2202:"next great Black business Mecca". The Houston metropolitan area boasts an accomplished and strategically networked community of African American entrepreneurs, executives, and business leaders as any city in the country. Houston also claims one of the most robust and effective business development and advocacy organizations in the country. The Greater Houston Black Chamber of Commerce, founded in 1935 as Houston's first black civic organization and currently led by Chairwoman Courtney Johnson Rose, is the go-to source for business development and strategic partnership opportunities, as well as education, capital, and contacts for entrepreneurs. Mayor Sylvester Turner, the city's second and current black mayor (elected in 2016). It is worth noting that it was during the mayoral term of Lee Brown (1998-2004), Houston's first African American mayor, that the city was named No. 1 on Black Enterprise's list of Top Cities for African Americans to Live, Work, and Play, edging out perennial black business meccas, including Atlanta, Harlem, and Washington, D.C. Houston has long been known as a popular destination for Black and African Americans due to the city's well-established and influential Black or African American community. Houston has an overall lower cost of living than Atlanta, Harlem, Washington, D.C., Chicago, and most other major cities in the U.S. which is an additional draw for many African Americans. The Houston area is home to the
1689:
2268:
2100:
6765:
1635:
2218:
1860:
4478:
4005:
4482:
2023:, noting that within the African-American community in the U.S., in which some consider being gay was slightly less accepted than in society as a whole, Atlanta formed a reputation for being a place inclusive to LGBT people with its "too busy to hate" mantra. Atlanta is also widely noted for its annual
1799:), Atlanta's civil rights heritage, black business ownership, black-owned restaurants, the civic leadership of the black clergy, black fraternal organizations, and black political power in City Hall, while it also acknowledged the poverty which a large percentage of Atlanta's black population endured.
2475:
Some challenge
Houston's status as a "Black Mecca" because Black people never made up the majority. The Black percentage of the population has stayed in the 20s since the 1970s. Some reports have named Houston the most racially diverse city in the U.S. which means every race is strongly represented.
1986:
Established in 2005, the
Atlanta Black Chamber of Commerce is dedicated to supporting and connecting black entrepreneurs in the Atlanta area. Established in 2019, Atlanta's Russell Center for Innovation & Entrepreneurship is America's largest center dedicated to empowering black entrepreneurs and
2453:
Houston is ranked as one of the best U.S. cities for Black professional growth and achievement. Houston is home to a number of successful entrepreneurs and established Black owned businesses that contribute to the thriving economy of the city. The only Black-owned bank in Texas, Unity
National Bank,
2479:
The
Houston area is not known for having many prominent middle-class and upper-middle-class predominately Black neighborhoods compared to a few other heavily Black metropolitan areas. Although Houston has a large Black population, middle-class and upper-middle-class Blacks in the Houston area often
2090:
Also in 2023, the
Atlanta Journal Constitution published an article stating only 7.4% of the registered business in the Atlanta area were Black-owned. Although the percentage is the highest in the nation for any U.S. metropolitan area, it is still considered low in comparison to the Atlanta area's
2078:
published an article stating
Atlanta has the highest income inequality gap in the U.S. between Black and white residents. According to the article, within Atlanta's city limits the median income for a Black family was $ 28,000 and $ 84,000 for a white family. The Black family median income is the
2052:
As of 2020, Blacks are the fastest declining racial group within the city limits of
Atlanta. The African-American population went from 67% in 1980 to 47% in 2020. For the first time in decades, the city is no longer majority Black and the rate of new Black residences in the city is significantly
2466:
with many of these
Nigerians being highly educated and holding postgraduate degrees. Houston's large oil and gas industry and level of humidity are very similar to Nigeria. Also the Houston area is home to many high quality public and private schools which is another draw for people of Nigerian
2048:
published an article titled "Atlanta's image as a black mecca losing luster". The loss in "luster" was because of a reality that too many blacks weren't coming close to financial success, but rather "caught up in a vicious cycle of poverty, crime and homelessness". The city had among the highest
2086:
published an article that explained despite the recent rare jump in Black homeownership in the
Atlanta area, the Black homeownership rate is still about 25 percentage points below whites in the same area and about 13 percentage points below the national average.Also, Atlanta has the 5th highest
1822:
magazine article illustrated
Atlanta's status as "the new mecca" (and the "land of milk and honey" for blacks) because a poll of the magazine's 100 most influential African Americans voted Atlanta overall the best city for blacks, possessed the most employment opportunities for blacks, it was
2071:(APS) having mostly Black leadership and a spending per student amount about double the Georgia school district average, a 2020 study showed that Black APS students have one of the nation's worst academic achievement gaps when compared to their white APS peers.
1570:
1457:
1823:
American's "most diverse city", and was the city with the best schools and most affordable housing for blacks. A 2002 article in the same magazine reconfirmed Atlanta as "the new black mecca" and "the go-to city for blacks."
2149:
documented that the concept of Harlem as a black mecca at that time (i.e. seven decades after the Harlem Renaissance) was still present among many residents - a concept that was "history-laden" or even quasi-mythical.
1817:
magazine said that Atlanta's reputation as a black mecca was "deserved because it is true" because "the metro area now has the highest proportion of middle-income African-Americans of any city in the country". A 1997
2006:
when mortgage interest rates were at or near historic lows and student loans were paused. The Black homeownership rate in the Atlanta area increased more than any other race in the same area between 2020 and 2022.
2041:
Atlanta's status as a "mecca" for blacks has always been questioned, or the concept of a "mecca" refuted altogether, due to the endemic high levels of black poverty that exist alongside black success. In 1997 the
3839:
1786:
magazine called Atlanta the "black mecca of the South", because "black folks have more, live better, accomplish more and deal with whites more effectively than they do anywhere else in the South—or North".
4243:
2454:
is based in Houston. The Greater Houston Black Chamber (GHBC) is a notable forum in Houston that provides a collaborative network of African-American owned businesses, entrepreneurs, and professionals.
6137:
6132:
2053:
lower than in years past mainly due to rising inflation and cost of living in the city. Since the 1990s, the fastest growth of African-Americans in Georgia have been in suburban cities around Atlanta.
4217:
6144:
4127:
1442:
1760:
5885:
4372:
3565:
2049:
crime rates in the nation coupled with low performing predominately black public schools. Elected leaders were unable to solve or improve problems plaguing the Black community in the city.
1374:
1452:
6149:
2487:, there are 3,586 Black-owned businesses out of 108,772 total businesses in Houston which makes up 3.3% of all businesses while Black Americans make up 22.4% of Houston's population.
1437:
3315:
4187:
2002:
rate of 53% was above the U.S. Black homeownership average rate of 45%. The Atlanta area's Black homeownership rate jumped five percentage points during the worst months of the
90:
3806:
3385:
5820:
736:
3159:
149:
101:
3451:
2925:"'The Black Mecca' leads the nation in numbers of African American millionaires; at the same time, it leads the nation in the percentage of its children in poverty"; in
2203:
1447:
1399:
1409:
1404:
3824:
2781:"Further, by 1920 Harlem had gained a symbolic significance for blacks which caused it to be referred to as a "mecca" by scholars of the period" in Carolyn Jackson,
1675:
1419:
4046:
4239:
1389:
4457:
6670:
6665:
6214:
4946:
4803:
3178:
292:
3661:
3140:
6477:
6349:
4934:
1842:
magazine ranked Atlanta tied for the #1 city in the U.S. (along with the Washington, D.C. area) for where African-Americans are doing the best economically.
1324:
1314:
133:
2206:
1916:
and oppression of African-Americans. Their courageous efforts led to fairer treatment and better opportunities for African-Americans in the Atlanta area.
1394:
71:
4019:
3689:
1384:
1379:
3745:
3115:
2483:
Despite Houston ranking as one of the top cities for Black entrepreneurs, only 3.3% of Houston area registered businesses are Black-owned. According to
5044:
4209:
3717:
3599:
2130:
produced an issue entitled "Harlem: Mecca of the New Negro" that was devoted to the African-American literary and artistic movement now known as the "
5633:
4768:
1414:
1294:
6127:
2960:
3562:
2237:, based circa 30 miles northwest of Houston, is also one of the largest HBCUs in the nation and the second oldest public university in the state.
6675:
5915:
3467:
610:
2172:
in New York City, using "Mecca" not only in the generic sense of "a place that people are drawn to" but also playing on the original meaning of
6744:
6719:
4354:
3298:
2369:, one of the world's best selling music artists, stated he was highly influenced by Houston's Black culture and music. In May 2021, rap legend
1894:. The consortium structure allows for students to cross-register at the other institutions in order to attain a broader collegiate experience.
1649:
1550:
297:
169:
23:
4276:
6729:
6724:
5656:
5104:
4291:
4264:
1668:
3981:
3902:
3359:
6445:
6281:
5990:
5980:
5638:
5628:
4414:
3333:
1796:
1604:
1584:
1344:
836:
821:
308:
6487:
6259:
4726:
4496:
2445:). Unlike most cities, Houston offers many popular restaurants, bars, lounges, clubs, and events that culturally caters to Black adults.
1349:
1329:
1833:
had the greatest numerical gain in new black residents than any metropolitan area in the U.S., according to an analysis of census data.
6707:
5651:
5646:
4678:
4183:
2930:
615:
76:
2909:"the city that calls itself America's ' Black Mecca'"; in William Booth, "Atlanta Is Less Than Festive on Eve of Another 'Freaknik'",
6366:
5870:
4979:
4592:
2441:
has played a major role in brunch and nightlife in the city becoming a top destination for Black adults around the world (especially
1688:
1279:
1156:
190:
6714:
6344:
5865:
5087:
4919:
4610:
3984:
2169:
1967:
which is the largest film production studio in the nation and the first major film production studio owned by an African-American.
