688: 4673: 4647: 4560: 4535: 4519:. 13 April 2014. Archived from 4479: 4453: 4403:. 25 April 2014. Archived from 4355: 4315: 4283: 4163: 4141: 3934: 3896: 3870: 3858:. The Christian Science Monitor 3763: 3736: 3714: 3692: 3665: 3638: 3613: 3493: 3412: 3326: 3258: 3160:The Sage Handbook of Propaganda 3151: 3123: 3095: 2933: 2850: 2831:Díaz, Sugey (15 October 2014). 2794: 2675: 2164: 2138:United Nations Security Council 1872:Tiféret Israel Synagogue attack 1428:Foreign Agents Registration Act 1076:Organization of American States 699:Barreto’s Correo del Presidente 657: 574:Aram Aharonian, teleSUR founder 477:Organization of American States 393:The Sage Handbook of Propaganda 7299:El ocaso del socialismo mágico 6756: 6129:Boscán, Hugo J. (8 May 2017). 6049:"KELLER 4to Trimestre 2016 DV" 6001:. La Patilla. 5 September 2014 5973:Strange, Hannah (2014-09-04). 5954:. La Patilla. 4 September 2014 5859:. La Patilla. 3 September 2014 5485:James, Ian (24 January 2013). 5392:"Oliver Stone's Latin America" 5284:Venezuela Information Office, 4229:Dreir, Hannah (23 July 2014). 3969:Forero, Juan (21 March 2006). 3724:. La Patilla. 8 September 2014 3702:. La Patilla. 7 September 2014 2864:. 27 July 2014. Archived from 2324: 2301: 2264: 2238: 2188:Joint Chiefs of Communications 2101:President of the United States 1901:Antisemitism in Venezuela 2013 1840: 1647:as well as those who practice 1589:Council on Hemispheric Affairs 1142:A banner held during the 2005 1: 7225:Socialism of the 21st century 7113:Presidential election of 2012 7093:Presidential election of 2006 7041:Presidential election of 1998 6599:James, Ian (19 August 2011). 5569:Taylor, Guy (25 March 2014). 4071:. New York: Encounter Books. 3747:. El Nacional. Archived from 3477:The Christian Science Monitor 2893:. Alba Ciudad. 28 August 2014 2805:. El Nacional. Archived from 2749:. El Nacional. Archived from 2227: 2005: 1536:Centro Financiero Confinanzas 1493:, founder of Venezuelanalysis 176: 7356:Venezuela Information Office 7346:The Silence and the Scorpion 7230:Venezuelan communal councils 6817:The Silence and the Scorpion 6343:. B'nai B'rith International 5599:Gray, Kevin (7 March 2015). 3507:Council on Foreign Relations 2331:Peter Young (October 2022). 2232: 2155: 1882:Anti-Semitism Worldwide 2010 1635:adorned with Chavez's face, 1514:The Silence and the Scorpion 1398:Venezuela Information Office 1274: 1054:Maduro's electoral campaigns 1030:Chávez's electoral campaigns 1024: 911:The Silence and the Scorpion 897: 830:Venezuela Information Office 825: 589:Council on Foreign Relations 7: 7329:Public image of Hugo Chávez 6737:Brookings Institution Press 6440:www.worldjewishcongress.org 6288:Hartman, Ben (1 May 2011). 5928:. Fusion TV. Archived from 5196:Center for Public Integrity 4716:Weddle, Cody (2018-05-21). 3002:Center for Public Integrity 2356:Manwaring (2005), pp. 8–13. 2193: 1985:Radio Nacional de Venezuela 1945:Radio Nacional de Venezuela 1769:2014–17 Venezuelan protests 1468:company Lumina Strategies' 1248:Andrés Manuel López Obrador 1192:In 2001, the United States 1189:" for propaganda purposes. 1104:2018 presidential elections 678:President Maduro's tweets. 629: 173:under Maduro's government. 171:suffering from malnutrition 10: 7449: 6782:Manwaring, Max G. (2005). 6053:Alfredo Keller y Asociados 5166:. US Department of Justice 4656:"The Ghost of Hugo Chávez" 4362:Ore, Diego (2 June 2014). 