537:
2590:
54:
731:
416:. The body usually consists of 19 segments, the first 11 of which have pairs of appendages, the next two which are often fused together carry the reproductive organs, and the last segments lead to the tail. The total length is usually about 8–10 millimetres (0.31–0.39 in) for the adult male and 10–12 mm (0.39–0.47 in) for the female, but the width of both sexes, including the legs, is about 4 mm (0.16 in).
31:
802:
2383:
758:
I (the nauplii that just hatched and with large yolk reserves in their body) and instar II nauplii (the nauplii after first moult and with functional digestive tracts) are more widely used in aquaculture, because they are easy for operation, rich in nutrients, and small, which makes them suitable for
482:
that can protect them from predators. Physiologically, optimal levels of salinity are about 30–35‰, but due to predators at these salt levels, brine shrimp seldom occur in natural habitats at salinities of less than 60–80‰. Locomotion is achieved by the rhythmic beating of the appendages acting in
981:
and vibrated mechanically from side to side for several minutes so that they could experience the same violence of a rocket take-off. About 400 eggs were in each experimental group. All the egg cysts from the experiment were then placed in salt water to hatch under optimum conditions. The results
507:
markedly enlarged, and modified into clasping organs used in mating. Adult female brine shrimp ovulate approximately every 140 hours. In favourable conditions, the female brine shrimp can produce eggs that almost immediately hatch. While in extreme conditions, such as low oxygen level or salinity
1980:
De Vos, Stephanie; Rombauts, Stephane; Coussement, Louis; Dermauw, Wannes; Vuylsteke, Marnik; Sorgeloos, Patrick; Clegg, James S.; Nambu, Ziro; Van
Nieuwerburgh, Filip; Norouzitallab, Parisa; Van Leeuwen, Thomas (2021-08-31).
524:(−190 °C or −310 °F) and a small percentage can survive above boiling temperature (105 °C or 221 °F) for up to two hours. Once placed in briny (salt) water, the eggs hatch within a few hours. The
749:
owners search for a cost-effective, easy to use, and available food that is preferred by the fish. From cysts, brine shrimp nauplii can readily be used to feed fish and crustacean larvae just after a one-day
841:
in Iran. Once abundant, the species has drastically declined due to drought, leading to fears that it was almost extinct. However, a second population of this species has recently been discovered in the
1533:
Maniatsi, Stefania; Baxevanis, Athanasios D.; Kappas, Ilias; Deligiannidis, Panagiotis; Triantafyllidis, Alexander; Papakostas, Spiros; Bougiouklis, Dimitrios; Abatzopoulos, Theodore J. (2011-02-01).
450:
may control some regulation or synchronisation of these functions. Autotomy, the voluntary shedding or dropping of parts of the body for defence, is also controlled locally along the nervous system.
576:
reproduce by automictic parthenogenesis with central fusion (see diagram) and low but nonzero recombination. Central fusion of two of the haploid products of meiosis (see diagram) tends to maintain
563:
is a form of thelytoky, but there are different kinds of automixis. The kind of automixis relevant here is one in which two haploid products from the same meiosis combine to form a diploid
718:-based salt excretion strategy resembling salt excretion strategies of plants, as well as several survival strategies for extreme environments it has in common with the extremophilic
487:
287:, with an example called by an Iranian geographer an "aquatic dog", although the first unambiguous record is the report and drawings made by Schlösser in 1757 of animals from
789:
of mammals in the laboratory. The fact that millions of brine shrimp are so easily reared has been an important help in assessing the effects of a large number of
2041:
516:
inactive and can remain in total stasis for two years while in dry oxygen-free conditions, even at temperatures below freezing. This characteristic is called
2334:
H. Bücker & G. Horneck (1975). "The biological effectiveness of HZE-particles of cosmic radiation studied in the Apollo 16 and 17 Biostack experiments".
462:, is situated anteriorly in the centre of the head and is the only functional optical sense organ in the nauplii, which is functional until the adult stage.
2237:
229:
187:
208:
1912:"Transcriptomic analysis elucidates the molecular processes associated with hydrogen peroxide-induced diapause termination in Artemia-encysted embryos"
2108:
Muñoz J; Gómez A; Green AJ; Figuerola J (Branchiopoda: Anostraca) (2008). "Phylogeography and local endemism of the native
Mediterranean brine shrimp
833:
446:
For brine shrimp, many functions, including swimming, digestion and reproduction are not controlled through the brain; instead, local nervous system
215:
201:
3273:
222:
899:
303:
are able to avoid cohabiting with most types of predators, such as fish, by their ability to live in waters of very high salinity (up to 25%).
584:. Low crossover recombination during meiosis likely restrains the transition from heterozygosity to homozygosity over successive generations.
3312:
3038:
1008:"Phylogenetic analysis of problematic Asian species of Artemia Leach, 1819 (Crustacea, Anostraca), with the descriptions of two new species"
2394:
1792:
Yi, Xianliang; Zhang, Keke; Liu, Renyan; Giesy, John P.; Li, Zhaochuan; Li, Wentao; Zhan, Jingjing; Liu, Lifen; Gong, Yufeng (2020-01-01).
