235:. The mucus plug is a blockage of the cervix made up of mucus which acts as a physical barrier against infectious agents that may cause bacterial vaginosis or harm to the fetus. It also contains many antimicrobial agents, similarly to the mucus found in the human nasal cavity. The mucus plug develops during pregnancy to provide a pathogen-free uterus to house the fetus. When a mucus plug detaches, a bloody show can be initiated. As the blood vessels in the cervix dilate, this leads to ruptures of membranes that allow blood and amniotic fluid to gather in the posterior vaginal canal.
167:. Preterm labor occurs when the cervix opens after week 20 of pregnancy and before week 37. These options include de-stressing such as bed rest, avoiding intense activities, monitoring for signs of active labor, and stitching the cervix closed. Sometimes, the cervix will be stitched closed to help prevent infection or pathogenic harm to the fetus while it develops. Management of the beginning of labor, after the bloody show, can include breathing techniques and hydration to maintain relaxation before delivering the baby.
244:
preeclampsia and birth complications that risk the health of the mother or fetus. Risk factors for preterm pregnancy such as high blood pressure, blood clotting issues, diabetes, sexually transmitted infections, or other vaginal infections may also put the mother at a high risk of an early bloody show.
243:
Although the bloody show can occur as part of the natural progression of labor, activities such as sexual intercourse, pressure on the pelvis, or trauma can initiate the occurrence of bloody show and labor. Risk factors that can increase the chance of preterm labor and of having a bloody show include
63:
Bloody show may occur before labor, sometimes as early as three days before the actual delivery date. When bloody show occurs, pregnant individuals are encouraged to see a midwife or doctor as this may be an indication of active labor. Bloody show may occur gradually or all at once, however, it will
67:
Bloody show is the most common cause of bleeding during late pregnancy and often presents as minor bleeding mixed with mucus alongside other signs of labor initiation (contractions, cervical dilation, cervical effacement). While not considered as serious bleeding or deadly, the passage of a bloody
59:
Bloody show is recognized through the presence of mucus and blood that is combined and discharged from the cervix before labor occurs. Bloody show is sometimes used as an indication of active labor, and can occur as a result of the onset of labor. Bloody show can also occur with other symptoms of
204:), activate specific protein kinases to provide rapid intracellular responses to these neuropeptides. Cyclic GMP mediates nitric oxide in the myometrium, allowing the relaxation of the uterus. Cyclic AMP influences the relaxation of myometrial smooth muscle by complexing with adenylyl cyclase (
134:
While bloody show is not considered as vaginal bleeding requiring medical intervention, other more serious types of bleeding may visibly present as minor bleeding. As such, if any of the following are observed, a more thorough examination is warranted to rule out serious causes of bleeding:
50:
may be imminent. The bloody show may be expelled from the vagina in pieces or altogether and often appears as a jelly-like piece of mucus stained with blood. Although the bloody show may be alarming at first, it is not a concern of patient health after 37 weeks gestation.
187:
are key in the onset of childbirth, as they synchronize uterine activation and cervical ripening. In some pregnant individuals, hemorrhaging of blood vessels in the cervix may lead to a premature release of prostaglandins. Alongside prostaglandin, placental
60:
onset of labor, including painful contractions, degree of cervical effacement, and/or spontaneous membrane rupture. Severity of symptoms differs from person to person and usually those symptoms are more commonly found than bloody show.
223:, may increase in quantity as pregnancy progresses. While vaginal mucus is considered normal in individuals with female genitalia, pregnant individuals may notice streaks of blood or a red hue in their vaginal mucus. As the cervix
127:. Bloody show itself is an exclusionary diagnosis, that is, it rules out other causes of vaginal bleeding. Other causes of vaginal bleeding in late pregnancy include placental abruption, placenta previa, vasa previa,
192:
is another key naturally occurring neuropeptide released at the onset of labor. Oxytocin can induce myometrial contractions, as it is a common tool used for augmentation of contractions after the onset of labor.
