358:(now Vyshkovo in Ukraine), but the causes and exact circumstances of the debate are unknown. According to historians Radu Carciumaru and Victor Spinei, Louis I's attempts to limit the voivodes' privileges caused the conflict. Spinei writes that the king exploited the conflicts between the leading Vlach families to depose Bogdan with the assistance of local knezes, thus hindering him from rising up in open rebellion. On the other hand, Ioan-Aurel Pop says that Bogdan staged a rebellion against the sovereign which lasted for years.
463:
46:
354:. At that time, the Vlach knezes, or chiefs, of Maramureș elected their voivodes from among their number. Louis I's charter, dated to 21 October 1343, referred to Bogdan as "former voivode of Maramureș, disloyal to us", showing that Bogdan had come into conflict with the king or the king's representatives and lost his office. The document referred to a debate between Bogdan and János Kölcsei, the royal castellan of
362:
attempted to persuade a Vlach knez, Giula of Giuleşti, and his six sons to join him. For the Giuleştis refused him, Bogdan and his nephew, Stephen, invaded their domains in
Maramureș and expelled them from there. King Louis ordered John, voivode of Maramureș (who was Stephen's brother and Bogdan's nephew) to restore the Giuleştis in their estates at an assembly of the knezes in the presence of
436:, especially because he knew that the Vlachs in Moldavia were opposed to Louis I's authority. A diploma of King Louis, issued on 20 March 1360, mentioned that the Vlachs rose up in open rebellion in Moldavia, but Dragoș of Giulești – one of the six sons of Bogdan's former opponent, Giula of Giulești – defeated them, restoring the king's rule in Moldavia.
446:
Bogdan's action took place before 2 February 1365, but the exact date is debated. The earliest year, proposed by historians, is 1359; historians suggesting this date say that Bogdan took advantage of the local Vlachs' rebellion, documented by the 1360 royal diploma. Dennis
Deletant writes that Bogdan
477:
John of Küküllő mentioned that Louis I's army often invaded
Moldavia, but the "number of Vlachs inhabiting that land increased, transforming it into a country". John of Küküllő even wrote that Louis I fought most frequently against Moldavia and Serbia during his reign. However, the king's itinerary,
383:
determined the boundaries of the domain of Bogdan's two nephews, Stephen and John, in Cuhea. The document mentioned both
Stephen and John as the king's "loyal servants" and referred to their uncle as "Voivode Bogdan", without mentioning his disloyalty. Bogdan must have been present, because the
361:
After his deposition, Bogdan did not leave
Maramureș. King Louis mentioned Bogdan as "an inveterate disloyal subject of ours" in a royal charter, issued on 15 September 1349, suggesting that Bogdan's relations with the king had worsened between 1343 and 1349. According to the document, Bogdan
202:, by force and seized the throne. In retaliation, Louis I confiscated Bogdan's estates in Maramureș in 1365. Bogdan reigned as the first voivode of Moldavia. He did not accept the overlordship of Louis I of Hungary, transforming Moldavia into the second independent Romanian principality.
443:, the son of Sas of Moldavia, tried to resist them, but Bogdan and his sons forced him to withdraw to Hungary. In retaliation, Louis I of Hungary confiscated Bogdan's domain in Maramureș and donated it to Balc and his brothers. Bogdan seized the province after Balc left for Hungary.
478:
reconstructed based on his charters, suggests that he could only take part in military actions against
Moldavia in 1366, 1368 and 1370. John of Küküllő stated that the king's suzerainty had been restored in Moldavia. According to Spinei, Louis I could only force Bogdan's son,
431:
No contemporaneous sources mentioned the reasons of Bogdan's movement to
Moldavia. According to Tudor Sălăgean, Bogdan left Maramureș because he "failed to get rid of the Hungarian hegemony". Victor Spinei writes that Dragoș's example encouraged Bogdan to cross the
489:
The boundaries of
Moldavia during Bogdan's reign cannot exactly be determined. According to historian Laurenţiu Rădvan, his realm included the northwestern regions between the Carpathian Mountains and the Dniester River, maybe as far as the
290:
church, suggesting that either Bogdan's family converted to
Catholicism or an originally Catholic church building was transformed to serve an Orthodox family. The oldest parts of the manor house were built in the late
191:. He invaded the domains of a Vlach landowner who remained loyal to the king in 1349. Four years later, he was again mentioned as voivode in a charter, which was the last record of his presence in Maramureș.
