Black-necked grebe

31: 851:, sometimes two, of three to four chalky greenish or bluish eggs. Nests that have been parasitized, however, will have two more eggs on average, even though the number the host lays is about the same no matter if it has been parasitized or not. The eggs, although initially immaculate, do get stained by plant matter that the nest is built out of. The eggs measure 45 by 30 millimetres (1.8 by 1.2 in) on average and are incubated by both parents for about 21 days. The laying date of the eggs is somewhat synchronized, with birds in small colonies having the laying dates spread out by just a few days, compared to large colonies, where the laying date is spread out over more than 10 days. 806: 668: 49: 802:. The space between the nests in these colonies is often 1 to 2 metres (3.3 to 6.6 ft). Whether it nests in colonies or not has an effect on the dimensions of the nest. When the bird is not in a colony, the nest has an average diameter of 28 centimetres (11 in), although this can vary, with nests ranging from about 20 centimetres (8 in) to over 30 centimetres (12 in). This is compared to nests in colonies, which have an average diameter of about 25.5 centimetres (10 in). It is suggested that rarely some pairs of this grebe will steward over multiple nests when in colonies. 292:. Its breeding plumage features distinctive ochre-coloured feathers which extend behind its eye and over its ear coverts. The rest of the upper parts, including the head, neck, and breast, are coloured black to blackish brown. The flanks are tawny rufous to maroon-chestnut, and the abdomen is white. In its non-breeding plumage, this bird has greyish-black upper parts, including the top of the head and a vertical stripe on the back of the neck. The flanks are also greyish-black. The rest of the body is a white or whitish colour. The juvenile has more brown in its darker areas. The subspecies 982:

Since West Nile virus is able to survive in brine shrimp (and, for a temporary time, water at specific temperatures), it is likely that grebes could have become infected by eating diseased shrimp and/or swimming in the contaminated water. It is also theorized that West Nile virus could be transmitted among grebes through contact with the excrement of an infected bird, possibly around bodies of water, communal nest sites, areas of cohabitating birds, etc. Avian cholera, another disease that can cause massive die-offs in this species, is transmitted by currently-unknown

837: 945: 223: 1013:. Since this grebe usually winters on the coast, it is also vulnerable to oil pollution. Large-scale disease, such as avian cholera, could threaten the species. These and other factors, such as human disturbance, including collisions with power transmission lines, contribute to declining populations in certain areas. This species used to be threatened in North America by the millinery industry, which helped facilitate the hunting of the birds, and egg collectors. Although this is true, this grebe is hunted in the 598:(IOC). Both common names for this species refer to features visible when the bird is in its breeding plumage; in such plumage, it has an all-black neck and a spray of golden plumes on each side of its head. The name "eared grebe" is nearly a century older than the name "black-necked grebe". The latter was first used in 1912 by Ernst Hartert, in an effort to bring the common name of the species in line with its scientific name. The name "eared grebe" is still used in North America to refer to this bird. 102: 607: 2899: 77: 998:(IUCN). The trend of the population is uncertain, as some populations are decreasing, whereas others are stable, have an uncertain trend, or are increasing. The justification for the current classification of this species is its very large population (estimated around 3.9–4.2 million individuals) combined with a large estimated extent of occurrence (about 155 million km (60 million sq mi)). This grebe is probably the most numerous grebe in the world. 2911: 868: 2923: 664:

on the sides of the neck, there are white ovals. The rest of the neck is grey to brownish-grey in colour and has white that varies in amount. The breast is white, and the abdomen is whitish. The flanks are coloured in a mix of blackish-grey with white flecks. The colour of the bill when not breeding differs from that of the breeding plumage, with the former being significantly more grey.

936:

the black-necked grebe's overnight fall migration to its wintering grounds. The fat is most concentrated in the abdomen, second most in the thorax, and least in the chest. Migration usually starts earlier when shrimp are more abundant and when the moulting lake is at a higher than average temperature. Birds generally leave on a clear night with lower than average surface temperatures.

859:

black-necked grebe usually (just under 50% of the time) does not cover its eggs. In comparison, other species of grebes cover up their eggs when leaving the nest. Predation is usually not the primary cause of egg loss, with most nesting failures occurring after the chicks have hatched. A major cause of this is the chilling of the young.

814:

breeding lake. The displays are performed in the middle of the lake. There is no territory involved in courting; individuals use the whole area of the lake. When advertising for a mate, a black-necked grebe will approach others of its species with its body fluffed out and its neck erect. It closes its beak to perform a call,

355:. In addition, it becomes flightless for at least a month after completing a migration to reach an area where it can safely moult. During this moult, the grebe can double in weight. The migrations to reach these areas are dangerous, sometimes with thousands of grebe deaths. In spite of this, it is classified as a 663:

In non-breeding plumage, the nominate has greyish-black upper parts, cap, nape, and hindneck, with the colour on the upper portion of the latter being contained in a vertical stripe. The dark colour of the cap reaches below the eye and can be seen, diffused, to the ear-coverts. Behind the ear-coverts

952:

This grebe is one of the most inefficient fliers among birds. Generally, it avoids flying at all costs and reserves long-distance flight exclusively for migration. This is combined with the fact that this bird is flightless for 35–40 days during its moult. However, when migrating, it travels as much

935:

between August and September, which makes them unable to fly. The moult is preceded by an increase in weight. During the moult, the breast muscles atrophy. When the moult is completed, birds continue to gain weight, often more than doubling their original weight. This additional fat is used to power

914:

The young are fed one at a time by the parents, with one bird carrying the young while the other feeds it. The young take food by grabbing it, with their beaks, from their parents, or by grabbing food dropped into the water. When a young bird cannot grab the food, then the adults submerge their bill

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have been recorded in the past. In 2013, at the Great Salt Lake, for example, there was an outbreak of West Nile virus which caused one of the largest recorded avian die-offs in the US. The cause of the outbreak and modes of transmission are unknown, but there has been speculation about the latter.