179:
contraction, leading to dilation of the cervix and pushing the fetus through the birth canal. This occurs as intrauterine biochemical events lead to the softening and dilation of the cervix.
1000:
1282:
Salafia CM, López-Zeno JA, Sherer DM, Whittington SS, Minior VK, Vintzileos AM (October 1995). "Histologic evidence of old intrauterine bleeding is more frequent in prematurity".
716:
579:
119:
may occur at any point during pregnancy. During late pregnancy, bleeding may be normal but may also indicate a more serious underlying problem such as miscarriage,
87:
History of previous pregnancies – number of confirmed pregnancies, number of late-term deliveries, number of abortions, risk factors for major bleeding (e.g. prior
183:, which play a nutritional role in the formation of the placenta, promote the synthesis and release of prostaglandins and proinflammatory cytokines.
231:
in preparation for childbearing, small blood vessels in the cervix may tear and bleed, leading to blood mixed with vaginal mucus from the displaced
80:
depend on a combination of gestation age, history of pregnancy and bleeding, past medical history, physical examination, and laboratory work.
1898:
1867:
163:
If a bloody show occurs too early during a pregnancy, there are a few options to counteract the increased risk of infection and
816:
864:
2063:
1993:
1135:
984:
943:
700:
533:
2208:
840:
1568:
2285:
2167:
1335:
2033:
84:
History of current pregnancy – estimated due date, risk factors for complications, abdominal pain, uterine contractions
2068:
1933:
2172:
1872:
1397:
2224:
1938:
46:
that seals the cervix during pregnancy and tearing of small cervical blood vessels, and is one of the signs that
1988:
201:
197:
791:
340:
160:
Bloody show is not considered abnormal within the context of pregnancy, therefore, no treatment is required.
2013:
1920:
1422:
506:
2018:
1978:
1477:
1847:
1658:
1631:
1257:
219:
Through this biochemical cascade, a pregnant individual is prepared for childbearing. Vaginal mucus, or
2053:
1890:
1648:
1573:
1543:
2103:
1715:
1455:
1379:
926:
Bernal AL, Norwitz ER (2018). "Normal
Mechanisms in Labour". In Edmonds DK, Lees C, Bourne T (eds.).
740:
1465:
395:
1052:
364:
2038:
1903:
1641:
1402:
1369:
1328:
2157:
1973:
1538:
1417:
266:
311:
2152:
2008:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1777:
1730:
1725:
1693:
1513:
261:
653:
2259:
2198:
2058:
1915:
1839:
1747:
1737:
1533:
1434:
1412:
1213:
101:(including blood pressure), abdominal palpitation, speculum or digital cervical examination
457:"Diagnosing onset of labor: a systematic review of definitions in the research literature"
286:
8:
2280:
2162:
2073:
2028:
1928:
1787:
1705:
1688:
1653:
1508:
1429:
1389:
232:
224:
124:
43:
1217:
2290:
2048:
1943:
1908:
1767:
1616:
1528:
1493:
1374:
1321:
1262:
NICHD - Eunice
Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
1234:
1201:
1182:
1104:
1077:
949:
888:
Liao JB, Buhimschi CS, Norwitz ER (June 2005). "Normal labor: mechanism and duration".
631:
483:
456:
455:
Hanley GE, Munro S, Greyson D, Gross MM, Hundley V, Spiby H, Janssen PA (April 2016).
104:
Ultrasound and/or magnetic resonance imaging – assessment of uterus location and shape
2127:
2003:
1742:
1683:
1523:
1503:
1498:
1299:
1295:
1239:
1186:
1174:
1131:
1109:
1028:
980:
939:
905:
773:
696:
665:
623:
488:
431:
228:
220:
213:
88:
953:
635:
42:. It is caused by thinning and dilation of the cervix, leading to detachment of the
2098:
1710:
1583:
1578:
1472:
1291:
1229:
1221:
1164:
1099:
1089:
972:
931:
897:
733:
688:
615:
478:
468:
209:
205:
120:
116:
77:
1169:
1152:
2147:
1862:
1757:
1626:
1518:
1407:
1356:
128:
2193:
2108:
1814:
1762:
1460:
1022:
976:
935:
606:
Sakamoto J, Michels C, Eisfelder B, Joshi N (May 2019). "Trauma in
Pregnancy".