1661:
1599:
1364:
1319:
1912:
was an organization formed in the 1960s by students enrolled in Atlanta's historically black colleges that focused on dismantling
1708:, particularly singles, professionals, and middle-class families, are drawn to live, due to some or all of the following factors:
6680:
6640:
6482:
6386:
6315:
5920:
3791:
2244:
2240:
2185:
1712:
superior economic opportunities for black people, often as assessed by the presence of a large black upper-middle and upper class
1565:
1309:
1304:
1289:
6800:
6739:
6734:
6702:
6472:
6376:
6339:
6286:
6120:
4442:
1284:
1269:
1176:
4006:"Houston remains one of the most affordable big cities in the U.S., even if it no longer feels like it – Houston Public Media"
6697:
6655:
6467:
5015:
4881:
4876:
4761:
4145:
1236:
313:
302:
164:
118:
113:
86:
3049:
2267:
1956:, said Atlanta had always been a black mecca and continues to be one, with respect to the black musical talent in the city.
6805:
6645:
6630:
6494:
6403:
6398:
6332:
4793:
1339:
1299:
1241:
1196:
56:
6620:
6457:
6427:
6209:
5788:
5000:
4038:
3956:
3636:
2879:
2735:
1826:
In 2009, the Associated Press characterized Atlanta's status as a black mecca by black political power in its City Hall.
1226:
1206:
1051:
620:
466:
6610:
6504:
6420:
6264:
6045:
5845:
4996:
4974:
3936:
3763:
3675:
1354:
1334:
888:
753:
185:
4568:
6795:
6757:
5147:
4798:
4637:
3777:
2835:
234:
66:
3050:"Atlanta Hasn't Had a White Mayor Since 1974, and Tuesday's Mayoral Race Is So Close That It's Headed for a Recount"
2280:
1999:
1851:
named Atlanta the nation's black tech capital. Atlanta attracts the most black professionals in the tech industry.
6685:
6650:
6635:
6393:
5995:
5239:
5209:
5025:
4754:
4103:
4074:
3270:
2726:
making up 1/3 of the city's population and controlling a significant portion of the city's political power. Nearby
1644:
1580:
1191:
841:
254:
154:
4326:
3253:
6692:
6615:
6410:
6254:
5985:
5850:
5555:
5194:
2480:
live in more racially diverse neighborhoods where they sometimes make up a notable percentage but not over 50%.
2020:
1146:
1013:
831:
758:
6462:
6356:
6271:
5875:
3881:
2467:
descent. The Houston area has many African-owned stores, restaurants, supermarkets, organizations, and events.
2234:
1555:
1231:
1181:
2718:. A museum in the city, the Black Mecca Museum, still bears this name. The small city was home to a number of
6499:
6432:
6415:
6361:
6310:
6249:
6154:
6115:
6055:
5855:
5244:
5224:
5031:
5010:
3068:
1802:
In 1974, Atlanta became the first major southern city to elect an African American mayor. Since 1974, every
1246:
1216:
1201:
1186:
1161:
1141:
763:
397:
264:
4312:
6322:
6298:
6293:
6276:
6244:
6187:
5300:
5249:
5082:
4373:"WATCH: More than 40 Houston-area Black-owned entrepreneurs, businesses spotlighted in inspirational video"
3704:"Metro Atlanta has one of the highest HIV rates in the world | What can be done to prevent the spread"
3703:
2099:
2075:
2029:
1891:
1772:
1274:
1166:
1151:
1136:
1103:
402:
81:
4265:
https://www.houstonchronicle.com/entertainment/music/article/50-cent-houston-home-rodeo-debut-18653457.php
3098:
2229:
is the only metropolitan area in the nation to have more than one HBCU with over 8,000 enrolled students.
6815:
6810:
6587:
6579:
6522:
6437:
5925:
5830:
5686:
5668:
5570:
5229:
5199:
4924:
4844:
4823:
3545:
2742:
2437:
Houston's Black brunch and nightlife culture have grown to become highly prominent in the United States.
1497:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1221:
693:
484:
454:
392:
341:
269:
159:
3438:
3236:
6605:
6542:
6532:
6082:
5840:
5800:
5157:
4851:
2243:
was organized and led by Texas Southern University students. The Sit-in eventually led to normalizing
1924:
According to a 2018 study, 30.7% of African-Americans in the Atlanta metro area have earned at least a
1512:
1492:
995:
930:
703:
605:
572:
359:
244:
4520:
3623:
3516:
6514:
6327:
6159:
5720:
5219:
5057:
4864:
2230:
1996:
1980:
1875:
1792:
1467:
1211:
1171:
460:
4544:
2864:
2782:
6204:
5768:
5681:
5325:
5114:
4929:
4869:
4859:
4785:
2977:
2462:
A significant number of African immigrants call Houston home. In addition, Houston has the largest
1909:
1879:
1863:
1046:
826:
673:
557:
331:
212:
40:
3731:
3083:"Money talks: Atlanta has the highest percentage of middle-class blacks of any city in the nation"
6790:
6537:
6087:
5741:
5710:
5490:
5430:
5295:
5038:
2283:
scene is highly influential and has a unique sound that is recognized worldwide. In particular,
2124:
was widely noted as a black mecca during the 1920s and 1930s. In March 1925 the leading magazine
1953:
1560:
1502:
965:
925:
648:
547:
425:
239:
3897:
3337:
6452:
6182:
5420:
5214:
5204:
5142:
4952:
4891:
2199:
2068:
1949:
259:
249:
229:
4653:
3600:"DyllĂłn Burnside, Derek J, and Miss Lawrence Discuss Love for Atlanta, the Black, Queer Mecca"
3032:
2825:
6527:
6040:
5905:
5860:
5676:
5395:
5360:
5179:
5162:
4969:
4886:
3992:
3911:
3179:"Goodbye, Silicon Valley, hello, Atlanta: Black entrepreneurs part of new migration to South"
3082:
2996:
2761:
883:
873:
805:
768:
552:
542:
442:
123:
4386:
2255:
According to a 2018 study, 27.5% of blacks in the Houston metro area have earned at least a
2134:". Alain Locke guest-edited this issue. Much of the material appears in his 1925 anthology "
6769:
6177:
5940:
5751:
5703:
5575:
5465:
5370:
5137:
5127:
5099:
4964:
4818:
2944:"the city that earned a national reputation as America's 'black mecca'"; in David J. Dent,
2715:
2256:
1925:
1902:
1898:
1743:
has also adopted the name and has been referred to as a black mecca since the 1970s, while
1639:
1091:
336:
128:
61:
3160:"Forbes: These are the top cities where African-Americans are doing the best economically"
2060:
each year, it ranks among the highest rates in the world. The high rate is comparable to
8:
6552:
5910:
5825:
5305:
5094:
4984:
4914:
3488:
2350:
2302:
2284:
2057:
2024:
1964:
1507:
985:
947:
364:
195:
6557:
4428:
1948:
article with the short title "Atlanta Emerges as a Black Entertainment Mecca", comedian
990:
6625:
6562:
6305:
5763:
5530:
5510:
5415:
5340:
5167:
5072:
5062:
5050:
4941:
4838:
4813:
4083:
3530:
2852:
2402:
2131:
2064:. Black residents make up the majority (~75%) of new infections each year in the city.
1814:
1736:
878:
663:
430:
407:
96:
2959:"the cornerstone upon which today's 'Black Mecca' was built"; in William Jelani Cobb,
6072:
5793:
5455:
5425:
5020:
4777:
4633:
4340:
3932:
3877:
3857:
3502:
2926:
2831:
2463:
2426:
2354:
2310:
2162:
2061:
1887:
1705:
683:
524:
31:
1063:
6228:
6199:
6194:
6092:
6060:
6033:
5758:
5375:
5345:
5335:
5330:
4897:
4020:"Meet 'Black Girl Magic,' The 19 African-American Women Elected As Judges In Texas"
3386:"A list of more than 300 Black-owned restaurants, food businesses in metro Atlanta"
2727:
2711:
2512:
2422:
2382:
2366:
2298:
2191:
1937:
1791:
illustrated as evidence of "mecca" status Atlanta's high black home ownership, the
1782:
1744:
1058:
915:
743:
678:
658:
567:
3982:
The New Great Migration: Black Americans' Return to the South, 1965-to the present
3825:"Atlanta's mortgage delinquency rate 5th highest in nation, according to new data"
3468:"Why Atlanta's Black-owned homeownership rate jumped during COVID - Axios Atlanta"
3297:"Atlanta had always been a black mecca and continues to be one;, in Kim Severson,
1759:
16:
Colloquialism for a location featuring high or potential Black economic prosperity
6820:
6223:
6050:
5960:
5955:
5886:
Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)
5736:
5691:
5545:
5535:
5515:
5500:
5400:
5275:
5265:
4904:
3988:
3906:
3569:
2945:
2896:"A CHAMPION FOR ATLANTA: Maynard Jackson: 'Black mecca' burgeoned under leader",
2806:
2798:
2723:
2406:
2226:
2087:
mortgage delinquency rate in the nation, the majority involving Black residents.
2083:
2044:
1913:
1883:
1830:
1086:
893:
643:
562:
4521:""The Mecca Was Chicago": a special Guest Blog by Professor Davarian L. Baldwin"
3690:"Federal report officially lists metro Atlanta housing market as 'unaffordable'"
3489:"Atlanta Black neighborhoods a target of investors who turn houses into rentals"
2783:"Harlem Renaissance: Pivotal Period in the Development of Afro-American Culture"
1983:
is home to about 2.1 million black owned businesses, the highest in the nation.