258:
to
Hungary on this occasion. The royal charter neither referred to Bogdan's ethnicity, nor mentioned large groups of Vlachs. However, the use of titles such as "vojvoda" and "knez", along with the name
1526:
Holban, Maria (1965). "Contacts balkaniques et réalités roumaines aux confins danubiens du Royaume de Hongrie. A propos de la publication de nouvelles sources concernant Basarab".
439:
According to a royal charter, dated to 2 February 1365, Bogdan and his (unnamed) sons had "stealthily" fled from Hungary because they wanted to seize Moldavia.
447:
invaded Moldavia around 1363. Radu Carciumaru proposes the same year; he says that Bogdan took advantage both of a conflict between Louis I of Hungary and
1370:
Pop, Ioan-Aurel (2005). "Transylvania in the 14th century and the first half of the 15th century (1300-1456)". In Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Nägler, Thomas (eds.).
1427:
Sălăgean, Tudor (2005). "Romanian Society in the Early Middle Ages (9th–14th Centuries AD)". In Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Bolovan, Ioan (eds.).
498:
where a royal residence had been built during Dragoș's reign, according to the Moldavian chronicles. He died in 1365 or 1367. He was buried in the
380:
271:
emphasizes that the "similitude of the names is insufficient to identify" Bogdan, son of Mikola, with Bogdan, the future voivode of Moldavia.
1391:"De manibus Valachorum scismaticorum...": Romanians and Power in the Mediaeval Kingdom of Hungary: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries
384:
boundaries of his nephews' estates were fixed in the presence of the neighboring landowners, including Bogdan, according to the document.
522:
in 1407, begins with Bogdan, without referring to his predecessors, Dragoș and Sas, who were mentioned in all Moldavian chronicles. In
526:
documents, Moldavia was mentioned as "Kara-Boğdan", or "Black Bogdan", from the late 14th century onward, which also shows his fame.
1513:
Decei, Aurel (1939). "Une opinion tendencieuse de l'historiographie hongroise: les origines de Bogdan I, fondateur de la Moldavie".
396:
recorded that "Bogdan, the voivode of the Romanians of Maramureș, gathering the Romanians from this district, secretly passed into
187:. However, when the first certain record was made of him in 1343, he was mentioned as a former voivode who had become disloyal to
1621:
1616:
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Az Árpád-kori Magyarország történeti földrajza, IV: Liptó, Máramaros, Moson, Nagysziget, Nógrád, Nyitra, Pest és Pilis megye
1278:
1217:
1191:
Andreescu, Stefan (1998). "The making of the Romanian principalities". In Giurescu, Dinu C.; Fischer-Galați, Stephen (eds.).
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The foundation of the independent Principality of Moldavia – the second independent Romanian state after the
198:, a vassal of Louis I of Hungary, but the local Vlachs were opposed to the Hungarian suzerainty. Bogdan expelled Sas's son,
17:
1626:
634:
246:
three times in 1334 and 1335 to make preparations for the movement of Bogdan, son of Mikola, from "his country" to the
518: – is attributed to Bogdan by modern historians. The list of the voivodes of Moldavia, recorded in the
1483:
1464:
1379:
1360:
1336:
1310:
1238:
459:. Bogdan's action took place in 1364, according to Victor Spinei, and only in 1365, according to Tudor Sălăgean.
330:
among Bogdan's villages. The list shows that Bogdan's domain was situated along the upper courses of the rivers
194:
Bogdan and his retainers left Maramureș for Moldavia between 1359 and 1365. Moldavia had been under the rule of
448:
1611:
1606:
255:
1269:
church burial and the development of funerary rooms in Moldavia". In Coster, Will; Spicer, Andrew (eds.).
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180:
409:
210:
Bogdan's early life is subject to scholarly debate According to a theory, Bogdan was descended from a
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The presence of Bogdan in Maramureș was last documented on 14 May 1353. On this day, the
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540:
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156:
118:
51:
1431:. Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies). pp. 133–207.
1374:. Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies). pp. 247–298.
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199:
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491:
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195:
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471:
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311:
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350:, ascended the throne in July 1342, Bogdan had already been the voivode of the
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Bogdan, son of Mikola. A royal charter, dated to 6 October 1335, narrated that
335:
1600:
1200:
639:. Budapest: Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára. 1882. pp. 10–11.