1031:"Updating historical record on brine shrimp Artemia (Crustacea: Anostraca) from Urmia Lake (Iran) in the first half of the 10th century AD"
1910:
Chen, Bonien; Chu, Tah-Wei; Chiu, Kuohsun; Hong, Ming-Chang; Wu, Tsung-Meng; Ma, Jui-Wen; Liang, Chih-Ming; Wang, Wei-Kuang (2021-02-19).
1499:
1030:
2293:
1794:"Transcriptomic responses of Artemia salina exposed to an environmentally relevant dose of Alexandrium minutum cells or Gonyautoxin2/3"
1342:
883:
822:
of the
Americas has been widely introduced to places outside its native range and is often able to outcompete local species, such as
3247:
2973:
902:'s policy, and the US Fish and Wildlife Service found on 7 September 1995 that the Mono Lake brine shrimp did not warrant listing.
3286:
3012:
2294:"Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; 12-Month Finding for a Petition to List the Mono Lake Brine Shrimp as Endangered"
871:
1574:
Vos, Stephanie De; Bossier, Peter; Stappen, Gilbert Van; Vercauteren, Ilse; Sorgeloos, Patrick; Vuylsteke, Marnik (2013-03-04).
812:
Overall, brine shrimp are abundant, but some populations and localized species do face threats, especially from habitat loss to
458:
mounted on flexible stalks. These compound eyes are the main optical sense organ in adult brine shrimps. The median eye, or the
2492:
1368:
Greta E. Tyson & Michael L. Sullivan (1980). "Scanning electron microscopy of the frontal knobs of the male brine shrimp".
1322:
1280:
1211:
2423:
3291:
3017:
785:, the brine shrimp, has had extensive use as a test organism and in some circumstances is an acceptable alternative to the
322:. The cysts may be stored indefinitely and hatched on demand to provide a convenient form of live feed for larval fish and
2214:
1576:"A first AFLP-Based Genetic Linkage Map for Brine Shrimp Artemia franciscana and Its Application in Mapping the Sex Locus"
894:
in Mono Lake. Despite the presence of trillions of brine shrimp in the lake, the petition contended that the increase in
559:
is a particular form of parthenogenesis in which the development of a female individual occurs from an unfertilised egg.
2052:
1643:"Construction of a high-density genetic linkage map and QTL mapping for sex and growth traits in Artemia franciscana"
2952:
3351:
3226:
3087:
3317:
1070:
3389:
3239:
3043:
2965:
2455:
2276:
1413:
483:
pairs. Respiration occurs on the surface of the legs through fibrous, feather-like plates (lamellar epipodites).
1535:"Is polyploidy a persevering accident or an adaptive evolutionary pattern? The case of the brine shrimp Artemia"
2238:"A note on the biogeographical origin of the brine shrimp Artemia urmiana Günther, 1899 from Urmia Lake, Iran"
3299:
3025:
774:
for use in toxicological assays, despite the recognition that it is too robust an organism to be a sensitive
394:
The
Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center at Ghent University possesses the largest known
376:
comprises a group of seven to nine species very likely to have diverged from an ancestral form living in the
1264:
morphology and structure". In T. J. Abatzopoulos; J. A. Breardmore; J. S. Clegg & P. Sorgerloos (eds.).
664:. The past years, different transcriptomic studies have been performed to elucidate biological responses in
1983:"The genome of the extremophile Artemia provides insight into strategies to cope with extreme environments"
734:
1856:
1793:
1697:
1642:
3156:
3143:
2999:
2882:
2869:
741:
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do not feed but consume their own energy reserves stored in the cyst. Wild brine shrimp eat microscopic
3161:
2887:
2485:
2048:
1272:
3343:
3079:
3384:
3356:
3092:
3053:
2175:"New distribution record of the brine shrimp Artemia (Crustacea, Branchiopoda, Anostraca) in Tunisia"
1507:
1177:
Research and its
Applications. Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on the Brine Shrimp
388:
53:
2387:
1696:
De Vos, S.; Van
Stappen, G.; Sorgeloos, P.; Vuylsteke, M.; Rombauts, S.; Bossier, P. (2019-02-01).
1403:
O. Nougué; N. O. Rode; R. Jabbour-Zahab; A. Ségard; L.-M. Chevin; C. R. Haag; T. Lenormand (2015).
572:
237:
299:
populations are found worldwide, typically in inland saltwater lakes, but occasionally in oceans.
2778:
1045:
950:
10, and Foton 11 flights. Some of the
Russian flights carried European Space Agency experiments.
863:
695:
2406:
1314:
1304:
334:
constitute the most widely used food item, and over 2,000 metric tons (2,200 short tons) of dry
2809:
1855:
Zhang, Yulong; Wang, Di; Zhang, Zao; Wang, Zhangping; Zhang, Daochuan; Yin, Hong (2018-10-01).