423:
180:
145:
901:
619:
473:
2274:
2203:
2093:
1882:
1857:
1609:
1450:
1364:
184:
164:
1225:
764:
McKennett M, Fullerton JT (February 1995). "Vaginal bleeding in pregnancy".
2239:
1819:
1772:
1720:
1678:
1313:
1243:
1178:
1113:
1032:
909:
669:
627:
492:
435:
94:
Character of the bleeding – color, appearance, onset time, presence of pain
1303:
777:
692:
2229:
1824:
1782:
1094:
98:
574:
2234:
1752:
1674:
1553:
1348:
572:
570:
568:
566:
564:
562:
560:
558:
556:
554:
176:
47:
1344:
717:"Vaginal Bleeding During Early Pregnancy – Gynecology and Obstetrics"
39:
580:"Vaginal Bleeding During Late Pregnancy – Gynecology and Obstetrics"
551:
76:
The diagnostic examinations and tools used to determine the type of
2113:
1829:
967:
Norman JE, Stock SJ (2018). "Induction and
Augmentation of Labor".
189:
1281:
709:
528:
526:
1636:
2142:
1604:
1599:
523:
175:
Labor begins with the suppression of the inhibitory effects on
35:
196:
Cyclic nucleotides, including cyclic guanosine monophosphate (
2188:
1852:
1621:
1153:"Preeclampsia: Pathophysiology, Challenges, and Perspectives"
1021:
Hutchison J, Mahdy H, Hutchison J (2023). "Stages of Labor".
605:
31:
27:
1150:
365:"Cervical Effacement: Causes, Measuring & What It Means"
252:
Bloody show was first mentioned in an article back in 1995.
1151:
Rana S, Lemoine E, Granger JP, Karumanchi SA (March 2019).
107:
Laboratory tests - complete blood count, coagulation tests
151:
Cessation of labor and/or inability of uterus to contract
68:
show signals that labor is beginning or will begin soon.
1258:"What are the risk factors for preterm labor and birth?"
1130:(24th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill education. 2014.
1020:
651:
507:"Strategies To Reduce Cesarean Birth in Low-Risk Women"
454:
64:
indicate the pregnant person will go into labor soon.
969:
In
Dewhurst's Textbook of Obstetrics & Gynaecology
887:
928:
Dewhurst's
Textbook of Obstetrics & Gynaecology
745:
American
College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
685:
Dewhurst's
Textbook of Obstetrics & Gynaecology
890:Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America
763:
390:
388:
386:
384:
1016:
1014:
683:Edmonds DK, Lees C, Bourne T, eds. (2018-09-14).
682:
647:
645:
148:- deceleration, bradycardia, loss of heart sounds
2272:
1053:"Mucus Plug: What It Is, Looks Like & Means"
652:Sakornbut E, Leeman L, Fontaine P (April 2007).
601:
599:
1199:
1027:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
971:. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. pp. 326–355.
930:. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. pp. 283–306.
430:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
421:
381:
1011:
921:
919:
687:. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
642:
417:
415:
1329:
1284:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
925:
596:
1343:
865:"Coping Skills for Labor without Medication"
396:"Bloody Show: Symptoms & Signs of Labor"
1200:Romero R, Dey SK, Fisher SJ (August 2014).
1082:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
966:
916:
608:Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America
412:
16:Bloody mucus discharge leading up to labour
1336:
1322:
1202:"Preterm labor: one syndrome, many causes"
287:"Vaginal birth - series—Indications"
1233:
1168:
1103:
1093:
610:. Obstetric and Gynecologic Emergencies.
482:
472:
334:
332:
111:
1075:
2273:
341:"What Does the Bloody Show Look Like?"