6660:
6065:
6028:
6018:
5778:
5773:
5715:
5550:
5480:
5410:
5405:
4909:
4833:
4128:"How 13 TSU students changed the course of Houston history on this day in 1960"
2719:
2398:
2126:
2105:
2003:
1944:
1545:
970:
940:
698:
688:
519:
4479:"Houston ranked Top 20 for Black-owned businesses in the US, LendingTree says"
4163:
6784:
5618:
5600:
5590:
5560:
5505:
5460:
5445:
5390:
5380:
5365:
5315:
5310:
5280:
5077:
5005:
4828:
3503:"Homeownership Rates by Race and Ethnicity: Black Alone in the United States"
3360:"Atlanta the best city in America for black-owned businesses, Savannah No. 6"
2734:
were home to thousands of land-owning black residents. The 2021 documentary,
2418:
2414:
2394:
2135:
2121:
1803:
1728:
1721:
a city's leading role in black history, arts, music, food, and other cultures
1701:
1614:
1609:
4400:
3926:
3807:"Atlanta has the highest income inequality in the nation, Census data shows"
2797:
reference to the text "Harlem—the Mecca of the Negroes the country over" in
2217:
5930:
5698:
5623:
5595:
5580:
5565:
5520:
5495:
5475:
5385:
5355:
5350:
5320:
5270:
5122:
4808:
3116:"Chicago-area black population drops as residents leave for South, suburbs"
2932:
The Black Metropolis in the Twenty-first Century: Race, Power, and Politics
2731:
2438:
2358:
2334:
2306:
1098:
910:
638:
501:
3016:
5950:
5935:
5783:
5746:
5585:
5540:
5525:
5290:
5285:
4703:
3141:"The Cities Where African-Americans Are Doing The Best Economically 2018"
2976:"And, they said, don't forget Atlanta's reputation as a black mecca"; in
2484:
2330:
2322:
2314:
1960:
920:
773:
653:
437:
4611:"List of the 100 largest cities ranked by Total Black-owned firms, 2007"
4341:"The Absolute Best Black Owned Brunch in Houston [Updated 2023]"
4087:
5485:
5470:
5440:
5435:
5184:
5152:
4991:
4959:
2714:
was referred to as the "Black Mecca of Canada", as a final stop on the
2518:
Comparison of black-majority cities at the time of the 2010 US Census:
1976:
369:
108:
5821:
Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)
4593:"List of the 100 largest cities ranked by Black Population Percentage"
2079:
lowest in the city, falling behind Latino and Asian families as well.
6099:
5945:
5450:
5234:
5172:
5067:
4458:"Explore how Houston neighborhoods have changed over the last decade"
2515:, are, over time and in multiple sources, mentioned as black meccas.
2442:
2362:
2326:
1847:
1594:
935:
668:
447:
274:
4746:
4443:"Census: Texas, Harris County have largest black population in U.S."
4292:"As Houston's Nigerian population booms, so does its Afrobeat scene"
3718:"Atlanta's HIV 'epidemic' compared to third world African countries"
3409:
6572:
6567:
6077:
4327:"Experiencing Black-Owned Downtown Houston | Downtown Houston"
3746:"Despite progress, HIV remains disproportionately Black in Georgia"
3624:
https://nicjr.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Atlanta-GVA_061022.pdf
3217:
2346:
2288:
980:
905:
898:
5836:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
2947:
In Search of Black America: Discovering the African-American Dream
2233:
is one of the largest and most comprehensive HBCUs in the nation.
1928:
which is above the national average of 21.8% for black americans.
5189:
4277:"Black Girls Who Brunch Favorite Houston Black Owned Restaurants"
4168:
2508:
2500:
2496:
2410:
2386:
2370:
2272:
2195:
1748:
1740:
1068:
374:
3069:"It's Official Keisha Lance Bottoms Wins Atlanta Mayoral Runoff"
2291:
in the 1990s, is a staple in Houston's hip-hop scene. In 2005,
1777:
Atlanta has been widely noted as a black mecca since the 1970s.
6023:
4355:"Houston ranked among best U.S. metros for Black professionals"
4039:"Join us in Houston, America's Next Great Black Business Mecca"
3957:"Join Us in Houston, America's Next Great Black Business Mecca"
3859:
Negro Mecca; A History of the Negro in New York City, 1865-1920
3271:"Degree Attainment for Black Adults: National and State Trends"
2880:"Join us in Houston, America's Next Great Black Business Mecca"
2504:
2342:
2166:
2140:
Negro Mecca; A History of the Negro in New York City, 1865-1920
2117:
1838:
1732:
975:
2033:
also documented Atlanta as a "hub" or "mecca" for black gays.
5835:
4210:"Chronicling Houston's hip-hop history in words and pictures"
3434:
3410:"Atlanta Black Chambers | We Represent Power In Numbers"
3299:"Stars Flock to Atlanta, Reshaping a Center of Black Culture"
2432:
2390:
2318:
2173:
2056:
As of 2020, with more than 1,500 people newly diagnosed with
1807:
748:
4184:"Fat Tony Talks Houston Rap and How Screw is Everywhere Now"
3676:"Here's how much it costs to afford an apartment in Atlanta"
1870:
Atlanta is the home of the oldest and largest consortium of
5880:
4727:"'The North Star' documentary being filmed in Chatham-Kent"
2338:
2153:
1871:
778:
3792:"What's in Atlanta Public Schools' $ 1.66 billion budget?"
2808:
Harlem is Nowhere: A Journey to the Mecca of Black America
1859:
3876:. University Of Chicago Press. pp. 19, 30, 50, 209.
3840:"Metro Atlanta's Black business landscape by the numbers"
2292:
2212:
1854:
3435:"Black prosperity multiplied through business ownership"
3248:
3246:
3196:
2762:"Economics Perspectives: What Cities = More Black Jobs?"
2381:
Houston is well-known for producing several top-selling
4415:"Houston named nation's most diverse city, report says"
4070:
Black Dixie: Afro-Texan History and Culture in Houston
3950:
3948:
3316:"How Atlanta became the culture capital of the nation"
2365:
are some popular hip-hop artists from Houston. Rapper
2103:"Harlem, Mecca of the New Negro", March 1925 issue of
3896:"Harlem: the Black Mecca" in "Harlem Renaissance" in
3383:
3243:
2978:"Georgia second in nation for black-owned businesses"
1739:
of the 1920s, 1930s, 1940s and still is as of today.
4497:"Why Illinois Is the Mecca of Black Political Power"
3334:"IS ATLANTA BLACK HOLLYWOOD? | Luxe Kurves Magazine"
2961:"The New South's Capital Likes to Contradict Itself"
2259:
which is above the national black average of 21.8%.
2138:." In 1965, author Seth Scheiner published the book
3945:
3254:"RANK: Top Cities for Black Educational Attainment"
2490:
1571:
Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers
3778:"Student Achievement by School, Poverty, and Race"
3384:Zusel, Yvonne; Journal-Constitution, The Atlanta.
1897:The first college founded by African-Americans in
1806:has been African American and mostly graduates of
1692:New York City was considered the first Black mecca
4240:"What's Houston's Contribution to the Rap World?"
3017:"Atlanta contest shows battered black electorate"
2295:named Houston the new rap capital of the South.
2250:
6782:
5871:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
4627:
2457:
1718:leading black educational institutions in a city
5916:Black players in professional American football
5866:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
1919:
1724:harmonious black-white race relations in a city
4068:Haley, John H. (Summer 1993). "Reviewed Work:
3637:"Atlanta's Image As Black Mecca Losing Luster"
3265:
3263:
2010:
1735:, was referred to as a black mecca during the
1715:black businesses and political power in a city
298:Education of freed people during the Civil War
4762:
3585:Dres Jubera, "Atlanta a hub for black gays",
3197:"Atlanta University Center Consortium – AUCC"
2019:reported that Atlanta had become a mecca for
1669:
5629:Historically black colleges and universities
2738:explores this chapter of Chatham's history.
2027:celebration. An earlier 2004 article in the
1931:
1767:magazine portraying Atlanta as a Black Mecca
309:Historically black colleges and universities
4104:"The Walk of Political Engagement at PVAMU"
4101:
3871:
3662:"Census: No more Black majority in Atlanta"
3260:
3237:"The Atlanta Student Movement: A Look Back"
2448:
293:Education during the slave period in the US
4769:
4755:
4628:Schoolman, Martha; Hickman, Jared (2013).
3928:Black Mecca: The African Muslims of Harlem
3015:"Atlanta's allure as the black mecca"; in
2433:Houston Black brunch and nightlife culture
2159:Black Mecca: The African Muslims of Harlem
1676:
1662:
616:National Black Caucus of State Legislators
5846:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)
4473:
4471:
4429:"12 Richest Black Communities in America"
4061:
3995:. brookings.edu. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
3563:"Atlanta has become mecca for black gays"
3113:
3026:
2992:
2990:
2935:, Rowman & Littlefield, 2007, p. 151.
2921:
2919:
2819:
2817:
2793:
2791:
2777:
2775:
2464:Nigerian immigrant population in the U.S.
1970:
72:Slavery in the colonial history of the US
4724:
4037:Graves, Earl G. Sr. (December 8, 2016).
3924:
3517:"The Black homeownership gap in Atlanta"
3066:
2760:Simms, Margaret C. (November 28, 1991).
2266:
2216:
2154:Mecca for West African Muslim immigrants
2098:
1858:
1758:
1687:
3462:
3460:
2241:Houston's first Sit-in on March 4, 1960
2186:History of African Americans in Houston
6783:
6745:Topics related to the African diaspora
5851:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)
4569:"No. 1 (tie): Washington, DC-VA-MD-WV"
4468:
4207:
4108:1876 Prairie View A & M University
4036:
3954:
3732:"10 Cities with the Highest HIV Rates"
3543:
3357:
3177:Guynn, Jessica; Ellis, Nicquel Terry.
3176:
3092:
2987:
2916:
2877:
2814:
2788:
2772:
2213:Historically Black colleges in Houston
1990:
1855:Historically Black colleges in Atlanta
6725:Landmark African-American legislation
4776:
4750:
4704:"The North Star: Finding Black Mecca"
4067:
3837:
3634:
3234:
3011:
3009:
2953:
2871:
2823:
2759:
2161:was also the title of a 2010 book by
2112:
814:Athletic associations and conferences
303:History of African-American education
5856:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)
4208:Dansby, By Andrew (9 October 2018).
4049:from the original on August 20, 2019
3955:Graves, Earl G. (December 8, 2016).
3457:
3067:Brumback, Kate (December 12, 2017).
2970:
2903:
2533:Black median household income, 2009
2221:Texas Southern University in Houston
1795:(the nation's largest consortium of
737:Association for the Study of African
6210:African-American Vernacular English
4725:Morrison, Tom (17 September 2019).