421:
363:
268:
45:
1288:
Deletant, Dennis (1986). "Moldavia between Hungary and Poland, 1347-1412".
412:
of the Kingdom of Hungary. According to the earliest Moldavian chronicles,
405:
404:, but had been abandoned by its inhabitants because of the vicinity of the
1476:
Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365
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251:
215:
452:
275:
1250:"The Genesis of the Medieval State on the Romanian Territory: Moldavia"
302:
was described in a royal charter, issued on 2 February 1365. It listed
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331:
417:
1249:
355:
283:
1410:
At Europe's Borders: Medieval Towns in the Romanian Principalities
368:
323:
226:. According to a concurrent theory, Bogdan was identical with one
1303:
The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526
908:
420:, and his people left Maramureș and settled on the banks of the
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in the late 1340s or the 1350s. Both Dragoș and his successor,
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says that Voivode Bogdan led a large group of Vlachs from
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295:, but it was enlarged in the middle of the next century.
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1502:Bogdan, Ioan; Petrovici, Emil; Mihaila, G. (1968).
1229:Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1301–1457, I.
655:
1324:
932:
861:
784:
694:
1450:. Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste Româna.
1372:The History of Transylvania, Vol. I. (Until 1541)
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643:
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1273:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 144–166.
27:First independent ruler of Moldavia in the 1360s
286:to the north of the altar shows that it was a
1207:
1195:. East European Monographs. pp. 77–104.
1149:
1125:
1113:
914:
1233:. História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete.
282:. Besides its dedication, the presence of a
278:were unearthed. The church was dedicated to
1454:
1002:
1247:
1026:
834:
778:
636:Krassó vármegye története. III. Oklevéltár
506:. Bogdan was succeeded by his son, Laţcu.
44:
1319:
1254:Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana
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267:composition within that group. Historian
218:. His ancestral estates formed a "valley
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926:
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171:in the 1360s. He had initially been the
50:Bogdan I(on the far left) in a mural at
1455:Treptow, Kurt W.; Popa, Marcel (1996).
1345:
1264:
724:
688:
621:
163:), was the first independent ruler, or
14:
1599:
1525:
1473:
1445:
1407:
1208:Brezianu, Andrei; Spânu, Vlad (2007).
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392:The biographer of Louis I of Hungary,
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274:At Cuhea, the ruins of a church and a
1583:1359–1365 – 1365–1367
1512:
1300:
1290:The Slavonic and East European Review
1271:Sacred Space in Early Medieval Europe
1226:
1056:
807:
661:
482:, to yield to him after Louis became
1528:Revue des études sud-est européennes
69:1359–1365 – 1365–1367
1448:Moldavia in the 11th–14th Centuries
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451:and of the decisive victory of the
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25:
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1508:(in Romanian). Editura Academiei.
428:, accepted Louis I's suzerainty.
1457:Historical Dictionary of Romania
1210:Historical Dictionary of Moldova
263:, suggests a Slavic rather than
1331:. Ohio State University Press.
1193:Romania: A Historic Perspective
1478:. Cambridge University Press.
1429:History of Romania: Compendium
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449:Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor
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1:
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1622:14th-century Romanian people
1617:Burials at Bogdana Monastery
7:
529:
400:, which was subject to the
10:
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1627:Medieval Romanian nobility
1408:Rădvan, Laurenţiu (2010).
1305:. I.B. Tauris Publishers.
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1248:Carciumaru, Radu (2012).
1150:Brezianu & Spânu 2007
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1459:. Scarecrow Press, Inc.
1389:Pop, Ioan-Aurel (2013).
1327:The Romanians: A History
1265:Crăciun, Maria (2005). "
1212:. Scarecrow Press, Inc.
500:Saint Nicholas Monastery
352:Voivodeship of Maramureș
181:Voivodeship of Maramureș
1474:Vásáry, István (2005).
1446:Spinei, Victor (1986).
1003:Treptow & Popa 1996
494:. Bogdan's seat was at
455:over the Tatars in the
408:." Moldavia had been a
1393:. Peter Lang Edition.