708:

When breeding, the black-necked grebe gives a quiet "ooeek" that ascends in pitch from an already high pitch. This call is also used as a territorial call, in addition to a low and fast trill, which itself is also used during courtship. Another call is a short "puuii" or "wit". This grebe is silent

684:

are often tinged pale grey, with whitish marks behind the eye. On the sides of the head and upper neck, there is a buffy or tawny tinge. The chick is downy and has a blackish-grey head with stripes and spots that are white or pale buff-grey. The throat and foreneck are largely pale. The upper parts

910:

at lakes with high salinity, however, this bird feeds mostly on brine shrimp. The behaviour of black-necked grebes changes in response to the availability of brine shrimp; bodies of water with more shrimp have more grebes, and grebes spend more time foraging when the number of shrimp and the water

923:

When breeding is over, some black-necked grebes moult while still on the breeding grounds, but most do so only after a moult migration. This migration is to saline lakes, especially lakes with large numbers of invertebrate prey, so that birds can fatten up while moulting before continuing on the

854:

After the chicks hatch, the birds will desert their nest. Even though the young can swim and dive during this time, they rarely do, instead staying on the parents' backs for four days after hatching. This behaviour is present in all grebes, and is likely to have evolved because it reduces travel

813:

Pair formation in the black-necked grebe usually starts during pauses in the migration to the breeding grounds, although it occasionally occurs before, in wintering pairs. This pair formation continues after this grebe has arrived to its breeding grounds. Courtship occurs when it arrives at the

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This species builds its floating nest in the usually shallow water of open lakes. The nest itself is anchored to the lake by plants. It is built by both the male and the female and made out of plant matter. Most of it is submerged, with the bottom of the shallow cup usually being level with the

960:

When diving, this bird pulls its head back and then arches it forward into the water, with the body following and a slight springing. The legs start moving only after they are underwater. When swimming on the surface of the water, the body of this grebe is relatively high, although none of the

858:

When disturbed while incubating, this bird usually (just under 50% of the time) partly covers its eggs with nest material when the disruption is not sudden, but a bird with an incomplete clutch usually does not attempt to cover the eggs. When the disruption is sudden, on the other hand, the

855:

costs, specifically those back to the nest to brood the chicks and give them food. After about 10 days, the parents split the chicks up, with each parent taking care of about half of the brood. After this split, the chicks are independent in about 10 days, and fledge in about three weeks.

874: 872: 869: 700:, is the smallest of the three subspecies, in addition to having a greyer head and upper parts. The adult of this subspecies also has a rufous-brown tinge on its lesser wing-coverts. It also lacks a non-breeding plumage, in addition to the tufts on the side of its head being paler. 873: 340:. The black-necked grebe makes a floating cup nest on an open lake. The nest cup is covered with a disc. This nest is located both in colonies and by itself. During the breeding season, which varies depending on location, this species will lay one (sometimes two) 882:

The black-necked grebe forages mainly by diving from the water, with dives usually lasting less than 30 seconds. These dives are usually shorter in time when in more shallow water. In between dives, this grebe rests for an average of 15 seconds. When feeding on

1114:

Handbuch der Naturgeschichte aller Vögel Deutschlands: worin nach den sorgfältigsten Untersuchungen und den genauesten Beobachtungen mehr als 900 einheimische Vögel-Gattungen ... beschrieben sind : mit 47 ... nach der Natur gezeichneten illuminirten

871: 348:. After a 21-day incubation period, the eggs hatch, and then the nest is deserted. After about 10 days, the parents split up the chicks between themselves. After this, the chicks become independent in about 10 days, and fledge in about three weeks. 319:

The black-necked grebe uses multiple foraging techniques. Insects, which make up the majority of this bird's diet, are caught either on the surface of the water or when they are in flight; this species occasionally practices

627:-coloured fan of feathers extending behind the eye over the eye-coverts and sides of the nape. This eye is mostly red, with a narrow and paler yellow ring on the inner parts of the eye and an orange-yellow to pinkish-red 618:

The black-necked grebe usually measures between 28 and 34 centimetres (11 and 13 in) in length and weighs 265 to 450 grams (9.3 to 15.9 oz). The bird has a wingspan range of 20.5–21.6 in (52–55 cm). The

651:

is blackish to drab brown in colour and has a white patch formed by the secondaries and part of the inner primaries. The flanks are coloured tawny rufous to maroon-chestnut and have the occasional blackish fleck. The

821:

In the Northern Hemisphere, this bird breeds from April to August. In east Africa, the breeding season is at least from January to February, while in southern Africa, the breeding season is from October to April.

675:

The juvenile black-necked grebe is similar to the non-breeding adult. There are differences, however, including the fact that the dark areas are usually more brownish in the juvenile, with less black. The

833:, where the female lays eggs in the nest of others of their own species is common with nearly 40% of nests being parasitized on average. In terms of territory, this grebe will defend only its nest site. 363:(IUCN). It is likely that this is the most numerous grebe in the world. There are potential threats to it, such as oil spills, but these are not likely to present a major risk to the overall population. 870: 2449:

Ip, Hon S.; Van Wettere, Arnaud J.; McFarlane, Leslie; Shearn-Bochsler, Valerie; Dickson, Sammie Lee; Baker, JoDee; Hatch, Gary; Cavender, Kimberly; Long, Renee; Bodenstein, Barbara (2014).