4246:from the original on 12 August 2020
3804:
3452:Walk Together Karen Hatcher Housing
3358:Hudson, Phil W. (August 19, 2015).
3291:
3075:
3033:"Atlanta, black mecca of the South"
2938:
2890:
2736:The North Star: Finding Black Mecca
1797:historically black colleges (HBCUs)
1551:Race and ethnicity in the US census
1052:African-American Vernacular English
621:National Conference of Black Mayors
13:
6128:U.S. cities with large populations
5831:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
4220:from the original on 9 August 2020
4146:"How TSU students changed history"
3980:William H. Frey (May 2004). "
3635:Kirby, Joseph A. (30 April 1997).
3138:
3006:
2878:Graves, Earl G. Sr. (2016-12-08).
2705:
2376:
2262:
2204:largest African American community
754:National Black Chamber of Commerce
14:
6832:
5001:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013
4997:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009
4804:African American founding fathers
4481:. 9 February 2023. Archived from
4455:
4289:
4072:by Howard Beeth, Cary D. Wintz".
3157:
3114:Eltagouri, Marwa (24 June 2016).
3099:"Is Atlanta the new black mecca?"
2997:"Atlanta is New Mecca for Blacks"
2753:
1458:Places by plurality of population
124:Civil rights movement (1954–1968)
114:Civil rights movement (1865–1896)
67:Abolitionism in the United States
6763:
5881:United Negro College Fund (UNCF)
5026:Nadir of American race relations
4718:
4696:
4671:
4075:The Georgia Historical Quarterly
3931:. Oxford University Press, USA.
3844:The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
3811:The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
3750:The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
3544:Beeler, John (October 3, 2018).
3454:bizjournals.com February 3, 2023
3441:from the original on 2021-05-07.
3390:The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
3235:Burns, Rebecca (March 1, 2010).
3164:The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
2491:Other U.S. cities and statistics
1633:
155:Black Belt in the American South
4887:Civil rights movement 1954–1968
4877:Civil rights movement 1865–1896
4646:
4621:
4603:
4585:
4561:
4537:
4513:
4489:
4449:
4435:
4421:
4407:
4393:
4379:
4365:
4347:
4333:
4319:
4313:"Black Owned Houston Nightlife"
4305:
4283:
4269:
4258:
4232:
4201:
4190:from the original on 2020-09-02
4176:
4156:
4138:
4120:
4095:
4030:
4012:
3998:
3974:
3918:
3890:
3865:
3850:
3831:
3817:
3798:
3784:
3770:
3756:
3738:
3724:
3710:
3696:
3682:
3668:
3654:
3628:
3617:
3592:
3579:
3556:
3537:
3523:
3509:
3495:
3481:
3445:
3427:
3402:
3377:
3351:
3326:
3308:
3228:
3210:
3189:
3170:
3151:
3132:
3107:
3060:
3042:
2803:Negro Life in New York's Harlem
2385:talent. Some notables include
2235:Prairie View A&M University
1872:historically black institutions
759:National Council of Negro Women
5876:Thurgood Marshall College Fund
4882:Civil right movement 1896–1954
3019:, Associated Press article on
2827:Harlem, Mecca of the New Negro
2470:
2165:professor Zain Abdullah about
1829:A 2015 report showed that the
1556:Racism against Black Americans
1:
6801:African-American demographics
6056:Cherokee freedmen controversy
5032:The Negro Motorist Green Book
4401:"Houston, TX | Data USA"
3872:Jackson Jr., John L. (2003).
2747:
2458:Mecca for Nigerian immigrants
2207:west of the Mississippi River
1975:According to a 2015 study by
764:National Pan-Hellenic Council
3587:Atlanta Journal-Constitution
2982:Atlanta Journal-Constitution
2898:Atlanta Journal-Constitution
2251:Black educational attainment
2076:Atlanta Journal Constitution
2036:
2030:Atlanta Journal-Constitution
1920:Black educational attainment
1892:Morehouse School of Medicine
1773:African Americans in Atlanta
1751:as the emerging equivalent.
1566:School segregation in the US
1104:Black American Sign Language
1078:Languages and other dialects
7:
6806:Cities in the United States
5926:Black players in ice hockey
5861:National Urban League (NUL)
5687:American Society of Muslims
4925:Selma to Montgomery marches
4845:Brown v. Board of Education
4679:"Black Community - Chatham"
4632:(1st ed.). Routledge.
4545:"DC: America's Black Mecca"
2824:Locke, Alain (March 1925).
2805:, in Sharifa Rhodes-Pitts,
2743:Chatham Vigilance Committee
2011:Mecca for Black LGBT people
393:African-American businesses
10:
6837:
6083:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
5841:Nashville Student Movement
4852:Children of the plantation
4102:webservices (2017-03-31).
3531:"W Hotels x them. Atlanta"
3364:Atlanta Business Chronicle
2740:
2710:In the 1850s, the city of
2183:
2179:
1935:
1770:
1754:
931:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
606:Congressional Black Caucus
573:African Diaspora Religions
360:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
6753:
6720:Index of related articles
6598:
6513:
6237:
6170:
6108:
6008:
5969:
5901:
5894:
5809:
5729:
5721:Doctrine of Father Divine
5667:
5609:
5258:
5113:
5105:Women's suffrage movement
5058:Reconstruction Amendments
4865:Voting Rights Act of 1965
4784:
3546:"A City Too Busy To Hate"
2768:– via Google Books.
2231:Texas Southern University
2176:as the Muslim holy city.
2094:
1952:, who hosted that year's
1932:Black entertainment mecca
1876:Atlanta University Center
1793:Atlanta University Center
1438:US states and territories
739:American Life and History
461:Lift Every Voice and Sing
170:Treatment of the enslaved
6796:African-American culture
6770:United States portal
6205:African-American English
5634:Inventors and scientists
5326:George Washington Carver
4930:Chicago Freedom Movement
3414:atlantablackchambers.org
1910:Atlanta Student Movement
1880:Clark Atlanta University
1864:Clark Atlanta University
1640:United States portal
1047:African-American English
558:African-American Muslims
119:Jim Crow era (1896–1954)
6693:African-American firsts
5742:Back-to-Africa movement
5711:Black Hebrew Israelites
5491:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
5039:Partus sequitur ventrem
3987:April 28, 2008, at the
3925:Abdullah, Zain (2010).
3568:March 11, 2012, at the
2830:. Black Classic Press.
2530:Black-owned firms, 2007
2247:of Houston businesses.
2170:West African immigrants
1954:Soul Train Music Awards
1905:, is based in Atlanta.
1561:Reparations for slavery
649:Back-to-Africa movement
548:Black Hebrew Israelites
426:African-American beauty
6661:Spingarn Medal winners
6150:States and territories
5921:Black NFL quarterbacks
5421:Martin Luther King Jr.
4953:Dred Scott v. Sandford
4892:Montgomery bus boycott
4387:"Nigerians in Houston"
3862:(1965), at Amazon.com.
2811:, Little, Brown, 2011.
2527:Black population, 2010
2449:Black entrepreneurship
2276:
2222:
2109:
2069:Atlanta Public Schools
1995:In February 2023, the
1971:Black entrepreneurship
1950:Cedric the Entertainer
1867:
1768:
1693:
1031:Dialects and languages
191:Second Great Migration
5971:Athletic associations
5906:Negro league baseball
5677:African-American Jews
5396:Ketanji Brown Jackson
5361:Henry Highland Garnet
5220:Negro National Anthem
4970:George Floyd protests
4935:Post–civil rights era
4290:Kelly, Sam González.
4024:National Public Radio
3993:Brookings Institution
3912:The Biography Channel
3089:magazine, March 2003.
2270:
2220:
2102:
1862:
1762:
1704:, is a city to which
1691:
1443:US metropolitan areas
1270:List of neighborhoods
884:Alabama Creole people
874:African-American Jews
806:Negro league baseball
769:National Urban League
721:Civic/economic groups
553:African-American Jews
443:African-American hair
305:, after the Civil War
134:Post–civil rights era
6178:Afro-Seminole Creole
5704:Azusa Street Revival
5576:Booker T. Washington
5100:Underground Railroad
4965:Free people of color
4819:Atlantic slave trade
4654:"Black Mecca Museum"
4485:on February 9, 2023.
4242:. 27 February 2014.
3589:, February 21, 2004.
3305:, November 26, 2011.
3222:Morris Brown College
2716:Underground Railroad
1963:opened the 330-acre
1903:Morris Brown College
1874:in the nation. The
1600:Criminal stereotypes
1375:District of Columbia
1092:Afro-Seminole Creole
534:Non-Christian groups
129:Black power movement
93:during the Civil War
62:Atlantic slave trade
6573:Trinidad and Tobago
6188:Black American Sign
6015:By African descent
6009:Ethnic subdivisions
5996:Southwestern (SWAC)
5911:Baseball color line
5826:Black Panther Party
5730:Political movements
5647:in computer science
5306:Carol Moseley Braun
5095:Tulsa race massacre
5088:Treatment of slaves
4920:March on Washington
4915:Birmingham movement
4630:Abolitionist places
4549:racism-on-the-table
4525:www.amdigital.co.uk
4431:. 21 February 2021.
4152:. 28 February 2010.
4008:. 28 February 2023.
3838:Donastorg, Mirtha.
3734:. 23 December 2022.
3533:. February 5, 2019.
3256:. 26 December 2019.
3023:, December 4, 2009.
2965:The Washington Post
2950:, Free Press, 2001.
2911:The Washington Post
2722:and business, with
2303:Megan Thee Stallion
2285:chopped and screwed
2058:HIV/AIDS in Atlanta
2025:Atlanta Black Pride
2000:Black homeownership
1991:Black homeownership
1965:Tyler Perry Studios
996:Sierra Leone Creole
957:Specific ancestries
842:Southwestern (SWAC)
365:Black History Month
196:New Great Migration
150:Agriculture history
6816:Culture of Houston
6811:Culture of Atlanta
6671:US representatives
6666:US cabinet members
6558:Dominican Republic
6145:Metropolitan areas
5986:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
5811:Civic and economic
5789:Self-determination
5610:Education, science
5531:Fred Shuttlesworth
5511:A. Philip Randolph
5416:Coretta Scott King
5341:Frederick Douglass
5168:Harlem Renaissance
5073:Separate but equal
5063:Reconstruction era
5051:Plessy v. Ferguson
4942:Cornerstone Speech
4856:Civil Rights Acts
4839:Black Lives Matter
4814:American Civil War
4615:www.indexmundi.com
4597:www.indexmundi.com
4456:Kanik, Alexandra.
