Blues - Knowledge

3600: 3594: 3262: 5244:'s music" or "music of the devil", even of inciting violence and other poor behavior. In the early 20th century, the blues was considered disreputable, especially as white audiences began listening to the blues during the 1920s. The close association with the devil was actually a well known characteristic of blues lyrics and culture between the 1920s and 1960s. The devil's connection to the blues has faded from popular memory since then for a number of reasons, other than in the narrow sense of Robert Johnson selling his soul to the devil at the crossroads. A study of the devil's role in the blues was published in 2017 called 2286:, then aged 25, in her diary on December 14, 1862. She was a free-born black woman from Pennsylvania who was working as a schoolteacher in South Carolina, instructing both slaves and freedmen, and wrote that she "came home with the blues" because she felt lonesome and pitied herself. She overcame her depression and later noted a number of songs, such as "Poor Rosy", that were popular among the slaves. Although she admitted being unable to describe the manner of singing she heard, Forten wrote that the songs "can't be sung without a full heart and a troubled spirit", conditions that have inspired countless blues songs. 3485: 5035: 2727: 3524:, more a vaudeville performer than a blues artist, was the first African American to record a blues song, in 1920; her second record, "Crazy Blues", sold 75,000 copies in its first month. Ma Rainey, the "Mother of Blues", and Bessie Smith each " around center tones, perhaps in order to project her voice more easily to the back of a room". Smith would "sing a song in an unusual key, and her artistry in bending and stretching notes with her beautiful, powerful contralto to accommodate her own interpretation was unsurpassed". 2930: 49: 4384: 3539:" to distinguish them from records sold to white audiences. Nonetheless, the recordings of some of the classic female blues singers were purchased by white buyers as well. These blueswomen's contributions to the genre included "increased improvisation on melodic lines, unusual phrasing which altered the emphasis and impact of the lyrics, and vocal dramatics using shouts, groans, moans, and wails. The blues women thus effected changes in other types of popular singing that had spin-offs in jazz, 2717: 2000: 4190: 9216: 9204: 3822: 4583: 2251:(1798). The phrase 'blue devils' may also have been derived from a British usage of the 1600s referring to the "intense visual hallucinations that can accompany severe alcohol withdrawal". As time went on, the phrase lost the reference to devils and came to mean a state of agitation or depression. By the 1800s in the United States, the term "blues" was associated with drinking alcohol, a meaning which survives in the phrase ' 4666: 9192: 5462: 2306: 2694:, marking the transition to the beginning of the next progression. The lyrics generally end on the last beat of the tenth bar or the first beat of the 11th bar, and the final two bars are given to the instrumentalist as a break; the harmony of this two-bar break, the turnaround, can be extremely complex, sometimes consisting of single notes that defy analysis in terms of chords. 3218:

black music began to be recorded in the 1920s, both categories of musicians used similar techniques: call-and-response patterns, blue notes, and slide guitars. Gospel music was nevertheless using musical forms that were compatible with Christian hymns and therefore less marked by the blues form than its secular counterpart.

2701:(7th) form. The use of the harmonic seventh interval is characteristic of blues and is popularly called the "blues seven". Blues seven chords add to the harmonic chord a note with a frequency in a 7:4 ratio to the fundamental note. At a 7:4 ratio, it is not close to any interval on the conventional Western 5023:, mixed with African rhythms and call-and-response forms. Spirituals or religious chants in the African-American community are much better documented than the "low-down" blues. Spiritual singing developed because African-American communities could gather for mass or worship gatherings, which were called 3020:

There are few characteristics common to all blues music, because the genre took its shape from the idiosyncrasies of individual performers. However, there are some characteristics that were present long before the creation of the modern blues. Call-and-response shouts were an early form of blues-like

4118:, had influences not directly related to the Chicago style. John Lee Hooker's blues is more "personal", based on Hooker's deep rough voice accompanied by a single electric guitar. Though not directly influenced by boogie-woogie, his "groovy" style is sometimes called "guitar boogie". His first hit, " 2426:. The lyrical content became slightly simpler in postwar blues, which tended to focus on relationship woes or sexual worries. Lyrical themes that frequently appeared in prewar blues, such as economic depression, farming, devils, gambling, magic, floods and drought, were less common in postwar blues. 2359:

has argued that "The parallels between African savanna-belt string-playing and the techniques of many blues guitarists are remarkable. The big kora of Senegal and Guinea are played in a rhythmic-melodic style that uses constantly changing rhythms, often providing a ground bass overlaid with complex

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had throughout plantations in the Americas for their melancholic music and outlook on life when they were enslaved. Other historians have argued that there is little evidence of Sub-Sahelian influence in the blues as "elaborate polyrhythm, percussion on African drums (as opposed to European drums),

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often consisted of a single line repeated four times. However, the most common structure of blues lyrics today was established in the first few decades of the 20th century, known as the "AAB" pattern. This structure consists of a line sung over the first four bars, its repetition over the next four,

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occurring later. It is associated with the newly acquired freedom of the former slaves. Chroniclers began to report about blues music at the dawn of the 20th century. The first publication of blues sheet music was in 1908. Blues has since evolved from unaccompanied vocal music and oral traditions of

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According to Lawrence Levine, "there was a direct relationship between the national ideological emphasis upon the individual, the popularity of Booker T. Washington's teachings, and the rise of the blues." Levine stated that "psychologically, socially, and economically, African-Americans were being

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intentionally separated artists along racial lines and conveyed the impression that their music came from mutually exclusive sources. Nothing could have been further from the truth... In cultural terms, blues and country were more equal than they were separate." Garofalo claimed that "artists were

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Depending on the religious community a musician belonged to, it was more or less considered a sin to play this low-down music: blues was the devil's music. Musicians were therefore segregated into two categories: gospel singers and blues singers, guitar preachers and songsters. However, when rural

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Edward P. Comentale has noted how the blues was often used as a medium for art or self-expression, stating: "As heard from Delta shacks to Chicago tenements to Harlem cabarets, the blues proved—despite its pained origins—a remarkably flexible medium and a new arena for the shaping of identity and

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In the 1920s, the blues became a major element of African American and American popular music, also reaching white audiences via Handy's arrangements and the classic female blues performers. These female performers became perhaps the first African American "superstars", and their recording sales

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Blues has evolved from the unaccompanied vocal music and oral traditions of slaves imported from West Africa and rural blacks into a wide variety of styles and subgenres, with regional variations across the United States. Although blues (as it is now known) can be seen as a musical style based on

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are African-derived instruments that may have helped in the transfer of African performance techniques into the early blues instrumental vocabulary. The banjo seems to be directly imported from West African music. It is similar to the musical instrument that griots and other Africans such as the

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Handy was a formally trained musician, composer and arranger who helped to popularize the blues by transcribing and orchestrating blues in an almost symphonic style, with bands and singers. He became a popular and prolific composer, and billed himself as the "Father of the Blues"; however, his

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Country blues performers often improvised, either without accompaniment or with only a banjo or guitar. Regional styles of country blues varied widely in the early 20th century. The (Mississippi) Delta blues was a rootsy sparse style with passionate vocals accompanied by slide guitar. The

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as places where African-Americans went to listen to music, dance, or gamble after a hard day's work. This period corresponds to the transition from slavery to sharecropping, small-scale agricultural production, and the expansion of railroads in the southern United States. Several scholars

2863:". But the origins of the blues were some decades earlier, probably around 1890. This music is poorly documented, partly because of racial discrimination in U.S. society, including academic circles, and partly because of the low rate of literacy among rural African Americans at the time. 2341:

Early blues frequently took the form of a loose narrative. African-American singers voiced their "personal woes in a world of harsh reality: a lost love, the cruelty of police officers, oppression at the hands of white folk, hard times". This melancholy has led to the suggestion of an

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was another important style of 1930s and early 1940s urban blues. While the style is often associated with solo piano, boogie-woogie was also used to accompany singers and, as a solo part, in bands and small combos. Boogie-woogie style was characterized by a regular bass figure, an

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Though musicologists can now attempt to define the blues narrowly in terms of certain chord structures and lyric forms thought to have originated in West Africa, audiences originally heard the music in a far more general way: it was simply the music of the rural south, notably the

3601: 2355:, "the roots of the blues were not to be found in the coastal and forest regions of Africa. Rather... the blues was rooted in ... the savanna hinterland, from Senegambia through Mali, Burkina Faso, Northern Ghana, Niger, and northern Nigeria". Additionally, ethnomusicologist 5112:'s style of rock and roll was heavily influenced by the blues and its derivative boogie-woogie. His style of music was not exactly rockabilly but it has been often called real rock and roll (this is a label he shares with several African American rock and roll performers). 3179:" to sell music by blacks for blacks and by whites for whites, respectively. At the time, there was no clear musical division between "blues" and "country", except for the ethnicity of the performer, and even that was sometimes documented incorrectly by record companies. 6865:

Garofalo, p. 27. Garofalo cited Barlow in "Handy's sudden success demonstrated commercial potential of , which in turn made the genre attractive to the Tin Pan Alley hacks, who wasted little time in turning out a deluge of imitations." (Parentheticals in

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Bebop marked a major shift in the role of jazz, from a popular style of music for dancing to a "high-art", less-accessible, cerebral "musician's music". The audience for both blues and jazz split, and the border between blues and jazz became more defined.

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characterize the development of blues music in the early 1900s as a move from group performance to individualized performance. They argue that the development of the blues is associated with the newly acquired freedom of the enslaved people.

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scheme commonly found in African and African-American music. During the first decades of the 20th century blues music was not clearly defined in terms of a particular chord progression. With the popularity of early performers, such as

4901:" and "Concerto in F". Gershwin's second "Prelude" for solo piano is an interesting example of a classical blues, maintaining the form with academic strictness. The blues scale is ubiquitous in modern popular music and informs many 3912:

were all born in Mississippi and moved to Chicago during the Great Migration. Their style is characterized by the use of electric guitar, sometimes slide guitar, harmonica, and a rhythm section of bass and drums. The saxophonist

1935: 1822: 4943:"Blues singing is about emotion. Its influence on popular singing has been so widespread that, at least among males, singing and emoting have become almost identical—it is a matter of projection rather than hitting the notes." 3480:

began his career in Memphis, but his distinct style was smoother and had some swing elements. Many blues musicians based in Memphis moved to Chicago in the late 1930s or early 1940s and became part of the urban blues movement.

4052:, an acoustic, softer brand of blues, turned up his amp and started to play his Chicago brand of electric blues. Although the audience was largely jolted by the performance, the performance influenced local musicians such as 4237:

and the blues festivals he organized in Europe played a major role in propagating blues music abroad. In the UK, bands emulated U.S. blues legends, and UK blues rock-based bands had an influential role throughout the 1960s.

2167:, consisting of a line sung over the four first bars, its repetition over the next four, and then a longer concluding line over the last bars. Early blues frequently took the form of a loose narrative, often relating the 5108:", with its unmodified 12-bar structure (in both harmony and lyrics) and a melody centered on flatted third of the tonic (and flatted seventh of the subdominant), is a blues song transformed into a rock and roll song. 4864:

Blues musical styles, forms (12-bar blues), melodies, and the blues scale have influenced many other genres of music, such as rock and roll, jazz, and popular music. Prominent jazz, folk or rock performers, such as

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The transition from country blues to urban blues that began in the 1920s was driven by the successive waves of economic crisis and booms that led many rural blacks to move to urban areas, in a movement known as the

4161:, swamp blues has a slower pace and a simpler use of the harmonica than the Chicago blues style performers such as Little Walter or Muddy Waters. Songs from this genre include "Scratch my Back", "She's Tough" and " 2817:, da": it consists of uneven, or "swung", eighth notes. On a guitar this may be played as a simple steady bass or it may add to that stepwise quarter note motion from the fifth to the sixth of the chord and back. 3214:, which were very popular. Before the blues gained its formal definition in terms of chord progressions, it was defined as the secular counterpart of spirituals. It was the low-down music played by rural blacks. 3170:

arose in the same regions of the southern United States during the 19th century. Recorded blues and country music can be found as far back as the 1920s, when the record industry created the marketing categories

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emerged, which used guitars in both solo and rhythm roles. In contrast with the West Side blues, the Texas style is strongly influenced by the British rock-blues movement. Major artists of the Texas style are

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Garofalo, p. 44. "Gradually, instrumental and harmonic accompaniment were added, reflecting increasing cross-cultural contact." Garofalo cited other authors who also mention the "Ethiopian airs" and "Negro

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that influenced many later electric blues guitarists. In contrast to the Chicago style, King's band used strong brass support from a saxophone, trumpet, and trombone, instead of using slide guitar or harp.

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demonstrated "a huge appetite for records made by and for black people." The blues evolved from informal performances in bars to entertainment in theaters. Blues performances were organized by the

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music; they were a "functional expression ... style without accompaniment or harmony and unbounded by the formality of any particular musical structure". A form of this pre-blues was heard in slave

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had brought African-American music to new audiences, within the U.S. and abroad. However, the blues wave that brought artists such as Muddy Waters to the foreground had stopped. Bluesmen such as

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City or urban blues styles were more codified and elaborate, as a performer was no longer within their local, immediate community, and had to adapt to a larger, more varied audience's aesthetic.

2728: 1807: 3206:. The origins of spirituals go back much further than the blues, usually dating back to the middle of the 18th century, when the slaves were Christianized and began to sing and play Christian 3951:

were also influential. Muddy Waters and Elmore James were known for their innovative use of slide electric guitar. Howlin' Wolf and Muddy Waters were known for their deep, "gravelly" voices.

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and the African call-and-response tradition that transformed into an interplay of voice and guitar, the blues form itself bears no resemblance to the melodic styles of the West African

1817: 1802: 3652:, who "linked the propulsive left-hand rhythms of the ragtime pianists with melodic figures similar to those of Armstrong's trumpet in the right hand". The smooth Louisiana style of 7248: 2334:, the "AAB" pattern was adopted to avoid the monotony of lines repeated three times. The lyrics are often sung in a rhythmic talk style rather than a melody, resembling a form of 8470: 8051: 6557: 4029:, both recording for Chess, were influenced by the Chicago blues, their enthusiastic playing styles departed from the melancholy aspects of blues. Chicago blues also influenced 3017:

acculturated in a way that would have been impossible during slavery, and it is hardly surprising that their secular music reflected this as much as their religious music did."

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production increased costs, challenging the spontaneity and improvisation that are an important component of blues music. In the 1980s and 1990s, blues publications such as

2279:, he mentions "the blues" in the chapter reflecting on his time in solitude. He wrote his account of his personal quest in 1845, although it was not published until 1854. 514: 466: 5065:, whereas blues had blues forms such as the 12-bar blues. However, the jump blues of the 1940s mixed both styles. After WWII, blues had a substantial influence on jazz. 1812: 1764: 5198:

have all described themselves as blues singers and their music has a blues feel that is different, at first glance at least, from the later country-pop of artists like

1774: 1769: 7529: 6496:, beginning his discussion with a quote from Roberts: "There does not seem to be the same African quality in blues forms as there clearly is in much Caribbean music." 3772:, which was accompanied by a significant increase of the real income of the urban blacks. The new migrants constituted a new market for the music industry. The term 2040: 1784: 5202:. Yet, if one looks back further, Arnold also started out singing bluesy songs like 'I'll Hold You in My Heart'. A lot of the 1970s-era "outlaw" country music by 2163:

consisted of a single line repeated four times. It was only in the first decades of the 20th century that the most common current structure became standard: the

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No specific African musical form can be identified as the single direct ancestor of the blues. However the call-and-response format can be traced back to the

3535:, sometimes called Queen Victoria or Za Zu Girl, had a recording career that began in 1926 and spanned forty years. These recordings were typically labeled " 3140:). However, in the 1920s, when country blues began to be recorded, the use of the banjo in blues music was quite marginal and limited to individuals such as 3045:

drumming. Some scholars identify strong influences on the blues from the melodic structures of certain West African musical styles of the savanna and sahel.

