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590:. Occasionally it is necessary to gently drip fluid in and out of the bladder for a period, as there is often some bleeding following the procedure. The majority of patients do not have major side effects following cystolithotomy, but it may be followed by a minor burning sensation and light bleeding. More serious side effects include bladder infection, a prolonged need of catheter use, and infection in the surgical incision. Rare side effects may include delayed bleeding requiring removal of clots or further surgery, injury to the urethra causing
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Cystolithotomy is a surgical procedure for the removal of bladder stones in the case that one has been deemed too large to pass naturally, such as developed jackstone calculi. This may require open surgery to remove the stone, however robotic cystolithotomy allows for a minimally invasive approach to
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and may require admission to a hospital. Complications of this treatment include infection and damage to the bladder. Some stones are too large even for cystoscopic treatment and may require open cystotomy, in which an incision is made in the bladder and the stones are removed manually. For children
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Prevention in newborn children, especially in the first three months of life when most stones begin, is critical. Studies show that feeding newborn infants milk (mother's, cow or goat) with no substitutes or supplements until at least the third month has proven successful in preventing most stones.
501:. They are typically light brown with dark patches and are usually formed in the urinary bladder and rarely in the upper urinary tract. Their appearance on plain radiographs and computed tomography in human patients is usually easily recognizable. Jackstones often must be removed via
312:, which irritates the bladder, resulting in stone formation. Finally, a kidney stone may travel down the ureter into the bladder and become a bladder stone. There is some evidence indicating that chronic irritation of the bladder by retained stones may increase the chance of
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agent which is passed into the urinary system. X-ray images are then obtained every few minutes to determine if there is any obstruction to the contrast as it is excreted into the bladder. Today, intravenous pyelogram has been replaced at many health centers by
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wrote that
Lithotomos developed instruments to break up and extract bladder stones. Celsus gave the first description of lithotomy as performed before and during his time, and the operation has ever since borne his name—the Celsian method.
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becomes too concentrated or when the body becomes dehydrated. Minerals such as calcium and magnesium crystallize into the stones, which then can cause such symptoms as lower back or abdominal pain or difficulty with urination. The use of
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Bladder stones are small mineral deposits that can form in the bladder. In most cases bladder stones develop when the urine becomes very concentrated or when one is dehydrated. This allows for minerals, such as calcium or magnesium
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presses on the urethra and makes it difficult to pass urine. Over time, stagnant urine collects in the bladder and minerals like calcium start to precipitate. Other individuals who develop bladder stones include those who have had
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Bladder stones vary in their size, shape and texture- some are small, hard and smooth whereas others are huge, spiked and very soft. One can have one or multiple stones. Bladder stones are somewhat more common in men who have
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Increasing fluid intake can facilitate the passage of small bladder stones. However, larger stones may require other methods of treatment. Fragmentation of bladder stones can be achieved by use of a
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remove the stone through much smaller incisions than the traditional approach. Most bladder stones can be dealt with by an endoscopic procedure, to avoid the need for a surgical incision.
262:. However, when symptoms do occur, these may include severe lower abdominal and back pain, difficult urination, frequent urination at night, fever, painful urination and
254:, to crystallize and form stones. Bladder stones vary in number, size and consistency. In some cases bladder stones do not cause any symptoms and are discovered as an
266:. The majority of individuals who are symptomatic will complain of pain which comes in waves. The pain may also be associated with nausea, vomiting and chills.
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should seek treatment, however, urinating in a sitting position appears to improve bladder emptying which might decrease the risk of bladder stones forming.
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to examine the bladder, then an incision is made in the lower abdomen. Once the stone is removed, the bladder is repaired with an absorbable stitch, and a
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formation, fever and more serious infection requiring a longer hospital stay, and delayed healing of the bladder, which may require a further procedure.
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with urinary stones, the evidence supporting treatment options is very weak and high quality trials are necessary to help guide clinical management.
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indicate orange juice is more effective at preventing stone formation than other citrus juices. Men who have difficulty with urination due to
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may cause a bladder stone. Individuals who are paralyzed or are unable to adequately pass urine may require the use of small plastic tubes (
332:, has been implicated in the development of vesical calculi. However, evidence accumulated thus far has not supported this hypothesis.