329:
200:) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (
1317:
841:"Preterm labor - Symptoms and causes"
54:
26:is the passage of a small amount of
2168:Psychiatric disorders of childbirth
511:Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
338:
318:. U.S. National Library of Medicine
293:. U.S. National Library of Medicine
13:
1078:"The Cervicovaginal Mucus Barrier"
721:Merck Manuals Professional Edition
584:Merck Manuals Professional Edition
14:
2302:
2173:Postpartum physiological changes
1873:Postpartum physiological changes
1398:Assisted reproductive technology
1001:"Vaginal discharge in pregnancy"
316:MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
291:MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
2225:Adaptation to extrauterine life
1275:
1250:
1193:
1144:
1120:
1069:
1045:
993:
960:
881:
857:
833:
809:
792:"Vaginal bleeding in pregnancy"
784:
757:
676:
422:Togioka BM, Tonismae T (2023).
238:
1868:Maternal physiological changes
499:
448:
357:
304:
279:
1:
1423:partner-assisted reproduction
1170:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.313276
534:"Signs that labour has begun"
272:
155:
1296:10.1016/0002-9378(95)91327-0
461:BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
170:
131:, and non-obstetric causes.
71:
7:
1659:Traditional birth attendant
1005:National Health Service, UK
817:"Bleeding during pregnancy"
796:National Health Service, UK
741:"Bleeding During Pregnancy"
538:National Health Service, UK
255:
10:
2307:
2286:Health issues in pregnancy
1891:Brain health and pollution
977:10.1002/9781119211457.ch24
936:10.1002/9781119211457.ch22
247:
142:Tense and/or tender uterus
2252:
2217:
2181:
2135:
2126:
2104:Chorionic villus sampling
2086:
1881:
1838:
1807:
1800:
1667:
1592:
1561:
1552:
1486:
1456:Obstetric ultrasonography
1443:
1388:
1380:Pre-conception counseling
1355:
902:10.1016/j.ogc.2005.01.001
766:American Family Physician
658:American Family Physician
654:"Late pregnancy bleeding"
620:10.1016/j.emc.2019.01.009
474:10.1186/s12884-016-0857-4
1994:Intrahepatic cholestasis
2064:Motor vehicle emissions
1925:Concomitant conditions
1899:environmental toxicants
1642:Auxiliary nurse midwife
1403:artificial insemination
1370:Natural family planning
1226:10.1126/science.1251816
97:Physical examination –
2158:Postpartum confinement
1418:in vitro fertilisation
267:Obstetrical hemorrhage
112:Differential diagnoses
2153:Postpartum depression
2034:Pruritic folliculitis
1778:Unassisted childbirth
693:10.1002/9781119211457
262:Antepartum hemorrhage
208:), protein kinase A (
2260:Gravidity and parity
2240:Congenital disorders
2199:Lactation consultant
2069:Pre-existing disease
1748:Childbirth positions
1738:Rupture of membranes
1435:Unintended pregnancy
1413:fertility medication
1157:Circulation Research
1095:10.3390/ijms21218266
139:Maternal hypotension
2163:Sex after pregnancy
1970:Endocrine diseases
1916:Prenatal depression
1788:Placental expulsion
1706:Uterine contraction
1689:cervical effacement
1430:Fertility awareness
1218:2014Sci...345..760R
1128:Williams Obstetrics
125:placental abruption
44:cervical mucus plug
1939:Hypercoagulability
1768:Natural childbirth
1617:Postterm pregnancy
1375:Male contraceptive
1076:Lacroix G (2020).
1007:. 3 December 2020.
896:(2): 145–64, vii.
214:phosphodiesterases
55:Signs and symptoms
2268:
2267:
2253:Obstetric history
2248:
2247:
2209:Confinement nanny
2122:
2121:
1989:Acute fatty liver
1796:
1795:
1684:cervical dilation
1212:(6198): 760–765.