474:
346:When Charles I's son,
342:Conflicts in Maramureș
160:
1549:House of Bogdan-Mușat
1515:Revue de Transylvanie
536:House of Bogdan-Mușat
465:
457:Battle of Blue Waters
240:Archbishop of Kalocsa
222:" with its center in
1612:Romanians in Hungary
1607:Monarchs of Moldavia
434:Carpathian Mountains
232:Charles I of Hungary
161:Bogdan Întemeietorul
151:, commonly known as
38:Bogdan Întemeietorul
18:Bogdan I of Moldavia
1579:Voivode of Moldavia
1544:Bogdan the Founder
1355:. Akadémiai Kiadó.
1301:Engel, Pál (2001).
1227:Engel, Pál (1996).
1176:, pp. 209–210.
1017:, pp. 190–191.
929:, pp. 200–201.
917:, pp. 124–125.
822:, pp. 199–200.
715:, pp. 238–239.
466:Grave of Bogdan at
416:when a Vlach lord,
388:Voivode of Moldavia
298:Bogdan's domain in
60:Voivode of Moldavia
520:Bistrița Monastery
475:
414:it came into being
348:Louis I of Hungary
310:, two Vișeus (now
248:Kingdom of Hungary
214:family, native to
189:Louis I of Hungary
185:Kingdom of Hungary
175:, or head, of the
153:Bogdan the Founder
35:Bogdan the Founder
1595:
1594:
1586:Succeeded by
1438:978-973-7784-12-4
1419:978-90-04-18010-9
1400:978-3-631-64866-7
1280:978-0-521-82487-3
1219:978-0-8108-5607-3
541:Bogdana Monastery
468:Bogdana Monastery
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52:Bogdana Monastery
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1495:Further reading
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1347:Györffy, György
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1321:Georgescu, Vlad
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1027:Carciumaru 2012
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946:, pp. 239.
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402:Hungarian Crown
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280:King St Stephen
244:Clisura Dunării
236:Ladislaus Jánki
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1260:(12): 172–188.
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1162:Andreescu 1998
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1101:, p. 529.
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781:, p. 182.
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729:
727:, p. 123.
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703:, p. 238.
693:
691:, p. 147.
678:
676:, p. 324.
666:
664:, p. 135.
654:
652:, p. 323.
642:
626:
624:, p. 118.
614:
612:, p. 159.
602:
598:Georgescu 1991
581:
579:, p. 204.
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484:King of Poland
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372:, or head, of
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1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1590:
1581:
1580:
1573:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1541:
1533:
1530:(in French).
1529:
1524:
1521:(1): 289–312.
1520:
1517:(in French).
1516:
1511:
1507:
1505:
1500:
1499:
1487:
1485:0-521-83756-1
1481:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1466:0-8108-3179-1
1462:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1381:973-7784-00-6
1377:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1362:963-05-7504-3
1358:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1338:0-8142-0511-9
1334:
1329:
1328:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1312:1-86064-061-3
1308:
1304:
1299:
1296:(2): 189–211.
1295:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1240:963-8312-44-0
1236:
1232:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1188:
1175:
1170:
1164:, p. 94.
1163:
1158:
1152:, p. 57.
1151:
1146:
1139:
1134:
1128:, p. 45.
1127:
1122:
1116:, p. 56.
1115:
1110:
1108:
1100:
1095:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1043:
1042:Sălăgean 2005
1038:
1036:
1028:
1023:
1016:
1015:Deletant 1986
1011:
1005:, p. 45.
1004:
999:
997:
995:
987:
982:
975:
970:
968:
960:
959:Deletant 1986
955:
953:
945:
940:
938:
936:
928:
927:Sălăgean 2005
923:
916:
911:
904:
903:Deletant 1986
899:
897:
889:
884:
882:
880:
872:
867:
865:
857:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
836:
831:
829:
821:
816:
809:
804:
797:
792:
790:
788:
780:
775:
773:
771:
769:
761:
756:
754:
752:
750:
748:
746:
738:
733:
726:
721:
714:
709:
702:
697:
690:
685:
683:
675:
670:
663:
658:
651:
646:
638:
637:
630:
623:
618:
611:
606:
600:, p. 18.