283:, paralysis, or some type of nerve damage. When nerves to the back are damaged, the bladder cannot empty, resulting in stagnant urine.
1134:"Urinating Standing versus Sitting: Position Is of Influence in Men with Prostate Enlargement. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
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to cause fragmentation of the stones into small pieces, which are then flushed out of the bladder. This procedure requires
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Barreto, Lenka; Jung, Jae Hung; Abdelrahim, Ameera; Ahmed, Munir; Dawkins, Guy P. C.; Kazmierski, Marcin (2019-10-09).
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497:. They are almost always composed of calcium oxalate dihydrate and consist of a dense central core and radiating
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TG-FTIR coupled analysis applied to the studies in urolithiasis: characterization of human renal calculi
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Lukács, T; Frang D; El-Seaghy AA; Pajor L (1989). "Multiple urolithiasis in bilharziasis patients".
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Ibrahim, A (1978). "The relationship between urinary bilharziasis and urolithiasis in the Sudan".
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777:. Vol. IV: Diseases of the Bladder. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company. pp. 185–6
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614:, holding the bladder stone he removed from himself according to a 1652 account in the book
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380:. CT scans are more sensitive and can identify very small stones not seen by other tests.
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can also be used to assess the presence of kidney stones. This test involves injecting a
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de Jong, Y; Pinckaers, JH; Ten Brinck, RM; Lycklama À Nijeholt, AA; Dekkers, OM (2014).
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Kambal, A (1981). "The
Relation of Urinary Bilharziasis to Vesical Stones in Children".
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The best way to prevent bladder stones is to drink plenty of liquids. Juices containing
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This article is about bladder stone in humans. For bladder stone in other animals, see
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19:"Urinary stone" redirects here. For stones which form in the upper urinary tract, see
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Jackstone calculi are rare bladder stones that have an appearance resembling toy
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Large jackstone in the bladder of a 60-year-old man. Stone was removed by open
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367:(inserting a small thin camera into the urethra and viewing the bladder). The
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are thought to reduce the risk of stone formation. A study published in the
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638:" is derived from the same words (λιθοτομία (lithotomia) - stone-cutting).
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Bladder stones may occur whenever the kidneys, bladder, or ureters become
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Diseases of the kidneys and bladder: a text-book for students of medicine
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Lithiasis (stone formation) in the bladder is called cystolithiasis (
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A translation of the eight books of Aul. Corn. Celsus on medicine
1193:"Epidemiology of bladder stone of children: precipitating events"
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308:) placed into the bladder. The use of these tubes may lead to an
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S. Materazzi, R. Curini, G. D'Ascenzo, and A. D. Magri (1995),
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Bladder Stones
Overview: University of Maryland Medical Center
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Urinary stones may be composed of the following substances:
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Diseases of the urinary apparatus: phlegmasic affections
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245:(removal of the prostate via an incision in the bladder)
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stones (14 mm diameter) incidentally found in a bladder
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Singh, KamalJeet; Goyal, Adarsh; Tiwari, Anuj (2011).
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Clinical
Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
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392:A star-shaped Jackstone urolith can be seen in the
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1328:"Cystolithotomy (Open Removal of Bladder Stones)"
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771:"Chapter VII: Vesical Calculi (Cysto-lithiasis)"
828:"Some Surgical Aspects of Urinary Bilharziasis"
634:(stone-cutter) of Alexandria, Egypt. The term "
1039:"Jackstone: A rare entity of vesical calculus"
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16:Concretion of material in the urinary bladder
832:Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine
1276:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1246:Bladder Stones: NY Times Health Information
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570:An open cystolithotomy is performed under
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83:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1027:. Termochimica Acta, volume 264, 75--93.
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541:which is inserted into the bladder. The
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351:The diagnosis of bladder stone includes
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46:This article includes a list of general
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123:A bladder stone removed from a patient.
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1725:Urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome
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1381:Gouley, John William Severin (1892).
1334:. Nick Brook Urologist Adelaide. 2013
586:is inserted into the bladder via the
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1387:. D. Appleton and Company. pp.