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collective participation" which are characteristic of West-Central African music below the savannah, are conspicuously absent. According to the historian

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Kunzler's dictionary of jazz provides two separate entries: "blues", and the "blues form", a widespread musical form (p. 131). Kunzler, Martin (1988).

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returned to country music after the decline of 1950s style rock and roll, he sang with a blues feel and often included blues standards on his albums.

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In England, electric blues took root there during a much acclaimed Muddy Waters tour in 1958. Waters, unsuspecting of his audience's tendency towards

3041:. Additionally, there are theories that the four-beats-per-measure structure of the blues might have its origins in the Native American tradition of 5139:". The early African American rock musicians retained the sexual themes and innuendos of blues music: "Got a gal named Sue, knows just what to do" (" 1779: 1659: 5648: 4800:. The Billboard Blues Album chart provides an overview of current blues hits. Contemporary blues music is nurtured by several blues labels such as: 3000:. The social and economic reasons for the appearance of the blues are not fully known. The first appearance of the blues is usually dated after the 6506: 5567: 4594:

Since the 1980s there has been a resurgence of interest in the blues among a certain part of the African-American population, particularly around

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blended his blues style with rock elements and playing with younger white musicians, creating a musical style that can be heard on the 1971 album

3810:, which became ubiquitous in rhythm and blues (R&B). This commercial stream had important consequences for blues music, which, together with 975: 2878:, and Gate Thomas reported similar songs in southern Texas around 1901–1902. These observations coincide more or less with the recollections of 5273:

nomination. Almost 30 years later, Mahal wrote blues for, and performed a banjo composition, claw-hammer style, in the 2001 movie release

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finds similarities to the melodic styles of both the west African savanna and central Africa, both of which were sources of enslaved people.

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in charge of the crossroads". However, the Christian influence was far more obvious. The repertoires of many seminal blues artists, such as

9254: 8016: 3361:. The first blues recordings from the 1920s are categorized as a traditional, rural country blues and a more polished city or urban blues. 3357:

style, in which a guitar is fretted with a knife blade or the sawed-off neck of a bottle. The slide guitar became an important part of the

1969: 1949: 1709: 1201: 1186: 673: 4610:", the music at the heart of this movement was given new life by the unexpected success of two particular recordings on the Jackson-based 3369:

combined elements of urban and rural blues. In addition to Robert Johnson, influential performers of this style included his predecessors

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and the progressive opening of blues music to a wider audience, especially white listeners. In the 1960s and 1970s, a hybrid form called

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in the left hand, elaborating each chord and trills and decorations in the right hand. Boogie-woogie was pioneered by the Chicago-based

9474: 6702: 3076:. That blue notes predate their use in blues and have an African origin is attested to by "A Negro Love Song", by the English composer 980: 441: 6889: 4267:'s singing and virtuoso guitar technique earned him the eponymous title "king of the blues". King introduced a sophisticated style of 2243:

The term 'Blues' may have originated from "blue devils", meaning melancholy and sadness. An early use of the term in this sense is in

8044:"Muslim roots of the blues / The music of famous American blues singers reaches back through the South to the culture of West Africa" 3769: 1644: 1521: 555: 8043: 6561: 4788:. Blues performers explored a range of musical genres, as can be seen, for example, from the broad array of nominees of the yearly 4574:. These artists all began their musical careers in the 1970s but they did not achieve international success until the next decade. 3765: 2026: 1964: 1729: 1684: 7814: 2465:

are examples of artists often categorized as blues musicians for their music, although their lyrics clearly belong to spirituals.

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is credited as the "Father of Italian Blues", and is among the few European blues artists who still enjoy international success.

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and a longer concluding line over the last bars. This pattern can be heard in some of the first published blues songs, such as "

1649: 1634: 1541: 6018: 3578:. Before World War II, Tampa Red was sometimes referred to as "the Guitar Wizard". Carr accompanied himself on the piano with 3163:, which developed at about the same time, though the blues better preserved "the original melodic patterns of African music". 8698: 8673: 8654: 8630: 8604: 8581: 8543: 8459: 8436: 8415: 8391: 8367: 8342: 8323: 8304: 8279: 8258: 8239: 8216: 8195: 8171: 8136: 7944: 7881: 7397: 6739: 6663: 6450: 6419: 6392: 6221: 5924: 5850: 5825: 5771: 5747: 5703: 4327:

brought traditional blues to a new audience, which helped to revive interest in prewar acoustic blues and performers such as

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treble patterns, while vocal supplies a third rhythmic layer. Similar techniques can be found in hundreds of blues records".

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The basic 12-bar lyric framework of many blues compositions is reflected by a standard harmonic progression of 12 bars in a

2422:" with someone, coupled with a more salacious physical familiarity. Blues songs with sexually explicit lyrics were known as 8729: 8480: 5334:

that, while not holding as great a critical and financial success, featured a much larger number of blues artists, such as

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continued to perform to enthusiastic audiences, inspiring new artists steeped in traditional blues, such as New York–born

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A blues idiom is hinted at in "A Negro Love-Song", a pentatonic melody with blue third and seventh in Coleridge-Taylor's

4095:. The "West Side sound" had strong rhythmic support from a rhythm guitar, bass guitar and drums and as perfected by Guy, 1591: 1571: 1416: 985: 831: 8769: 9489: 9484: 8690: 7932: 7666: 6310: 5727: 4711: 4428: 4355:

on the acoustic bass or drums. His songs, originally distributed only in Europe, commented on political issues such as

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style developed. Jump blues grew up from the boogie-woogie wave and was strongly influenced by big band music. It uses

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made a large number of non-commercial blues recordings that testify to the huge variety of proto-blues styles, such as

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Though the use of the phrase in African-American music may be older, it has been attested to in print since 1912, when

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and the guitar in the rhythm section to create a jazzy, up-tempo sound with declamatory vocals. Jump blues tunes by

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Although the blues gained an association with misery and oppression, the lyrics could also be humorous and raunchy:

2297:" became the first copyrighted blues composition. In lyrics, the phrase is often used to describe a depressed mood. 9247: 6036: 2009: 1945: 1556: 1206: 619: 519: 5001:

music of the 1970s was influenced by soul; funk can be seen as an antecedent of hip-hop and contemporary R&B.

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from the Chicago blues movement in the 1950s recorded several LPs using acoustic guitar, sometimes accompanied by

2182:. The origins of the blues are also closely related to the religious music of the African-American community, the 9459: 8807: 8502: 8401: 7986: 5179: 4931: 4841: 3967: 3330: 2368: 1511: 1378: 1196: 1123: 4745:

were launched, major cities began forming blues societies, outdoor blues festivals became more common, and more

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music. By 1912, the sheet music industry had published three popular blues-like compositions, precipitating the

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compositions can be described as a fusion of blues with ragtime and jazz, a merger facilitated using the Cuban

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made significant efforts to promote the blues to a larger audience. He asked several famous directors such as

9324: 8101: 3802:. This marketing strategy reinforced trends in urban blues music such as the use of electric instruments and 3672: 3195:

from the countryside to urban areas in the 1920s and the simultaneous development of the recording industry.

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and Leroy Carr to the jump blues style and dominated the blues-jazz scene at Los Angeles during the 1940s.

2980:. A record of blues music as it existed before 1920 can also be found in the recordings of artists such as 2527: 1639: 1531: 1516: 1501: 1468: 767: 446: 9298: 9240: 8753: 5386: 5286:

Perhaps the most visible example of the blues style of music in the late 20th century came in 1980, when

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were written at the dawn of the 20th century. Charles Peabody mentioned the appearance of blues music at

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like "Since I Fell for You" and "Please Send Me Someone to Love", and even in orchestral works such as

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played country and urban blues and had influences from spiritual singing. Dorsey helped to popularize

4836:(Artemis Records). Some labels are famous for rediscovering and remastering blues rarities, including 3593: 2283: 9469: 8845: 8451: 7562: 5296: 4559: 4170: 4150: 3748: 3739:, influenced the development of later styles such as rock and roll and rhythm and blues. Dallas-born 3366: 3338: 3001: 2777:. Characteristic of the blues since its Afro-American origins, the shuffles played a central role in 2482: 2244: 2175: 2109: 1832: 1576: 1536: 825: 291: 54: 3202:

The origins of the blues are closely related to the religious music of Afro-American community, the

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in 1954, the Sun label turned to the rapidly expanding white audience and started recording mostly

3799: 3583: 3279: 3266: 2926:, were made by Odum for research purposes at the beginning of the 20th century. They are now lost. 2773:

reinforce the trance-like rhythm and call-and-response, and they form a repetitive effect called a

2499: 2327: 2093: 1411: 1191: 1038: 922: 696: 577: 405: 8146: 5865: 9175: 9170: 9160: 8906: 8773: 8382: 7430: 6442: 6147: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5132: 4478:, then known as LeRoi Jones, was the first to write a book on the social history of the blues in 3936: 3637: 3433: 3077: 2957: 2875: 2415: 2318: 2160: 2156: 1925: 1867: 1330: 1290: 1013: 912: 790: 604: 364: 354: 316: 8127:

Barlow, William (1993). "Cashing In: 1900-1939". In Dates, Jannette L.; Barlow, William (eds.).

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are typically a set of three different chords played over a 12-bar scheme. They are labeled by

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spread across the music industry during the 1920s and 1930s. Other chord progressions, such as

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used gospel and blues music elements. In the 1960s and 1970s, gospel and blues were merged in

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on the bass strings of the guitar. When this riff was played over the bass and the drums, the

8855: 8163: 6655: 6649: 6411: 6405: 5916: 5532: 5168: 5164: 4631: 4630:(1984). Contemporary African-American performers who work in this style of the blues include 4332: 4324: 4312: 4305: 3736: 3684: 3612: 3334: 2953: 2899: 2364: 2263: 2168: 1248: 1238: 1170: 1133: 917: 907: 807: 488: 7338: 6706: 5034: 9220: 9029: 8983: 8891: 6990: 6379:

Bohlman, Philip V. (1999). "Immigrant, Folk, and Regional Music in the Twentieth Century".

5606: 5256: 5252: 5227: 4750: 4696:

was released in 1983, and the Texas-based guitarist exploded onto the international stage.

4676:

During the 1980s blues also continued in both traditional and new forms. In 1986 the album

4595: 4507: 4395:

White audiences' interest in the blues during the 1960s increased due to the Chicago-based

4316: 4250: 3978:" for Howlin' Wolf. Most artists of the Chicago blues style recorded for the Chicago-based 3947:" by blues musicians) players of the early Chicago blues scene. Other harp players such as 3803: 3794: 3501: 3159:, including instrumental and harmonic accompaniment. The style also was closely related to 3141: 2942: 2831: 2462: 2363:

The lyrics often relate troubles experienced within African American society. For instance

2196: 2004: 1456: 701: 493: 426: 369: 349: 160: 68: 6703:"African-American Music from the Mississippi Hill Country: "They Say Drums Was a-Calling"" 5600:

and cites Colman's farce as the first appearance of the term in the English language; see

4526:

in his music. Through these artists and others, blues music influenced the development of

3484: 2530:". Idiosyncratic numbers of bars are occasionally used, such as the 9-bar progression in " 8: 9263: 9061: 8911: 8800: 6439:

Black Culture and Black Consciousness: Afro-American Folk Thought from Slavery to Freedom

5355: 5330: 5140: 4974: 4825: 4587: 4340: 3963: 3688: 3531:

became the second black woman to record blues when she recorded "The Jazz Me Blues", and

3378: 3239: 2961: 2458: 2270: 1872: 1350: 1312: 729: 560: 8534:

The Original Blues: The Emergence of the Blues in African-American Vaudeville, 1889–1926

6337: 5940: 3191:" rather than blues musicians. The notion of blues as a separate genre arose during the 1355: 9386: 9044: 8956: 8353: 8269: 8077: 7824: 7364: 6831: 6612: 6489: 5325: 4966: 4915: 4829: 4773: 4702: 4687: 4555: 4452: 4432: 4388: 4218: 4076: 3876: 3840: 3687:

were also concentrating on the blues, with 12-bar blues instrumentals such as Basie's "

3653: 3579: 3417: 2691: 2511: 2356: 2259: 1243: 1028: 795: 772: 461: 286: 8735: 3929:

was used as a backing instrument for rhythmic support more than as a lead instrument.