692:

usually has a longer bill compared to the nominate, and has brown-grey inner primaries during the breeding season. When not breeding, the nominate has diffuse and pale lores less often than

887:

at hypersaline lakes, it likely uses its large tongue to block the oral cavity. It is hypothesized that it then crushes prey against its palate to remove excess water. It also forages by

961:

underparts are seen. The neck is held straight up in a relaxed manner, with the bill being held forward and parallel to the water. Each of the feet perform strong alternating strokes.

660:

and abdomen is white, with an exception to the former being the dark tertials and the mostly pale grey-brown outer primaries. The legs are a dark greenish grey. The sexes are similar.

1166:

Llimona, F.; del Hoyo, Josep; Christie, David A.; Jutglar, F.; Kirwan, G. M. (2017). del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David A.; de Juana, Eduardo (eds.).

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water. Above the cup, there is a flat disc. This grebe nests both in colonies and by itself. When it does not nest by itself, it will often nest in mixed-species colonies made up of

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in Iran, for both commercial and recreational purposes. However, there is no evidence suggesting that these threats could result in a significant risk for the overall population.

2070:

Varo, Nico; Green, Andy J.; Sánchez, Marta I.; Ramo, Cristina; Gómez, Jesús; Amat, Juan A. (2011). "Behavioural and population responses to changing availability of

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winter migration. The moult migration is dangerous, with hundreds and sometimes thousands of birds being killed by snowstorms when traveling to places such as

741:

to saline lakes to moult. Then, after completing the moult and waiting for sometimes several months, it migrates to winter in places such as the south-western

2417:

Jehl, Joseph R. (1996). "Mass Mortality Events of Eared Grebes in North America (Mortandad en Masa de Individuos de Podiceps Nigricollis en Norte América)".

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as 6,000 kilometres (3,700 miles) to reach rich feeding areas that are exploited by few other species. In flight, the shape of this grebe is like a

3209: 995: 360: 3444: 3274: 3419: 391:

discovered that the description applied more to the black-necked grebe in 1948. Before this, the earliest description was thought to be by

2027:

Mahoney, Sheila A.; Jehl, Joseph R. (1985). "Avoidance of salt-loading by a diving bird at a hypersaline and alkaline lake: Eared grebe".

446: 891:

foliage, plucking objects off of the surface of water, having its head submerged while swimming, and sometimes capturing flying insects.

1268: 3160: 2329:

Frank, Maureen G.; Conover, Michael R. (2017). "Weather and prey availability affect the timing of fall migration of eared grebes (

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Lyon, Bruce E.; Everding, Susanne (1996). "High frequency of conspecific brood parasitism in a colonial waterbird, the eared grebe

3222: 2208:"Flying the gantlet: Population characteristics, sampling bias, and migration routes of eared grebes downed in the Utah Desert" 595: 2379:

Jehl, J. R.; Henry, A. E.; Ellis, H. I. (2003). "Optimizing Migration in a Reluctant and Inefficient Flier: The Eared Grebe".

3313: 2396: 1724: 1612: 1425: 1276: 3227: 623:

in breeding plumage has the head, neck, breast, and upper parts coloured black to blackish brown, with the exception of the

1262: 531:. This is a reference to the attachment point of the bird's legs—at the extreme back end of its body. The specific epithet 2181:

Biology of the eared grebe and Wilson's phalarope in the nonbreeding season : a study of adaptations to saline lakes

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and the eastern parts of both Africa and Asia. It also winters in southern Africa, another place where it breeds. In the

3183: 3108: 635:. The thin, upturned bill, on the other hand, is black, and is connected to the eye by a blackish line starting at the 3370: 351:

Although it generally avoids flight, the black-necked grebe travels as far as 6,000 kilometres (3,700 mi) during

2587: 2508:

Lund, Melissa; Shearn-Bochsler, Valerie; Dusek, Robert J.; Shivers, Jan; Hofmeister, Erik; Dudley, Edward G. (2017).

2190: 1481: 1373: 1233: 1981: 3424: 3378: 3139: 2635: 1292:

Jobling, James A. del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David A.; de Juana, Eduardo (eds.).

3279: 3188: 3152: 3121: 2467: 2294:

Straker, Lorian Cobra; Jehl, Joseph R. (2017). "Rapid mobilization of abdominal fat in migrating eared grebes".

2977: 1466: 2451:"West Nile virus transmission in winter: The 2013 Great Salt Lake bald eagle and eared grebes mortality event" 3261: 3056: 2005: 629: 2986: 2613: 1553:

Cullen, S. A.; Jehl Jr., J. R.; Nuechterlein, G. L.; Poole, A.; Gill, F. (2020). Billerman, Shawn M (ed.).

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is sometimes considered to be a subspecies of this species, in addition to three other extant subspecies:

3454: 3033: 654: 645: 2510:"Potential for waterborne and invertebrate transmission of West Nile virus in the Great Salt Lake, Utah" 3038: 2889: 1555: 1319: 1067: 730: 3383: 3002: 1221: 1168: 841: 678: 101: 637: 3449: 3429: 3287: 3357: 3253: 1112: 304:

can also be told apart by its lack of a non-breeding plumage. This species is present in parts of

296:

can be distinguished from the nominate by the former's usually longer bill. The other subspecies,

3439: 1631:

Faaborg, John. "Habitat selection and territorial behavior of the small grebes of North Dakota".