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885:International Urology and Nephrology
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32:
1097:"Orange Juice Fights Kidney Stones"
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983:10.1111/j.1464-410X.1981.tb03185.x
940:10.1111/j.1464-410X.1978.tb03634.x
52:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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1191:Halstead, Scott B. (April 2016).
1012:Bladder Stones: eMedicine Urology
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1359:. Simpkin and Marshal. pp.
1353:Celsus, Aulus Cornelius (1831).
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795:Bladder Stones General Overview
578:procedure. The first step is a
175:Overconcentration of minerals,
1649:Neurogenic bladder dysfunction
1288:10.1002/14651858.CD010784.pub3
545:visualizes the stone and uses
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1654:Bladder sphincter dyssynergia
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1159:10.1371/journal.pone.0101320
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439:Ammonium magnesium phosphate
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7:
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412:Calcium oxalate monohydrate
295:, which may occur when the
109:vesical calculus, cystolith
10:
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1260:, Retrieved on 2010-01-19.
1248:, Retrieved on 2010-01-19.
1122:, Retrieved on 2010-01-19.
1120:Bladder Stones: Prevention
1014:, Retrieved on 2010-01-19.
971:British Journal of Urology
928:British Journal of Urology
844:10.1177/003591574503900105
816:, Retrieved on 2010-01-19.
804:, Retrieved on 2010-01-19.
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1687:Non-gonococcal urethritis
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1209:10.1007/s00240-015-0835-8
1043:Indian Journal of Urology
814:Bladder Stones Prevention
418:Calcium oxalate dihydrate
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186:Drinking plenty of fluids
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1740:Retroperitoneal fibrosis
1659:Vesicointestinal fistula
445:Calcium hydroxyphosphate
1735:Urinary tract infection
1235:– via pubmed.gov.
1056:10.4103/0970-1591.91449
329:Schistosoma haematobium
67:more precise citations.
1332:Nicholas Brook Urology
752:Bladder stone (animal)
640:Aulus Cornelius Celsus
628:Lithoclastic cystotomy
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453:and its salts (urates)
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28:Bladder stone (animal)
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1627:Interstitial cystitis
617:Observationes Medicae
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369:intravenous pyelogram
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1772:Urinary incontinence
1730:Obstructive uropathy
1642:Hemorrhagic cystitis
740:Kidney stone disease
523:prostate enlargement
272:prostate enlargement
241:during transvesical
21:Kidney stone disease
1150:2014PLoSO...9j1320D
769:McNutt, WF (1893).
632:Ammonius Lithotomos
429:Magnesium phosphate
154:Pain when urinating
1699:Urethral stricture
1604:Ureteric stricture
1504:External resources
897:10.1007/BF02559736
800:2019-04-08 at the
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572:general anesthesia
489:Jackstone calculus
483:Jackstone calculus
434:Ammonium phosphate
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281:spinal cord injury
264:blood in the urine
256:incidental finding
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226:Signs and symptoms
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1694:Urethral syndrome
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826:Ward, RO (1945).
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630:is attributed to
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551:laser lithotripsy
547:ultrasonic energy
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1080:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1026:
1020:
1013:
1008:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
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976:
972:
965:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
922:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
891:(3): 269–73.
890:
886:
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867:
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857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
822:
815:
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746:Other animals
741:
738:
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726:
724:
723:
718:
717:
712:
711:
704:
644:
641:
637:
633:
629:
623:
622:Nicolaes Tulp
619:
618:
613:
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604:
595:
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581:
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373:radiocontrast
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277:
273:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
244:
243:prostatectomy
240:
236:
232:
223:
221:
218:found in the
217:
213:
212:bladder stone
203:
199:
196:
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185:
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164:
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161:Complications
158:
155:
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135:
132:
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126:
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117:
112:
108:
104:
101:Bladder stone
99:
87:
84:
76:
73:December 2022
66:
62:
56:
55:
49:
44:
35:
34:
29:
22:
1767:Malakoplakia
1755:Kidney stone
1749:
1745:Urolithiasis
1522:
1511:
1487:
1476:
1445:
1426:
1393:. Retrieved
1383:
1376:
1365:. Retrieved
1355:
1348:
1336:. Retrieved
1331:
1322:
1279:
1275:
1265:
1253:
1241:
1200:
1197:Urolithiasis
1196:
1186:
1141:
1137:
1127:
1115:
1104:. Retrieved
1100:
1091:
1049:(4): 543–4.