2632:10.5294/pacla.2014.17.4.11 2388:. London, United Kingdom: 1896:B'nai B'rith International 1869: 1863: 1835: 1524: 1479: 1395: 1347: 1261:Popular Revolutionary Army 1216: 1068:2013 presidential election 901: 610: 559: 555: 501: 431: 416: 307: 264: 219: 7364: 7271: 7238: 7172: 7139:Recall referendum of 2004 7121: 7068: 7052: 7018: 7005: 6877:The Threat Closer to Home 6814:Nelson, Brian A. (2009). 6198:(in Spanish). 22 May 2017 2862:China Radio International 2200:Bolivarian Army of Trolls 2150: 2058:United States imperialism 1819: 1235: 1204: 1095:Pittsburgh Tribune-Review 206:The Threat Closer to Home 27:'s eyes and signature in 7088:General election of 2000 6881:. New York: Free Press. 6873:Schoen, Douglas (2009). 6763:Anselmi, Manuel (2013). 6442:. World Jewish Congress. 6110:(in Spanish). 6 May 2017 6082:(in Spanish). 5 May 2017 6029:(in Spanish). 5 May 2017 4542:Anselmi, Manuel (2013). 4138:Schiller (2009), p. 494. 3801:"Venezuela: Up in smoke" 3681:(in Spanish). 2019-09-29 3654:(in Spanish). 2019-02-01 3308:Morozov, Evgeny (2011). 3189:Manwaring (2005), p. 12. 2971:Venezolana de Television 2709:Manwaring (2005), p. 10. 2415:Manwaring (2005), p. 11. 1941:Venezolana de Televisión 1773:2017 Venezuelan protests 1672:merge into one person." 1318:, which is also home to 1283: 981:demanded an end to "the 908:Brian A. Nelson says in 692: 613:Venezolana de Televisión 607:Venezolana de Televisión 508:In 2001, he transformed 333: 169:majority of Venezuelans 7433:Propaganda in Venezuela 7046:Death and state funeral 6899:Turner, Andrew (2007). 6396:Thor Halvorssen Mendoza 6314:. World Jewish Congress 5373:San Francisco Chronicle 5104:Capital Research Center 2623:University of La Sabana 2594:Manwaring (2005), p. 8. 2338:. Henry Jackson Society 2210:Censorship in Venezuela 1859: 1799:Council of the Americas 1679:'s modified version of 1568:Andres Bello University 1367:Capital Research Center 1007:Venezuelan armed forces 921:Bicentennial Collection 791: 298:University of La Sabana 198:participatory democracy 7324:¿Por qué no te callas? 7078:Cabinet of Hugo Chávez 7011:President of Venezuela 6917:The New Zealand Herald 6628:Rory, Carroll (2014). 6458:Anti-Defamation League 5726:El Diario de Los Andes 4971:"Misreading Venezuela" 4705:(11): 8. 11 June 2018. 3941:Rory, Carroll (2014). 3536:Hayden, Craig (2011). 3394:Rory, Carroll (2014). 3333:Rory, Carroll (2014). 3204:Rory, Carroll (2014). 3077:Rory, Carroll (2014). 2732:Schoen (2009), p. 156. 2723:Schoen (2009), p. 154. 2682:Rory, Carroll (2014). 2174: 2095: 2079: 2070:that is marked with a 2015: 1998:and was later used by 1915:, are repeated by the 1828:he would turn it to a 1803: 1764: 1624: 1616: 1604: 1587:, the director of the 1543: 1494: 1410: 1320:Pablo Iglesias Turrión 1166: 1147: 1135: 1071: 1014: 861:Conspiracy allegations 818:The Irish documentary 805: 761: 753: 638: 571: 553: 542:gave a description of 486:Noticiero de la Verdad 451: 419:May 2007 RCTV protests 377: 276: 126:Petróleos de Venezuela 108:purposes, and produce 60: 44: 32: 7418:Bolivarian Revolution 7286:Bolivarian propaganda 7200:Bolivarian Revolution 7019:Early life and career 6962:Bolivarian propaganda 6247:Turner (2007), p. 14. 