481:: is found from southwestern Canada through the western U.S. It winters as far south as Guatemala 3344: 3214: 3020: 2939: 440: 392: 285: 212: 3240: 3339: 818:, with the last note only barely audible. Courtship generally stops at the start of nesting. 805: 734: 589: 356: 196: 3331: 3365: 3095: 3025: 2775: 2628: 2521: 1896: 1805: 1670: 1716:

The Book of Eggs: A Life-Size Guide to the Eggs of Six Hundred of the World's Bird Species

8: 2814: 1938:

Broekhuysen, G. J.; Frost, P. C. H. (1968). "Nesting hehaviour of the black-necked grebe

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Broekhuysen, G. J.; Frost, P. C. H. (1968). "Nesting hehaviour of the black-necked grebe

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Jehl, Joseph R.; Henry, Annette E. (2010). "The postbreeding migration of eared grebes".

1044: 826: 620: 372: 289: 66: 2525: 1900: 1809: 1796:

in Southern Africa. II: Laying, clutch size, egg size, incubation and nesting success".

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Herrera, Néstor; Rivera, Roberto; Ibarra Portillo, Ricardo; Rodríguez, Wilfredo (2006).

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and/or pathogens, as well as problems with feather waterproofing putting birds at risk.

30: 3175: 2784: 2759: 2699: 2550: 2509: 2485: 2450: 2426: 2358: 2272: 2237: 2179: 2154: 2105: 2052: 2009: 1869: 1774: 1576: 1532: 1189: 754: 96: 3396: 3434: 3326: 3069: 2789: 2734: 2583: 2555: 2537: 2490: 2472: 2392: 2350: 2311: 2276: 2229: 2186: 2146: 2044: 1920: 1912: 1861: 1766: 1720: 1608: 1580: 1524: 1421: 1389: 1369: 1272: 1229: 1193: 791: 2362: 2255:

Winkler, David W.; Cooper, Scott D. (2008). "Ecology of migrant black-necked grebes

2109: 2013: 1836:"Courtship, hostile behavior, nest-establishment and egg laying in the eared grebe ( 1536: 300:, can be differentiated by its greyer head and upper parts and by its smaller size. 3074: 3061: 2876: 2809: 2750: 2704: 2694: 2652: 2545: 2529: 2480: 2462: 2384: 2342: 2303: 2268: 2219: 2136: 2095: 2087: 2036: 2001: 1904: 1851: 1813: 1758: 1678: 1568: 1516: 1225: 1181: 1062: 888: 830: 388: 345: 321: 281: 222: 2739: 1817: 3300: 3048: 2831: 2648: 2621: 2388: 1714: 1602: 1415: 978: 836: 762: 753:, although the wintering population there is mainly restricted to islands in the 427: 380: 344:

of three to four eggs. The number of eggs is sometimes larger due to conspecific

3266: 3126: 1604:

The National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Birds: Eastern region

667: 3147: 3134: 2915: 2903: 2764: 2346: 1462: 1014: 974: 932: 738: 412: 352: 2091: 1683: 1658: 944: 3413: 3235: 2962: 2871: 2841: 2709: 2541: 2476: 2354: 2315: 2280: 2233: 2150: 2048: 1916: 1865: 1770: 1528: 1053: 1010: 848: 778: 726: 586: 419: 341: 86: 81: 2643: 1942:(Brehm) in Southern Africa. I. The reaction of disturbed incubating birds". 1323: 3113: 2927: 2898: 2862: 2851: 2819: 2689: 2559: 2494: 1924: 884: 630: 384: 337: 1572: 1185: 969:

Large-scale deaths (such as 150,000 birds on the Salton Sea in 1992) from

781:, usually forming large colonies when breeding and large flocks when not. 3352: 3248: 3196: 2971: 2846: 2836: 2714: 2680: 2533: 1390:"Eared Grebe Identification, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology" 1215: 1006: 994:

As of 2016, the black-necked grebe is classified as least concern by the

423: 3012: 655: 646: 411:

is sometimes used for this species, a placement which was formalized by

3391: 3165: 2725: 2430: 2241: 2158: 2100: 2056: 1873: 1778: 1214:

Baird, Spencer Fullerton; Brewer, Thomas Mayo; Ridgway, Robert (1884).

970: 899: 765:. When not breeding, its habitat is primarily saline lakes and coastal 758: 742: 458: 454: 325: 309: 48: 2307: 709:

when it is not the breeding season and when it is feeding or resting.

643:. Sometimes, the foreneck can be found to be mostly tinged brown. The 3305: 2448: 1908: 1520: 1479: 1366:

The Birds of the Western Palearctic (BWP) concise edition (2 volumes)

1005:, pathogens, and the impairment of feather waterproofing can lead to 925: 799: 766: 750: 113: 3201: 2933: 2224: 2207: 2141: 2124: 2040: 1856: 1835: 1762: 679: 3087: 2956: 2910: 2800: 2604: 1002: 983: 746: 638: 313: 173: 133: 594:"Black-necked grebe" has been designated the official name by the 3100: 2997: 2670: 903: 329: 3318: 2507: 1552: 895: 450: 305: 288:. There are currently three accepted subspecies, including the 123: 1165: 1038: 1036: 1034: 1032: 1030: 606: 3082: 2662: 2644: 2206:

Jehl, Joseph R.; Henry, Annette E.; Bond, Suzanne I. (1999).

1887:

Lyon, Bruce (2018). "Why do some birds carry their chicks?".

907: 624: 333: 278: 163: 153: 2123:

Gaunt, Abbot S.; Hikida, Robert S.; Jehl, Joseph R. (1990).

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10.1371/currents.outbreaks.b0f031fc8db2a827d9da0f30f0766871

1027: 954: 795: 722: 718: 395:

in 1831, who gave this bird its current scientific name of

143: 915:

into the water and shake their bill to break up the food.