9381: 9274: 8966: 8901: 8712: 8694: 8669: 8650: 8626: 8600: 8577: 8550: 8539: 8455: 8432: 8426: 8411: 8387: 8363: 8338: 8319: 8300: 8290: 8275: 8254: 8235: 8228: 8212: 8206: 8191: 8185: 8167: 8157: 8132: 7940: 7877: 7600: 7393: 7222: 7216: 6914: 6735: 6659: 6616: 6604: 6446: 6415: 6388: 6217: 5920: 5909: 5846: 5821: 5767: 5743: 5723: 5699: 5654: 5280: 5008: 4853: 4801: 4789: 4728: 4651: 4639: 4499: 4162: 4134: 3948: 3844: 3449: 3437: 3315: 3251: 3203: 3187:. Black and white musicians shared the same repertoire and thought of themselves as " 3184: 2879: 2848: 2680: 2478: 2183: 2117: 2069: 1048: 889: 396: 306: 5259:

wrote and performed music that figured prominently in the critically acclaimed film

5147:) or "See the girl with the red dress on, She can do the Birdland all night long" (" 4288:, like B. B. King, also straddled the blues and R&B genres. During this period, 2918:, between 1905 and 1908. The first non-commercial recordings of blues music, termed 1428: 9309: 9097: 9008: 8870: 7810: 7015: 6994: 6970: 6596: 6008: 5605:(in French). Centre Nationale de Ressources Textuelles et Lixicales. Archived from 5391: 5301: 5124: 5105: 5085: 5073:'s "Now's the Time", used the blues form with the pentatonic scale and blue notes. 4949: 4906: 4898: 4845: 4837: 4833: 4785: 4777: 4678: 4515: 4482:. The British and blues musicians of the early 1960s inspired a number of American 4396: 4226: 4198: 4061: 3971: 3879: 3788: 3783: 3744: 3724: 3575: 3567: 3552: 3540: 3445: 3425: 3382: 3275: 2949: 2851:" followed in the same year. The first recording by an African American singer was 2782: 2721: 2698: 2660: 2507: 2491: 2438: 2430: 2411: 2216: 2121: 2101: 1423: 1280: 1108: 1043: 1023: 932: 331: 129: 2988:. All these sources show the existence of many different structures distinct from 9418: 9406: 8998: 8961: 8850: 8749: 8684: 8644: 8619: 8593: 8571: 8555: 7594: 7536: 6754: 6600: 6531: 6118: 5374: 5321: 5317: 5211: 5207: 5136: 5120: 5109: 5101: 4894: 4866: 4821: 4766: 4697: 4655: 4404: 4400: 4254: 4242: 4154: 4115: 4038: 3987: 3983: 3901: 3852: 3825: 3641: 3532: 3528: 3176: 3166:

The musical forms and styles that are now considered the blues as well as modern

3156: 3137: 3073: 3062: 2993: 2179: 1451: 1258: 1008: 927: 296: 104: 48: 6631:"Afropop Worldwide | Africa and the Blues: An Interview with Gerhard Kubik" 5693: 9454: 9314: 9279: 9208: 9056: 8988: 8941: 8793: 8405: 7253: 6097: 5891: 5435: 5423: 5396: 5378: 5363: 5359: 5261: 5232: 5144: 5070: 5038: 4962: 4870: 4809: 4781: 4758: 4643: 4635: 4611: 4523: 4460: 4444: 4383: 4321:

resurgence of interest in American roots music and early African American music

4272: 4259: 4119: 4104: 4065: 4006:

and Howlin' Wolf before he moved to Chicago in 1960. After Phillips discovered

3991: 3959: 3872: 3832: 3779: 3732: 3668: 3625: 3453: 3441: 3386: 3370: 3243: 3100: 3054: 3050: 2903: 2867: 2856: 2790: 2702: 2687: 2668: 2652: 2523: 2450: 2434: 2224: 2208: 2089: 1910: 1335: 1305: 1063: 1053: 884: 311: 266: 180: 7052: 5155:). The 12-bar blues structure can be found even in novelty pop songs, such as 4881:

have performed significant blues recordings. The blues scale is often used in

2929: 9448: 9433: 9398: 9144: 9122: 9034: 9024: 9003: 8978: 8946: 8929: 8359: 8181: 7021: 7000: 6976: 6608: 6014: 5405: 5351: 5203: 5195: 5183: 5175: 5097: 5081: 4935: 4927: 4849: 4813: 4754: 4659: 4623: 4607: 4551: 4495: 4468: 4448: 4440: 4424: 4420: 4412: 4408: 4344: 4234: 4210: 4092: 4053: 4018: 4011: 4007: 3979: 3975: 3932: 3887: 3807: 3740: 3700: 3696: 3645: 3633: 3556: 3517: 3413: 3406: 3394: 3390: 3322: 3278:

rhythm that had long been a part of ragtime; Handy's signature work was the "

3235: 3167: 3152: 3089: 2755: 2706: 2656: 2535: 2347: 2335: 2212: 2200: 2129: 2105: 1979: 1974: 301: 281: 271: 261: 165: 155: 134: 109: 8288: 8208:

Blues Singers: Biographies of 50 Legendary Artists of the Early 20th Century

7674: 6807:

sometimes listed in the wrong racial category in record company catalogues."

6314: 3582:

on guitar, a format that continued well into the 1950s with artists such as

9359: 9319: 9196: 9129: 9071: 8934: 8896: 8875: 8860: 8835: 5596:

The "Trésor de la Langue Française informatisé" provides this etymology of

5467: 5443: 5347: 5313: 5291: 5266: 5089: 5054: 5024: 4970: 4923: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4737: 4715: 4707: 4669: 4647: 4535: 4531: 4511: 4491: 4475: 4456: 4416: 4352: 4348: 4301: 4289: 4246: 4230: 4146: 4096: 4057: 3995: 3994:. During the early 1950s, the dominating Chicago labels were challenged by 3958:

played a major role on the Chicago blues scene. He composed and wrote many

3955: 3922: 3918: 3905: 3883: 3815: 3728: 3708: 3676: 3629: 3562:

Urban male performers included popular black musicians of the era, such as

3548: 3536: 3513: 3488: 3477: 3402: 3354: 3311: 3303: 3129: 3058: 3026: 2997: 2989: 2973: 2840: 2770: 2766: 2744: 2716: 2664: 2515: 2487: 2323: 2294: 2220: 2140:

reinforce the trance-like rhythm and form a repetitive effect known as the

2137: 2133: 2077: 2061: 1463: 1275: 1003: 866: 228: 223: 8730:

Center for the Study of Southern Culture and the University of Mississippi

8516: 7964: 6802:

Garofalo, pp. 44–47: "As marketing categories, designations like race and

4518:. Hendrix was a skilled guitarist, and a pioneer in the innovative use of 3768:

induced another massive migration of the African-American population, the

9286: 9112: 9107: 9051: 9039: 8993: 8971: 8951: 8840: 8640: 8614: 8377: 7760: 7730: 7596:

More Blues Singers: Biographies of 50 Artists from the Later 20th Century

6089: 5630: 5382: 5367: 5343: 5309: 5305: 5287: 5275: 5199: 5191: 5152: 5080:

The blues' 12-bar structure and the blues scale was a major influence on

5016: 5012: 4990: 4986: 4902: 4874: 4805: 4692: 4683: 4546: 4539: 4534:

started her recording career. In the US, from the 1970s, female singers

4487: 4464: 4436: 4360: 4293: 4285: 4268: 4222: 4130: 4126: 4108: 4026: 3999: 3940: 3895: 3891: 3860: 3856: 3774: 3747:

style, performed a successful transition from the early urban blues à la

3712: 3680: 3521: 3358: 3346: 3295: 3227: 3211: 3133: 3117: 3096: 3085: 2923: 2883: 2860: 2852: 2778: 2759: 2747: 2676: 2672: 2519: 2495: 2474: 2423: 2352: 2204: 2113: 2057: 1629: 1285: 1138: 1018: 802: 326: 321: 276: 213: 175: 170: 8779: 5698:. Internet Archive. Boston, Mass. : Northeastern University Press. 4731:

and other technological advances and new marketing strategies including

4189: 9428: 9423: 9411: 9139: 9134: 9117: 9102: 5339: 5251:

During the blues revival of the 1960s and 1970s, acoustic blues artist

5093: 5062: 4994: 4978: 4958: 4757:

released blues rock albums. Female blues singers such as Bonnie Raitt,

4732: 4615: 4603: 4599: 4567: 4527: 4519: 4483: 4336: 4297: 4264: 4214: 4174: 4166: 4158: 4138: 4100: 4022: 4003: 3909: 3716: 3649: 3571: 3544: 3505: 3429: 3299: 3255: 3172: 3145: 3022: 3009: 2981: 2977: 2969: 2965: 2934: 2895: 2871: 2844: 2454: 2343: 2331: 2232: 2228: 2191: 2081: 2065: 734: 473: 238: 233: 218: 190: 91: 78: 73: 9232: 7994: 5269:

nomination for Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture and a

2902:, in 1903. The first extensive research in the field was performed by 2128:(or "worried notes"), usually thirds, fifths or sevenths flattened in 9352: 9291: 8830: 8741:

The Blue Shoe Project – Nationwide (U.S.) Blues Education Programming

7670: 6803: 5439: 5431: 5427: 5335: 5187: 5156: 5061:

were less clear. Usually, jazz had harmonic structures stemming from

4982: 4920: 4878: 4762: 4746: 4724:, in which he played some standard blues numbers on acoustic guitar. 4563: 4503: 4328: 4281: 4194: 4142: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4069: 4030: 3926: 3868: 3848: 3720: 3563: 3509: 3398: 3374: 3349:

became more popular in the African American community. Kentucky-born

3342: 3326: 3291: 3247: 3199:

became a code word for a record designed to sell to black listeners.

3188: 2907: 2887: 2836: 2407: 2310: 2290: 2125: 2073: 1959: 1300: 1033: 812: 639: 7704: 6584: 5100:

beat". Rockabillies were also said to be 12-bar blues played with a

4343:. Many compilations of classic prewar blues were republished by the 4041:

using blues accents. Zydeco musicians used electric solo guitar and

3821: 3508:

blues singers were popular in the 1920s, among them "the big three"—

9371: 9076: 8736:

The American Folklife Center's Online Collections and Presentations

7516: 6433: 6431: 5042: 4582: 3864: 3664: 3657: 3617: 3473: 3469: 3421: 3125: 2891: 2403: 2252: 2164: 2152: 1345: 1270: 1263: 119: 8740: 3393:

guitar technique. Georgia also had an early slide tradition, with

3029:, expanded into "simple solo songs laden with emotional content". 2781:. The simplest shuffles, which were the clearest signature of the 2394:

It may be sending you baby, but it's worrying the hell out of me.

9376: 9081: 7819: 6165:"A Jazz Improvisation Almanac, Outside Shore Music Online School" 5403:" in 2006 to close out the final season of the television series 4665: 4276: 4173:

would eventually bring him wider attention on both the blues and

4049: 3836: 3231: 3160: 3042: 3034: 2751: 2442: 1433: 739: 124: 8745: 7847: 6428: 5760:

Afro-Blue: Improvisations in African American Poetry and Culture

5222: 4514:, was a rarity in his field at the time: a Black man who played 4217:

were part of mainstream popular music. White performers such as

4017:

In the 1950s, blues had a huge influence on mainstream American

3882:. Chicago became a center for electric blues from 1948 on, when 2705:. For convenience or by necessity it is often approximated by a 2697:

Much of the time, some or all of these chords are played in the

2402:

blues celebrated both comedic lyrical content and a boisterous,

2186:. The first appearance of the blues is often dated to after the 9364: 8475: 8073: 7876:. Chicago, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. p. 31. 5447: 5419: 5004: 4571: 4356: 4034: 2948:

Other recordings that are still available were made in 1924 by

2740: 2446: 2275: 2148: 2068:

of the United States around the 1860s. Blues has incorporated

1340: 5300:. The film drew many of the biggest living influencers of the 4374:

I never will go back to Alabama, that is not the place for me.

4372:

I never will go back to Alabama, that is not the place for me,

9066: 5270: 5241: 5066: 5046: 4042: 3465: 3151:

Blues music also adopted elements from the "Ethiopian airs",

3121: 3112: 3038: 3004:, between 1860s and 1890s, a period that coincides with post- 2890:, who remembered first hearing the blues in the same year in 2419: 2418:" (1928) is a sly wordplay with the double meaning of being " 2399: 2378:

I said, backwater rising, Southern peoples can't make no time

2085: 1113: 185: 8732:, the foremost institution for blues scholarship in the U.S. 7937:

Roots of the Classical: The Popular Origins of Western Music

6647: 5817:

They All Played Ragtime: The True Story of an American Music

5535:. African American Intellectual History Society. May 9, 2018 4107:

was dominated by amplified electric lead guitar. Expressive

2178:

format and the use of blue notes, can be traced back to the

9347: 8709:

Bluesland: Portraits of Twelve Major American Blues Masters

8376: 5631:

Devi, Debra (2013). "Why Is the Blues Called the 'Blues'?"

5058: 5020: 4998: 3811: 3621: 3207: 2786: 2305: 2097: 1143: 114: 30:

This article is about the music genre. For other uses, see

6499: 5246:

Beyond the Crossroads: The Devil & The Blues Tradition

4075:

In the late 1950s, a new blues style emerged on Chicago's

3099:(a homemade one-stringed instrument found in parts of the 2793:"feel" was created. Shuffle rhythm is often vocalized as " 2380:

And I can't get no hearing from that Memphis girl of mine

2195:

slaves into a wide variety of styles and subgenres. Blues

8289:

Herzhaft, Gérard; Harris, Paul; Debord, Brigitte (1997).

8094:"In Performance at the White House: Red, White and Blues" 6890:"The forgotten story of America's first black superstars" 6558:"MUSIC: Exploring Native American influence on the blues" 5324:. The band formed also began a successful tour under the 2258:

In 1827, it was in the sense of a sad state of mind that

8785: 8758: 8079:

Beyond the Crossroads: The Devil and the Blues Tradition

5279:, which focused on the story of the preservation of the 4378:

and the whole world let them peoples go down there free

7095:

Steinberg, Jesse R.; Fairweather, Abrol (eds.) (2011).

5412:

The blues was highlighted in season 2012, episode 1 of

4913:"). Blues forms are used in the theme to the televised 3574:. An important label of this era was the Chicago-based 2171:

and other challenges experienced by African-Americans.

8190:. Abbeville Publishing Group (Abbeville Press, Inc.). 7622:"Malaco Records to be honored with blues trail marker" 6681:

From the Erotic to the Demonic: On Critical Musicology

5795:. Ed. Arna Bontemps. New York: Macmillan, 1941. p. 143 5011:

and blues. Musically, spirituals were a descendant of

4308:) and had a major influence on those styles of music. 2785:

wave that started in the mid-1940s, were a three-note

8686:

Early Downhome Blues: A Musical and Cultural Analysis

8131:(2nd ed.). Howard University Press. p. 31. 8019:. Columbia College Chicago. 2007–2008. Archived from 7014:

Calt, Stephen; Perls, Nick; Stewart, Michael (1970).

6407:

Blues Off the Record:Thirty Years of Blues Commentary

4363:

issues, which was unusual for this period. His album

3491:, an early blues singer, known for her powerful voice 3385:

performed in the southeastern "delicate and lyrical"

2671:

of the progression. For instance, for a blues in the

2498:

forms, are still considered blues; examples include "

2376:

Backwater rising, Southern peoples can't make no time

8538:

Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2019.

7126:(vinyl back cover). Copenhagen: Storyville. SLP 184. 5457: 5385:

to participate in a series of documentary films for

5115:

Many early rock and roll songs are based on blues: "

4205:

By the beginning of the 1960s, genres influenced by

3886:

recorded his first success, "I Can't Be Satisfied".