6139:(in European Spanish) 5810:. CNN. Archived from 5458:brianandrewnelson.com 5288:, 22 September 2008, 3831:. VOA. Archived from 3039:on September 24, 2011 2868:on September 10, 2014 2440:World Politics Review 2172: 2112:2010 Haiti earthquake 2085: 2065: 2013: 1947:(RNV), YVKE Mundial, 1886:World Jewish Congress 1870:Further information: 1864:Further information: 1790: 1762: 1622: 1610: 1602: 1534: 1489: 1470:Michael Shellenberger 1439:propaganda techniques 1405: 1153: 1141: 1117: 1061: 1004: 799: 759: 743: 736:Billboards and murals 685:On 29 September 2019 664:authoritarian regimes 634: 566: 548: 442:A mural representing 441: 372: 274: 183:Bolivarian Revolution 117:World Politics Review 98:Bolivarian Revolution 75:Venezuelan propaganda 64:Bolivarian propaganda 50: 38: 22: 7129:Coup attempt of 2002 7036:Coup attempt of 1992 6964:at Wikimedia Commons 6796:on 13 November 2005. 6529:Also available from 6412:(44). Archived from 6292:. The Jerusalem Post 5787:on 10 September 2014 5575:The Washington Times 5267:. Human Rights Watch 5230:on February 28, 2007 4761:on February 12, 2001 4312:Nelson (2009), p. 5. 4063:Clark, A.C. (2009). 3751:on 11 September 2014 3166:. pp. 486–487. 2215:Economy of Venezuela 2088:American Imperialism 2068:American Imperialism 1888:Plenary Assembly in 1876:In a 2010 report by 1777:La Villa del Rosario 646:In a chapter titled 620:September 11 attacks 413:Television and radio 391:Writing in the 2020 361:María Corina Machado 144:Chávez's successor, 88:and associated with 7428:Propaganda by topic 7195:Bolivarian missions 6660:. 20 September 2006 6658:The Washington Post 6493:The Huffington Post 6405:The Weekly Standard 6195:Diario Las Americas 5932:on 8 September 2014 5814:on 29 December 2018 5670:on 7 September 2014 5611:on 30 December 2015 5557:on 8 September 2014 5430:on 13 November 2010 4958:. pp. 186–188. 4787:on 22 November 2014 4654:Dobson, William J. 4523:on 19 February 2015 3835:on 14 December 2014 3363:"Beyond Propaganda" 2809:on 20 November 2014 2651:Espinal, Cristina. 2273:Wall Street Journal 1961:The Weekly Standard 1878:Tel Aviv University 1811:Chavez's revolution 1548:cult of personality 1157:, with pictures of 997:Venezuelan military 857:in September 2009. 842:South of the Border 781:, and Hugo Chávez. 744:Chavez seen on the 156:Venezuelan protests 7190:Bolivarian Circles 6931:The Yale Globalist 6496:. 17 February 2012 6398:(August 8, 2005). 6376:on 13 January 2015 5493:. Associated Press 5397:The New York Times 5295:2009-09-21 at the 5140:The New York Times 4813:. 17 November 2014 4174:. Orlando Sentinel 3979:The New York Times 3975:The New York Times 3777:on 8 November 2014 3678:The New York Times 3572:. Associated Press 3008:on October 4, 2011 2977:on 24 October 2014 2782:on 24 October 2014 2504:The New York Times 2446:on 29 October 2013 2312:. The Conversation 2175: 2096: 2080: 2016: 1949:Correo del Orinoco 1765: 1625: 1617: 1605: 1544: 1495: 1458:Human Rights Watch 1443:anti-globalization 1411: 1376:The New York Times 1252:Bolivarian Circles 1167: 1148: 1136: 1090:Andrés Oppenheimer 1072: 1062:Multiple signs of 1015: 806: 762: 754: 707:Correo del Orinoco 687:The New York Times 591:, stated that the 521:The production of 452: 277: 132:The New York Times 61: 45: 33: 7400: 7399: 7248:Bank of the South 7220:Plan Bolívar 2000 7083:1999 Constitution 6960:Media related to 6888:978-1-4165-9477-2 6852:978-1-59884-569-3 6827:978-1-56858-418-8 6341:www.bnaibrith.org 5080:978-1-4165-9477-2 5033:. January 8, 2009 4870:La Crónica de Hoy 3803:. Financial Times 3173:978-1-5264-5998-5 3033:The Seattle Times 2392:. pp. 2–12. 