1137:978-0-07-179893-8
986:978-1-119-21145-7
945:978-1-119-21145-7
702:978-1-119-21145-7
424:"Uterine Rupture"
221:vaginal discharge
2298:
2133:
2132:
2099:Cardiotocography
1805:
1804:
1711:Vaginal delivery
1584:Nesting instinct
1559:
1558:
1544:Rudimentary horn
1473:Prenatal testing
1338:
1331:
1324:
1315:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1290:(4): 1065–1070.
1279:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1237:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1172:
1163:(7): 1094–1112.
1148:
1142:
1141:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1107:
1097:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1063:
1057:Cleveland Clinic
1049:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1018:
1009:
1008:
997:
991:
990:
964:
958:
957:
923:
914:
913:
885:
879:
878:
876:
875:
869:Cleveland Clinic
861:
855:
854:
852:
851:
837:
831:
830:
828:
827:
813:
807:
806:
804:
803:
788:
782:
781:
761:
755:
754:
752:
751:
737:
731:
730:
728:
727:
713:
707:
706:
680:
674:
673:
664:(8): 1199–1206.
649:
640:
639:
603:
594:
593:
591:
590:
576:
549:
548:
546:
545:
530:
521:
520:
518:
517:
503:
497:
496:
486:
476:
452:
446:
445:
443:
442:
419:
410:
409:
407:
406:
400:Cleveland Clinic
392:
379:
378:
376:
375:
369:Cleveland Clinic
361:
355:
354:
352:
351:
336:
327:
326:
324:
323:
312:"Am I in labor?"
308:
302:
301:
299:
298:
283:
117:Vaginal bleeding
89:cesarean section
78:vaginal bleeding
38:near the end of
30:or blood-tinged
2306:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2244:
2213:
2177:
2148:Postpartum care
2118:
2082:
1985:Liver diseases
1979:Thyroid disease
1877:
1863:Gestational age
1834:
1792:
1758:Labor induction
1663:
1654:Perinatal nurse
1627:Birth attendant
1588:
1548:
1482:
1478:Medical imaging
1439:
1408:fertility fraud
1384:
1351:
1342:
1312:
1311:
1280:
1276:
1267:
1265:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1198:
1194:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1074:
1070:
1061:
1059:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1037:
1035:
1019:
1012:
999:
998:
994:
987:
965:
961:
946:
924:
917:
886:
882:
873:
871:
863:
862:
858:
849:
847:
839:
838:
834:
825:
823:
815:
814:
810:
801:
799:
790:
789:
785:
762:
758:
749:
747:
739:
738:
734:
725:
723:
715:
714:
710:
703:
681:
677:
650:
643:
604:
597:
588:
586:
578:
577:
552:
543:
541:
532:
531:
524:
515:
513:
505:
504:
500:
453:
449:
440:
438:
420:
413:
404:
402:
394:
393:
382:
373:
371:
363:
362:
358:
349:
347:
337:
330:
321:
319:
310:
309:
305:
296:
294:
285:
284:
280:
275:
258:
250:
241:
173:
165:premature labor
158:
129:uterine rupture
121:placenta previa
114:
74:
57:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2304:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2194:Health visitor
2191:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2137:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2109:Nonstress test
2106:
2101:
2096:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2025:Skin diseases
2023:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1893:
1887:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1844:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1815:Amniotic fluid
1811:
1809:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1763:Multiple birth
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1602:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1569:Bradley method
1565:
1563:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1461:Pregnancy test
1458:
1453:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1394:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1361:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1341:
1340:
1333:
1326:
1318:
1310:
1309:
1274:
1249:
1192:
1143:
1136:
1119:
1068:
1044:
1010:
992:
985:
959:
944:
915:
880:
856:
832:
808:
783:
772:(3): 639–646.
756:
732:
708:
701:
675:
641:
614:(2): 317–338.