3871:(or "blues harp") played through a microphone and a 3238:

adoption of blues elements: "Baby Seals' Blues", by

7931: 7627:. Mississippi Development Authority. Archived from 7476: 7474: 7201: 7199: 6244: 6242: 5845:. University of North Carolina Press. p. 166. 5843:

The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture: Ethnicity

5240:

Like many other genres, blues has been called the "

5084:music. Rock and roll has been called "blues with a 4177:circuit, with McDowell's droning style influencing 4122:", reached number 1 on the R&B charts in 1949. 3660:blends classic rhythm and blues with blues styles. 3416:style, which developed in the 1920s and 1930s near 1936:

Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers

8782:: Archive of artist and record label discographies 8618: 8592: 8227: 8187:Nothing but the Blues: The Music and the Musicians 7362: 6488:Morales, p. 276. Morales attributed this claim to 5908: 5049:genres. Ellington extensively used the blues form. 3986:labels. Smaller blues labels of this era included 3306:in Memphis. Several record companies, such as the 2255:', which prohibits the sale of alcohol on Sunday. 8424: 8313: 7425: 7423: 5911:The Cambridge Companion to Blues and Gospel Music 3954:The bassist and prolific songwriter and composer 3389:tradition, which used an elaborate ragtime-based 2367:'s "Rising High Water Blues" (1927) tells of the 2132:, are also an essential part of the sound. Blues 2064:that originated amongst African-Americans in the 9446: 8445: 8267: 8129:Split Image: African Americans in the Mass Media 7471: 7196: 7013: 6734:. University Press of Mississippi. p. 180. 6239: 5866:Sylviane A. Diouf, "What Islam Gave the Blues", 5740:A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English 4973:. Gospel music developed in the 1930s, with the 4780:music circles with northern Mississippi artists 4658:, Dr. "Feelgood" Potts, O.B. Buchana, Ms. Jody, 3894:, because many performers had migrated from the 2346:origin for blues, because of the reputation the 8625:(new ed.). Northeastern University Press. 8566:. London: Studio Vista. 85 pp. SBN 289–79829–9. 8332: 8126: 7782: 7619: 7112:. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. p. 8 6731:Murder at Montpelier: Igbo Africans in Virginia 6678: 6397: 6094:"The Evolution of the 12-Bar Blues Progression" 5906: 5236:marked a revival of interest in acoustic blues. 4792:, previously named W.C. Handy Awards or of the 3792:. This rapidly evolving market was mirrored by 8204: 8155: 7420: 6969:Calt, Stephen; Perls, Nick; Stewart, Michael. 6007:Calt, Stephen; Perls, Nick; Stewart, Michael. 4718:, made a comeback in the 1990s with his album 4480:Blues People: The Negro Music in White America 3806:and the generalization of the blues beat, the 3456:used a variety of unusual instruments such as 2392:Rebecca, Rebecca, get your big legs off of me, 2390:Rebecca, Rebecca, get your big legs off of me, 663:Education of freed people during the Civil War 9248: 8801: 8428:Early Jazz: Its Roots and Musical Development 8383:Blues Fell This Morning: Meaning in the Blues 8180: 6689:of 1898, before the first blues publications. 6585:"POYI! Bamana jeli music, Mali and the blues" 6057: 6010:Ten Years of Black Country Religion 1926–1936 5989: 5987: 5985: 5814:Blesh, Rudi; Janis, Harriet Grossman (1958). 5650:John James Audubon: The Making of an American 5418:, entitled "Red, White and Blues". Hosted by 4672:performing at Hyde Park, London, in June 2008 4415:developed in the UK, when musicians such as 4376:You know they killed my sister and my brother 3644:). Chicago boogie-woogie performers included 3230:publishing industry produced a great deal of 2034: 8248: 6968: 6700: 6088: 6006: 4060:to emulate this louder style, inspiring the 3049:finds similarities with the melodies of the 674:Historically black colleges and universities 8351: 8225: 5675:"Image 5 of Walden, or, Life in the woods," 5568:"Honoring Jazz: An Early American Art Form" 5506:"BBC – GCSE Bitesize: Origins of the blues" 4776:gained minor recognition in both blues and 4367:contained a song with the following lyric: 4233:started looking for new markets in Europe. 2743:, blues is distinguished by the use of the 2231:developed, which blended blues styles with 658:Education during the slave period in the US 9255: 9241: 8808: 8794: 8707:Welding, Peter; Brown, Toby, eds. (1991). 8562:Dixon, Robert M.W.; Godrich, John (1970). 7046: 6509:. How to Play Blues Guitar. Archived from 6335: 6134: 5982: 5813: 3318:, began to record African-American music. 2457:, included religious songs or spirituals. 2041: 2027: 981:National Black Caucus of State Legislators 47: 8573:The Devil's Music: A History of the Blues 8337:(in German). Rohwolt Taschenbuch Verlag. 8147:"Blues in the Lower Chattahoochee Valley" 8082:. The University of North Carolina Press. 7871: 7809: 7033: 7031: 6937: 6935: 6874: 6872: 6651:The Curious Listener's Guide to the Blues 5975: 5973: 4700:'s popularity was revived with the album 3703:on songs such as "Going to Chicago" and " 2952:. Later, several recordings were made by 2882:, who said he first heard blues music in 437:Slavery in the colonial history of the US 8599:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 7961:"The Blues Influence On Rock & Roll" 7939:. Oxford University Press. p. 461. 7895: 7893: 7392:. University of Michigan Press. p. 175. 6727: 6683:. Oxford University Press. p. 182. 5498: 5221: 5033: 5015:choral traditions, and in particular of 4664: 4581: 4382: 4188: 3820: 3592: 3483: 3260: 3111:in the early twentieth century) and the 2964:. Gordon's successor at the library was 2928: 2715: 2304: 2211:, as well as urban blues styles such as 9262: 7845: 7592: 7214: 7084:Ma Rainey and the Classic Blues Singers 6887: 6648:Vierwo, Barbara; Trudeau, Andy (2005). 6381:The Cambridge History of American Music 5820:. Sidgwick & Jackson. p. 186. 4577: 4463:performed classic blues songs from the 3970:" (both penned for Muddy Waters) and, " 3707:". A well-known big band blues tune is 3663:Another development in this period was 2223:marked the transition from acoustic to 14: 9447: 8776:lesson plan on the blues, for teachers 8711:. New York: Penguin Group. 253 + pp. 8639: 8613: 8569: 8468: 8400: 8072: 8054:from the original on September 5, 2005 8041: 7363:Bailey, C. Michael (October 4, 2003). 7110:Black Pearls: Blues Queens of the '20s 7097:Blues: Thinking Deep About Feeling Low 7028: 6932: 6869: 6403: 5970: 5915:. Cambridge University Press. p. 5840: 5691: 5646: 5626: 5624: 4530:. Later in the 1960s, British singer 2313:(1886–1939), the "Mother of the Blues" 2282:The phrase "the blues" was written by 9236: 8789: 8682: 8646:Conversation with the Blues, Volume 1 8271:Rockin' Out: Popular Music in the USA 7906:. Thelonious Monk Institute of Jazz. 7890: 7563:"Phoebe Snow San Francisco Bay Blues" 6888:Lynskey, Dorian (February 16, 2021). 6582: 6146:. Issue 37, Fall 1987. Archived from 6070:from the original on October 30, 2005 6021:from the original on October 2, 2008. 5793:Father of the Blues: An Autobiography 5557:. Hamburg: Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag 5533:"The Historical Roots of Blues Music" 5217: 4909:used in rock music (for example, in " 2433:played a part in early blues, citing 1179:Athletic associations and conferences 668:History of African-American education 8663: 8590: 8469:Curiel, Jonathan (August 15, 2004). 8042:Curiel, Jonathan (August 15, 2004). 7913:from the original on October 9, 2022 7901:"The Influence of the Blues on Jazz" 7785:"The Blues: The Revolution of Music" 6989: 6560:. September 17, 2009. Archived from 6410:. New York: Da Capo Press. pp. 5941:"Photographic image of record label" 5527: 5525: 5523: 5426:, the show featured performances by 4179:North Mississippi hill country blues 3472:. Memphis Minnie was famous for her 3353:was in 1923 the first to record the 2544:Chords played over a 12-bar scheme: 2522:'s instrumental "Sweet 16 Bars" and 2147:Blues music is characterized by its 1102:Association for the Study of African 7783:Jennifer Nicole (August 15, 2005). 7530:Stan Webb's Chickenshack Beginnings 7242: 6829: 6589:Journal of African Cultural Studies 5621: 5210:also borrowed from the blues. When 5057:, the boundaries between blues and 4794:Grammy Awards for Best Contemporary 4686:as a major blues artist. The first 4429:John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers 4002:company in Memphis, which recorded 3890:is influenced to a large extent by 3743:, who is often associated with the 2937:(left) shaking hands with musician 2441:" as a "thinly veiled reference to 2429:The writer Ed Morales claimed that 1916:Race and ethnicity in the US census 1417:African-American Vernacular English 986:National Conference of Black Mayors 24: 8691:University of North Carolina Press 8496: 8230:Panorama of American Popular Music 8159:The Rise and Fall of Popular Music 7221:(LP back cover notes). St. Louis: 7121: 7086:. New York: Stein & Day. p. 16 7051:. Blues Foundation. Archived from 6793:Schuller, cited in Garofalo, p. 27 6060:"The Soul of Blind Willie Johnson" 5399:performed his blues rendition of " 4772:In the 1990s, the largely ignored 4710:, known for his performances with 4184: 4111:were a key feature of this music. 3943:are well known harmonica (called " 3937:Sonny Boy Williamson (Rice Miller) 3831:After World War II, new styles of 3597:A typical boogie-woogie bass line 3409:as representatives of this style. 3288:Theater Owners Booking Association 3084:, written in 1898, which contains 2968:. In the 1930s, Lomax and his son 2096:. The blues form is ubiquitous in 1119:National Black Chamber of Commerce 25: 9511: 9475:African-American cultural history 8723: 7620:Martin, Stephen (April 3, 2008). 7218:Detroit Ghetto Blues 1948 to 1954 6975:(LP back cover notes). New York: 6013:(LP back cover notes). New York: 5520: 5415:In Performance at the White House 4859: 4727:However, beginning in the 1990s, 4045:arrangements of blues standards. 3835:became popular in cities such as 3818:, became a component of R&B. 1823:Places by plurality of population 489:Civil rights movement (1954–1968) 479:Civil rights movement (1865–1896) 432:Abolitionism in the United States 9215: 9214: 9203: 9202: 9190: 8086: 8066: 8035: 8009: 7979: 7953: 7925: 7865: 7839: 7803: 7776: 7745: 7727:"Blues Music Awards information" 7719: 7689: 7659: 7646: 7613: 7586: 7577: 7555: 7546: 7523: 7505: 7492: 7483: 7458: 7445: 7411: 7402: 7382: 7356: 7331: 7322: 7313: 7304: 7295: 7286: 7273: 7082:Stewart-Baxter, Derrick (1970). 5460: 5328:marquee. 1998 brought a sequel, 5265:(1972). The film earned Mahal a 4934:' music, and guitarist/vocalist 4323:. As well festivals such as the 3786:music, was replaced by the term 3321:As the recording industry grew, 3221: 3008:and later, the establishment of 1998: 520:Black Belt in the American South 8120: 7599:. McFarland. pp. 232–248. 7260: 7229: 7208: 7183: 7174: 7161: 7148: 7139: 7130: 7115: 7108:Harrison, Daphne Duval (1988). 7102: 7089: 7076: 7067: 7040: 7007: 6983: 6962: 6953: 6944: 6907: 6881: 6859: 6846: 6832:"The Rise of the Country Blues" 6823: 6810: 6796: 6787: 6777: 6764: 6748: 6721: 6694: 6672: 6641: 6623: 6576: 6550: 6541: 6525: 6482: 6473: 6464: 6455: 6373: 6364: 6355: 6329: 6303: 6290: 6277: 6264: 6251: 6226: 6206: 6193: 6184: 6175: 6157: 6128: 6112: 6082: 6051: 6025: 6000: 5961: 5933: 5900: 5894:'s "Rebecca", a compilation of 5884: 5875: 5859: 5834: 5807: 5798: 5785: 5776: 5752: 5732: 5712: 4957:Early country bluesmen such as 4842:Smithsonian Folkways Recordings 4021:. While popular musicians like 3968:I Just Want to Make Love to You 3527:In 1920, the vaudeville singer 3128:by African peoples such as the 2898:, who first heard the blues in 2369:Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 1124:National Council of Negro Women 8386:. Cambridge University Press. 7099:. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. p. 159 7020:(vinyl back cover). New York: 6999:(vinyl back cover). New York: 6705:. APF Reporter. Archived from 5685: 5667: 5640: 5590: 5560: 5547: 4749:and venues for blues emerged. 4157:label. Strongly influenced by 3962:songs of the period, such as " 3495: 3053:, and to a lesser degree, the 2958:Archive of American Folk Songs 2108:, and is characterized by the 2088:, and rhymed simple narrative 1921:Racism against Black Americans 13: 1: 7249:Howlin' Wolf & Jimmy Reed 6996:10 Years In Memphis 1927–1937 6728:Chambers, Douglas B. (2009). 5841:Thomas, James G. Jr. (2007). 5653:. Random House. p. 302. 5637:. Retrieved November 15, 2015 5491: 4938:'s hit "Give Me One Reason". 4566:player and singer-songwriter 4114:Other blues artists, such as 2912:Lafayette County, Mississippi 1129:National Pan-Hellenic Council 8576:. London: BBC. p. 287. 8522:Resources in other libraries 8448:The Music of Black Americans 8297:University of Arkansas Press 6601:10.1080/13696815.2013.792725 6507:"Call and Response in Blues" 6437:Levine, Lawrence W. (1977). 6342:The Handbook of Texas Online 6214:Acoustic Guitar Slide Basics 6137:"The Long String Instrument" 5764:University of Illinois Press 5572:National Civil Rights Museum 5178:was infused with the blues. 5007:music can be traced back to 4729:digital multitrack recording 4510:. One blues rock performer, 3632:and the Boogie-Woogie Trio ( 2599: 2551: 2238: 1931:School segregation in the US 1469:Black American Sign Language 1443:Languages and other dialects 27:Musical form and music genre 7: 8649:. New York: Horizon Press. 8531:Abbott, Lynn; Doug Seroff. 8471:"Muslim Roots of the Blues" 8431:. Oxford University Press. 8251:America's Musical Landscape 7543:. Retrieved 4 November 2022 7520:, Retrieved 9 November 2022 7049:"Blues Foundation homepage" 6972:The Georgia Blues 1927–1933 6915:"Kentuckiana Blues Society" 5872:. Retrieved August 17, 2023 5453: 5129:Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin On 4397:Paul Butterfield Blues Band 4296:often played with rock and 3766:boom following World War II 3308:American Record Corporation 3103:sometimes referred to as a 2532:Sitting on Top of the World 2174:Many elements, such as the 758:African-American businesses 360:lists of musicians by genre 10: 9516: 8425:Schuller, Gunther (1968). 