4389:. 3 December 2020.
4359:Culturemap Houston
3905:2014-04-04 at the
3780:. 24 January 2020.
3706:. 12 October 2023.
3576:, August 15, 2005.
3574:The New York Times
3303:The New York Times
3158:Toone, Stephanie.
3056:. 6 December 2017.
2785:, Yale University.
2277:
2223:
2132:Harlem Renaissance
2113:Harlem renaissance
2110:
2091:Black population.
2017:The New York Times
1987:small businesses.
1868:
1769:
1737:Harlem Renaissance
1694:
1005:Sexual orientation
879:Afro-Puerto Ricans
832:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
467:Self-determination
431:Black is beautiful
97:Reconstruction era
6778:
6777:
6606:African Americans
6478:Dallas–Fort Worth
6073:Black Southerners
6004:
6003:
5456:Thurgood Marshall
5426:Bernard Lafayette
5021:Million Man March
4778:African Americans
4731:Chatham This Week
4462:Houston Chronicle
4375:. 4 October 2020.
4214:Houston Chronicle
3664:. 26 August 2021.
3003:, September 1997.
2984:, August 5, 2010.
2927:Robert D. Bullard
2913:, April 18, 1996.
2703:
2702:
2427:Jennifer Holliday
2373:moved to Houston
2355:Boss Hogg Outlawz
2257:bachelor's degree
2163:Temple University
2062:African countries
2021:Black LGBT people
1926:bachelor's degree
1888:Morehouse College
1706:African Americans
1686:
1685:
1623:
1622:
1521:
1520:
1295:Dallas-Fort Worth
1112:
1111:
1022:
1021:
966:Americo-Liberians
849:
848:
787:
786:
712:
711:
581:
580:
525:Womanist theology
475:
474:
417:Symbols and ideas
203:
202:
82:Antebellum period
77:Revolutionary War
32:African Americans
6828:
6768:
6767:
6766:
6730:Lynching victims
6229:Louisiana Creole
6200:American English
6088:Louisiana Creole
6061:Choctaw freedmen
5899:
5898:
5436:Huddie Ledbetter
5376:Fannie Lou Hamer
5346:W. E. B. Du Bois
5336:Claudette Colvin
5331:Shirley Chisholm
5148:Family structure
5016:Military history
4898:Browder v. Gayle
4771:
4764:
4757:
4748:
4747:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4722:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4711:
4700:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4689:
4675:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4650:
4644:
4643:
4625:
4619:
4618:
4607:
4601:
4600:
4589:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4579:
4565:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4555:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4517:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4507:
4501:Chicago Magazine
4493:
4487:
4486:
4475:
4466:
4465:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4439:
4433:
4432:
4425:
4419:
4418:
4417:. 26 April 2021.
4411:
4405:
4404:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4383:
4377:
4376:
4369:
4363:
4362:
4351:
4345:
4344:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4323:
4317:
4316:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4287:
4281:
4280:
4273:
4267:
4262:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4236:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4225:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4186:. 15 July 2013.
4180:
4174:
4173:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4124:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4099:
4093:
4091:
4065:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4043:Black Enterprise
4034:
4028:
4027:
4016:
4010:
4009:
4002:
3996:
3978:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3961:Black Enterprise
3952:
3943:
3942:
3922:
3916:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3869:
3863:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3835:
3829:
3828:
3821:
3815:
3814:
3805:Jackson, Dylan.
3802:
3796:
3795:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3692:. 30 March 2022.
3686:
3680:
3679:
3678:. February 2023.
3672:
3666:
3665:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3632:
3626:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3596:
3590:
3583:
3577:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3464:
3455:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3336:. Archived from
3330:
3324:
3323:
3322:. November 2019.
3312:
3306:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3275:
3267:
3258:
3257:
3250:
3241:
3240:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3111:
3105:
3096:
3090:
3081:Terry Williams,
3079:
3073:
3072:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3046:
3040:
3030:
3024:
3013:
3004:
2994:
2985:
2974:
2968:
2967:, July 13, 2008.
2957:
2951:
2942:
2936:
2923:
2914:
2907:
2901:
2900:, June 29, 2003.
2894:
2888:
2887:
2884:Black Enterprise
2875:
2869:
2868:
2862:
2858:
2856:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2821:
2812:
2795:
2786:
2779:
2770:
2769:
2766:Black Enterprise
2757:
2712:Chatham, Ontario
2521:
2520:
2513:Washington, D.C.
2423:Brooke Valentine
2301:artists such as
2299:Southern Hip Hop
2192:Black Enterprise
1938:Music in Atlanta
1747:has referred to
1745:Black Enterprise
1731:, in particular
1678:
1671:
1664:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1585:media depictions
1534:
1533:
1429:Population count
1125:
1124:
1059:Liberian English
1038:English dialects
1035:
1034:
991:Samaná Americans
916:Creoles of color
862:
861:
800:
799:
744:Black conductors
725:
724:
594:
593:
568:Louisiana Voodoo
490:
489:
235:Family structure
218:
217:
165:Military history
160:Business history
91:military history
46:
45:
19:
18:
6836:
6835:
6831:
6830:
6829:
6827:
6826:
6825:
6781:
6780:
6779:
6774:
6764:
6762:
6749:
6715:Historic places
6708:US state firsts
6594:
6509:
6233:
6166:
6138:2010 majorities
6133:2000 majorities
6104:
6051:Black Seminoles
6000:
5991:Southern (SIAC)
5974:
5973:and conferences
5972:
5965:
5961:Serena Williams
5956:Jackie Robinson
5890:
5814:
5812:
5805:
5725:
5692:Nation of Islam
5663:
5611:
5605:
5546:Sojourner Truth
5536:Clarence Thomas
5501:Gabriel Prosser
5401:Michael Jackson
5276:Crispus Attucks
5266:Ralph Abernathy
5254:
5210:Musical theater
5109:
4975:Great Migration
4947:COVID-19 impact
4905:Sit-in movement
4780:
4775:
4745:
4735:
4733:
4723:
4719:
4709:
4707:
4702:
4701:
4697:
4687:
4685:
4677:
4676:
4672:
4662:
4660:
4658:Ontario By Bike
4652:
4651:
4647:
4640:
4626:
4622:
4609:
4608:
4604:
4591:
4590:
4586:
4577:
4575:
4567:
4566:
4562:
4553:
4551:
4543:
4542:
4538:
4529:
4527:
4519:
4518:
4514:
4505:
4503:
4495:
4494:
4490:
4477:
4476:
4469:
4454:
4450:
4441:
4440:
4436:
4427:
4426:
4422:
4413:
4412:
4408:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4385:
4384:
4380:
4371:
4370:
4366:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4339:
4338:
4334:
4325:
4324:
4320:
4311:
4310:
4306:
4296:
4294:
4288:
4284:
4279:. 24 July 2023.
4275:
4274:
4270:
4263:
4259:
4249:
4247:
4238:
4237:
4233:
4223:
4221:
4206:
4202:
4193:
4191:
4182:
4181:
4177:
4162:
4161:
4157:
4144:
4143:
4139:
4134:. 5 March 2020.
4126:
4125:
4121:
4112:
4110:
4100:
4096:
4066:
4062:
4052:
4050:
4035:
4031:
4018:
4017:
4013:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3989:Wayback Machine
3979:
3975:
3965:
3963:
3953:
3946:
3939:
3923:
3919:
3907:Wayback Machine
3895:
3891:
3884:
3870:
3866:
3856:Seth Scheiner,
3855:
3851:
3836:
3832:
3827:. 14 June 2021.