1753:"Tolerance at the genetic level of the brine shrimp Artemia salina to a wide range of salinity"
1511:
1125:
879:
536:
1300:
714:
in high salt and low oxygen environments. These adaptations include a unique energy-intensive
520:, meaning "hidden life". While in cryptobiosis, brine shrimp eggs can survive temperatures of
3278:
2478:
2172:
1857:"Transcriptome analysis of Artemia sinica in response to Micrococcus lysodeikticus infection"
1463:
843:
581:
431:
of chitin to which muscles are attached internally and which is shed periodically. In female
3330:
3195:
3134:
3066:
2921:
2856:
2345:
2121:
2107:
1923:
1805:
1709:
1654:
1587:
1472:
1346:
377:
156:
1310:
898:
would endanger them. The threat to the lake's water levels was addressed by a revision to
8:
867:
818:
173:
2349:
2125:
1927:
1809:
1713:
1658:
1591:
1476:
1204:
Genomic tools and sex determination in the extremophile brine shrimp
Artemia franciscana
3379:
2268:
2155:
2090:
2017:
1982:
1954:
1911:
1892:
1837:
1768:
1733:
1678:
1618:
1575:
1385:
1301:"Halotolerant life in feast or famine (a source of hydrocarbons and a fixer of metals)"
966:
813:
618:
351:
48:
1817:
1721:
1666:
1484:
338:
cysts are marketed worldwide annually with most of the cysts being harvested from the
3325:
3182:
3061:
2908:
2847:
2589:
2361:
2357:
2336:
2260:
2196:
2147:
2133:
2022:
2004:
1959:
1941:
1884:
1876:
1841:
1829:
1821:
1772:
1725:
1682:
1670:
1623:
1605:
1556:
1451:
1432:
1318:
1276:
1207:
1184:
1129:
1007:
962:
947:
775:
691:
504:
2315:
H. Planel; Y. Gaubin; R. Kaiser; B. Pianezzi (1980). "The effects of cosmic rays on
2272:
2159:
2094:
1896:
1737:
346:
makes them ideal animals for running biological toxicity assays and it has become a
2913:
2579:
2353:
2252:
2186:
2137:
2129:
2082:
2012:
1994:
1949:
1931:
1868:
1813:
1760:
1717:
1662:
1613:
1595:
1546:
1480:
1422:
1377:
891:
786:
525:
479:
327:
269:
3148:
2451:
3187:
3119:
2686:
2663:
2569:
2559:
2549:
2470:
2435:
1936:
1600:
1237:
687:
646:
544:
339:
3304:
3030:
2861:
1764:
1551:
1534:
3234:
3221:
2960:
2947:
2874:
2768:
2751:
2574:
2554:
2256:
2086:
1999:
1641:
Han, Xuekai; Ren, Yizhuo; Ouyang, Xuemei; Zhang, Bo; Sui, Liying (2021-07-15).
919:
854:
824:
771:
347:
311:
194:
180:
39:
1872:
1698:"Identification of salt stress response genes using the Artemia transcriptome"
3373:
2832:
2746:
2714:
2678:
2200:
2008:
1945:
1880:
1825:
1729:
1674:
1609:
1133:
977:, one control group of egg cysts was accelerated to seven times the force of
676:
597:
552:
478:
to 250‰ (25–250 g/L), with an optimal range of 60‰–100‰, and occupy the
3004:
1402:
1241:
1188:
1147:
2709:
2650:
2632:
2502:
2365:
2264:
2151:
2026:
1963:
1888:
1833:
1627:
1560:
1436:
974:
746:
707:
657:
517:
459:
455:
95:
2173:
Hachem Ben Naceur; Amel Ben Rejeb
Jenhani; Mohamed Salah Romdhane (2009).
3260:
3128:
2986:
2841:
2668:
990:
induced to develop from hit eggs died at different developmental stages.
943:
911:
730:
715:
428:
360:
319:
264:
3174:
2900:
858:, the species commonly known as Mono Lake brine shrimp, can be found in
580:
in transmission of the genome from mother to offspring, and to minimise
402:
population samples collected from different locations around the world.
2978:
2763:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2606:
2598:
2564:
2526:
2142:
1389:
1089:
970:
958:
935:
915:
838:
719:
521:
513:
323:
280:
255:
2314:
1427:
1404:
3265:
3208:
2991:
2934:
2790:
2785:
2773:
2726:
2704:
2696:
2658:
2640:
2619:
2536:
2520:
2191:
2174:
927:
923:
859:
790:
560:
556:
547:
is a natural form of reproduction in which growth and development of
440:
413:
409:
382:
288:
115:
105:
85:
65:
3252:
2803:
2068:
1532:
1381:
603:. Cultured brine shrimp can also be fed particulate foods including
486:
3213:
3169:
3113:
2939:
2895:
2826:
2756:
1695:
887:
751:
669:
643:
622:
577:
540:
The effects of central fusion and terminal fusion on heterozygosity
528:
larvae are less than 0.4 mm in length when they first hatch.
471:
447:
30:
2069:
L. Lewan; M. Anderrson & P. Morales-Gomez (1992). "The use of
1752:
1183:. Vol. 1. Wetteren, Belgium: Universa Press. pp. 61–99.
