419:(formerly known as Bridges Across Borders Cambodia), a non-governmental organization working in Cambodia has estimated that including the Boeung Kak lake case, over a quarter of rural land areas have been granted as economic land concessions to both Cambodian and international investors, which impacts the environment in the area. Boeung Kak Lake played an important role in reducing storm runoff for the areas surrounding the Lake. In Cambodia with a long rainy season lakes are very important. For the capital, Phnom Penh, lakes and rivers serve as important resources for wastewater and storm water drainage. Additionally the open spaces that surrounded Boeung Kak Lake are important for a normally densely populated city, with an increased number of vehicles and pollution. During the
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the prime minister himself, made in 2011. Ninety families were excluded from the concession. For the residents who have stayed in the area floods have been very common. In July 2010 local residents reported floodwater mixed with wastewater from toilets than reached all the way to their hips. Reported problems have also been made with the sand pumping directly into resident houses, forcing the residences to leave. Furthermore, as a result of the powerful pumping of sand, many residential houses are now buried in sand.
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516:. They personally were displaced after their land was a part of the lease made between the Cambodian government and Shukaku Inc. The youngest of the thirteen women is 25 years old and the oldest woman is 72. On 24 May 2012 the women were arrested and convicted of occupying the land illegally. All the 13 women were sentenced to two and a half years in prison. The arrest of the Boeung Kak 13 was brought to the attention of the non-state actors
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2001 could be claimed for documented private ownership. The land law included the area surrounding Boeung Kak Lake. According to
Article 15 of the Cambodian land law, water bodies, lakes and rivers such as Boeung Kak are all considered state property. Article 16 and 18 state that leasing a public property must not exceed 15 years and must not damage the property or change its function in providing
508:, one of the leading non-state actors for development, has taken a standpoint in the case. The bank normally provided Cambodia with US$ 70 million in loan every year. After pressure from the Boeung Kak community the World Bank stated in 2010 that it would not resume the loans to Cambodia until the conflict over the land and the eviction of people has been resolved.
368:. A majority of the households surrounding Boeung Kak Lake bought the land from military and government officials during land transactions in 1989. Because of the abolishment of records during the Khmer Rouge period, it is difficult to prove ownership and titles of the homes for some of the people living around the lake.
528:, America’s secretary of state. The women were released and Tep Vanny will receive the Global Leadership Award in Washington in 2013 from Hillary Clinton herself. The women have continued their activist work and Tep Vanny has received international recognition for the documentary "Even a bird needs a nest".
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As a result of the 2001 land law, a Land
Management and Administration Project began in 2002. The project has as a goal to over 15 years manage natural resources and promote equal land distribution to the people of Cambodia. Although 1.3 million titles have already been issued as a result of the 2001
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from 1975 to 1979 the regime abolished all ownership and land titles as well as all existing official land records in
Cambodia. In doing so, the Khmer Rouge owned all the land in the country and excluded any private ownership of land. Ten years after the Khmer Rouge Regime the land was still owned by
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from their homes surrounding Boeung Kak Lake since August 2008 in order for the building project of
Shukaku Inc. to take place. After pressure from numerous non-governmental organizations and international actors, around 600 of the remaining families have been given land titles under a concession by
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Shukaku has termed the development of the lake "Phnom Penh City Center", and has built an office, roads, and drainage infrastructure on site. Shukaku struck a joint venture with
Chinese firm Erdos Hongjun Investment Corporation in 2010, but this collapsed in 2014. Beijing-based Graticity Real Estate
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that recognized private ownership for residential and agricultural holding of land. Furthermore, the land law states that the
Cambodian government should be in charge of the distribution of land. Article 30 of the law stated that land continuously occupied without contestation for five years before
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The
Municipality of Phnom Penh announced on 6 February 2007 that they had granted a 99-year lease for the amount of US$ 79,002,000 for 133 hectares of land surrounding and including Boeung Kak Lake. The lease was given to a small private development called Shukaku Inc, which is owned by the wife of
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most of the land had been registered as private property. However, the French system was upheld after
Cambodia gained independence in 1953. In the years thereafter more land was distributed to the population and in 1962, 84 percent of agriculture households owned land. The trend shifted during the
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Several other protests have occurred over the issue of Boeung Kak Lake. On 22 April 2013, 80 former lake residents held a protest outside of the
Cambodian People’s Party headquarter. They were requesting that H.E. Chea Sim, the party president, solve the conflict surrounding Boeung Kak Lake. The
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visited the Boeung Kak community and wrote in a report that he walked away "encouraged by the determination shown by the women residents of the area to defend their rights peacefully". In addition to this meeting, during the arrest of the Boeung Kak 13 an action letter was sent by the UN to the
326:(CPP). In the lease the municipality predicted that 4,252 families in Sangkat Chak Khan Daun Penh and other areas around the lake would be affected. The development group Shukaku Inc. wanted to lease the land for the production of trade and service places for domestic and international
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for 99 years. This agreement has resulted in the filling of the lake with sand in order for the company to build condominiums and other complexes on the land. The change of the lake and the area surrounding the lake has had major social and environmental impact. Several
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as well as international actors protested the destruction of Boeung Kak Lake. In 2010, 90 percent of the lake had already been filled with sand. As of 2015, roads and drainage infrastructure has been installed and real estate development is taking place there.