1046:
1042:
1032:
1024:
1019:
1007:
974:
970:
964:
934:(5): 294–7.
931:
927:
921:
888:
884:
878:
838:(1): 27–38.
835:
831:
821:
809:
790:
779:. Retrieved
774:
764:
735:Ureter stone
725:(disorder).
720:
714:
708:
650:
627:
626:
615:
606:Portrait of
569:
565:
536:
527:
518:
512:
492:
420:(weddellite)
414:(whewellite)
406:
350:
327:
290:
274:. The large
268:
248:
239:diverticulum
211:
209:
79:
70:
51:
1760:Renal colic
1594:Ureterocele
1513:MedlinePlus
608:Jan de Doot
476:Sulfonamide
470:Urostealith
258:on a plain
177:dehydration
106:Other names
65:introducing
1682:Urethritis
1637:Trigonitis
1599:Megaureter
1589:Ureteritis
1489:DiseasesDB
1395:2011-06-04
1367:2011-06-04
1106:2011-04-26
977:(4): 315.
781:2011-06-04
757:References
719:(stone) +
580:cystoscopy
555:anesthesia
539:cystoscope
533:Management
509:Prevention
441:(struvite)
398:radiograph
365:cystoscopy
353:urinalysis
316:. Urinary
260:radiograph
183:Prevention
48:references
1524:eMedicine
1296:1469-493X
1217:2194-7236
1065:0970-1591
991:0007-1331
948:0007-1331
852:0035-9157
647:Etymology
636:lithotomy
576:inpatient
543:urologist
451:Uric acid
447:(apatite)
336:Diagnosis
325:trematode
310:infection
306:catheters
204:, surgery
191:Treatment
129:Specialty
1804:Category
1787:Overflow
1622:Cystitis
1529:ped/2371
1338:17 April
1314:31596944
1233:24890381
1225:26559057
1178:25051345
1138:PLOS ONE
1083:22279326
913:35057871
870:19993192
798:Archived
729:See also
707:), from
584:catheter
499:spicules
462:Xanthine
396:on this
378:CT scans
322:digenean
293:inflamed
276:prostate
166:Cystitis
149:Symptoms
1718:Any/all
1674:Urethra
1614:Bladder
1483:D001744
1305:6785002
1169:4106761
1146:Bibcode
1074:3263228
999:7260543
905:2807777
861:2181785
598:History
588:urethra
515:citrate
457:Cystine
400:of the
235:Bladder
202:vinegar
134:Urology
61:improve
1777:Stress
1581:Ureter
1518:001275
1312:
1302:
1294:
1231:
1223:
1215:
1176:
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1071:
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989:
956:753482
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946:
911:
903:
868:
858:
850:
722:-iasis
710:cysto-
574:as an
478:(rare)
472:(rare)
402:pelvis
361:x rays
287:Causes
195:Citrus
172:Causes
136:
50:, but
1494:31859
1472:594.9
1468:594.8
1464:594.2
1460:594.1
1456:594.0
1441:N21.9
1437:N21.0
1229:S2CID
909:S2CID
716:-lith
610:, by
495:jacks
297:urine
252:salts
216:stone
214:is a
198:juice
1782:Urge
1478:MeSH
1451:9-CM
1340:2014
1310:PMID
1292:ISSN
1280:2019
1221:PMID
1213:ISSN
1174:PMID
1079:PMID
1061:ISSN
995:PMID
987:ISSN
952:PMID
944:ISSN
901:PMID
866:PMID
848:ISSN
592:scar
1447:ICD
1428:ICD
1361:311
1300:PMC
1284:doi
1205:doi
1164:PMC
1154:doi
1069:PMC
1051:doi
979:doi
936:doi
893:doi
856:PMC
840:doi
620:by
549:or
363:or
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