1181:, organised under the patronage of His Majesty the King of Belgium
1172:". In P. Sorgerloo; D. A. Bengtson; W. Decleir; E. Jasper (eds.).
2719:
1367:
978:
847:
801:
639:
615:
509:
436:
292:
2235:
427:, and abdomen. The entire body is covered with a thin, flexible
2612:
2514:
2382:
1979:
1449:
987:
939:
931:
755:
703:
683:
672:
termination. These studies also led to various fully assembled
653:
564:
548:
512:
which has a brown colour. These eggs, also known as cysts, are
424:
75:
2926:
793:
on the shrimps under well controlled experimental conditions.
3338:
3074:
668:, such as its response to salt stress, toxins, infection and
611:
608:
604:
600:
475:
3200:
1573:
2323:. Report for National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
954:
699:
412:
with a segmented body to which is attached broad leaf-like
284:
1028:
986:
eggs are highly sensitive to cosmic radiation; 90% of the
2039:
1168:
F. A. Abreu-Grobois (1987). "A review of the genetics of
759:
feeding fish and crustacean larvae live or after drying.
630:
279:
dates back to the first half of the 10th century AD from
1259:
1075:
more than one thousand years ago from Urmia Lake, Iran"
895:
454:
have two types of eyes. They have two widely separated
953:
On Apollo 16 and Apollo 17, the cysts traveled to the
1975:
1973:
1231:
961:
that passed through an egg would be detected on the
694:, revealing a genome containing an unequaled 58% of
508:
above 150‰, female brine shrimp produce eggs with a
2333:
1167:
918:on life. Brine shrimp cysts were flown on the U.S.
398:cyst collection, a cyst bank containing over 1,700
358:are sold as novelty gifts under the marketing name
2500:
1854:
1370:Transactions of the American Microscopical Society
965:in its container. Some eggs were kept on Earth as
910:Scientists have taken the eggs of brine shrimp to
275:. The first historical record of the existence of
1970:
1640:
1450:P. Sorgeloos; P. Dhert & P. Candreva (2001).
1306:Evaporites: Sediments, Resources and Hydrocarbons
969:as part of the tests. Also, as the take-off in a
3371:
2236:Eimanifar A; Asem A; Djamali M; Wink M (2016).
1909:
1791:
1115:
652:populations consisting of different clones and
503:Males differ from females by having the second
1298:
1148:"Introduction, biology and ecology of Artemia"
900:California State Water Resources Control Board
2486:
2452:"Brine Shrimp and Ecology of Great Salt Lake"
1345:. Clinton High School Science. Archived from
1497:
1396:
1340:
1068:
1005:
2421:
1082:Journal of Biological Research-Thessaloniki
2493:
2479:
2166:
29:
2190:
2141:
2016:
1998:
1953:
1935:
1751:Lee, Junmo; Park, Jong Soo (2020-10-13).
1617:
1599:
1550:
1426:
1294:
1292:
1236:. St. Louis, Missouri: C. V. Mosby.
884:Los Angeles Department of Water and Power
878:to the endangered species list under the
1260:R. J. Criel & H. T. Macrae (2002). "
1122:for Marine Aquaculture: a Training Guide
1038:International Journal of Aquatic Science
800:
729:
535:
485:
470:Brine shrimp can tolerate any levels of
342:in Utah. In addition, the resilience of
235:Parthenogenetic populations also called
2215:"Lake Urumia's Artemia Face Extinction"
1750:
872:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
831:Among the highly localized species are
465:
3372:
2040:Micharl Dockey & Stephen Tonkins.
1289:
1201:
882:(1973). The diversion of water by the
631:Genetics, genomics and transcriptomics
43:mating pair – female left, male right
2808:
2807:
2474:
2217:. Financial Tribune. 28 December 2014
1539:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1361:
1336:
1334:
1029:Alireza Asem; Amin Eimanifar (2016).
592:In their first stage of development,
3344:F85F87BA-FF8C-FF8D-11CF-38A3A1E0FADF
3240:54e6f2a7-95a9-42a4-8032-e4caec4ba9e4
3080:FB7FA973-590A-FFA6-56C1-FC1D3F9AB758
3054:a5a50df1-c3f0-46a2-bccc-bf7742a757b6
2966:d5a3778e-5d03-411e-ac1c-8676cf97fdb9
1409:: solving a century-old controversy"
1255:
1253:
1251:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1111:
1109:
2327:
2308:
2062:
2033:
1071:"Historical record on brine shrimp
905:
13:
2075:Alternatives to Laboratory Animals
1491:
1456:spp., in marine fish larviculture"
1443:
1331:
531:
310:to produce dormant eggs, known as
14:
3401:
2422:Richard Fox (February 13, 2004).
2405:. The Taxonomicon. Archived from
2375:
1818:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124661
1722:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.09.067
1667:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.736692
1248:
1220:
1161:
1106:
1062:
866:. In 1987, Dennis D. Murphy from
2588:
2381:
2134:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03818.x
1498:Kai Schumann (August 10, 1997).