8380:; Wright, Richard (1990). 8314:Komara, Edward M. (2006). 7987:"History of Rock and Roll" 7872:Comentale, Edward (2013). 7652:Aldin, Mary Katherine. In 7512:Aynsley Dunbar Retaliation 7464:Komara, Edward M. (2006). 7319:Palmer (1981), pp. 257–259 7017:Memphis Jamboree 1927–1936 6385:Cambridge University Press 4133:, with performers such as 2866:Reports of blues music in 2829: 2825: 2820: 2190:, with the development of 1296:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 971:Congressional Black Caucus 938:African Diaspora Religions 725:Martin Luther King Jr. Day 29: 9490:20th-century music genres 9485:19th-century music genres 9397: 9333: 9270: 9184: 9153: 9090: 9017: 8920: 8884: 8823: 8815: 8683:Titon, Jeff Todd (1994). 8517:Resources in your library 8446:Southern, Eileen (1997). 8316:Encyclopedia of the Blues 8292:Encyclopedia of the Blues 8268:Garofalo, Reebee (1997). 8253:. Brown & Benchmark. 8145:Bransford, Steve (2004). 7848:"History of gospel music" 7466:Encyclopedia of the Blues 7365:"West Side Chicago Blues" 6494:Black Music of Two Worlds 6212:Hamburger, David (2001). 6064:Austin American-Statesman 5281:roots music of Appalachia 4926:'s hit, "Turn Me Loose", 4889:'s "Blues in the Night", 4241:Blues performers such as 4171:Mississippi Fred McDowell 3646:Clarence "Pine Top" Smith 3430:Gus Cannon's Jug Stompers 3210:, in particular those of 3061:, but not as much of the 2956:, who became head of the 2843:" was published in 1912; 2547:Chords for a blues in C: 2300: 2266:that he "had the blues". 1803:US states and territories 1104:American Life and History 826:Lift Every Voice and Sing 535:Treatment of the enslaved 346: 341: 253: 248: 205: 200: 147: 142: 98: 86: 62: 55:Mississippi Fred McDowell 46: 41: 9480:American styles of music 9166:Blues musicians by genre 8866:Traditional blues verses 8748:, documentary series by 8333:Kunzler, Martin (1988). 5907:Moore, Allan F. (2002). 5896:traditional blues lyrics 5738:Partridge, Eric (2002). 5720:The History of the Blues 5647:Rhodes, Richard (2006). 5304:genre together, such as 5161:Obviously Five Believers 4662:, and dozens of others. 4545:In the early 1970s, the 3800:Rhythm & Blues chart 3778:, initially used by the 3754: 3547:of the 1930s and 1940s, 3002:Emancipation Act of 1863 2319:traditional blues verses 2161:traditional blues verses 2094:African-American culture 2005:United States portal 1412:African-American English 923:African-American Muslims 484:Jim Crow era (1896–1954) 53:American blues musician 8774:Smithsonian Institution 8766:(archived 12 June 1998) 8591:Keil, Charles (1991) . 8205:Dicaire, David (1999). 8156:Clarke, Donald (1995). 7593:Dicaire, David (2001). 7343:Encyclopedia of Chicago 7215:Pierson, Leroy (1976). 6654:. Stone Press. p. 6443:Oxford University Press 6311:"Lead Belly Foundation" 5718:Davis, Francis (1995). 5486:List of blues standards 5481:List of blues musicians 5476:List of blues festivals 5133:Shake, Rattle, and Roll 4798:Traditional Blues Album 4602:regions. Often termed " 4459:and the Irish musician 4423:'s Blues Incorporated, 4411:movement. The style of 4319:in the U.S. prompted a 4125:By the late 1950s, the 3917:played in bands led by 3859:(gradually replaced by 3693:Jumpin' at the Woodside 3302:such as the bars along 3082:African Suite for Piano 3078:Samuel Coleridge-Taylor 2876:Clarksdale, Mississippi 2468: 2330:" (1914). According to 1926:Reparations for slavery 1014:Back-to-Africa movement 913:Black Hebrew Israelites 791:African-American beauty 9460:African-American music 9335:African-American music 8764:The Delta Blues Museum 8621:The Story of the Blues 8570:Oakley, Giles (1976). 8551:"Inside Poor Monkey's" 7535:July 19, 2011, at the 7189:Humphrey, Mark. A. In 6383:. David Nicholls, ed. 6171:on September 11, 2012. 6035:. 2009. Archived from 5722:. New York: Hyperion, 5695:The story of the blues 5401:America, the Beautiful 5237: 5050: 4945: 4769:also recorded albums. 4673: 4591: 4547:Texas rock-blues style 4486:performers, including 4403:and singer/songwriter 4392: 4387:Texas blues guitarist 4381: 4306:Booker T & the MGs 4207:African American music 4202: 3851:. Electric blues used 3828: 3770:Second Great Migration 3705:Sent for You Yesterday 3609: 3492: 3476:guitar style. Pianist 3270: 3246:); "Dallas Blues", by 2945: 2916:Newton County, Georgia 2736: 2711:dominant seventh chord 2686:The last chord is the 2397: 2383: 2314: 2309:American blues singer 1396:Dialects and languages 556:Second Great Migration 375:African-American music 32:Blues (disambiguation) 9495:Musical improvisation 8856:Musical improvisation 8274:. Allyn & Bacon. 8249:Ferris, Jean (1993). 7753:"Blues Record Labels" 7667:"Blues – By Category" 7654:Nothing but the Blues 7634:on September 10, 2008 7552:Garofalo, pp. 224–225 7500:Nothing but the Blues 7453:Nothing but the Blues 7281:Nothing but the Blues 7268:Nothing but the Blues 7266:Humphrey, Mark A. In 7237:Nothing but the Blues 7235:Humphrey, Mark A. In 7191:Nothing but the Blues 7169:Nothing but the Blues 7156:Nothing but the Blues 7154:Humphrey, Mark A. In 6854:Nothing but the Blues 6852:Humphrey, Mark A. In 6818:Nothing but the Blues 6772:Nothing but the Blues 6770:Charters, Samuel. In 6759:Nothing but the Blues 6701:Steper, Bill (1999). 6536:Nothing but the Blues 6404:Oliver, Paul (1984). 6298:Nothing but the Blues 6285:Nothing but the Blues 6272:Nothing but the Blues 6259:Nothing but the Blues 6234:Nothing but the Blues 6201:Nothing but the Blues 6123:Nothing but the Blues 6033:"Reverend Gary Davis" 5995:Nothing but the Blues 5993:Humphrey, Mark A. In 5758:Bolden, Tony (2004). 5692:Oliver, Paul (1998). 5225: 5169:Cinderella Rockefella 5165:Esther and Abi Ofarim 5117:That's All Right Mama 5037: 4941: 4668: 4585: 4560:Fabulous Thunderbirds 4386: 4369: 4333:Mississippi John Hurt 4325:Newport Folk Festival 4313:civil rights movement 4192: 4129:genre developed near 3824: 3737:Kansas City, Missouri 3715:". In the 1940s, the 3685:Count Basie Orchestra 3596: 3487: 3432:. Performers such as 3407:James "Kokomo" Arnold 3335:Blind Lemon Jefferson 3264: 2932: 2900:Tutwiler, Mississippi 2855:'s 1920 rendition of 2719: 2479:progression of chords 2477:in which a repeating 2387: 2373: 2365:Blind Lemon Jefferson 2308: 2169:racial discrimination 1808:US metropolitan areas 1635:List of neighborhoods 1249:Alabama Creole people 1239:African-American Jews 1171:Negro league baseball 1134:National Urban League 1086:Civic/economic groups 918:African-American Jews 808:African-American hair 670:, after the Civil War 499:Post–civil rights era 8759:The Blues Foundation 8483:on September 5, 2005 8352:Morales, Ed (2003). 8226:Ewen, David (1957). 7991:Zip-Country Homepage 7791:on September 6, 2008 7707:on December 21, 2007 7431:"Hill Country Blues" 7388:Bjorn, Lars (2001). 7055:on December 10, 2008 6709:on September 6, 2008 6583:Durán, Lucy (2013). 6564:on December 24, 2017 6039:on February 12, 2009 4751:Tedeschi Trucks Band 4628:The Blues is Alright 4596:Jackson, Mississippi 4578:1980s to the present 4508:Allman Brothers Band 4399:featuring guitarist 4317:Free Speech Movement 4149:around the producer 3656:and, more recently, 3510:Gertrude "Ma" Rainey 3502:Classic female urban 3420:, was influenced by 3403:"Barbecue Bob" Hicks 3142:Papa Charlie Jackson 2943:Sumterville, Alabama 2832:Origins of the blues 2473:The blues form is a 2463:Blind Willie Johnson 2416:It's Tight Like That 2124:is the most common. 1965:Criminal stereotypes 1740:District of Columbia 1457:Afro-Seminole Creole 899:Non-Christian groups 494:Black power movement 458:during the Civil War 427:Atlantic slave trade 161:classic female blues 9264:American folk music 8912:American folk music 8770:The Music in Poetry 8664:Rowe, Mike (1973). 8564:Recording the Blues 7933:Peter van der Merwe 7677:on October 13, 2006 7468:. Routledge. p. 385 7279:Pearson, Barry. In 7251:interviewed on the 7167:Pearson, Barry. In 6816:Wolfe, Charles. In 6513:on October 10, 2008 6361:Garofalo, pp. 46–47 6317:on January 23, 2010 6296:Cowley, John H. In 6283:Cowley, John H. In 6199:Pearson, Barry. In 6058:Corcoran, Michael. 5578:on February 5, 2023 5356:Charlie Musselwhite 5331:Blues Brothers 2000 5255:and Texas bluesman 5230:for the 1972 movie 4975:Golden Gate Quartet 4826:NorthernBlues Music 4341:Reverend Gary Davis 3964:Hoochie Coochie Man 3671:" operating out of 3379:Blind Willie McTell 3240:Baby Franklin Seals 2962:Library of Congress 2910:of folk songs from 2906:, who published an 2475:cyclic musical form 2459:Reverend Gary Davis 2406:performance style. 2271:Henry David Thoreau 1361:Sierra Leone Creole 1322:Specific ancestries 1207:Southwestern (SWAC) 730:Black History Month 561:New Great Migration 515:Agriculture history 8164:St. Martin's Press 7997:on August 28, 2008 7433:. Msbluestrail.org 7124:Boogie Woogie Trio 6830:Golding, Barrett. 6490:John Storm Roberts 6257:Bastin, Bruce. In 5297:The Blues Brothers 5294:released the film 5238: 5218:In popular culture 5069:classics, such as 5051: 4967:Georgia Tom Dorsey 4911:A Hard Day's Night 4830:Fat Possum Records 4790:Blues Music Awards 4774:hill country blues 4712:the Blues Breakers 4688:Stevie Ray Vaughan 4674: 4592: 4556:Stevie Ray Vaughan 4401:Michael Bloomfield 4393: 4389:Stevie Ray Vaughan 4286:Bobby "Blue" Bland 4219:the Rolling Stones 4203: 4197:with his guitar, " 4151:J. D. "Jay" Miller 3829: 3695:" and boisterous " 3654:Professor Longhair 3610: 3580:Scrapper Blackwell 3493: 3418:Memphis, Tennessee 3377:. Singers such as 3271: 3265:Sheet music from " 3035:harmonic structure 2946: 2939:"Uncle" Rich Brown 2758:of the associated 2737: 2653:4/4 time signature 2514:". There are also 2512:Key to the Highway 2357:John Storm Roberts 2315: 2260:John James Audubon 2118:chord progressions 1370:Sexual orientation 1244:Afro-Puerto Ricans 1197:Mid-Eastern (MEAC) 832:Self-determination 796:Black is beautiful 462:Reconstruction era 287:Hill country blues 9442: 9441: 9230: 9229: 8846:Call and response 8700:978-0-8078-4482-3 8675:978-0-85649-015-6 8668:. Eddison Press. 8666:Chicago Breakdown 8656:978-0-8180-1223-5 8632:978-1-55553-355-7 8606:978-0-226-42960-1 8583:978-0-563-16012-0 8544:978-1-496-81002-1 8503:Library resources 8461:978-0-393-03843-9 8438:978-0-19-504043-2 8417:978-0-670-49511-5 8393:978-0-521-37793-5 8369:978-0-306-81018-3 8344:978-3-499-16316-6 8325:978-0-415-92699-7 8306:978-1-55728-452-5 8281:978-0-205-13703-9 8260:978-0-697-12516-3 8241:978-0-13-648360-1 8234:. Prentice Hall. 8218:978-0-7864-0606-7 8197:978-1-55859-271-1 8173:978-0-312-11573-9 8138:978-0-88258-178-1 7946:978-0-19-816647-4 7883:978-0-252-07892-7 7827:on April 26, 2019 7813:(June 15, 1972). 7811:Christgau, Robert 7733:on April 29, 2006 7398:978-0-472-06765-7 7223:Nighthawk Records 6741:978-1-60473-246-7 6665:978-0-399-53072-2 6451:978-0-19-502374-9 6421:978-0-306-80321-5 6393:978-0-521-45429-2 6270:Evans, David. In 6232:Evans, David. In 6222:978-1-890490-38-6 6153:on June 25, 2008. 5926:978-0-521-00107-6 5852:978-0-8078-5823-3 5827:978-1-4437-3152-2 5804:Ewen, pp. 142–143 5772:978-0-252-02874-8 5748:978-0-415-29189-7 5705:978-1-55553-355-7 5257:Lightnin' Hopkins 4905:, especially the 4854:Shanachie Records 4802:Alligator Records 4652:Peggy Scott-Adams 4640:Sir Charles Jones 4542:performed blues. 4500:the J. Geils Band 4311:The music of the 4169:'s recordings of 3949:Big Walter Horton 3725:brass instruments 3555:, and eventually 3541:Broadway musicals 3450:Casey Bill Weldon 3438:Sleepy John Estes 3316:Paramount Records 3280:Saint Louis Blues 3267:Saint Louis Blues 3252:The Memphis Blues 3185:Mississippi Delta 2880:Jelly Roll Morton 2849:The Memphis Blues 2679:(I) and F is the 2667:referring to the 2649: 2648: 2645: 2644: 2597: 2596: 2483:call and response 2328:Saint Louis Blues 2247:'s one-act farce 2188:ending of slavery 2176:call-and-response 2110:call-and-response 2051: 2050: 1988: 1987: 1886: 1885: 1660:Dallas-Fort Worth 1477: 1476: 1387: 1386: 1331:Americo-Liberians 1214: 1213: 1152: 1151: 1077: 1076: 946: 945: 890:Womanist theology 840: 839: 782:Symbols and ideas 568: 567: 447:Antebellum period 442:Revolutionary War 397:African Americans 382: 381: 365:list of standards 355:list of musicians 307:New Orleans blues 292:Kansas City blues 63:Stylistic origins 16:(Redirected from 9507: 9470:Jazz terminology 9257: 9250: 9243: 9234: 9233: 9218: 9217: 9206: 9205: 9197:Blues portal 9195: 9194: 9193: 9098:Rhythm and blues 8871:Twelve-bar blues 8810: 8803: 8796: 8787: 8786: 8704: 8689:(2nd ed.). 8679: 8660: 8636: 8624: 8610: 8598: 8587: 8559:, June 22, 2006. 8492: 8490: 8488: 8479:. Archived from 8465: 8442: 8421: 8397: 8373: 8348: 8329: 8310: 8285: 8264: 8245: 8233: 8222: 8201: 8177: 8142: 8114: 8113: 8111: 8109: 8104:on July 24, 2018 8100:. Archived from 8090: 8084: 8083: 8070: 8064: 8063: 8061: 8059: 8039: 8033: 8032: 8030: 8028: 8013: 8007: 8006: 8004: 8002: 7993:. Archived from 7983: 7977: 7976: 7974: 7972: 7967:on April 4, 2007 7963:. Archived from 7957: 7951: 7950: 7929: 7923: 7922: 7920: 7918: 7912: 7905: 7897: 7888: 7887: 7869: 7863: 7862: 7860: 7858: 7843: 7837: 7836: 7834: 7832: 7823:. Archived from 7807: 7801: 7800: 7798: 7796: 7787:. Archived from 7780: 7774: 7772: 7770: 7768: 7759:. Archived from 7749: 7743: 7742: 7740: 7738: 7729:. Archived from 7723: 7717: 7716: 7714: 7712: 7703:. Archived from 7693: 7687: 7686: 7684: 7682: 7673:. Archived from 7663: 7657: 7650: 7644: 7643: 7641: 7639: 7633: 7626: 7617: 7611: 7610: 7590: 7584: 7581: 7575: 7574: 7572: 7570: 7559: 7553: 7550: 7544: 7527: 7521: 7509: 7503: 7498:O'Neal, Jim. In 7496: 7490: 7487: 7481: 7478: 7469: 7462: 7456: 7451:O'Neal, Jim. In 7449: 7443: 7442: 7440: 7438: 7427: 7418: 7417:Herzhaft, p. 188 7415: 7409: 7408:Herzhaft, p. 116 7406: 7400: 7386: 7380: 7379: 7377: 7375: 7360: 7354: 7353: 7351: 7349: 7335: 7329: 7326: 7320: 7317: 7311: 7308: 7302: 7301:Herzhaft, p. 236 7299: 7293: 7290: 7284: 7277: 7271: 7264: 7258: 7246: 7240: 7233: 7227: 7226: 7212: 7206: 7203: 7194: 7187: 7181: 7178: 7172: 7165: 7159: 7152: 7146: 7143: 7137: 7134: 7128: 7127: 7119: 7113: 7106: 7100: 7093: 7087: 7080: 7074: 7071: 7065: 7064: 7062: 7060: 7047:Hawkeye Herman. 