685:

are mostly dark grey in colour, and the abdomen is white.

457:(wintering to the south and west), in central and eastern 16:

Water bird from parts of Africa, Eurasia, and the Americas

2125:"Rapid atrophy and hypertrophy of an avian flight muscle" 1982:"Behavioral and physiological responses of eared grebes ( 957:: straight neck, legs trailing, and wings beating often. 2006:

10.3398/1527-0904(2006)66[12:baproe]2.0.co;2

2501: 1785: 1484:[New records for the avifauna of El Salvador] 1042: 383:. This was originally thought to be a synonym for the 2887: 1931: 1548: 1546: 1417:

Smithsonian Field Guide to the Birds of North America

717:

This species breeds in vegetated areas of freshwater

2444: 2442: 2440: 2069: 1719:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 70. 1094:

British Ornithologists' Club Occasional Publications

1740: 1738: 1736: 1368:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 24–26. 1364:Snow, David; Perrins, Christopher M., eds. (1998). 401:

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature

2185:. Los Angeles, CA: Cooper Ornithological Society. 2178: 1973: 1554: 1543: 1482:"Nuevos registros para la avifauna de El Salvador" 1213: 1167: 1068:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22696610A132584321.en 894:This grebe eats mostly insects, of both adult and 2437: 2248: 1961:Ladhams, D. E. (1968). "Diving times of grebes". 1829: 1827: 1607:(2 ed.). New York City: Knopf. p. 344. 1449: 1447: 1445: 1443: 1441: 1439: 1437: 3411: 2374: 2372: 2322: 1937: 1791: 1733: 1652: 1650: 1648: 1646: 1600: 1490:Boletín de la Sociedad Antioqueña de Ornitología 2287: 2122: 2116: 2020: 1594: 1092:Mlíkovský, Jiří. "Types of the Podicipedidae". 1087: 1085: 2378: 1979: 1824: 1626: 1624: 1434: 1207: 996:International Union for Conservation of Nature 361:International Union for Conservation of Nature 2629: 2369: 2254: 2205: 2199: 2063: 1980:Caudell, Joe N.; Conover, Michael R. (2006). 1708: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1643: 1500: 1359: 1357: 931:After the moult migration, birds moult their 2328: 2172: 2170: 2168: 1744: 1420:. New York City: HarperCollins. p. 77. 1264:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names 1082: 284:of water birds. It was described in 1831 by 2412: 2410: 2408: 2293: 2026: 1954: 1659:"Nesting biology of the black-necked grebe" 1621: 1456:Reproductive behaviour of the eared grebe, 1363: 1318: 906:, tadpoles, and small frogs and fish. When 712: 562: 546: 516: 490: 336:at saline lakes, this bird feeds mostly on 332:, tadpoles, and small frogs and fish. When 2636: 2622: 1833: 1691: 1601:Bull, John L.; Farrand, Jr., John (1994). 1453: 1354: 221: 75: 47: 29: 2549: 2484: 2466: 2223: 2165: 2140: 2099: 1855: 1682: 1656: 1506: 1413: 1407: 1066: 737:United States. After breeding, this bird 399:from a German bird. To resolve this, the 2405: 1880: 1298:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive 1294:"Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology" 1178:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive 1104: 943: 866: 835: 804: 666: 605: 3189:black-necked-grebe-podiceps-nigricollis 1960: 1473: 1260: 3412: 2578:Ogilvie, Malcolm; Rose, Chris (2003). 2514:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2074:prey by moulting black-necked grebes, 1712: 1312: 1285: 1161: 1159: 1157: 1155: 1153: 1151: 1149: 1147: 1145: 918: 596:International Ornithological Committee 2938: 2937: 2617: 2607:at eBird (Cornell Lab of Ornithology) 1330:. International Ornithologists' Union 1324:"Grebes, flamingos & tropicbirds" 1267:. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 1143: 1141: 1139: 1137: 1135: 1133: 1131: 1129: 1127: 1125: 1118:(in German). B.F. Voigt. p. 963. 1110: 1091: 3445:Taxa named by Christian Ludwig Brehm 3153:939f623d-cfb5-49f8-8157-8adce99cea22 2416: 2176: 1886: 1254: 878:Video including a juvenile being fed 418:This bird is closely related to the 371:This species was first described by 3420:IUCN Red List least concern species 2605:Explore Species: Black-necked Grebe 1630: 1291: 1054:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 13: 2273:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1986.tb02700.x 1454:McAllister, Nancy Mahoney (1955). 1122: 14: 3466: 2598: 2335:The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 1994:Western North American Naturalist 1986:) to variations in brine shrimp ( 1713:Hauber, Mark E. (1 August 2014). 1565:The Birds of North America Online 1509:The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 694:Podiceps nigricollis californicus 2921: 2909: 2897: 1217:The Water Birds of North America 1111:Brehm, Christian Ludwig (1831). 703: 100: 2582:. Uxbridge, UK: Bruce Coleman. 2570: 1382: 1342: 1322:; Donsker, David, eds. (2017). 1043:BirdLife International (2018). 