762:
638:comprises sexually reproducing,
52:
2456:United States Geological Survey
2286:
2229:
2207:
2101:
1903:
1861:Fish & Shellfish Immunology
1848:
1785:
1744:
1689:
1634:
1567:
1526:
1414:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
796:
498:
1195:
1140:
1022:
999:
973:involves a lot of shaking and
725:
706:and adaptations unique to the
367:
314:, has led to extensive use of
268:. It is the only genus in the
1:
1485:10.1016/s0044-8486(01)00698-6
1232:Cleveland P. Hickman (1967).
1012:Journal of Crustacean Biology
993:
930:missions, and on the Russian
828:in the Mediterranean region.
2358:10.1016/0094-5765(75)90095-8
2112:(Branchiopoda: Anostraca)".
1937:10.1371/journal.pone.0247160
1601:10.1371/journal.pone.0057585
735:San Francisco Bay Salt Ponds
16:Genus of aquatic crustaceans
7:
1552:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.029
1269:: Basic and Applied Biology
1206:. Ghent: UGent. p. 3.
742:Aquaculture of brine shrimp
10:
3408:
2257:10.11646/zootaxa.4097.2.12
2087:10.1177/026119299202000222
2049:British Ecological Society
2000:10.1186/s12864-021-07937-z
1452:"Use of the brine shrimp,
1273:Kluwer Academic Publishers
1202:De Vos, Stephanie (2014).
739:
3103:
2816:
2695:
2677:
2649:
2631:
2597:
2586:
2535:
2509:
2304:(173): 46571–46572. 1995.
1873:10.1016/j.fsi.2018.06.033
1765:10.21203/rs.3.rs-91049/v1
1508:Portland State University
1088:: 113–114. Archived from
389:Messinian salinity crisis
387:, around the time of the
169:
164:
49:Scientific classification
47:
37:
28:
23:
1234:Biology of Invertebrates
1116:Martin Daintith (1996).
791:environmental pollutants
660:have been published for
573:Artemia parthenogenetica
354:of chemicals. Breeds of
238:Artemia parthenogenetica
1504:(Brine Shrimp) FAQ 1.1"
1299:John K. Warren (2006).
864:Mono County, California
587:
408:is a typical primitive
385: million years ago
3390:Taxa described in 1757
2428:Laboratory Exercise –
2073:in toxicity testing".
2042:"Brine shrimp ecology"
1757:www.researchsquare.com
1126:University of Tasmania
914:to test the impact of
880:Endangered Species Act
809:
781:In pollution research
737:
541:
495:
423:is divided into head,
254:is a genus of aquatic
1069:Alireza Asem (2008).
1044:: 1–5. Archived from
1006:Alireza Asem (2023).
967:experimental controls
890:and concentration of
844:Koyashskoye Salt Lake
804:
733:
656:(2n->5n). Several
582:inbreeding depression
539:
489:
3235:Fauna Europaea (new)
2961:Fauna Europaea (new)
2403:Systema Naturae 2000
2390:at Wikimedia Commons
2321:Laboratoire Médicale
1349:on September 3, 2010
702:with unusually long
642:species and several
466:Ecology and behavior
330:of the brine shrimp
2430:Artemia franciscana
2350:1975AcAau...2..247B
2126:2008MolEc..17.3160M
1928:2021PLoSO..1647160C
1810:2020Chmsp.23824661Y
1714:2019Aquac.500..305D
1659:2021Aquac.54036692H
1592:2013PLoSO...857585D
1477:2001Aquac.200..147S
886:resulted in rising
868:Stanford University
306:The ability of the
174:Artemia franciscana
2501:Families of class
1514:on August 14, 2007
1341:Whitey Hitchcock.
814:introduced species
810:
738:
542:
496:
230:Artemia sorgeloosi
188:Artemia persimilis
3367:
3366:
3326:Open Tree of Life
3062:Open Tree of Life
2810:Taxon identifiers
2801:
2800:
2570:Streptocephalidae
2438:on April 23, 2006
2409:on March 13, 2010
2386:Media related to
2337:Acta Astronautica
2120:(13): 3160–3177.
1428:10.1111/jeb.12757
1324:978-3-540-26011-0
1282:978-1-4020-0746-0
1275:. pp. 1–33.
1213:978-90-5989-717-5
963:photographic film
776:indicator species
770:found favor as a
372:The brine shrimp
350:used to test the
247:
246:
209:Artemia tibetiana
160:
141:
3397:
3385:Space-flown life
3360:
3359:
3347:
3346:
3334:
3333:
3321:
3320:
3308:
3307:
3305:NBNSYS0000159435
3295:
3294:
3282:
3281:
3269:
3268:
3256:
3255:
3243:
3242:
3230:
3229:
3217:
3216:
3204:
3203:
3191:
3190:
3178:
3177:
3165:
3164:
3152:
3151:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3096:
3095:
3083:
3082:
3070:
3069:
3057:
3056:
3047:
3046:
3034:
3033:
3031:NHMSYS0001593214
3021:
3020:
3008:
3007:
2995:
2994:
2982:
2981:
2969:
2968:
2956:
2955:
2943:
2942:
2930:
2929:
2917:
2916:
2904:
2903:
2891:
2890:
2878:
2877:
2865:
2864:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2805:
2804:
2592:
2580:Thamnocephalidae
2495:
2488:
2481:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2434:. Archived from
2418:
2416:
2414:
2385:
2370:
2369:
2344:(3–4): 247–264.