2390:Legatum Institute 1809:– "the cradle of 1807:Sabaneta, Barinas 1760: 1681:The Lord's Prayer 1555:in Argentina and 1243:La Crónica de Hoy 1074:According to the 1044:William J. Dobson 959:Plan de la Patria 600:Legatum Institute 587:Residence of the 102:exploit the fears 7440: 7389: 7388: 7377:Nicolás Maduro → 7370:← Rafael Caldera 7351:Venezuelanalysis 7306:El pueblo soy yo 7122:Political events 7063: 7058: 6992: 6985: 6978: 6969: 6968: 6959: 6945: 6940: 6938: 6920: 6904: 6895: 6880: 6869: 6856: 6835: 6820:. Nation Books. 6810: 6797: 6795: 6788: 6778: 6751: 6750: 6728: 6719: 6718: 6701: 6695: 6694: 6692: 6690: 6685:. United Nations 6684: 6676: 6670: 6669: 6667: 6665: 6650: 6644: 6643: 6625: 6616: 6615: 6613: 6611: 6605:Associated Press 6596: 6590: 6589: 6587: 6585: 6570: 6559: 6558: 6556: 6554: 6539: 6533: 6528: 6526: 6524: 6512: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6484: 6475: 6473: 6471: 6469: 6450: 6444: 6443: 6432: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6421: 6400:"Hurricane Hugo" 6392: 6386: 6385: 6383: 6381: 6372:. 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5593: 5579: 5577: 5567: 5560: 5558: 5541: 5537: 5527: 5525: 5515: 5506: 5496: 5494: 5491:Huffington Post 5483: 5472: 5462: 5460: 5452:Nelson, Brian. 5450: 5443: 5433: 5431: 5416: 5412: 5402: 5400: 5385: 5381: 5368: 5364: 5355: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5344: 5340: 5333: 5329: 5320: 5318: 5306: 5302: 5297:Wayback Machine 5283: 5279: 5270: 5268: 5261: 5257: 5246: 5242: 5233: 5231: 5215: 5211: 5201: 5199: 5187: 5178: 5169: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5158: 5154: 5145: 5143: 5131: 5127: 5117: 5115: 5114:on May 28, 2008 5111: 5098: 5092: 5088: 5081: 5061: 5050: 5036: 5034: 5025: 5024: 5020: 5010: 5008: 4999: 4998: 4994: 4980: 4978: 4967: 4963: 4952: 4948: 4938: 4936: 4926: 4911: 4901: 4899: 4889: 4885: 4875: 4873: 4861: 4854: 4844: 4842: 4840:El Nuevo Herald 4832: 4825: 4816: 4814: 4805: 4804: 4800: 4790: 4788: 4779: 4778: 4774: 4764: 4762: 4747: 4743: 4734: 4732: 4714: 4710: 4698:National Review 4694: 4693: 4689: 4678: 4674: 4664: 4662: 4652: 4648: 4638: 4636: 4627: 4626: 4622: 4612: 4610: 4595: 4591: 4581: 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Romero 1118:A billboard in 1112: 1056: 1032: 1027: 1005:Members of the 999: 927: 906: 904:es:Decreto 1011 900: 863: 826:Global Exchange 794: 738: 715:Ciudad Valencia 695: 660: 644: 640: 632: 615: 609: 577: 573: 564: 558: 506: 500: 436: 421: 415: 336: 312: 306: 289: 269: 263: 258: 222: 179: 77:) is a form of 66:(also known as 23:A billboard of 17: 12: 11: 5: 7446: 7436: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7398: 7397: 7395: 7394: 7381: 7380: 7373: 7365: 7362: 7361: 7359: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7335:¿¡Revolución!? 