3823:
3822:
3818:
3803:
3799:
3790:
3789:
3785:
3776:
3775:
3771:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3716:
3715:
3711:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3645:
3643:
3641:Chicago Tribune
3633:
3629:
3622:
3618:
3609:
3607:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3584:
3580:
3570:Wayback Machine
3561:
3557:
3542:
3538:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3487:
3486:
3482:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3465:
3458:
3450:
3446:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3418:
3416:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3394:
3392:
3382:
3378:
3368:
3366:
3356:
3352:
3343:
3341:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3296:
3292:
3282:
3280:
3273:
3269:
3268:
3261:
3252:
3251:
3244:
3233:
3229:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3175:
3171:
3156:
3152:
3137:
3133:
3124:
3122:
3120:Chicago Tribune
3112:
3108:
3097:
3093:
3080:
3076:
3065:
3061:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3031:
3027:
3014:
3007:
2995:
2988:
2975:
2971:
2958:
2954:
2943:
2939:
2924:
2917:
2908:
2904:
2895:
2891:
2876:
2872:
2860:
2859:
2850:
2849:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2822:
2815:
2799:Wallace Thurman
2796:
2789:
2780:
2773:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2724:Black Canadians
2708:
2706:Canadian cities
2493:
2473:
2460:
2451:
2435:
2407:Solange Knowles
2403:Destiny's Child
2379:
2377:Houston R&B
2281:Houston hip hop
2271:Houston native
2265:
2263:Houston hip hop
2253:
2215:
2188:
2182:
2156:
2115:
2097:
2045:Chicago Tribune
2039:
2013:
1993:
1973:
1940:
1934:
1922:
1914:systemic racism
1884:Spelman College
1857:
1775:
1757:
1682:
1634:
1632:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1575:
1531:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1462:
1424:
1400:Omaha, Nebraska
1365:Historic places
1359:
1251:
1122:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1073:
1032:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1000:
952:
894:Black Seminoles
859:
858:Sub-communities
851:
850:
837:Southern (SIAC)
797:
789:
788:
783:
738:
722:
714:
713:
708:
625:
591:
583:
582:
577:
563:Nation of Islam
529:
506:
487:
477:
476:
471:
412:
379:
346:
318:
279:
255:Musical theater
215:
205:
204:
186:Great Migration
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6834:
6824:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6791:City nicknames
6776:
6775:
6773:
6772:
6760:
6754:
6751:
6750:
6748:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6711:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6690:
6689:
6688:
6683:
6681:Visual artists
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6641:Mathematicians
6638:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6602:
6600:
6596:
6595:
6593:
6592:
6591:
6590:
6582:
6577:
6576:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6547:
6546:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6519:
6517:
6511:
6510:
6508:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6491:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6465:
6460:
6458:South Carolina
6455:
6450:
6449:
6448:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6428:North Carolina
6425:
6424:
6423:
6413:
6408:
6407:
6406:
6396:
6391:
6390:
6389:
6381:
6380:
6379:
6373:Massachusetts
6371:
6370:
6369:
6359:
6354:
6353:
6352:
6342:
6337:
6336:
6335:
6325:
6320:
6319:
6318:
6308:
6303:
6302:
6301:
6291:
6290:
6289:
6284:
6274:
6269:
6268:
6267:
6262:
6252:
6247:
6241:
6239:
6235:
6234:
6232:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6220:
6219:
6218:
6217:
6215:social context
6212:
6202:
6192:
6191:
6190:
6180:
6174:
6172:
6168:
6167:
6165:
6164:
6163:
6162:
6157:
6147:
6142:
6141:
6140:
6135:
6125:
6124:
6123:
6112:
6110:
6106:
6105:
6103:
6102:
6097:
6096:
6095:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6069:
6068:
6066:Creek Freedmen
6063:
6058:
6053:
6043:
6041:Alabama Creole
6038:
6037:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6012:
6010:
6006:
6005:
6002:
6001:
5999:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5981:Central (CIAA)
5977:
5975:
5970:
5967:
5966:
5964:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5902:
5896:
5892:
5891:
5889:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5817:
5815:
5810:
5807:
5806:
5804:
5803:
5798:
5797:
5796:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5774:Pan-Africanism
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5755:
5754:
5744:
5739:
5733:
5731:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5723:
5718:
5716:Black theology
5713:
5708:
5707:
5706:
5696:
5695:
5694:
5689:
5679:
5673:
5671:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5661:
5660:
5659:
5657:in STEM fields
5654:
5649:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5615:
5613:
5612:and technology
5607:
5606:
5604:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5551:Harriet Tubman
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5481:Michelle Obama
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5411:Barbara Jordan
5408:
5406:Harriet Jacobs
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5296:Amelia Boynton
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5262:
5260:
5259:Notable people
5256:
5255:
5253:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5195:LGBT community
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5176:
5175:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5119:
5117:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5091:
5090:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5047:
5042:
5035:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4994:
4989:
4988:
4987:
4982:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4938:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4910:Freedom Riders
4907:
4902:
4894:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4873:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4854:
4849:
4841:
4836:
4834:Black genocide
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4790:
4788:
4782:
4781:
4774:
4773:
4766:
4759:
4751:
4744:
4743:
4717:
4695:
4670:
4645:
4638:
4620:
4602:
4584:
4560:
4536:
4512:
4488:
4467:
4448:
4434:
4420:
4406:
4392:
4378:
4364:
4346:
4332:
4318:
4315:. 30 May 2021.
4304:
4282:
4268:
4257:
4231:
4200:
4175:
4155:
4137:
4119:
4094:
4092:CITED: p. 412.
4082:(2): 412–413.
4060:
4029:
4011:
3997:
3973:
3944:
3938:978-0195314250
3937:
3917:
3889:
3882:
3864:
3849:
3830:
3816:
3797:
3794:. 11 May 2023.
3783:
3769:
3755:
3737:
3723:
3709:
3695:
3681:
3667:
3653:
3627:
3616:
3591:
3578:
3555:
3536:
3522:
3508:
3494:
3480:
3456:
3444:
3426:
3401:
3376:
3350:
3325:
3307:
3290:
3259:
3242:
3227:
3209:
3188:
3169:
3150:
3139:Kotkin, Joel.
3131:
3106:
3091:
3074:
3059:
3041:
3039:, August 1971.
3025:
3005:
2986:
2969:
2952:
2937:
2915:
2902:
2889:
2870:
2836:
2813:
2787:
2771:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2720:black churches
2707:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2492:
2489:
2472:
2469:
2459:
2456:
2450:
2447:
2434:
2431:
2399:Letoya Luckett
2378:
2375:
2264:
2261:
2252:
2249:
2214:
2211:
2181:
2178:
2155:
2152:
2145:The 2001 book
2127:Survey Graphic
2114:
2111:
2106:Survey Graphic
2096:
2093:
2038:
2035:
2012:
2009:
2004:COVID pandemic
1997:Atlanta area's
1992:
1989:
1972:
1969:
1945:New York Times
1933:
1930:
1921:
1918:
1856:
1853:
1756:
1753:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1546:Black genocide
1542:
1539:
1538:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1453:US communities
1450:
1445:
1440:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1410:South Carolina
1407:
1405:North Carolina
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1227:South Carolina
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1207:North Carolina
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1064:Samaná English
1061:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1014:LGBT community
1010:
1007:
1006:
1002:
1001:
999:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
971:Creek Freedmen
968:
962:
959:
958:
954:
953:
951:
950:
945:
944:
943:
941:Carmel Indians
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
902:
901:
896:
886:
881:
876:
870:
867:
866:
860:
857:
856:
853:
852:
847:
846:
845:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
822:Central (CIAA)
816:
815:
811:
810:
809:
808:
798:
795:
794:
791:
790:
785:
784:
782:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
733:
730:
729:
723:
720:
719:
716:
715:
710:
709:
707:
706:
701:
696:
691:
689:Pan-Africanism
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
635:
632:
631:
627:
626:
624:
623:
618:
613:
608:
602:
599:
598:
592:
589:
588:
585:
584:
579:
578:
576:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
539:
536:
535:
531:
530:
528:
527:
522:
520:Black theology
516:
513:
512:
508:
507:
505:
504:
498:
495:
494:
488:
483:
482:
479:
478:
473:
472:
470:
469:
464:
457:
452:
451:
450:
440:
435:
434:
433:
422:
419:
418:
414:
413:
411:
410:
405:
400:
395:
389:
386:
385:
384:Economic class
381:
380:
378:
377:
372:
367:
362:
356:
353:
352:
348:
347:
345:
344:
339:
334:
328:
325:
324:
323:Academic study
320:
319:
317:
316:
311:
306:
300:
295:
289:
286:
285:
281:
280:
278:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
226:
223:
222:
216:
211:
210:
207:
206:
201:
200:
199:
198:
193:
188:
180:
179:
175:
174:
173:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
144:
143:
139:
138:
137:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
105:
104:
94:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
51:
50:
44:
39:
38:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6833:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6788:
6786:
6771:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6755:
6752:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6740:Neighborhoods
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6703:Sports firsts
6701:
6699:
6696:
6695:
6694:
6691:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6608:
6607:
6604:
6603:
6601:
6597:
6589:
6586:
6585:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6550:
6548:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6525:
6524:
6521:
6520:
6518:
6516:
6512:
6506:
6505:West Virginia
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6470:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6447:
6444:
6443:
6442:Pennsylvania
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6422:
6421:New York City
6419:
6418:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6405:
6402:
6401:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6388:
6385:
6384:
6382:
6378:
6375:
6374:
6372:
6368:
6365:
6364:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6351:
6348:
6347:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6334:
6331:
6330:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6317:
6314:
6313:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6300:
6297:
6296:
6295:
6292:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6279:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6266:
6265:San Francisco
6263:
6261:
6258:
6257:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6242:
6240:
6238:By state/city
6236:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6207:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6197:
6196:
6193:
6189:
6186:
6185:
6184:
6183:American Sign
6181:
6179:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6169:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6152:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6130:
6129:
6126:
6122:
6119:
6118:
6117:
6116:Neighborhoods
6114:
6113:
6111:
6107:
6101:
6098:
6094:
6091:
6090:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6048:
6047:
6046:Black Indians
6044:
6042:
6039:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6016:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6007:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5978:
5976:
5968:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5900:
5897:
5893:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5818:
5816:
5808:
5802:
5799:
5795:
5792:
5791:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5753:
5750:
5749:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5728:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5705:
5702:
5701:
5700:
5697:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5684:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5674:
5672:
5670:
5666:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5644:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5624:Black schools
5622:
5620:
5619:Black studies
5617:
5616:
5614:
5608:
5602:
5601:Whitney Young
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5591:Oprah Winfrey
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5561:Denmark Vesey
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5506:Joseph Rainey
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5461:Toni Morrison
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5446:Joseph Lowery
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5391:Jesse Jackson
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5381:Kamala Harris
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5366:Marcus Garvey
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5316:Blanche Bruce
5314:
5312:
5311:Edward Brooke
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5301:James Bradley
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5281:James Baldwin
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5257:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5225:Neighborhoods
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5116:
5112:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5078:Silent Parade
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5040:
5036:
5034:
5033:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5006:Jim Crow laws
5004:
5002:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4829:Black cowboys
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4772:
4767:
4765:
4760:
4758:
4753:
4752:
4749:
4732:
4728:
4721:
4705:
4699:
4684:
4680:
4674:
4659:
4655:
4649:
4641:
4639:9780415814539
4635:
4631:
4624:
4616:
4612:
4606:
4598:
4594:
4588:
4574:
4570:
4564:
4550:
4546:
4540:
4526:
4522:
4516:
4502:
4498:
4492:
4484:
4480:
4474:
4472:
4463:
4459:
4452:
4445:28 June 2023.