2331:
2325:
2324:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2298:Federal Register
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2275:. Archived from
2242:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2194:
2192:10.15560/5.2.281
2170:
2164:
2163:
2145:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2051:. Archived from
2046:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2020:
2002:
1977:
1968:
1967:
1957:
1939:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1621:
1603:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1554:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1510:. Archived from
1495:
1489:
1488:
1471:(1–2): 147–159.
1460:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1430:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1338:
1329:
1328:
1296:
1287:
1286:
1257:
1246:
1245:
1229:
1218:
1217:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1113:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1094:
1079:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1050:
1035:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1003:
906:Space experiment
892:sodium hydroxide
787:toxicity testing
679:. Recently, the
480:ecological niche
386:
155:
140:Grochowski, 1895
139:
57:
56:
33:
21:
20:
3407:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3355:
3350:
3342:
3337:
3329:
3324:
3316:
3311:
3303:
3298:
3290:
3285:
3277:
3272:
3264:
3259:
3251:
3246:
3238:
3233:
3225:
3220:
3212:
3207:
3199:
3194:
3186:
3181:
3173:
3168:
3160:
3155:
3147:
3142:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3099:
3091:
3086:
3078:
3073:
3065:
3060:
3052:
3050:
3042:
3037:
3029:
3024:
3016:
3011:
3003:
2998:
2990:
2985:
2977:
2972:
2964:
2959:
2951:
2946:
2938:
2933:
2925:
2920:
2912:
2907:
2899:
2894:
2886:
2881:
2873:
2868:
2860:
2855:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2812:
2802:
2797:
2715:Pseudopenilidae
2691:
2687:Cyclestheriidae
2673:
2664:Leptestheriidae
2645:
2627:
2593:
2584:
2560:Chirocephalidae
2550:Branchinectidae
2531:
2505:
2499:
2461:
2459:
2450:
2441:
2439:
2412:
2410:
2393:
2378:
2373:
2332:
2328:
2313:
2309:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2279:
2240:
2234:
2230:
2220:
2218:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2171:
2167:
2106:
2102:
2067:
2063:
2055:
2044:
2038:
2034:
1978:
1971:
1922:(2): e0247160.
1908:
1904:
1853:
1849:
1790:
1786:
1777:
1775:
1749:
1745:
1694:
1690:
1639:
1635:
1572:
1568:
1531:
1527:
1517:
1515:
1496:
1492:
1458:
1448:
1444:
1421:(12): 2337–48.
1401:
1397:
1382:10.2307/3225702
1366:
1362:
1352:
1350:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1297:
1290:
1283:
1258:
1249:
1230:
1221:
1214:
1200:
1196:
1166:
1162:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1114:
1107:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1077:
1067:
1063:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1033:
1027:
1023:
1004:
1000:
996:
908:
870:petitioned the
816:. For example,
799:
765:
744:
728:
647:parthenogenetic
633:
590:
545:Parthenogenesis
534:
532:Parthenogenesis
510:chorion coating
501:
468:
439:precedes every
381:
370:
340:Great Salt Lake
216:Artemia urmiana
154:
138:
51:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3405:
3404:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3348:
3335:
3322:
3309:
3296:
3283:
3270:
3257:
3244:
3231:
3222:Fauna Europaea
3218:
3205:
3192:
3179:
3166:
3153:
3140:
3125:
3109:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3084:
3071:
3058:
3048:
3035:
3022:
3009:
2996:
2983:
2970:
2957:
2948:Fauna Europaea
2944:
2931:
2918:
2905:
2892:
2879:
2866:
2853:
2838:
2822:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2769:Cercopagididae
2761:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2752:Macrotrichidae
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2701:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2683:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2637:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2616:
2603:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2575:Tanymastigidae
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2555:Branchipodidae
2552:
2547:
2541:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2498:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2458:. May 15, 2009
2448:
2419:
2391:
2377:
2376:External links
2374:
2372:
2371:
2326:
2307:
2285:
2282:on 2020-02-10.
2251:(2): 294–300.
2228:
2206:
2185:(2): 281–288.
2165:
2110:Artemia salina
2100:
2081:(2): 297–301.
2071:Artemia salina
2061:
2058:on 2009-07-08.
2032:
1969:
1902:
1847:
1784:
1743:
1688:
1633:
1566:
1545:(2): 353–364.
1525:
1490:
1442:
1405:"Automixis in
1395:
1376:(2): 167–172.