7044: 7038: 7035: 7026: 7025: 7011: 7005: 7004: 6987: 6981: 6980: 6966: 6960: 6957: 6951: 6948: 6942: 6939: 6930: 6929: 6927: 6925: 6911: 6905: 6904: 6902: 6900: 6885: 6879: 6876: 6867: 6863: 6857: 6850: 6844: 6843: 6841: 6839: 6827: 6821: 6814: 6808: 6800: 6794: 6791: 6785: 6781: 6775: 6768: 6762: 6755:Charters, Samuel 6752: 6746: 6745: 6725: 6719: 6718: 6716: 6714: 6698: 6692: 6691: 6676: 6670: 6669: 6645: 6639: 6638: 6627: 6621: 6620: 6580: 6574: 6573: 6571: 6569: 6554: 6548: 6545: 6539: 6532:Charters, Samuel 6529: 6523: 6522: 6520: 6518: 6503: 6497: 6486: 6480: 6477: 6471: 6468: 6462: 6461:Southern, p. 333 6459: 6453: 6435: 6426: 6425: 6401: 6395: 6377: 6371: 6368: 6362: 6359: 6353: 6352: 6350: 6348: 6336:Oliphant, Dave. 6333: 6327: 6326: 6324: 6322: 6313:. Archived from 6307: 6301: 6294: 6288: 6281: 6275: 6268: 6262: 6255: 6249: 6246: 6237: 6230: 6224: 6210: 6204: 6197: 6191: 6190:Kunzler, p. 1065 6188: 6182: 6179: 6173: 6172: 6167:. Archived from 6161: 6155: 6154: 6152: 6141: 6135:Fullman, Ellen. 6132: 6126: 6119:Charters, Samuel 6116: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6105: 6096:. Archived from 6086: 6080: 6079: 6077: 6075: 6055: 6049: 6048: 6046: 6044: 6029: 6023: 6022: 6004: 5998: 5991: 5980: 5977: 5968: 5965: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5945: 5937: 5931: 5930: 5914: 5904: 5898: 5888: 5882: 5879: 5873: 5863: 5857: 5856: 5838: 5832: 5831: 5811: 5805: 5802: 5796: 5789: 5783: 5780: 5774: 5756: 5750: 5736: 5730: 5716: 5710: 5709: 5689: 5683: 5682: 5671: 5665: 5664: 5644: 5638: 5635:, 4 January 2013 5628: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5609:on June 28, 2012 5594: 5588: 5587: 5585: 5583: 5574:. Archived from 5564: 5558: 5551: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5529: 5518: 5517: 5515: 5513: 5502: 5470: 5465: 5464: 5463: 5302:rhythm and blues 5125:Blue Suede Shoes 4977:. In the 1950s, 4953: 4950:Robert Christgau 4907:ladder of thirds 4899:Rhapsody in Blue 4846:Folkways Records 4838:Arhoolie Records 4834:Vanguard Records 4786:Junior Kimbrough 4778:alternative rock 4679:Strong Persuader 4516:psychedelic rock 4227:Big Bill Broonzy 4062:British Invasion 3972:Wang Dang Doodle 3904:, Muddy Waters, 3880:guitar amplifier 3853:electric guitars 3789:rhythm and blues 3784:African-American 3745:California blues 3689:One O'Clock Jump 3608: 3607: 3606: 3604: 3576:Bluebird Records 3568:Big Bill Broonzy 3553:rhythm and blues 3446:Kansas Joe McCoy 3426:Memphis Jug Band 3383:Blind Boy Fuller 3365:little-recorded 3351:Sylvester Weaver 3325:performers like 3157:Negro spirituals 2954:Robert W. Gordon 2950:Lawrence Gellert 2735: 2734: 2733: 2731: 2722:pentatonic scale 2699:harmonic seventh 2661:twelve-bar blues 2659:associated to a 2601: 2600: 2553: 2552: 2541: 2540: 2508:Big Bill Broonzy 2492:twelve-bar blues 2439:Cross Road Blues 2431:Yoruba mythology 2284:Charlotte Forten 2217:West Coast blues 2122:twelve-bar blues 2102:rhythm and blues 2043: 2036: 2029: 2003: 2002: 2001: 1950:media depictions 1899: 1898: 1794:Population count 1490: 1489: 1424:Liberian English 1403:English dialects 1400: 1399: 1356:Samaná Americans 1281:Creoles of color 1227: 1226: 1165: 1164: 1109:Black conductors 1090: 1089: 959: 958: 933:Louisiana Voodoo 855: 854: 600:Family structure 583: 582: 530:Military history 525:Business history 456:military history 411: 410: 384: 383: 332:West Coast blues 130:rhythm and blues 99:Derivative forms 87:Cultural origins 51: 39: 38: 21: 9515: 9514: 9510: 9509: 9508: 9506: 9505: 9504: 9445: 9444: 9443: 9438: 9393: 9329: 9305:Native American 9266: 9261: 9231: 9226: 9191: 9189: 9180: 9176:Blues festivals 9171:Blues standards 9161:Blues musicians 9149: 9086: 9013: 8922: 8916: 8880: 8851:Eight-bar blues 8819: 8814: 8750:Martin Scorsese 8726: 8701: 8676: 8657: 8633: 8607: 8584: 8556:Southern Spaces 8549:Brown, Luther. 8528: 8527: 8526: 8511: 8510: 8506: 8499: 8497:Further reading 8486: 8484: 8462: 8439: 8418: 8394: 8370: 8345: 8326: 8307: 8282: 8261: 8242: 8219: 8198: 8174: 8150:Southern Spaces 8139: 8123: 8118: 8117: 8107: 8105: 8092: 8091: 8087: 8071: 8067: 8057: 8055: 8040: 8036: 8026: 8024: 8023:on June 2, 2008 8017:"Country music" 8015: 8014: 8010: 8000: 7998: 7985: 7984: 7980: 7970: 7968: 7959: 7958: 7954: 7947: 7930: 7926: 7916: 7914: 7910: 7903: 7899: 7898: 7891: 7884: 7870: 7866: 7856: 7854: 7844: 7840: 7830: 7828: 7815:"A Power Plant" 7808: 7804: 7794: 7792: 7781: 7777: 7766: 7764: 7763:on May 16, 2008 7751: 7750: 7746: 7736: 7734: 7725: 7724: 7720: 7710: 7708: 7695: 7694: 7690: 7680: 7678: 7665: 7664: 7660: 7651: 7647: 7637: 7635: 7631: 7624: 7618: 7614: 7607: 7591: 7587: 7582: 7578: 7568: 7566: 7561: 7560: 7556: 7551: 7547: 7537:Wayback Machine 7528: 7524: 7510: 7506: 7497: 7493: 7488: 7484: 7479: 7472: 7463: 7459: 7450: 7446: 7436: 7434: 7429: 7428: 7421: 7416: 7412: 7407: 7403: 7387: 7383: 7373: 7371: 7361: 7357: 7347: 7345: 7337: 7336: 7332: 7327: 7323: 7318: 7314: 7310:Herzhaft, p. 35 7309: 7305: 7300: 7296: 7292:Herzhaft, p. 11 7291: 7287: 7278: 7274: 7265: 7261: 7247: 7243: 7234: 7230: 7213: 7209: 7205:Herzhaft, p. 53 7204: 7197: 7188: 7184: 7179: 7175: 7166: 7162: 7153: 7149: 7144: 7140: 7136:Garofalo, p. 76 7135: 7131: 7120: 7116: 7107: 7103: 7094: 7090: 7081: 7077: 7072: 7068: 7058: 7056: 7045: 7041: 7037:Garofalo, p. 47 7036: 7029: 7012: 7008: 6988: 6984: 6967: 6963: 6958: 6954: 6949: 6945: 6940: 6933: 6923: 6921: 6919:Members.aye.net 6913: 6912: 6908: 6898: 6896: 6886: 6882: 6878:Garofalo, p. 27 6877: 6870: 6864: 6860: 6851: 6847: 6837: 6835: 6828: 6824: 6815: 6811: 6801: 6797: 6792: 6788: 6782: 6778: 6769: 6765: 6753: 6749: 6742: 6726: 6722: 6712: 6710: 6699: 6695: 6677: 6673: 6666: 6646: 6642: 6629: 6628: 6624: 6581: 6577: 6567: 6565: 6556: 6555: 6551: 6546: 6542: 6530: 6526: 6516: 6514: 6505: 6504: 6500: 6487: 6483: 6478: 6474: 6470:Garofalo, p. 44 6469: 6465: 6460: 6456: 6436: 6429: 6422: 6402: 6398: 6378: 6374: 6369: 6365: 6360: 6356: 6346: 6344: 6334: 6330: 6320: 6318: 6309: 6308: 6304: 6295: 6291: 6282: 6278: 6269: 6265: 6256: 6252: 6248:Kunzler, p. 130 6247: 6240: 6231: 6227: 6211: 6207: 6198: 6194: 6189: 6185: 6180: 6176: 6163: 6162: 6158: 6150: 6139: 6133: 6129: 6117: 6113: 6103: 6101: 6100:on May 25, 2010 6087: 6083: 6073: 6071: 6056: 6052: 6042: 6040: 6031: 6030: 6026: 6005: 6001: 5992: 5983: 5979:Morales, p. 277 5978: 5971: 5966: 5962: 5952: 5950: 5943: 5939: 5938: 5934: 5927: 5905: 5901: 5889: 5885: 5880: 5876: 5870:, June 17, 2019 5864: 5860: 5853: 5839: 5835: 5828: 5812: 5808: 5803: 5799: 5790: 5786: 5781: 5777: 5757: 5753: 5737: 5733: 5717: 5713: 5706: 5690: 5686: 5673: 5672: 5668: 5661: 5645: 5641: 5633:Huffington Post 5629: 5622: 5612: 5610: 5601: 5595: 5591: 5581: 5579: 5566: 5565: 5561: 5552: 5548: 5538: 5536: 5531: 5530: 5521: 5511: 5509: 5504: 5503: 5499: 5494: 5466: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5375:Martin Scorsese 5322:John Lee Hooker 5318:Aretha Franklin 5220: 5212:Jerry Lee Lewis 5208:Waylon Jennings 5137:Long Tall Sally 5121:Johnny B. Goode 5110:Jerry Lee Lewis 4955: 4947: 4895:George Gershwin 4867:Louis Armstrong 4862: 4822:Delmark Records 4767:Shannon Curfman 4698:John Lee Hooker 4656:Clarence Carter 4654:, Mel Waiters, 4620:Down Home Blues 4586:Italian singer 4580: 4405:Nick Gravenites 4380: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4275:and shimmering 4271:based on fluid 4255:John Lee Hooker 4243:John Lee Hooker 4187: 4185:1960s and 1970s 4116:John Lee Hooker 4039:Clifton Chenier 3988:Vee-Jay Records 3984:Checker Records 3826:John Lee Hooker 3762:Great Migration 3757: 3669:territory bands 3642:Meade Lux Lewis 3626:shifts of level 3602: 3599: 3598: 3588:Nat "King" Cole 3533:Victoria Spivey 3529:Lucille Hegamin 3498: 3224: 3193:black migration 3177:hillbilly music 3120:played (called 3074:music of Africa 3063:Mandinka people 2834: 2828: 2823: 2729: 2726: 2725: 2675:of C, C is the 2504:Trouble in Mind 2471: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2303: 2241: 2180:music of Africa 2157:instrumentation 2120:, of which the 2116:, and specific 2047: 1999: 1997: 1990: 1989: 1984: 1940: 1896: 1888: 1887: 1882: 1827: 1789: 1765:Omaha, Nebraska 1730:Historic places 1724: 1616: 1487: 1479: 1478: 1473: 1438: 1397: 1389: 1388: 1383: 1365: 1317: 1259:Black Seminoles 1224: 1223:Sub-communities 1216: 1215: 1202:Southern (SIAC) 1162: 1154: 1153: 1148: 1103: 1087: 1079: 1078: 1073: 990: 956: 948: 947: 942: 928:Nation of Islam 894: 871: 852: 842: 841: 836: 777: 744: 711: 683: 644: 620:Musical theater 580: 570: 569: 551:Great Migration 408: 337: 336: 317:St. Louis blues 297:Louisiana blues 257: 256:Regional scenes 249:Regional scenes 244: 243: 209: 196: 195: 151: 58: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9513: 9503: 9502: 9497: 9492: 9487: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9440: 9439: 9437: 9436: 9431: 9426: 9421: 9416: 9415: 9414: 9403: 9401: 9395: 9394: 9392: 9391: 9390: 9389: 9379: 9374: 9369: 9368: 9367: 9357: 9356: 9355: 9345: 9339: 9337: 9331: 9330: 9328: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9307: 9302: 9296: 9295: 9294: 9284: 9283: 9282: 9271: 9268: 9267: 9260: 9259: 9252: 9245: 9237: 9228: 9227: 9225: 9224: 9212: 9200: 9185: 9182: 9181: 9179: 9178: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9157: 9155: 9151: 9150: 9148: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9126: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9100: 9094: 9092: 9088: 9087: 9085: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9048: 9047: 9042: 9032: 9030:Classic female 9027: 9021: 9019: 9015: 9014: 9012: 9011: 9006: 9004:United Kingdom 9001: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8975: 8974: 8969: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8938: 8937: 8926: 8924: 8918: 8917: 8915: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8888: 8886: 8882: 8881: 8879: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8833: 8827: 8825: 8821: 8820: 8813: 8812: 8805: 8798: 8790: 8784: 8783: 8780:American Music 8777: 8767: 8761: 8756: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8725: 8724:External links 8722: 8721: 8720: 8705: 8699: 8680: 8674: 8661: 8655: 8637: 8631: 8611: 8605: 8588: 8582: 8567: 8560: 8547: 8525: 8524: 8519: 8513: 8512: 8501: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8494: 8493: 8466: 8460: 8443: 8437: 8422: 8416: 8402:Palmer, Robert 8398: 8392: 8374: 8368: 8355:The Latin Beat 8349: 8343: 8330: 8324: 8311: 8305: 8286: 8280: 8265: 8259: 8246: 8240: 8223: 8217: 8202: 8196: 8184:, ed. (1993). 8178: 8172: 8153: 8143: 8137: 8122: 8119: 8116: 8115: 8085: 8065: 8034: 8008: 7978: 7952: 7945: 7924: 7889: 7882: 7864: 7838: 7802: 7775: 7744: 7718: 7697:"Blues Venues" 7688: 7658: 7645: 7612: 7605: 7585: 7576: 7554: 7545: 7541:Stanwebb.co.uk 7522: 7504: 7491: 7489:Komara, p. 388 7482: 7480:Komara, p. 122 7470: 7457: 7444: 7419: 7410: 7401: 7381: 7369:All About Jazz 7355: 7330: 7321: 7312: 7303: 7294: 7285: 7272: 7259: 7254:Pop Chronicles 7241: 7228: 7207: 7195: 7182: 7180:Komara, p. 118 7173: 7160: 7147: 7145:Komara, p. 120 7138: 7129: 7122:Oliver, Paul. 7114: 7101: 7088: 7075: 7073:Clarke, p. 137 7066: 7039: 7027: 7006: 6982: 6961: 6959:Clarke, p. 139 6952: 6950:Clarke, p. 141 6943: 6941:Clarke, p. 138 6931: 6906: 6880: 6868: 6858: 6845: 6822: 6809: 6795: 6786: 6776: 6763: 6747: 6740: 6720: 6693: 6679:Scott (2003). 6671: 6664: 6640: 6622: 6595:(2): 211–246. 6575: 6549: 6540: 6524: 6498: 6481: 6479:Ferris, p. 229 6472: 6463: 6454: 6427: 6420: 6396: 6372: 6363: 6354: 6338:"Henry Thomas" 6328: 6302: 6289: 6276: 6263: 6250: 6238: 6225: 6205: 6192: 6183: 6174: 6156: 6127: 6111: 6081: 6050: 6024: 5999: 5981: 5969: 5967:Oliver, p. 281 5960: 5932: 5925: 5899: 5892:Big Joe Turner 5883: 5881:Komara, p. 476 5874: 5858: 5851: 5833: 5826: 5806: 5797: 5784: 5782:Ferris, p. 230 5775: 5751: 5731: 5728:978-0786860524 5711: 5704: 5684: 5666: 5659: 5639: 5620: 5589: 5559: 5546: 5519: 5496: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5489: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5472: 5471: 5455: 5452: 5450:, and others. 