7331: 7326: 7321: 7314: 7309: 7302: 7295: 7288: 7283: 7280:Aló Presidente 7275: 7273: 7269: 7268: 7266: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7244: 7242: 7240:Foreign policy 7236: 7235: 7233: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7176: 7174: 7170: 7169: 7167: 7166: 7161: 7160: 7159: 7154: 7148:2007 protests 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7125: 7123: 7119: 7118: 7116: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7074: 7072: 7066: 7065: 7053: 7051: 7049: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7022: 7020: 7016: 7015: 7006: 7003: 7002: 6995: 6994: 6987: 6980: 6972: 6966: 6965: 6951: 6950:External links 6948: 6947: 6946: 6921: 6910: 6907: 6906: 6905: 6896: 6887: 6870: 6857: 6851: 6836: 6826: 6811: 6798: 6779: 6774:978-0739165256 6773: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6752: 6746:978-0815725930 6745: 6720: 6713: 6696: 6671: 6645: 6639:978-0143124887 6638: 6617: 6591: 6560: 6534: 6507: 6476: 6464:on 12 May 2012 6445: 6427: 6387: 6354: 6325: 6303: 6280: 6269:. 5 March 2013 6249: 6237: 6209: 6181: 6150: 6121: 6093: 6065: 6040: 6012: 5990: 5965: 5943: 5916: 5893: 5870: 5848: 5825: 5798: 5769: 5757:Spiegel Online 5743: 5707: 5681: 5655: 5622: 5591: 5535: 5504: 5470: 5441: 5410: 5379: 5362: 5338: 5327: 5300: 5286:Monthly Review 5277: 5255: 5240: 5209: 5176: 5152: 5125: 5086: 5079: 5048: 5018: 5005:news.bbc.co.uk 4992: 4961: 4946: 4909: 4883: 4852: 4823: 4798: 4772: 4741: 4708: 4687: 4672: 4646: 4620: 4589: 4559: 4553:978-0739165256 4552: 4534: 4504: 4478: 4452: 4418: 4385: 4354: 4323: 4314: 4305: 4282: 4248: 4214: 4202:Foreign Policy 4185: 4162: 4140: 4128: 4106: 4084: 4078:978-1594032592 4077: 4050: 4044:978-1416594772 4043: 4020: 3991: 3958: 3952:978-0143124887 3951: 3933: 3904: 3895: 3869: 3846: 3814: 3788: 3762: 3735: 3713: 3691: 3664: 3637: 3612: 3583: 3553: 3547:978-0739142592 3546: 3525: 3492: 3463: 3452:. June 4, 2006 3437: 3426:. 28 July 2005 3411: 3405:978-0143124887 3404: 3381: 3368:Foreign Policy 3350: 3344:978-0143124887 3343: 3325: 3319:978-1610391061 3318: 3285: 3257: 3221: 3215:978-0143124887 3214: 3191: 3179: 3172: 3150: 3122: 3094: 3088:978-0143124887 3087: 3050: 3019: 2988: 2958: 2932: 2904: 2879: 2849: 2820: 2793: 2764: 2734: 2725: 2711: 2699: 2693:978-0143124887 2692: 2674: 2638: 2596: 2584: 2551: 2516: 2490: 2457: 2417: 2405: 2398: 2358: 2349: 2323: 2300: 2263: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2225: 2224: 2217: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2195: 2192: 2180:Aló Presidente 2166: 2163: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2119:United Nations 2104:George W. Bush 2066:Mural against 2059: 2056: 2048:The Razorblade 2007: 2004: 1996:Russian Empire 1968:says that the 1861: 1858: 1850:Aló Presidente 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1825:Bolivarianismo 1821: 1818: 1794: 1775:, citizens of 1747: 1744: 1723:Deutsche Welle 1661:Spiegel Online 1641:Foreign Policy 1596: 1593: 1540:Nicolás Maduro 1525:Main article: 1522: 1519: 1480:Main article: 1477: 1474: 1415:Washington, DC 1396:Main article: 1393: 1390: 1360:advocacy group 1348:Main article: 1345: 1342: 1327: 1324: 1285: 1282: 1276: 1273: 1237: 1234: 1218: 1215: 1206: 1203: 1179:Naomi Campbell 1159:Nicolás Maduro 1111: 1108: 1102:Following the 1064:Nicolás Maduro 1055: 1052: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 998: 995: 983:indoctrination 964:Patria Querida 899: 896: 875:Foreign Policy 862: 859: 809:Villa del Cine 793: 790: 737: 734: 711:Ciudad Caracas 694: 691: 659: 656: 633: 631: 628: 611:Main article: 608: 605: 565: 560:Main article: 557: 554: 544:Aló Presidente 539:Foreign Policy 531:Aló Presidente 523:Aló 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