1360:
1343:"Brine shrimp"
1330:
1323:
1288:
1281:
1247:
1219:
1212:
1194:
1160:
1139:
1105:
1061:
1021:
997:
995:
992:
920:Biosatellite 2
907:
904:
819:A. franciscana
806:Artemia monica
798:
795:
772:model organism
764:
761:
740:Main article:
727:
724:
677:transcriptomes
632:
629:
589:
586:
578:heterozygosity
551:occur without
533:
530:
500:
497:
467:
464:
369:
366:
348:model organism
258:also known as
245:
244:
243:
242:
233:
226:
219:
212:
205:
202:Artemia sinica
198:
195:Artemia salina
191:
184:
181:Artemia monica
177:
167:
166:
162:
161:
147:
143:
142:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
63:
59:
58:
45:
44:
40:Artemia salina
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3403:
3402:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3130:
3126:
3121:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2854:
2849:
2843:
2839:
2834:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2747:Ilyocryptidae
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2679:Cyclestherida
2676:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2565:Parartemiidae
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2528:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2496:
2491:
2489:
2484:
2482:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2437:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2420:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2330:
2322:
2318:
2311:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2232:
2216:
2210:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1976:
1974:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1788:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1637:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1586:(3): e57585.
1585:
1581:
1577:
1570:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1503:
1494:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1457:
1455:
1446:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1408:
1399:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1335:
1326:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1295:
1293:
1284:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1215:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1164:
1149:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1118:Rotifers and
1112:
1110:
1095:on 2016-12-01
1091:
1087:
1083:
1076:
1074:
1065:
1051:on 2016-04-01
1047:
1043:
1039:
1032:
1025:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1002:
998:
991:
989:
985:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
951:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
903:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
856:
851:
849:
845:
840:
836:
835:
829:
827:
826:
821:
820:
815:
807:
803:
794:
792:
788:
784:
779:
777:
773:
769:
763:Toxicity test
760:
757:
753:
748:
743:
736:
732:
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
708:extremophilic
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
682:
678:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
648:
645:
641:
637:
628:
626:
624:
620:
617:
613:
610:
606:
602:
599:
595:
585:
583:
579:
575:
574:
568:
566:
562:
558:
554:
553:fertilisation
550:
546:
538:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
514:metabolically
511:
506:
493:
488:
484:
481:
477:
473:
463:
461:
457:
456:compound eyes
453:
449:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
401:
397:
392:
390:
384:
379:
378:Mediterranean
375:
365:
363:
362:
357:
353:
349:
345:
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24:Brine shrimp
22:
19:
3104:
2817:
2791:Leptodoridae
2779:Polyphemidae
2710:Holopediidae
2651:Spinicaudata
2633:Laevicaudata
2618:
2611:
2544:
2503:Branchiopoda
2460:. Retrieved
2440:. Retrieved
2436:the original
2429:
2425:
2411:. Retrieved
2407:the original
2402:
2396:
2341:
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2320:
2319:egg cysts".
2316:
2310:
2301:
2297:
2288:
2277:the original
2248:
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2209:
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2113:
2109:
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2053:the original
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1987:BMC Genomics
1986:
1919:
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1905:
1864:
1860:
1850:
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1756:
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1512:the original
1501:
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1041:
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983:
975:acceleration
952:
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797:Conservation
782:
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680:
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658:genetic maps
649:
635:
634:
627:
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569:
543:
518:cryptobiosis
502:
499:Reproduction
491:
469:
460:naupliar eye
451:
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260:brine shrimp
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96:Branchiopoda
38:
18:
3261:iNaturalist
3129:Wikispecies
2987:iNaturalist
2842:Wikispecies
2669:Limnadiidae
2143:10261/37169
1798:Chemosphere
1708:: 305–314.
1702:Aquaculture
1647:Aquaculture
1464:Aquaculture
1313:. pp.
959:Cosmic rays
944:Cosmos 1129
912:outer space
726:Aquaculture
716:endocytosis
429:exoskeleton
380:area about
368:Description
361:Sea-Monkeys
324:crustaceans
320:aquaculture
265:sea monkeys
256:crustaceans
106:Sarsostraca
3374:Categories
3149:Artemiidae
3135:Artemiidae
3105:Artemiidae
2764:Onychopoda
2742:Daphniidae
2737:Chydoridae
2732:Bosminidae
2607:Triopsidae
2599:Notostraca
2545:Artemiidae
2525:Subphylum
2521:Arthropoda
2221:29 January
2179:Check List
1993:(1): 635.
1804:: 124661.
1778:2021-09-02
1653:: 736692.
1311:Birkhäuser
1153:15 October
1099:2013-05-17
1055:2016-11-24
994:References
971:spacecraft
957:and back.
936:Cosmos 782
839:Lake Urmia
834:A. urmiana
752:incubation
720:tardigrade
710:nature of
598:planktonic
522:liquid air
414:appendages
281:Lake Urmia
273:Artemiidae
241:(disputed)
136:Artemiidae
122:Suborder:
102:Subclass:
86:Arthropoda
3380:Anostraca
3120:Q15715526
2786:Haplopoda
2774:Podonidae
2727:Anomopoda
2705:Ctenopoda
2697:Cladocera
2659:Cyzicidae
2641:Lynceidae
2620:Lepidurus
2537:Anostraca
2527:Crustacea
2462:March 13,
2442:March 13,
2413:March 13,
2201:1809-127X
2114:Mol. Ecol
2009:1471-2164
1946:1932-6203
1881:1050-4648
1867:: 92–98.