5436:Gary Clark Jr. 5424:Michelle Obama 5379:Clint Eastwood 5364:Jimmie Vaughan 5360:Blues Traveler 5326:Blues Brothers 5219: 5216: 5180:Jimmie Rodgers 5145:Little Richard 5096:"blues with a 5071:Charlie Parker 5041:straddled the 5039:Duke Ellington 4963:Charley Patton 4940: 4932:Jimmie Rodgers 4871:Duke Ellington 4861: 4860:Musical impact 4858: 4810:Severn Records 4782:R. L. Burnside 4759:Susan Tedeschi 4644:Bettye LaVette 4636:Denise LaSalle 4579: 4576: 4524:audio feedback 4461:Rory Gallagher 4445:Aynsley Dunbar 4433:Rolling Stones 4370: 4273:string bending 4269:guitar soloing 4260:Endless Boogie 4186: 4183: 4163:I'm a King Bee 4135:Lightnin' Slim 4120:Boogie Chillen 4105:Luther Allison 4066:Rolling Stones 3992:J.O.B. Records 3960:standard blues 3833:electric blues 3780:music industry 3756: 3753: 3749:Lonnie Johnson 3733:Big Joe Turner 3697:blues shouting 3497: 3494: 3454:Memphis Minnie 3442:Robert Wilkins 3387:Piedmont blues 3371:Charley Patton 3367:Robert Johnson 3339:Lonnie Johnson 3331:Jimmie Rodgers 3244:Artie Matthews 3223: 3220: 3153:minstrel shows 3101:American South 3055:Soninke people 3051:Bambara people 3033:both European 2904:Howard W. Odum 2868:southern Texas 2857:Perry Bradford 2830:Main article: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2709:interval or a 2703:diatonic scale 2647: 2646: 2643: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2629: 2628: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2615: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2598: 2595: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2581: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2567: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2549: 2548: 2545: 2528:Watermelon Man 2524:Herbie Hancock 2500:How Long Blues 2470: 2467: 2451:Charley Patton 2435:Robert Johnson 2388: 2374: 2326:" (1912) and " 2302: 2299: 2240: 2237: 2225:electric blues 2209:Piedmont blues 2049: 2048: 2046: 2045: 2038: 2031: 2023: 2020: 2019: 2018: 2017: 2012: 2007: 1992: 1991: 1986: 1985: 1983: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1956: 1953: 1952: 1942: 1941: 1939: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1911:Black genocide 1907: 1904: 1903: 1897: 1894: 1893: 1890: 1889: 1884: 1883: 1881: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1839: 1836: 1835: 1829: 1828: 1826: 1825: 1820: 1818:US communities 1815: 1810: 1805: 1799: 1796: 1795: 1791: 1790: 1788: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1775:South Carolina 1772: 1770:North Carolina 1767: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1726: 1725: 1723: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1618: 1617: 1615: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1592:South Carolina 1589: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1572:North Carolina 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1498: 1495: 1494: 1488: 1485: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1475: 1474: 1472: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1460: 1459: 1448: 1445: 1444: 1440: 1439: 1437: 1436: 1431: 1429:Samaná English 1426: 1421: 1420: 1419: 1408: 1405: 1404: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1385: 1384: 1382: 1381: 1379:LGBT community 1375: 1372: 1371: 1367: 1366: 1364: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1336:Creek Freedmen 1333: 1327: 1324: 1323: 1319: 1318: 1316: 1315: 1310: 1309: 1308: 1306:Carmel Indians 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1267: 1266: 1261: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1235: 1232: 1231: 1225: 1222: 1221: 1218: 1217: 1212: 1211: 1210: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1187:Central (CIAA) 1181: 1180: 1176: 1175: 1174: 1173: 1163: 1160: 1159: 1156: 1155: 1150: 1149: 1147: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1098: 1095: 1094: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1075: 1074: 1072: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1054:Pan-Africanism 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1000: 997: 996: 992: 991: 989: 988: 983: 978: 973: 967: 964: 963: 957: 954: 953: 950: 949: 944: 943: 941: 940: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 910: 904: 901: 900: 896: 895: 893: 892: 887: 885:Black theology 881: 878: 877: 873: 872: 870: 869: 863: 860: 859: 853: 848: 847: 844: 843: 838: 837: 835: 834: 829: 822: 817: 816: 815: 805: 800: 799: 798: 787: 784: 783: 779: 778: 776: 775: 770: 765: 760: 754: 751: 750: 749:Economic class 746: 745: 743: 742: 737: 732: 727: 721: 718: 717: 713: 712: 710: 709: 704: 699: 693: 690: 689: 688:Academic study 685: 684: 682: 681: 676: 671: 665: 660: 654: 651: 650: 646: 645: 643: 642: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 602: 597: 591: 588: 587: 581: 576: 575: 572: 571: 566: 565: 564: 563: 558: 553: 545: 544: 540: 539: 538: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 509: 508: 504: 503: 502: 501: 496: 491: 486: 481: 476: 471: 470: 469: 459: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 424: 416: 415: 409: 404: 403: 400: 399: 393: 392: 380: 379: 378: 377: 372: 367: 362: 357: 352: 350:List of genres 344: 343: 339: 338: 335: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 312:Piedmont blues 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 267:Canadian blues 264: 258: 255: 254: 251: 250: 246: 245: 242: 241: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 210: 207: 206: 203: 202: 198: 197: 194: 193: 188: 183: 181:electric blues 178: 173: 168: 163: 158: 152: 149: 148: 145: 144: 140: 139: 138: 137: 132: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 100: 96: 95: 88: 84: 83: 82: 81: 76: 71: 64: 60: 59: 52: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9512: 9501: 9500:Popular music 9498: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9465:Radio formats 9463: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9452: 9450: 9435: 9434:Western swing 9432: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9413: 9410: 9409: 9408: 9405: 9404: 9402: 9400: 9399:Country music 9396: 9388: 9385: 9384: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9366: 9363: 9362: 9361: 9358: 9354: 9351: 9350: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9340: 9338: 9336: 9332: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9300: 9297: 9293: 9290: 9289: 9288: 9285: 9281: 9278: 9277: 9276: 9273: 9272: 9269: 9265: 9258: 9253: 9251: 9246: 9244: 9239: 9238: 9235: 9223: 9222: 9213: 9211: 9210: 9201: 9199: 9198: 9187: 9186: 9183: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9158: 9156: 9152: 9146: 9145:Southern rock 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9124: 9123:Southern rock 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9105: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9095: 9093: 9091:Fusion genres 9089: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9062:Fife and drum 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9037: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9025:Boogie-woogie 9023: 9022: 9020: 9016: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8964: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8936: 8933: 8932: 8931: 8928: 8927: 8925: 8919: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8897:Field hollers 8895: 8893: 8890: 8889: 8887: 8883: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8828: 8826: 8822: 8818: 8811: 8806: 8804: 8799: 8797: 8792: 8791: 8788: 8781: 8778: 8775: 8771: 8768: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8751: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8731: 8728: 8727: 8718: 8717:0-525-93375-1 8714: 8710: 8706: 8702: 8696: 8692: 8688: 8687: 8681: 8677: 8671: 8667: 8662: 8658: 8652: 8648: 8647: 8642: 8638: 8634: 8628: 8623: 8622: 8616: 8612: 8608: 8602: 8597: 8596: 8589: 8585: 8579: 8575: 8574: 8568: 8565: 8561: 8558: 8557: 8552: 8548: 8545: 8541: 8537: 8535: 8530: 8529: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8482: 8478: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8463: 8457: 8453: 8449: 8444: 8440: 8434: 8430: 8429: 8423: 8419: 8413: 8409: 8408: 8403: 8399: 8395: 8389: 8385: 8384: 8379: 8375: 8371: 8365: 8361: 8360:Da Capo Press 8357: 8356: 8350: 8346: 8340: 8336: 8331: 8327: 8321: 8318:. Routledge. 8317: 8312: 8308: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8293: 8287: 8283: 8277: 8273: 8272: 8266: 8262: 8256: 8252: 8247: 8243: 8237: 8232: 8231: 8224: 8220: 8214: 8211:. McFarland. 8210: 8209: 8203: 8199: 8193: 8189: 8188: 8183: 8182:Lawrence Cohn 8179: 8175: 8169: 8165: 8161: 8160: 8154: 8151: 8148: 8144: 8140: 8134: 8130: 8125: 8124: 8103: 8099: 8095: 8089: 8081: 8080: 8075: 8069: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8038: 8022: 8018: 8012: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7982: 7966: 7962: 7956: 7948: 7942: 7938: 7934: 7928: 7909: 7902: 7896: 7894: 7885: 7879: 7875: 7868: 7853: 7849: 7846:Phil Petrie. 7842: 7831:September 10, 7826: 7822: 7821: 7816: 7812: 7806: 7790: 7786: 7779: 7762: 7758: 7754: 7748: 7732: 7728: 7722: 7706: 7702: 7698: 7692: 7676: 7672: 7668: 7662: 7655: 7649: 7630: 7623: 7616: 7608: 7606:9780786410354 7602: 7598: 7597: 7589: 7583:Komara, p. 50 7580: 7564: 7558: 7549: 7542: 7538: 7534: 7531: 7526: 7519: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7501: 7495: 7486: 7477: 7475: 7467: 7461: 7455:. pp. 347–387 7454: 7448: 7437:September 13, 7432: 7426: 7424: 7414: 7405: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7390:Before Motown 7385: 7370: 7366: 7359: 7344: 7340: 7334: 7328:Komara, p. 49 7325: 7316: 7307: 7298: 7289: 7282: 7276: 7269: 7263: 7256: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7238: 7232: 7224: 7220: 7219: 7211: 7202: 7200: 7192: 7186: 7177: 7171:. pp. 313–314 7170: 7164: 7158:. pp. 175–177 7157: 7151: 7142: 7133: 7125: 7118: 7111: 7105: 7098: 7092: 7085: 7079: 7070: 7054: 7050: 7043: 7034: 7032: 7023: 7022:Yazoo Records 7019: 7018: 7010: 7002: 7001:Yazoo Records 6998: 6997: 6992: 6986: 6978: 6977:Yazoo Records 6974: 6973: 6965: 6956: 6947: 6938: 6936: 6924:September 26, 6920: 6916: 6910: 6895: 6891: 6884: 6875: 6873: 6862: 6855: 6849: 6833: 6826: 6820:. pp. 233–263 6819: 6813: 6805: 6799: 6790: 6780: 6773: 6767: 6760: 6756: 6751: 6743: 6737: 6733: 6732: 6724: 6708: 6704: 6697: 6690: 6688: 6687:African Suite 6682: 6675: 6667: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6652: 6644: 6636: 6632: 6626: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6579: 6563: 6559: 6553: 6544: 6537: 6533: 6528: 6512: 6508: 6502: 6495: 6491: 6485: 6476: 6467: 6458: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6434: 6432: 6423: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6408: 6400: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6376: 6367: 6358: 6347:September 26, 6343: 6339: 6332: 6321:September 26, 6316: 6312: 6306: 6300:. pp. 268–269 6299: 6293: 6286: 6280: 6273: 6267: 6260: 6254: 6245: 6243: 6235: 6229: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6209: 6202: 6196: 6187: 6178: 6170: 6166: 6160: 6149: 6145: 6138: 6131: 6124: 6120: 6115: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6085: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6054: 6038: 6034: 6028: 6020: 6016: 6015:Yazoo Records 6012: 6011: 6003: 5997:. pp. 107–149 5996: 5990: 5988: 5986: 5976: 5974: 5964: 5949: 5942: 5936: 5928: 5922: 5918: 5913: 5912: 5903: 5897: 5893: 5887: 5878: 5871: 5869: 5862: 5854: 5848: 5844: 5837: 5829: 5823: 5819: 5818: 5810: 5801: 5794: 5788: 5779: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5755: 5749: 5745: 5742:. Routledge. 5741: 5735: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5715: 5707: 5701: 5697: 5696: 5688: 5680: 5676: 5670: 5662: 5660:9780375713934 5656: 5652: 5651: 5643: 5636: 5634: 5627: 5625: 5608: 5604: 5599: 5593: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5563: 5556: 5550: 5539:September 29, 5534: 5528: 5526: 5524: 5512:September 15, 5507: 5501: 5497: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5473: 5469: 5458: 5451: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5416: 5410: 5408: 5407: 5406:The West Wing 5402: 5398: 5394: 5393: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5371: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5352:Steve Winwood 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5332: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5298: 5293: 5289: 5284: 5282: 5278: 5277: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5263: 5258: 5254: 5249: 5247: 5243: 5235: 5234: 5229: 5226:The music of 5224: 5215: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5204:Willie Nelson 5201: 5197: 5196:Hank Williams 5193: 5189: 5185: 5184:Moon Mullican 5181: 5177: 5176:country music 5172: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5113: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5082:rock and roll 5078: 5074: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5026: 5025:camp meetings 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4954: 4951: 4944: 4939: 4937: 4936:Tracy Chapman 4933: 4929: 4928:country music 4925: 4922: 4918: 4917: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4891:blues ballads 4888: 4884: 4883:popular songs 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4857: 4855: 4851: 4850:Yazoo Records 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4814:Chess Records 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4770: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4739: 4734: 4730: 4725: 4723: 4722: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4704: 4699: 4695: 4694: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4680: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4661: 4660:Shirley Brown 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4624:Little Milton 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4608:Southern soul 4605: 4601: 4597: 4589: 4584: 4575: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4552:Johnny Winter 4548: 4543: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4496:Johnny Winter 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4472: 4470: 4469:Chicago blues 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4449:Chicken Shack 4447:Retaliation, 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4425:Fleetwood Mac 4422: 4421:Alexis Korner 4418: 4414: 4413:British blues 4410: 4409:British blues 4406: 4402: 4398: 4390: 4385: 4379: 4368: 4366: 4365:Alabama Blues 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4345:Yazoo Records 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4309: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4261: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4239: 4236: 4235:Dick Waterman 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4211:rock and roll 4208: 4200: 4196: 4193:Blues legend 4191: 4182: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4123: 4121: 4117: 4112: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4093:Cobra Records 4090: 4086: 4082: 4079:pioneered by 4078: 4073: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4054:Alexis Korner 4051: 4046: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4019:popular music 4015: 4013: 4012:rock 'n' roll 4009: 4008:Elvis Presley 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3980:Chess Records 3977: 3976:Back Door Man 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3952: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3933:Little Walter 3930: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3888:Chicago blues 3885: 3881: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3808:blues shuffle 3805: 3804:amplification 3801: 3797: 3796: 3791: 