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On 10 August 2009 more than 150 residencies in the Boeung Kak area were issued the first form of eviction notice. The residencies were given a week to choose and accept a compensation from the government, so the process of moving occurred very quickly.
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The people living on the land of the lake are concerned about losing their land. Land title concerns related to the lease of Boeung Kak Lake are a result of a long history of land title issues in
Cambodia. In 1930, during the long period of
330:, as well as for building high-end condominiums. Shukaku Inc. later made a deal with a Chinese Investment Group called Erdos Hongjun Investment Corporation, which also were to help out with the building projects on the newly gained land.
384:. The law has resulted in controversies in the case of Boeung Kak Lake, as the lake was leased for 99 years. In 2008, The Boeung Kak Lake was transformed from a public to a private property of the state, after a sub-decree was signed.
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The residents were offered three choices from the government as compensation for losing their land. They were offered either US$ 8,500, a flat on the onsite development in addition to US$ 500 or resettlement 20 kilometers outside of
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The Cambodian Housing Rights Task Force (HRTF) is a coalition of 12 non-governmental organizations within Cambodia that also have taken a stand on the case of Boeung Kak Lake, and promote the right for adequate housing.
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industry developing a proportion of the population started cafés and restaurants. Before the agreement between Shukaku Inc. and the government the lake was also a valuable water resource for every day needs.
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The Boeung Kak 13 is a group of women that are working as an opposition to the lease of Boeung Kak Lake and the evictions of the people living in the area of the lake. The group is led by the female activist
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season, the water level rises to above the ground level of the city and a space is required to retain the water during that period. With Boeung Kak Lake being filled with sand, there are more chances of
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Boeung Kak Lake is in the middle of a residential area. After the Khmer Rouge families resettled by the lake and used the lake as an important resource for fishing, and harvesting plant life. With the
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Shukaku Inc. released an environmental and social impact assessment in August 2008 including plans to address the environmental impacts happening in the area. One of the suggestions was to dig a
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of the area, as a result of the lake being entirely filled with sand. New roads and buildings are clearly visible on updated satellite views of google maps (in place of Boeung Kak Lake).
489:. Since 1990 approximately 11 percent of the population of Phnom Penh have been evicted from their homes or relocated to places that lack infrastructure and access to public goods.
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482:. Heng Mom, one of the residents of Boeung Kak Lake has given a statement to BBC indicating that the compensation is not nearly enough to get land around Phnom Penh.
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in Phnom Penh. Residential areas, businesses, restaurants, hotels, embassies and other local businesses surrounded the area of the lake. Phnom Penh's
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especially in terms of vegetables and fish. With the Lake being 90% filled, the aquatic life has been eliminated from the area.
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Boeung Kak Lake, which most recently operated as a closed lake system with no water leaving the lake has been filled with sand.
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Development bought 20 hectares from Shukaku and is now building the first major development at Boeung Kak, called "One Park".
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428:. Flooding examples have already been seen in the cases of other lakes previously filled such as the example of Pong Peay.
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In February 2013 Shukaku Inc. was praised for "reducing poverty" in a letter from the minister of Economy and Finance,
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as a drainage system that would pump water into the rivers. The system was important to control flooding in the city.
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Although the numbers vary, around 3,500 families, which is the equivalent of 17,500 people, have been forcibly
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1970s and the ownership of land moved from the whole population to mostly the privileged classes owning land.
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protesters were also asking for the release of Yorm Bopha, a former activist fighting for the same causes.
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The people surrounding Boeung Kak Lake are fighting a cause that has already occurred for a while in
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in the area. As of 1 May 2013 no work has been done to assess the economic impacts of the project.
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1236:"Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in Cambodia, Surya P. Subedi"
1204:"Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in Cambodia, Surya P. Subedi"
517:
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land law, BABC (a non-governmental organization) still questions the success of the program.
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722:
Ford, Peter; Pheap, Aun (1 October 2015). "Chinese Firm Begins Construction at Boeng Kak".
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8:
1107:
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556:- land rights activist imprisoned by the Cambodian government in 2012, and again in 2016
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931:"Cambodia's Land Reform and Boeung Kak Lake: Institutions, Politics, and Development"
753:"Cambodia's Land Reform and Boeung Kak Lake: Institutions, Politics, and Development"
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1268:"Boeung Kak Lake Protesters Demonstrate Outside Prime Minister Hun Sen's House"
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There are several international responses to the case of Boeung Kak Lake. The
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The lake has had a historical significance for the environment. In the post
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formerly sat on its south coast. The lake itself was 90 hectares in area.