4444:
4438:
4430:
4424:
4416:
4410:
4402:
4396:
4388:
4382:
4374:
4368:
4360:
4356:
4350:
4342:
4336:
4328:
4322:
4314:
4308:
4293:
4286:
4278:
4272:
4266:
4261:
4245:
4241:
4235:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4204:
4189:
4185:
4179:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4159:
4151:
4147:
4141:
4133:
4129:
4123:
4109:
4105:
4098:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4064:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4033:
4025:
4021:
4015:
4007:
4001:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3983:
3977:
3962:
3958:
3951:
3949:
3940:
3934:
3930:
3929:
3921:
3914:
3913:
3908:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3899:Bio classroom
3893:
3885:
3879:
3875:
3868:
3861:
3860:
3853:
3845:
3841:
3834:
3826:
3820:
3812:
3808:
3801:
3793:
3787:
3779:
3773:
3765:
3759:
3751:
3747:
3741:
3733:
3727:
3720:. 5 May 2016.
3719:
3713:
3705:
3699:
3691:
3685:
3677:
3671:
3663:
3657:
3642:
3638:
3631:
3625:
3620:
3605:
3601:
3595:
3588:
3582:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3564:
3559:
3551:
3547:
3540:
3532:
3526:
3518:
3512:
3504:
3498:
3490:
3484:
3469:
3463:
3461:
3453:
3448:
3440:
3436:
3430:
3415:
3411:
3405:
3391:
3387:
3380:
3365:
3361:
3354:
3340:on 2021-06-14
3339:
3335:
3329:
3321:
3317:
3311:
3304:
3300:
3294:
3279:
3272:
3266:
3264:
3255:
3249:
3247:
3238:
3231:
3223:
3219:
3213:
3198:
3192:
3184:
3180:
3173:
3165:
3161:
3154:
3146:
3142:
3135:
3121:
3117:
3110:
3104:, March 2002.
3103:
3100:
3095:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3070:
3063:
3055:
3051:
3045:
3038:
3034:
3029:
3022:
3018:
3012:
3010:
3002:
2998:
2993:
2991:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2949:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2922:
2920:
2912:
2906:
2899:
2893:
2885:
2881:
2874:
2866:
2854:
2839:
2837:9780933121058
2833:
2829:
2828:
2820:
2818:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2801:'s 1928 book
2800:
2794:
2792:
2784:
2778:
2776:
2767:
2763:
2756:
2752:
2744:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2488:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2468:
2465:
2455:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2395:Kelly Rowland
2392:
2388:
2384:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2274:
2269:
2260:
2258:
2248:
2246:
2245:desegregation
2242:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2219:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2151:
2148:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2136:The New Negro
2133:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2122:New York City
2119:
2108:
2107:
2101:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2080:
2077:
2074:In 2022, the
2072:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1988:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1942:In 2011 in a
1939:
1929:
1927:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1865:
1861:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1834:
1832:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1804:Atlanta mayor
1800:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1784:
1778:
1774:
1766:
1761:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1729:New York City
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1702:United States
1699:
1690:
1679:
1674:
1672:
1667:
1665:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1616:
1615:Minstrel show
1613:
1611:
1610:Magical Negro
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1527:
1526:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1421:
1420:West Virginia
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1356:
1355:San Francisco
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1335:New York City
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1118:
1117:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1028:
1027:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1003:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
986:Nova Scotians
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
963:
961:
960:
956:
955:
949:
946:
942:
939:
938:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
900:
897:
895:
892:
891:
890:
889:Black Indians
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
871:
869:
868:
864:
863:
855:
854:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
827:HBCU (HBCUAC)
825:
823:
820:
819:
818:
817:
813:
812:
807:
804:
803:
802:
801:
793:
792:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
735:
734:
732:
731:
728:Organizations
727:
726:
718:
717:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
636:
634:
633:
629:
628:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
603:
601:
600:
597:Organizations
596:
595:
587:
586:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
540:
538:
537:
533:
532:
526:
523:
521:
518:
517:
515:
514:
510:
509:
503:
500:
499:
497:
496:
492:
491:
486:
481:
480:
468:
465:
462:
458:
456:
453:
449:
446:
445:
444:
441:
439:
436:
432:
429:
428:
427:
424:
423:
421:
420:
416:
415:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
390:
388:
387:
383:
382:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
357:
355:
354:
350:
349:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
329:
327:
326:
322:
321:
315:
312:
310:
307:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
290:
288:
287:
283:
282:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
265:Neighborhoods
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
227:
225:
224:
220:
219:
214:
209:
208:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
183:
182:
181:
177:
176:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
147:
146:
145:
141:
140:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
103:
100:
99:
98:
95:
92:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
63:
60:
58:
55:
54:
53:
52:
48:
47:
42:
37:
36:
33:
30:
29:
25:
21:
20:
6656:Sportspeople
6626:Billionaires
6543:Sierra Leone
6446:Philadelphia
6282:Jacksonville
6109:Demographics
5941:Jack Johnson
5931:Muhammad Ali
5764:Conservatism
5699:Black church
5596:Andrew Young
5581:Ida B. Wells
5571:David Walker
5566:C. T. Vivian
5521:Paul Robeson
5516:Hiram Revels
5496:Colin Powell
5476:Barack Obama
5431:James Lawson
5386:Jimi Hendrix
5356:James Farmer
5351:Medgar Evers
5321:Ralph Bunche
5271:Maya Angelou
5245:Middle class
5132:
5123:Afrofuturism
5049:
5037:
5030:
4951:
4896:
4843:
4809:Afrocentrism
4799:Abolitionism
4734:. Retrieved
4730:
4720:
4708:. Retrieved
4698:
4686:. Retrieved
4683:Chatham-Kent
4682:
4673:
4661:. Retrieved
4657:
4648:
4629:
4623:
4614:
4605:
4596:
4587:
4576:. Retrieved
4572:
4563:
4552:. Retrieved
4548:
4539:
4528:. Retrieved
4524:
4515:
4504:. Retrieved
4500:
4491:
4483:the original
4461:
4451:
4437:
4423:
4409:
4395:
4381:
4367:
4358:
4349:
4335:
4321:
4307:
4295:. Retrieved
4285:
4271:
4260:
4248:. Retrieved
4234:
4222:. Retrieved
4213:
4203:
4192:. Retrieved
4178:
4167:
4158:
4149:
4140:
4131:
4122:
4111:. Retrieved
4107:
4097:
4079:
4073:
4069:
4063:
4053:September 6,
4051:. Retrieved
4042:
4032:
4023:
4014:
4000:
3976:
3966:December 27,
3964:. Retrieved
3960:
3927:
3920:
3910:
3898:
3892:
3873:
3867:
3858:
3852:
3843:
3833:
3819:
3810:
3800:
3786:
3772:
3758:
3749:
3740:
3726:
3712:
3698:
3684:
3670:
3656:
3644:. Retrieved
3640:
3630:
3619:
3608:. Retrieved
3606:. 2021-05-12
3603:
3594:
3586:
3581:
3573:
3558:
3549:
3539:
3525:
3511:
3497:
3483:
3471:. Retrieved
3447:
3429:
3417:. Retrieved
3413:
3404:
3393:. Retrieved
3389:
3379:
3369:December 27,
3367:. Retrieved
3363:
3353:
3342:. Retrieved
3338:the original
3328:
3319:
3310:
3302:
3293:
3281:. Retrieved
3277:
3230:
3221:
3212:
3200:. Retrieved
3191:
3182:
3172:
3163:
3153:
3144:
3134:
3123:. Retrieved
3119:
3109:
3101:
3094:
3086:
3077:
3062:
3053:
3044:
3036:
3028:
3020:
3000:
2981:
2972:
2964:
2955:
2946:
2940:
2931:
2910:
2905:
2897:
2892:
2883:
2873:
2841:. Retrieved
2826:
2807:
2802:
2765:
2755:
2709:
2688:
2681:
2670:
2654:
2638:
2622:
2606:
2590:
2574:
2558:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2517:
2494:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2461:
2452:
2439:Social media
2436:
2380:
2307:Travis Scott
2297:
2278:
2254:
2239:
2227:Houston area