829:. Conspecific or intraspecific 585:comes from the name of British 581:comes from "California", while 1467:University of British Columbia 1242: 601: 489:, comes from two Latin words: 1: 1834:McAllister, Nancy M. (1958). 1818:10.1080/00306525.1968.9634310 1458:Podiceps caspicus nigricollis 1020: 749:, it winters as far south as 471:: is found in southern Africa 60:, adult non-breeding plumage 2577: 2419:Journal of Field Ornithology 2389:10.1007/978-3-662-05957-9_13 1348: 1248: 1180:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. 809:Black-necked grebes courting 772: 324:. This grebe dives to catch 7: 2259:at Mono Lake, California". 1944:Bonner zoologische Beiträge 1657:Bochenski, Zygmunt (1961). 1328:World Bird List Version 7.3 939: 784: 366: 10: 3471: 2651:: Podicipediformes · 2347:10.1676/1559-4491-129.1.98 1492:(in Spanish and English). 1300:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions 964: 862: 825:The black-necked grebe is 671:Adult (right) and juvenile 2946: 2860: 2798: 2773: 2748: 2723: 2678: 2660: 2333:) from Great Salt Lake". 2092:10.1007/s10750-010-0596-x 1684:10.1080/00063656109475982 1414:Ted Floyd (27 May 2008). 1349:Ogilvie & Rose (2003) 1261:Jobling, James A (2010). 1249:Ogilvie & Rose (2003) 1222:Little, Brown and Company 1061:: e.T22696610A132584321. 989: 842:Museum Wiesbaden, Germany 614:, in non-breeding plumage 577:. The subspecies epithet 229: 220: 202: 195: 97:Scientific classification 95: 73: 64: 55: 46: 42:, adult breeding plumage 37: 28: 23: 2296:Journal of Avian Biology 1751:Journal of Avian Biology 713:Distribution and habitat 696:. The other subspecies, 449:, is found from western 3425:Birds described in 1831 698:P. n. gurneyi 461:, and in eastern Africa 302:P. n. gurneyi 298:P. n. gurneyi 949: 911:temperature decrease. 879: 844: 810: 672: 615: 563: 547: 517: 491: 393:Christian Ludwig Brehm 286:Christian Ludwig Brehm 3340:Paleobiology Database 2177:Jehl, Joseph (1988). 1573:10.2173/bow.eargre.01 1394:www.allaboutbirds.org 1186:10.2173/bow.eargre.01 1169:"Black-necked Grebe ( 947: 877: 839: 808: 777:This grebe is highly 670: 609: 590:John Henry Gurney Sr. 357:least concern species 277:) is a member of the 3397:Podiceps-nigricollis 3148:Fauna Europaea (new) 2978:Podiceps nigricollis 2948:Podiceps nigricollis 2822:(or Slavonian grebe) 2534:10.1128/AEM.00705-17 2383:. pp. 199–209. 2331:Podiceps nigricollis 2257:Podiceps nigricollis 2076:Podiceps nigricollis 1984:Podiceps nigricollis 1940:Podiceps nigricollis 1794:Podiceps nigricollis 1747:Podiceps nigricollis 1558:Podiceps nigricollis 1171:Podiceps nigricollis 1047:Podiceps nigricollis 798:, and various other 677: 653: 644: 636: 628: 403:suppressed the name 397:Podiceps nigricollis 274:Podiceps nigricollis 206:Podiceps nigricollis 2815:Great crested grebe 2580:Grebes of the World 2526:2017ApEnM..83E.705L 1988:Artemia franciscana 1901:2018Ecol...99..241L 1810:1968Ostri..39..242B 1675:1961BirdS...8....6B 1633:The Wilson Bulletin 919:Moult and migration 898:stages, as well as 827:socially monogamous 725:, Africa, northern 621:nominate subspecies 373:Carl Ludwig Hablitz 290:nominate subspecies 188:P. nigricollis 67:Conservation status 24:Black-necked grebe 3455:Cosmopolitan birds 2826:Black-necked grebe 2785:Hoary-headed grebe 2760:White-tufted grebe 2700:Australasian grebe 950: 880: 847:This grebe lays a 845: 811: 792:black-headed gulls 755:Gulf of California 673: 616: 485:The generic name, 475:P. n. californicus 265:black-necked grebe 256: Non-breeding 3407: 3406: 3327:Open Tree of Life 2940:Taxon identifiers 2885: 2884: 2790:New Zealand grebe 2735:Pied-billed grebe 2520:(14): e00705-17. 2398:978-3-642-07780-7 2308:10.1111/jav.01007 1838:Podiceps caspicus 1726:978-0-226-05781-1 1614:978-0-679-42852-7 1427:978-0-06-112040-4 1278:978-1-4081-2501-4 973:, avian cholera, 875: 480: 470: 444: 435:P. n. nigricollis 407:. The genus name 379:, from a bird in 377:Colymbus caspicus 261: 260: 90: 3462: 3400: 3399: 3387: 3386: 3374: 3373: 3361: 3360: 3348: 3347: 3335: 3334: 3322: 3321: 3309: 3308: 3296: 3295: 3283: 3282: 3270: 3269: 3267:NBNSYS0000000225 3257: 3256: 3244: 3243: 3231: 3230: 3218: 3217: 3205: 3204: 3192: 3191: 3179: 3178: 3169: 3168: 3156: 3155: 3143: 3142: 3130: 3129: 3117: 3116: 3104: 3103: 3091: 3090: 3078: 3077: 3065: 3064: 3052: 3051: 3042: 3041: 3029: 3028: 3016: 3015: 3006: 3005: 3003:32DCEC14D7AE129B 2993: 2992: 2982: 2981: 2980: 2967: 2966: 2965: 2935: 2934: 2926: 2925: 2924: 2914: 2913: 2902: 2901: 2893: 2828:(or eared grebe) 2810:Red-necked grebe 2705:Madagascar grebe 2695:Tricolored grebe 2655:: Podicipedidae) 2638: 2631: 2624: 2615: 2614: 2593: 2564: 2563: 2553: 2505: 2499: 2498: 2488: 2470: 2446: 2435: 2434: 2414: 2403: 2402: 2376: 2367: 2366: 2326: 2320: 2319: 2291: 2285: 2284: 2252: 2246: 2245: 2227: 2203: 2197: 2196: 2184: 2174: 2163: 2162: 2144: 2120: 2114: 2113: 2103: 2067: 2061: 2060: 2024: 2018: 2017: 1977: 1971: 1970: 1958: 1952: 1951: 1935: 1929: 1928: 1909:10.1002/ecy.2025 1884: 