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era a canal was built linking the Boeung Kak Lake to the larger river,
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642:"Phnom Penh Residents Score Landmark Victory over Proposed Land Grab"
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1270:. Cambodian Human Rights and Development Association. Archived from
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327:
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30:
838:"The Reclamation and Development of Boeung Kak Lake in Phnom Penh"
609:"The Reclamation and Development of Boeung Kak Lake in Phnom Penh"
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As of 27 February 2012 Boeung Kak Lake can no longer be seen on a
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985:"Boeng Kak Lake Is No Longer Visible on Google Map of Area"
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675:"Forced Eviction of Boeung Kak Lake, Phnom Penh, Cambodia"
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Cambodian government on 4 June 2012 illustrating concern.
499:
280:. Until around 2010, it was covered by the largest urban
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In 2001 a new land law was drafted with the help of the
1108:"World Bank Blocks Cambodia Loans amid Boeung Kak Row"
1034:"Cambodia Lake Battle: How Boeung Kak Became a Puddle"
614:. Digital Conservation Facility, Laos. Archived from
225:
Filled in Boeung Kak Lake with demolished guest house
1179:"Activist Abroad: Tep Vanny Wins Human Rights Award"
337:
18:
Shrunken lake due to urban development in Phnom Penh
431:The lake has also served as an important source of
408:. During the 1960s a water system was developed in
1156:"The Leaderboard: Tep Vanny and the Boeung Kak 13"
1057:"Land Titling in Cambodia: Formalizing Inequality"
906:"Land Titling in Cambodia: Formalizing Inequality"
873:"Boeung Kak Area Drainage and Flooding Assessment"
813:"Land Titling in Cambodia: Formalizing Inequality"
531:On 10 December 2011 a special rapporteur from the
1241:. United Nations General Assembly. Archived from
1209:. United Nations General Assembly. Archived from
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524:. The women managed to win the sympathy of
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272:centrally located in the capital city of
1319:"Activist Yorm Bopha again found guilty"
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500:Cambodian and international involvement
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295:made an agreement to lease the land to
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1083:"Minister Praises Boeung Kak Fill-in"
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640:Fawthrope, Tom (14 September 2011).
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249:Boeung Kak Lake Environmental Impact
233:Image of the Boeung Kak Lake project
37:below the map as it was before 2009.
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13:
987:. Open Development. Archived from
14:
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962:Benham, Sally (18 January 2012).
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584:"Boeung Kak Lake Lease Agreement"
338:Background to land title concerns
217:Housing at lake Boeung Kak (2010)
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1364:Environmental disasters in Asia
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1011:"Background on Boeung Kak Case"
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35:Boeung Kak lake at the evening,
1032:Launey, Guy (14 August 2011).
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589:. Cambodia Developmental Watch
302:non-governmental organizations
1:
1294:"Boeung Kak Lake Development"
560:
496:to the development company.
404:, which lies just above the
209:located at Boeung Kak (Lake)
7:
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322:, a crony senator for the
1354:Controversies in Cambodia
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324:Cambodian People´s Party
173:due to urban development
1344:Geography of Phnom Penh
241:Boeung Kak Lake Project
1369:Sangkats of Phnom Penh
878:. BABC. Archived from
677:. Habitat Forum Geneve
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149:11.57806°N 104.90972°E
1129:H, L (27 June 2012).
936:. NUS. Archived from
696:L, H (27 June 2012).
518:Amnesty International
313:Boeung Kak area lease
248:
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1339:Former lakes of Asia
1110:. BBC. 9 August 2011
392:Environmental impact
293:Cambodian government
286:main railway station
69:Show map of Cambodia
1359:2000s controversies
1248:on 6 September 2012
1216:on 6 September 2012
1183:The Phnom Penh Post
1131:"The Boeung Kak 13"
1087:The Phnom Penh Post
1055:Bugalski, Natalie.
904:Bugalski, Natalie.
811:Bugalski, Natalie.
698:"The Boeung Kak 13"
377:Finnish governments
347:of Cambodia by the
154:11.57806; 104.90972
145: /
943:on 24 January 2013
885:on 29 October 2013
850:on 13 October 2013
788:"Land in Cambodia"
765:on 24 January 2013
724:The Cambodia Daily
621:on 13 October 2013
522:Human Rights Watch
417:Equitable Cambodia
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1349:Lakes of Cambodia
1177:Chakrya, Khouth.
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99:Show map of Asia
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1081:Yuthana, Kim.
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991:on 3 July 2013
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127:Coordinates
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506:World Bank
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