599:
594:
592:
590:
588:
586:
578:
573:
571:
569:
567:
565:
563:
561:
559:
557:
552:
542:
539:
537:
534:
533:
527:
525:
521:
517:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
487:
485:
481:
473:
469:
464:
460:
458:
454:
450:
444:
442:
437:
435:
429:
427:
423:
422:Moldova River
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
385:
382:
377:
375:
371:
370:
365:
364:Andrew Lackfi
359:
357:
353:
349:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
296:
289:
285:
281:
277:
272:
270:
269:Victor Spinei
266:
262:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
203:
201:
197:
192:
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186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
142:
138:
134:
131:
127:
122:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
89:
86:
82:
79:
76:
72:
68:
64:
61:
57:
53:
47:
42:
33:
30:
19:
1577:
1555:
1547:
1531:
1527:
1518:
1514:
1506:
1503:
1475:
1456:
1447:
1428:
1409:
1390:
1371:
1353:
1350:
1326:
1302:
1293:
1289:
1270:
1266:
1257:
1253:
1231:
1228:
1209:
1192:
1169:
1157:
1145:
1133:
1121:
1094:
1022:
1010:
981:
922:
910:
815:
803:
732:
725:Györffy 1998
720:
708:
696:
689:Crăciun 2005
669:
657:
645:
635:
629:
622:Györffy 1998
617:
605:
513:
488:
476:
445:
438:
430:
391:
381:Eger Chapter
378:
367:
360:
345:
328:Keethzeleste
316:Vișeu de Sus
312:Vișeu de Jos
307:
297:
293:13th century
273:
250:. Historian
209:
193:
152:
148:
147:
140:
29:
1174:Spinei 1986
1138:Rădvan 2010
1099:Rădvan 2010
1087:Rădvan 2010
1072:Spinei 1986
986:Rădvan 2010
974:Spinei 1986
888:Spinei 1986
856:Spinei 1986
760:Spinei 1986
737:Vásáry 2005
610:Vásáry 2005
577:Spinei 1986
453:Lithuanians
276:manor house
74:Predecessor
1601:Categories
1534:: 385–417.
1057:Engel 2001
808:Engel 1996
662:Engel 2001
547:References
1558:1365-1367
1412:. BRILL.
1201:237138831
486:in 1370.
300:Maramureș
265:Aromanian
252:Pál Engel
234:had sent
216:Maramureș
141:(debated)
101:1365–1367
84:Successor
1349:(1998).
1323:(1991).
944:Pop 2005
871:Pop 2013
820:Pop 2013
796:Pop 2005
713:Pop 2013
701:Pop 2013
674:Pop 2013
650:Pop 2013
530:See also
398:Moldavia
284:sacristy
169:Moldavia
157:Romanian
149:Bogdan I
1589:Petru I
1184:Sources
504:Rădăuţi
472:Rădăuţi
308:Bachkow
228:Voivode
220:knezate
206:Origins
183:in the
179:in the
173:voivode
165:voivode
139:Mikola
126:Petru I
111:Rădăuți
1554:
1482:
1463:
1435:
1416:
1397:
1378:
1359:
1335:
1309:
1277:
1237:
1216:
1199:
524:Turkic
510:Legacy
418:Dragoș
406:Tatars
320:Moisei
261:Bogdan
256:Serbia
177:Vlachs
136:Father
123:Ștefan
106:Burial
1556:Died:
496:Siret
480:Laţcu
369:ispán
336:Vișeu
324:Borșa
242:, to
224:Cuhea
212:Vlach
167:, of
130:Lațcu
119:Issue
88:Lațcu
66:Reign
1480:ISBN
1461:ISBN
1433:ISBN
1414:ISBN
1395:ISBN
1376:ISBN
1357:ISBN
1333:ISBN
1307:ISBN
1275:ISBN
1235:ISBN
1214:ISBN
1197:OCLC
441:Balc
356:Visk
334:and
326:and
314:and
304:Ieud
200:Balc
98:Died
1572:Sas
502:at
426:Sas
332:Iza
318:),
78:Sas
1603::
1294:64
1292:.
1256:.
1252:.
1106:^
1079:^
1064:^
1049:^
1034:^
993:^
966:^
951:^
934:^
895:^
878:^
863:^
842:^
827:^
786:^
767:^
744:^
681:^
584:^
555:^
470:,
376:.
366:,
338:.
322:,
306:,
238:,
159::
1532:3
1519:5
1488:.
1469:.
1441:.
1422:.
1403:.
1384:.
1365:.
1341:.
1315:.
1283:.
1258:2
1243:.
1222:.
1203:.
155:(
20:)
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