1878: 1877: 1859: 1831: 1822: 1821: 1789: 1783: 1782: 1742: 1731: 1730: 1710: 1689: 1688: 1686: 1654: 1641: 1640: 1628: 1619: 1618: 1598: 1592: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1562: 1550: 1541: 1540: 1521:10.1676/09-047.1 1504: 1498: 1497: 1487: 1477: 1471: 1470: 1451: 1432: 1431: 1411: 1405: 1404: 1402: 1400: 1386: 1380: 1379: 1361: 1352: 1346: 1340: 1339: 1337: 1335: 1316: 1310: 1309: 1307: 1305: 1289: 1283: 1282: 1258: 1252: 1246: 1240: 1239: 1211: 1205: 1204: 1202: 1200: 1175: 1163: 1120: 1119: 1108: 1102: 1101: 1089: 1080: 1079: 1077: 1075: 1070: 1040: 876: 840:Egg, Collection 831:brood parasitism 681: 657: 648: 640: 632: 576: 573: 570: 566: 560: 557: 554: 550: 544: 541: 538: 530: 527: 524: 520: 514: 511: 508: 504: 501: 498: 494: 479:(Heermann, 1854) 478: 468: 438: 405:C. caspicus 389:Erwin Stresemann 346:brood parasitism 322:foliage gleaning 255: 249: 243: 237: 225: 208: 154:Podicipediformes 105: 104: 84: 79: 78: 51: 33: 21: 20: 3470: 3469: 3465: 3464: 3463: 3461: 3460: 3459: 3450:Holarctic birds 3430:Birds of Africa 3410: 3409: 3408: 3403: 3395: 3390: 3382: 3377: 3369: 3364: 3356: 3351: 3343: 3338: 3330: 3325: 3317: 3312: 3304: 3301:Observation.org 3299: 3291: 3286: 3278: 3273: 3265: 3260: 3252: 3247: 3239: 3234: 3226: 3221: 3213: 3208: 3200: 3195: 3187: 3182: 3174: 3172: 3164: 3159: 3151: 3146: 3138: 3133: 3125: 3120: 3112: 3107: 3099: 3094: 3086: 3081: 3073: 3068: 3060: 3055: 3047: 3045: 3037: 3032: 3024: 3019: 3011: 3009: 3001: 2996: 2990: 2985: 2976: 2975: 2970: 2961: 2960: 2955: 2942: 2932: 2922: 2920: 2908: 2896: 2888: 2886: 2881: 2856: 2832:Colombian grebe 2794: 2769: 2744: 2719: 2674: 2656: 2642: 2611: 2601: 2596: 2590: 2573: 2568: 2567: 2506: 2502: 2447: 2438: 2415: 2406: 2399: 2381:Avian Migration 2377: 2370: 2327: 2323: 2292: 2288: 2253: 2249: 2225:10.2307/4089464 2204: 2200: 2193: 2175: 2166: 2142:10.2307/4087994 2121: 2117: 2068: 2064: 2041:10.2307/1367221 2025: 2021: 1978: 1974: 1959: 1955: 1936: 1932: 1885: 1881: 1857:10.2307/4081975 1832: 1825: 1790: 1786: 1763:10.2307/3677228 1743: 1734: 1727: 1711: 1692: 1655: 1644: 1629: 1622: 1615: 1599: 1595: 1585: 1583: 1551: 1544: 1505: 1501: 1485: 1478: 1474: 1452: 1435: 1428: 1412: 1408: 1398: 1396: 1388: 1387: 1383: 1376: 1362: 1355: 1347: 1343: 1333: 1331: 1317: 1313: 1303: 1301: 1290: 1286: 1279: 1259: 1255: 1247: 1243: 1236: 1212: 1208: 1198: 1196: 1164: 1123: 1109: 1105: 1090: 1083: 1073: 1071: 1041: 1028: 1023: 992: 979:West Nile virus 967: 942: 921: 867: 865: 787: 775: 763:Baja California 721:across Europe, 715: 706: 688:The subspecies 683: 659: 650: 642: 634: 604: 574: 571: 568: 558: 555: 552: 542: 539: 536: 528: 525: 522: 512: 509: 506: 502: 499: 496: 469:(Roberts, 1919) 428:Colombian grebe 381:Bandar-e Anzali 369: 257: 253: 251: 247: 245: 241: 239: 235: 216: 210: 204: 191: 99: 91: 80: 76: 69: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3468: 3458: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3440:Birds of Nepal 3437: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3401: 3388: 3375: 3362: 3349: 3336: 3323: 3310: 3297: 3284: 3271: 3258: 3245: 3232: 3219: 3206: 3193: 3180: 3170: 3157: 3144: 3135:Fauna Europaea 3131: 3118: 3105: 3092: 3079: 3066: 3053: 3043: 3030: 3017: 3007: 2994: 2983: 2968: 2952: 2950: 2944: 2943: 2931: 2930: 2918: 2906: 2883: 2882: 2880: 2879: 2874: 2868: 2866: 2858: 2857: 2855: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2823: 2817: 2812: 2806: 2804: 2796: 2795: 2793: 2792: 2787: 2781: 2779: 2771: 2770: 2768: 2767: 2765:Titicaca grebe 2762: 2756: 2754: 2746: 2745: 2743: 2742: 2737: 2731: 2729: 2721: 2720: 2718: 2717: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2686: 2684: 2676: 2675: 2668: 2666: 2658: 2657: 2641: 2640: 2633: 2626: 2618: 2609: 2608: 2600: 2599:External links 2597: 2595: 2594: 2588: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2565: 2500: 2436: 2425:(3): 471–476. 2404: 2397: 2368: 2321: 2302:(4): 465–471. 2286: 2267:(4): 483–491. 2247: 2218:(1): 178–183. 2198: 2191: 2164: 2135:(4): 649–659. 2115: 2086:(1): 163–171. 2062: 2035:(3): 389–397. 2019: 1972: 1953: 1930: 1895:(1): 241–243. 1879: 1850:(3): 290–311. 1823: 1804:(4): 242–252. 1784: 1732: 1725: 1690: 1642: 1620: 1613: 1593: 1556:"Eared Grebe ( 1542: 1515:(2): 217–227. 1499: 1472: 1463:Master of Arts 1433: 1426: 1406: 1381: 1374: 1353: 1351:, pp. 102–103. 