2224:
2189:
2158:
2157:
2146:
2144:
2139:
2125:
2116:
2104:
2089:
2081:
2073:
2066:
2055:
2051:
2043:
2040:
2028:
2016:
2014:
1994:
1985:
1981:Atlanta area
1974:
1958:
1943:
1941:
1923:
1907:
1896:
1878:consists of
1869:
1846:
1844:
1837:
1835:
1831:Atlanta area
1828:
1825:
1819:
1812:
1801:
1788:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1764:
1727:
1697:
1695:
1513:Sierra Leone
1345:Philadelphia
1315:Jacksonville
1264:
911:Brass Ankles
664:Conservatism
639:Afrocentrism
611:Joint Center
502:Black church
493:Institutions
408:Billionaires
398:Middle class
351:Celebrations
314:Fraternities
6676:US senators
6646:Republicans
6631:Journalists
6488:San Antonio
6453:Puerto Rico
6394:Mississippi
6287:Tallahassee
6260:Los Angeles
5951:Jesse Owens
5936:Arthur Ashe
5794:Nationalism
5784:Raised fist
5747:Black power
5652:in medicine
5586:Roy Wilkins
5541:Emmett Till
5526:Al Sharpton
5291:Julian Bond
5286:James Bevel
5250:Upper class
5240:Stereotypes
5133:Black mecca
5045:Plantations
4824:Black Codes
4688:11 December
4663:11 December
4297:10 February
4164:"- YouTube"
3874:Harlemworld
3604:www.out.com
3278:edtrust.org
2861:|work=
2843:17 February
2607:Baton Rouge
2591:New Orleans
2485:LendingTree
2331:Kirko Bangz
2323:Don Toliver
2315:Sauce Walka
2287:created by
2147:Harlemworld
1961:Tyler Perry
1698:black mecca
1581:Stereotypes
1508:Nova Scotia
1390:Mississippi
1350:San Antonio
1330:Los Angeles
1265:Black mecca
1192:Mississippi
1099:Negro Dutch
921:Dominickers
865:Multiethnic
774:TransAfrica
684:Nationalism
654:Black power
438:Black pride
403:Upper class
102:Politicians
6785:Categories
6621:Astronauts
6411:New Jersey
6255:California
5759:Capitalism
5556:Nat Turner
5486:Rosa Parks
5471:Diane Nash
5441:John Lewis
5230:Newspapers
5200:Literature
5185:Juneteenth
5138:Businesses
4992:Exodusters
4960:Free Negro
4578:2021-07-22
4554:2021-07-22
4530:2021-07-22
4506:2021-07-22
4194:2020-08-15
4113:2021-07-22
3883:0226389995
3610:2021-07-22
3395:2021-07-22
3344:2021-07-22
3125:2017-08-18
2748:References
2741:See also:
2671:Washington
2351:Mike Jones
2184:See also:
1977:NerdWallet
1936:See also:
1866:in Atlanta
1771:See also:
1147:California
1121:Population
694:Patriotism
679:Liberalism
659:Capitalism
630:Ideologies
511:Theologies
370:Juneteenth
342:Literature
270:Newspapers
178:Migrations
109:Juneteenth
6735:Monuments
6611:Activists
6463:Tennessee
6383:Michigan
6367:Baltimore
6357:Louisiana
6350:Lexington
6333:Davenport
6272:Cleveland
6171:Languages
6100:Melungeon
6078:Blaxicans
5946:Joe Louis
5801:Socialism
5737:Anarchism
5466:Bob Moses
5451:Malcolm X
5371:Fred Gray
5235:Soul food
5173:New Negro
5158:Folktales
5068:Redlining
4250:15 August
4224:15 August
3764:"Atlanta"
3646:16 August
3218:"History"
3183:USA Today
2863:ignored (
2853:cite book
2699:$ 25,355
2665:$ 28,275
2649:$ 20,910
2639:Cleveland
2633:$ 29,107
2617:$ 30,188
2601:$ 25,324
2585:$ 31,490
2569:$ 37,225
2559:Baltimore
2553:$ 26,759
2471:Criticism
2443:Nigerians
2363:Geto Boys
2359:Lil' Troy
2335:Lil' Keke
2327:Slim Thug
2190:In 2016,
2082:In 2023,
2037:Criticism
2015:In 2005,
1959:In 2019,
1848:USA Today
1845:In 2019,
1836:In 2018,
1813:In 1983,
1780:In 1971,
1700:, in the
1605:Hollywood
1595:Blackface
1530:Prejudice
1448:US cities
1325:Lexington
1300:Davenport
1280:Baltimore
1256:US cities
1232:Tennessee
1182:Louisiana
1128:US states
936:Melungeon
906:Blaxicans
704:Socialism
669:Garveyism
644:Anarchism
448:Good hair
275:Soul food
245:Folktales
6758:Category
6549:America
6515:Diaspora
6500:Virginia
6433:Oklahoma
6416:New York
6399:Nebraska
6362:Maryland
6345:Kentucky
6311:Illinois
6250:Arkansas
6155:Illinois
6093:of color
5779:Populism
5752:Movement
5669:Religion
5011:Lynching
4794:Timeline
4736:3 August
4710:3 August
4244:Archived
4218:Archived
4188:Archived
4132:khou.com
4088:40582726
4047:Archived
3985:Archived
3915:website.
3903:Archived
3566:Archived
3439:Archived
3054:The Root
2689:Richmond
2682:$ 37,891
2347:Big Hawk
2311:Scarface
2289:DJ Screw
2067:Despite
1890:and the
1645:Category
1468:Diaspora
1395:Missouri
1320:Kentucky
1247:Virginia
1217:Oklahoma
1202:New York
1197:Nebraska
1187:Maryland
1162:Illinois
1142:Arkansas
981:Merikins
926:Freedmen
899:Mascogos
699:Populism
590:Politics
485:Religion
455:Stepping
221:Lifeways
57:Timeline
24:a series
22:Part of
6686:Writers
6651:Singers
6636:Jurists
6584:Europe
6538:Liberia
6483:Houston
6387:Detroit
6323:Indiana
6316:Chicago
6299:Atlanta
6294:Georgia
6277:Florida
6245:Alabama
6195:English
5769:Leftism
5639:Museums
5190:Kwanzaa
5115:Culture
5083:Slavery
4786:History
4169:YouTube
3087:Atlanta
2728:Dresden
2623:Atlanta
2575:Memphis
2539:Detroit
2509:Houston
2501:Chicago
2497:Atlanta
2411:Normani
2387:Beyonce
2383:R&B
2371:50 Cent
2275:in 2016
2273:Beyonce
2200:South’s
2196:Houston
2194:called
2180:Houston
1899:Georgia
1815:Atlanta
1755:Atlanta
1749:Houston
1741:Atlanta
1503:Liberia
1385:Georgia
1380:Florida
1310:Houston
1305:Detroit
1290:Chicago
1275:Atlanta
1167:Indiana
1157:Georgia
1152:Florida
1137:Alabama
1069:Tutnese
948:Redbone
674:Leftism
375:Kwanzaa
332:Studies
284:Schools
213:Culture
142:Aspects
87:Slavery
49:Periods
41:History
6821:Harlem
6698:Mayors
6616:Actors
6588:France
6580:Israel
6568:Mexico
6553:Canada
6528:Gambia
6523:Africa
6473:Austin
6438:Oregon
6377:Boston
6340:Kansas
6306:Hawaii
6224:Gullah
6034:Yoruba
6024:Gullah
5895:Sports
5813:groups
5643:Women
5180:Hoodoo
5054:(1896)
4980:Second
4956:(1857)
4901:(1956)
4848:(1954)
4706:. IMDB
4636:
4573:Forbes
4086:
3935:
3880:
3550:Medium
3473:22 May
3419:22 May
3283:22 May
3202:22 May
3145:Forbes
2834:
2732:Buxton
2655:Newark
2511:, and
2505:Harlem
2425:, and
2415:H-Town
2361:, and
2343:Pimp C
2167:Muslim
2118:Harlem
2095:Harlem
1979:, the
1839:Forbes
1733:Harlem
1537:Racism
1498:Israel
1488:France
1483:Canada
1478:Africa
1285:Boston
1222:Oregon
1177:Kansas
1087:Gullah
976:Gullah
796:Sports
543:Hoodoo
6599:Lists
6563:Haiti
6533:Ghana
6468:Texas
6404:Omaha
5682:Islam
5215:Names
5205:Music
5143:Dance
4150:Chron
4084:JSTOR
3274:(PDF)
3102:Ebony
3037:Ebony
3021:MSNBC
3001:Ebony
2696:20.9%
2693:50.6%
2678:28.2%
2675:50.7%
2662:35.3%
2659:52.4%
2646:26.6%
2643:53.3%
2630:30.9%
2614:30.4%
2611:54.5%
2598:28.9%
2595:60.2%
2582:38.2%
2579:63.3%
2566:34.6%
2563:63.7%
2549:64.2%
2544:82.7%
2495:Only
2419:Ideal
2391:Lizzo
2367:Drake
2319:Bun B
2174:Mecca
2084:Axios
1820:Ebony
1808:HBCUs
1789:Ebony
1783:Ebony
1765:Ebony
1763:1971
1650:Index
1493:Ghana
1415:Texas
1340:Omaha
1237:Texas
749:NAACP
260:Names
250:Music
230:Dance
6495:Utah
6328:Iowa
6160:Ohio
6121:list
6029:Igbo
6019:Fula
5163:Hair
5153:Film
4870:1968
4860:1964
4738:2020
4712:2020
4690:2018
4665:2018
4634:ISBN
4299:2024
4252:2020
4226:2020
4055:2019
3968:2019
3933:ISBN
3878:ISBN
3648:2012
3475:2024
3421:2024
3371:2019
3320:WXIA
3285:2024
3204:2024
2865:help
2845:2012
2832:ISBN
2730:and
2524:City
2339:Z-Ro
2279:The
2225:The
2198:the
1908:The
1583:and
1242:Utah
1212:Ohio
1172:Iowa
779:UNCF
240:Film
89:and
5128:Art
4985:New
3991:".
3909:on
2627:54%
2293:MTV
2120:in
337:Art
6787::
4999:/
4729:.
4681:.
4656:.
4613:.
4595:.
4571:.
4547:.
4523:.
4499:.
4470:^
4460:.
4357:.
4216:.
4212:.
4166:.
4148:.
4130:.
4106:.
4080:77
4078:.
4045:.
4041:.
4022:.
3959:.
3947:^
3842:.
3809:.
3748:.
3639:.
3602:.
3572:,
3548:.
3459:^
3437:.
3412:.
3388:.
3362:.
3318:.
3301:,
3276:.
3262:^
3245:^
3220:.
3181:.
3162:.
3143:.
3118:.
3085:,
3052:.
3035:,
3008:^
2999:,
2989:^
2980:,
2963:,
2929:,
2918:^
2882:.
2857::
2855:}}
2851:{{
2816:^
2790:^
2774:^
2764:.
2507:,
2503:,
2499:,
2429:.
2421:,
2417:,
2413:,
2409:,
2405:,
2401:,
2397:,
2393:,
2389:,
2357:,
2353:,
2349:,
2345:,
2341:,
2337:,
2333:,
2329:,
2325:,
2321:,
2317:,
2313:,
2309:,
2305:,
2209:.
2142:.
1901:,
1886:,
1882:,
1810:.
1696:A
26:on
4770:e
4763:t
4756:v
4740:.
4714:.
4692:.
4667:.
4642:.
4617:.
4599:.
4581:.
4557:.
4533:.
4509:.
4464:.
4403:.
4361:.
4343:.
4329:.
4301:.
4254:.
4228:.
4197:.
4172:.
4116:.
4090:.
4057:.
4026:.
3970:.
3941:.
3886:.
3846:.
3813:.
3766:.
3752:.
3650:.
3613:.
3552:.
3519:.
3505:.
3491:.
3477:.
3423:.
3398:.
3373:.
3347:.
3287:.
3239:.
3224:.
3206:.
3185:.
3166:.
3147:.
3128:.
3071:.
2886:.
2867:)
2847:.
1677:e
1670:t
1663:v
463:"
459:"
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.