595:
550:
522:
498:
447:
411:
380:
356:
328:
303:
277:
276:
274:
271:
270:
269:
264:
257:
254:
249:
246:
240:
237:
185:Prostaglandins
181:Decidual cells
172:
169:
157:
154:
153:
152:
149:
146:Fetal distress
143:
140:
113:
110:
109:
108:
105:
102:
95:
92:
85:
73:
70:
56:
53:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2303:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2204:Monthly nurse
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2094:Amniocentesis
2092:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2054:Vaginal flora
2052:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1944:Substance use
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1858:Fundal height
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1610:Preterm birth
1608:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1574:Hypnobirthing
1572:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1451:3D ultrasound
1449:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1365:Birth control
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1263:
1259:
1253:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1147:
1139:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1072:
1058:
1054:
1048:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1017:
1015:
1006:
1002:
996:
988:
982:
978:
974:
970:
963:
955:
951:
947:
941:
937:
933:
929:
922:
920:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
884:
870:
866:
860:
846:
842:
836:
822:
818:
812:
797:
793:
787:
779:
775:
771:
767:
760:
746:
742:
736:
722:
718:
712:
704:
698:
694:
690:
686:
679:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
648:
646:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
602:
600:
585:
581:
575:
573:
571:
569:
567:
565:
563:
561:
559:
557:
555:
539:
535:
529:
527:
512:
508:
502:
494:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
466:
462:
458:
451:
437:
433:
429:
425:
418:
416:
401:
397:
391:
389:
387:
385:
370:
366:
360:
346:
342:
335:
333:
317:
313:
307:
292:
288:
282:
278:
268:
265:
263:
260:
259:
253:
245:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
194:
191:
186:
182:
178:
168:
166:
161:
150:
147:
144:
141:
138:
137:
136:
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
106:
103:
100:
96:
93:
90:
86:
83:
82:
81:
79:
69:
65:
61:
52:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
1934:Hypertension
1921:Immunization
1904:in pregnancy
1820:Amniotic sac
1773:Silent birth
1716:Presentation
1700:
1679:Bishop score
1649:Obstetrician
1539:Interstitial
1466:home testing
1287:
1283:
1277:
1266:. Retrieved
1264:. 2023-05-09
1261:
1252:
1209:
1205:
1195:
1160:
1156:
1146:
1127:
1122:
1088:(21): 8266.
1085:
1081:
1071:
1060:. Retrieved
1056:
1047:
1036:. Retrieved
1023:
1004:
995:
968:
962:
927:
893:
889:
883:
872:. Retrieved
868:
859:
848:. Retrieved
844:
835:
824:. Retrieved
820:
811:
800:. Retrieved
798:. 2017-12-21
795:
786:
769:
765:
759:
748:. Retrieved
744:
735:
724:. Retrieved
720:
711:
684:
678:
661:
657:
611:
607:
587:. Retrieved
583:
542:. Retrieved
540:. 2020-12-01
537:
514:. Retrieved
510:
501:
464:
460:
450:
439:. Retrieved
427:
403:. Retrieved
399:
372:. Retrieved
368:
359:
348:. Retrieved
344:
320:. Retrieved
315:
306:
295:. Retrieved
290:
281:
251:
242:
239:Epidemiology
218:
195:
174:
162:
159:
133:
115:
75:
66:
62:
58:
34:through the
23:
19:
18:
2230:Apgar score
2014:Hepatitis C
2000:Infections
1840:Development
1825:Endometrium
1783:Water birth
1701:Bloody show
1632:Men's roles
1562:Preparation
1514:Heterotopic
845:Mayo Clinic
821:Mayo Clinic
345:MedicineNet
339:Brennan D.