3790: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3776: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3752: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3741:T-Bone Walker 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3701:Jimmy Rushing 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3661: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3634:Albert Ammons 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3614: 3613:Boogie-woogie 3605: 3595: 3591: 3589: 3585: 3584:Charles Brown 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3560: 3558: 3557:rock and roll 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3525: 3523: 3519: 3518:Lucille Bogan 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3414:Memphis blues 3410: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3395:Curley Weaver 3392: 3391:fingerpicking 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3362: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3323:country blues 3319: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3283: 3281: 3277: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3242:(arranged by 3241: 3237: 3236:Tin Pan Alley 3233: 3229: 3226:The American 3222:Pre-war blues 3219: 3215: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3200: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3180: 3178: 3174: 3169: 3168:country music 3164: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3149: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3093: 3091: 3090:seventh notes 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3070: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3030: 3028: 3027:field hollers 3024: 3018: 3014: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2974:field hollers 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2933:Musicologist 2931: 2927: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2833: 2818: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2746: 2742: 2732: 2723: 2718: 2714: 2712: 2708: 2707:minor seventh 2704: 2700: 2695: 2693: 2689: 2684: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2665:Roman numbers 2662: 2658: 2654: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2631: 2630: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2616: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2602: 2592: 2589: 2586: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2568: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2543: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2536:Walter Vinson 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2490:, use of the 2489: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2427: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2395: 2386: 2381: 2372: 2370: 2366: 2361: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2345: 2339: 2337: 2336:talking blues 2333: 2329: 2325: 2320: 2312: 2307: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2285: 2280: 2278: 2277: 2272: 2267: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2245:George Colman 2236: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2213:Chicago blues 2210: 2206: 2202: 2201:country blues 2198: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2145: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2112:pattern, the 2111: 2107: 2106:rock and roll 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2078:field hollers 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2044: 2039: 2037: 2032: 2030: 2025: 2024: 2022: 2021: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2006: 1996: 1995: 1994: 1993: 1981: 1980:Minstrel show 1978: 1976: 1975:Magical Negro 1973: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1957: 1955: 1954: 1951: 1947: 1944: 1943: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1908: 1906: 1905: 1901: 1900: 1892: 1891: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1840: 1838: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1830: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1798: 1797: 1793: 1792: 1786: 1785:West Virginia 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1737: 1735: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1727: 1721: 1720:San Francisco 1718: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1700:New York City 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1627: 1625: 1624: 1620: 1619: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1497: 1496: 1492: 1491: 1483: 1482: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1458: 1455: 1454: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1447: 1446: 1442: 1441: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1413: 1410: 1409: 1407: 1406: 1402: 1401: 1393: 1392: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1374: 1373: 1369: 1368: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1351:Nova Scotians 1349: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1328: 1326: 1325: 1321: 1320: 1314: 1311: 1307: 1304: 1303: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1255: 1254:Black Indians 1252: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1234: 1233: 1229: 1228: 1220: 1219: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1192:HBCU (HBCUAC) 1190: 1188: 1185: 1184: 1183: 1182: 1178: 1177: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1167: 1166: 1158: 1157: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1100: 1099: 1097: 1096: 1093:Organizations 1092: 1091: 1083: 1082: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1001: 999: 998: 994: 993: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 968: 966: 965: 962:Organizations 961: 960: 952: 951: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 905: 903: 902: 898: 897: 891: 888: 886: 883: 882: 880: 879: 875: 874: 868: 865: 864: 862: 861: 857: 856: 851: 846: 845: 833: 830: 827: 823: 821: 818: 814: 811: 810: 809: 806: 804: 801: 797: 794: 793: 792: 789: 788: 786: 785: 781: 780: 774: 771: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 755: 753: 752: 748: 747: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 722: 720: 719: 715: 714: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 694: 692: 691: 687: 686: 680: 677: 675: 672: 669: 666: 664: 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182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 166:country blues 164: 162: 159: 157: 156:Boogie-woogie 154: 153: 146: 141: 136: 135:rock and roll 133: 131: 128: 126: 123: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 106: 103: 102: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 80: 77: 75: 72: 70: 67: 66: 65: 61: 56: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 18:Blues (music) 9342: 9299:Folk revival 9219: 9207: 9188: 9045:Hill country 8957:Hill country 8935:Desert blues 8876:Walking bass 8836:Blues ballad 8824:Musical form 8816: 8708: 8685: 8665: 8645: 8641:Oliver, Paul 8620: 8615:Oliver, Paul 8594: 8572: 8563: 8554: 8532: 8507: 8485:. Retrieved 8481:the original 8474: 8452:W. W. Norton 8447: 8427: 8406: 8381: 8378:Oliver, Paul 8354: 8335:Jazz Lexikon 8334: 8315: 8291: 8270: 8250: 8229: 8207: 8186: 8158: 8149: 8128: 8121:Bibliography 8106:. Retrieved 8102:the original 8097: 8088: 8078: 8074:Gussow, Adam 8068: 8056:. Retrieved 8047: 8037: 8027:September 2, 8025:. Retrieved 8021:the original 8011: 8001:September 2, 7999:. Retrieved 7995:the original 7990: 7981: 7969:. Retrieved 7965:the original 7955: 7936: 7927: 7915:. Retrieved 7873: 7867: 7857:September 8, 7855:. Retrieved 7851: 7841: 7829:. Retrieved 7825:the original 7818: 7805: 7793:. Retrieved 7789:the original 7778: 7765:. Retrieved 7761:the original 7756: 7747: 7737:November 25, 7735:. Retrieved 7731:the original 7721: 7709:. Retrieved 7705:the original 7700: 7691: 7679:. Retrieved 7675:the original 7661: 7653: 7648: 7636:. Retrieved 7629:the original 7615: 7595: 7588: 7579: 7567:. 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Retrieved 5500: 5468:Blues portal 5444:Derek Trucks 5413: 5411: 5404: 5390: 5372: 5348:Eric Clapton 5329: 5314:Cab Calloway 5295: 5292:John Belushi 5285: 5274: 5260: 5250: 5245: 5239: 5231: 5173: 5149:What'd I Say 5141:Tutti Frutti 5114: 5090:Carl Perkins 5079: 5075: 5055:World War II 5052: 5031:community." 5029: 5003: 4971:Gospel music 4956: 4946: 4942: 4924:Fabian Forte 4914: 4903:modal frames 4887:Harold Arlen 4863: 4771: 4742: 4738:Living Blues 4736: 4726: 4719: 4708:Eric Clapton 4701: 4691: 4677: 4675: 4670:Eric Clapton 4648:Marvin Sease 4627: 4619: 4593: 4544: 4536:Bonnie Raitt 4532:Jo Ann Kelly 4512:Jimi Hendrix 4492:Janis Joplin 4479: 4476:Amiri Baraka 4473: 4471:traditions. 4417:Cyril Davies 4394: 4371: 4364: 4353:Willie Dixon 4349:J. B. Lenoir 4310: 4302:Eric Clapton 4290:Freddie King 4258: 4247:Muddy Waters 4240: 4231:Willie Dixon 4204: 4147:Jerry McCain 4124: 4113: 4109:guitar solos 4097:Freddie King 4074: 4058:Cyril Davies 4047: 4037:music, with 4016: 3996:Sam Phillips 3956:Willie Dixon 3953: 3931: 3923:J. B. Lenoir 3919:Elmore James 3906:Willie Dixon 3902:Howlin' Wolf 3900: 3884:Muddy Waters 3830: 3816:gospel music 3793: 3787: 3773: 3758: 3729:Louis Jordan 3709:Glenn Miller 3677:Bennie Moten 3667:blues. 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The blues 2650: 2516:16-bar blues 2488:Bessie Smith 2481:mirrors the 2472: 2428: 2398: 2389: 2384: 2375: 2362: 2340: 2324:Dallas Blues 2316: 2295:Dallas Blues 2288: 2281: 2274: 2268: 2257: 2248: 2242: 2221:World War II 2173: 2146: 2138:walking bass 2062:musical form 2053: 2052: 1878:Sierra Leone 1710:Philadelphia 1680:Jacksonville 1276:Brass Ankles 1029:Conservatism 1004:Afrocentrism 976:Joint Center 867:Black church 858:Institutions 773:Billionaires 763:Middle class 716:Celebrations 679:Fraternities 342:Other topics 229:gospel blues 224:desert blues 36: 9301:(1950s–60s) 9275:Appalachian 9221:Blues songs 9113:Boogie rock 9108:Biker metal 8984:New Zealand 8967:New Orleans 8841:Blues scale 8752:, aired on 8746:"The Blues" 8595:Urban Blues 8058:October 26, 7767:October 15, 7711:October 15, 7681:October 15, 7569:November 4, 7059:October 15, 6761:. pp. 14–15 6713:October 27, 6635:Afropop.org 6568:October 15, 6274:. pp. 33–35 6074:February 3, 6043:February 3, 5613:October 15, 5582:November 7, 5383:Wim Wenders 5368:Jeff Baxter 5344:Erykah Badu 5310:James Brown 5306:Ray Charles 5288:Dan Aykroyd 5276:Songcatcher 5200:Eddy Arnold 5192:Bill Monroe 5153:Ray Charles 5063:brass bands 5017:Isaac Watts 5013:New England 4991:James Brown 4987:Ray Charles 4875:Miles Davis 4806:Ruf Records 4743:Blues Revue 4693:Texas Flood 4684:Robert Cray 4622:(1982) and 4540:Phoebe Snow 4488:Canned Heat 4453:Jethro Tull 4361:Vietnam War 4300:musicians ( 4294:Albert King 4223:the Beatles 4181:musicians. 4131:Baton Rouge 4127:swamp blues 4027:Chuck Berry 4000:Sun Records 3941:Sonny Terry 3915:J. T. Brown 3896:Mississippi 3892:Delta blues 3861:bass guitar 3857:double bass 3798:magazine's 3775:race record 3764:. The long 3735:, based in 3713:In the Mood 3681:Jay McShann 3679:orchestra, 3673:Kansas City 3545:torch songs 3522:Mamie Smith 3496:Urban blues 3412:The lively 3359:Delta blues 3347:Blind Blake 3300:juke joints 3296:Cotton Club 3228:sheet music 3212:Isaac Watts 3097:Diddley bow 3080:, from his 3047:Lucy Durran 3023:ring shouts 3010:juke joints 2998:sixteen-bar 2978:ring shouts 2924:Paul Oliver 2920:proto-blues 2884:New Orleans 2861:Crazy Blues 2853:Mamie Smith 2779:swing music 2760:major scale 2681:subdominant 2677:tonic chord 2520:Ray Charles 2424:dirty blues 2412:Georgia Tom 2353:Paul Oliver 2249:Blue Devils 2205:Delta blues 2192:juke joints 2165:AAB pattern 2114:blues scale 2058:music genre 1946:Stereotypes 1873:Nova Scotia 1755:Mississippi 1715:San Antonio 1695:Los Angeles 1630:Black mecca 1557:Mississippi 1464:Negro Dutch 1286:Dominickers 1230:Multiethnic 1139:TransAfrica 1049:Nationalism 1019:Black power 803:Black pride 768:Upper class 467:Politicians 327:Texas blues 322:Swamp blues 277:Delta blues 214:Biker metal 186:hokum blues 176:dirty blues 171:Delta blues 9449:Categories 9429:Rockabilly 9424:Honky-tonk 9412:Roots rock 9382:Spirituals 9310:New Mexico 9103:Blues rock 9009:West Coast 8907:Work songs 8902:Spirituals 8487:August 24, 8410:. Viking. 8407:Deep Blues 7971:August 17, 7917:August 17, 7795:August 17, 7638:August 28, 7565:. AllMusic 7374:August 13, 7348:August 13, 6866:Garofalo.) 6517:August 11, 6445:. p. 223. 6387:. p. 285. 6144:MusicWorks 6017:. L-1022. 5492:References 5340:Bo Diddley 5094:rockabilly 5009:spirituals 4995:soul blues 4979:soul music 4959:Skip James 4755:Gov't Mule 4747:nightclubs 4733:video clip 4703:The Healer 4690:recording 4682:announced 4632:Bobby Rush 4616:Z. Z. Hill 4604:soul blues 4600:deep South 4598:and other 4568:Kim Wilson 4528:rock music 4520:distortion 4506:, and the 4484:blues rock 4407:, and the 4337:Skip James 4265:B. B. King 4167:Alan Lomax 4159:Jimmy Reed 4139:Slim Harpo 4101:Magic Slim 4023:Bo Diddley 4004:B. B. King 3925:, but the 3910:Jimmy Reed 3877:overdriven 3717:jump blues 3683:, and the 3650:Earl Hines 3572:Leroy Carr 3506:vaudeville 3292:nightclubs 3256:W.C. Handy 3204:spirituals 3173:race music 3146:Gus Cannon 3144:and later 3109:one-string 3086:blue third 2982:Lead Belly 2966:John Lomax 2935:John Lomax 2896:W.C. Handy 2872:Deep South 2845:W.C. Handy 2805:, da" or " 2692:turnaround 2518:, such as 2455:Skip James 2332:W.C. Handy 2233:rock music 2229:blues rock 2184:spirituals 2153:bass lines 2126:Blue notes 2074:work songs 2070:spirituals 2066:Deep South 1512:California 1486:Population 1059:Patriotism 1044:Liberalism 1024:Capitalism 995:Ideologies 876:Theologies 735:Juneteenth 707:Literature 635:Newspapers 543:Migrations 474:Juneteenth 239:soul blues 234:punk blues 219:blues rock 191:jump blues 92:Deep South 79:folk music 74:Spirituals 69:Work songs 9419:Bluegrass 9407:Americana 9353:Dixieland 9292:Swamp pop 9018:Subgenres 8962:Louisiana 8831:Blue note 7874:Sweet Air 7852:Afgen.com 7757:About.com 7701:About.com 7671:About.com 7024:. L-1021. 7003:. L-1002. 6991:Kent, Don 6979:. 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