1341: 1311: 1284: 1277: 1253: 1241: 1234: 1206: 1121: 1103: 1081: 1025: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1015:Gilan Province 991: 988: 975:avian botulism 966: 963: 941: 938: 920: 917: 864: 861: 786: 783: 774: 771: 714: 711: 705: 702: 603: 600: 483: 482: 472: 462: 455:temperate Asia 426:. The extinct 413:Robert Ridgway 368: 365: 259: 258: 252: 246: 244: Resident 240: 238: Breeding 234: 232:P. nigricollis 227: 226: 218: 217: 211: 200: 199: 193: 192: 185: 183: 179: 178: 171: 167: 166: 161: 157: 156: 151: 147: 146: 141: 137: 136: 131: 127: 126: 121: 117: 116: 111: 107: 106: 93: 92: 74: 71: 70: 65: 62: 61: 53: 52: 44: 43: 35: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3467: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3398: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3044: 3040: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3008: 3004: 2999: 2995: 2988: 2984: 2979: 2973: 2969: 2964: 2958: 2954: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2936: 2929: 2919: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2894: 2891: 2878: 2877:Clark's grebe 2875: 2873: 2872:Western grebe 2870: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2864: 2859: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2842:Silvery grebe 2840: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2802: 2797: 2791: 2788: 2786: 2783: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2777: 2776:Poliocephalus 2772: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2752: 2747: 2741: 2740:Atitlán grebe 2738: 2736: 2733: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2727: 2722: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2710:Alaotra grebe 2708: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2682: 2677: 2673: 2672: 2667: 2665: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2639: 2634: 2632: 2627: 2625: 2620: 2619: 2616: 2612: 2606: 2603: 2602: 2591: 2589:1-872842-03-8 2585: 2581: 2576: 2575: 2561: 2557: 2552: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2504: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2455:PLOS Currents 2452: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2400: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2375: 2373: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2341:(1): 98–111. 2340: 2336: 2332: 2325: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2290: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2251: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2202: 2194: 2192:0-935868-39-9 2188: 2183: 2182: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2119: 2111: 2107: 2102: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2080:Hydrobiologia 2077: 2073: 2066: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2023: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1976: 1968: 1964: 1963:British Birds 1957: 1950:(3): 350–361. 1949: 1945: 1941: 1934: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1883: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1839: 1830: 1828: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1788: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1728: 1722: 1718: 1717: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1685: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1647: 1639:(3): 390–399. 1638: 1634: 1627: 1625: 1616: 1610: 1606: 1605: 1597: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1561: 1559: 1549: 1547: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1503: 1495: 1491: 1483: 1476: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1457: 1450: 1448: 1446: 1444: 1442: 1440: 1438: 1429: 1423: 1419: 1418: 1410: 1395: 1391: 1385: 1377: 1375:0-19-854099-X 1371: 1367: 1360: 1358: 1350: 1345: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1315: 1299: 1295: 1288: 1280: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1265: 1257: 1250: 1245: 1237: 1235:9780665056529 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1218: 1210: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1172: 1162: 1160: 1158: 1156: 1154: 1152: 1150: 1148: 1146: 1144: 1142: 1140: 1138: 1136: 1134: 1132: 1130: 1128: 1126: 1117: 1116: 1107: 1099: 1095: 1088: 1086: 1069: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1055: 1050: 1048: 1039: 1037: 1035: 1033: 1031: 1026: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1011:avian cholera 1008: 1004: 999: 997: 987: 985: 980: 976: 972: 962: 958: 956: 946: 937: 934: 929: 927: 916: 912: 909: 905: 901: 897: 892: 890: 886: 860: 856: 852: 850: 843: 838: 834: 832: 828: 823: 819: 817: 807: 803: 801: 797: 793: 782: 780: 770: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 727:South America 724: 720: 710: 704:Vocalizations 701: 699: 695: 691: 686: 682: 669: 665: 661: 658: 649: 641: 633: 626: 622: 613: 608: 599: 597: 592: 591: 588: 587:ornithologist 584: 580: 565: 549: 535:is Latin for 534: 519: 493: 488: 476: 473: 466: 465:P. n. gurneyi 463: 460: 456: 452: 448: 442: 436: 433: 432: 431: 429: 425: 421: 420:silvery grebe 416: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 364: 362: 358: 354: 349: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 317: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 280: 276: 275: 270: 266: 250: Passage 233: 228: 224: 219: 214: 209: 207: 201: 198: 197:Binomial name 194: 190: 189: 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Black-necked grebe

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