99:vital signs
20:Bloody show
2281:Obstetrics
2275:Categories
2235:Child care
2128:Postpartum
2087:Procedures
2039:Dermatoses
1895:Nutrition
1753:Home birth
1675:Pelvimetry
1554:Childbirth
1534:Unintended
1390:Conception
1349:childbirth
1268:2023-07-31
1062:2023-07-25
1038:2023-07-25
1024:StatPearls
874:2023-08-01
850:2023-07-31
826:2023-07-31
802:2018-10-17
750:2023-07-31
726:2023-07-31
589:2023-07-31
544:2023-07-27
516:2023-07-27
441:2023-07-27
428:StatPearls
405:2023-07-30
374:2023-07-31
350:2023-07-31
322:2018-10-17
297:2018-10-17
273:References
233:mucus plug
177:myometrium
156:Management
2291:Midwifery
1743:Caesarean
1509:Abdominal
1345:Pregnancy
1187:242400796
171:Mechanism
72:Diagnosis
40:pregnancy
2136:Maternal
2114:Abortion
2059:Bleeding
2009:COVID-19
1974:Diabetes
1959:Cannabis
1909:prenatal
1830:Placenta
1801:Prenatal
1731:shoulder
1726:cephalic
1694:position
1668:Delivery
1529:Postterm
1494:Cervical
1357:Planning
1244:25124429
1179:30920918
1114:33158227
1033:31335010
954:91492214
910:15899352
670:17477103
636:88034782
628:30940375
493:27039302
436:32644635
256:See also
190:oxytocin
2045:Others
2019:Malaria
1964:Opioids
1954:Alcohol
1949:Smoking
1808:Anatomy
1637:Midwife
1605:Newborn
1524:Ovarian
1504:Ectopic
1499:Cryptic
1444:Testing
1304:7485294
1235:4191866
1214:Bibcode
1206:Science
1105:7663572
778:7863960
484:4818892
248:History
229:dilates
225:effaces
212:), and
2218:Infant
2143:Lochia
1929:Anemia
1848:Embryo
1721:breech
1600:Mother
1579:Lamaze
1302:
1242:
1232:
1185:
1177:
1134:
1112:
1102:
1031:
983:
952:
942:
908:
776:
699:
668:
634:
626:
491:
481:
467:: 71.
434:
36:vagina
2189:Doula
2182:Roles
2074:Sleep
2049:Drugs
2029:Lupus
1853:Fetus
1622:Doula
1593:Roles
1519:Molar
1487:Types
1183:S2CID
950:S2CID
632:S2CID
123:, or
48:labor
32:mucus
28:blood
1883:Care
1347:and
1300:PMID
1240:PMID
1175:PMID
1132:ISBN
1110:PMID
1029:PMID
981:ISBN
940:ISBN
906:PMID
774:PMID
697:ISBN
666:PMID
624:PMID
489:PMID
432:PMID
227:and
206:ADCY
202:cAMP
198:cGMP
24:show
2004:HIV
1292:doi
1288:173
1230:PMC
1222:doi
1210:345
1165:doi
1161:124
1100:PMC
1090:doi
973:doi
932:doi
898:doi
689:doi
616:doi
479:PMC
469:doi
210:PKA
22:or
2277::
1677:/
1298:.
1286:.
1260:.
1238:.
1228:.
1220:.
1208:.
1204:.
1181:.
1173:.
1159:.
1155:.
1108:.
1098:.
1086:21
1084:.
1080:.
1055:.
1013:^
1003:.
979:.
948:.
938:.
918:^
904:.
894:32
892:.
867:.
843:.
819:.
794:.
770:51
768:.
743:.
719:.
695:.
662:75
660:.
656:.
644:^
630:.
622:.
612:37
598:^
582:.
553:^
536:.
525:^
509:.
487:.
477:.
465:16
463:.
459:.
426:.
414:^
398:.
383:^
367:.
343:.
331:^
314:.
289:.
216:.
1337:e
1330:t
1323:v
1306:.
1294::
1271:.
1246:.
1224::
1216::
1189:.
1167::
1140:.
1116:.
1092::
1065:.
1041:.
989:.
975::
956:.
934::
912:.
900::
877:.
853:.
829:.
805:.
780:.
753:.
729:.
705:.
691::
672:.
638:.
618::
592:.
547:.
519:.
495:.
471::
444:.
408:.
377:.
353:.
325:.
300:.
91:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.