1842:201700530
1826:0045-6535
1773:234621039
1730:0044-8486
1683:233663524
1675:0044-8486
1610:1932-6203
1518:March 13,
1353:March 13,
1242:19205202M
1134:222006176
984:A. salina
928:Apollo 17
924:Apollo 16
916:radiation
876:A. monica
860:Mono Lake
855:A. monica
825:A. salina
747:Fish farm
692:annotated
688:assembled
561:Automixis
557:Thelytoky
441:ovulation
410:arthropod
289:Lymington
126:Artemiina
116:Anostraca
72:Kingdom:
66:Eukaryota
3170:BugGuide
3114:Wikidata
2896:BugGuide
2827:Wikidata
2757:Moinidae
2515:Animalia
2513:Kingdom
2366:11887916
2273:25998873
2265:27394547
2160:23565318
2152:18510585
2095:88834451
2027:34465293
1964:33606769
1916:PLOS ONE
1897:51624497
1889:30006042
1834:31472350
1738:92842322
1628:23469207
1580:PLOS ONE
1561:21145977
1437:26356354
1189:17978639
888:salinity
670:diapause
654:ploidies
644:obligate
623:egg yolk
570:Diploid
526:nauplius
505:antennae
472:salinity
433:Artemia,
352:toxicity
165:Species
132:Family:
82:Phylum:
76:Animalia
62:Domain:
2979:2235232
2875:Artemia
2862:Artemia
2848:Artemia
2833:Q134772
2818:Artemia
2720:Sididae
2519:Phylum
2426:Artemia
2397:Artemia
2395:"Genus
2388:Artemia
2346:Bibcode
2317:Artemia
2245:Zootaxa
2122:Bibcode
2018:8406910
1955:7894940
1924:Bibcode
1806:Bibcode
1710:Bibcode
1655:Bibcode
1619:3587612
1588:Bibcode
1502:Artemia
1473:Bibcode
1454:Artemia
1407:Artemia
1390:3225702
1315:617–704
1267:Artemia
1262:Artemia
1179:Artemia
1175:Artemia
1170:Artemia
1120:Artemia
1073:Artemia
1018:: 1–25.
988:embryos
982:showed
979:gravity
874:to add
848:Ukraine
783:Artemia
768:Artemia
712:Artemia
704:introns
696:repeats
681:Artemia
674:Artemia
666:Artemia
662:Artemia
650:Artemia
640:diploid
636:Artemia
616:soybean
594:Artemia
549:embryos
492:Artemia
474:from 25
452:Artemia
448:ganglia
421:Artemia
406:Artemia
400:Artemia
396:Artemia
374:Artemia
356:Artemia
344:Artemia
336:Artemia
332:Artemia
328:Nauplii
316:Artemia
308:Artemia
301:Artemia
297:Artemia
293:England
277:Artemia
251:Artemia
151:Artemia
146:Genus:
112:Order:
92:Class:
3357:480244
3331:235435
3279:110167
3214:1ARTEF
3175:704964
3093:480245
3051:NZOR:
3005:103886
2953:305123
2940:1ARTEG
2901:704965
2613:Triops
2364:
2271:
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2199:
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2015:
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940:Bion-5
932:Bion-3
926:, and
808:(male)
756:Instar
684:genome
619:powder
565:zygote
425:thorax
270:family
159:, 1819
3352:WoRMS
3339:Plazi
3318:38009
3292:83689
3274:IRMNG
3266:85605
3227:14752
3088:WoRMS
3075:Plazi
3067:59091
3018:83690
2992:86651
2927:42108
2914:62CGG
2280:(PDF)
2269:S2CID
2241:(PDF)
2156:S2CID
2091:S2CID
2056:(PDF)
2045:(PDF)
1893:S2CID
1838:S2CID
1769:S2CID
1734:S2CID
1679:S2CID
1459:(PDF)
1386:JSTOR
1093:(PDF)
1078:(PDF)
1049:(PDF)
1034:(PDF)
948:Foton
837:from
700:genes
612:flour
609:wheat
605:yeast
601:algae
437:moult
312:cysts
157:Leach
3313:NCBI
3287:ITIS
3253:3674
3248:GBIF
3209:EPPO
3162:1588
3157:BOLD
3044:6660
3039:NCBI
3013:ITIS
2974:GBIF
2935:EPPO
2888:4657
2883:BOLD
2464:2010
2444:2010
2415:2010
2362:PMID
2261:PMID
2249:4097
2223:2018
2197:ISSN
2148:PMID
2023:PMID
2005:ISSN
1960:PMID
1942:ISSN
1885:PMID
1877:ISSN
1830:PMID
1822:ISSN
1726:ISSN
1671:ISSN
1624:PMID
1606:ISSN
1557:PMID
1520:2010
1433:PMID
1355:2010
1319:ISBN
1277:ISBN
1208:ISBN
1185:OCLC
1155:2022
1130:OCLC
955:Moon
690:and
686:was
588:Diet
494:cyst
285:Iran
3300:NBN
3201:277
3196:EoL
3188:6R8
3183:CoL
3144:AFD
3026:NBN
3000:ISC
2922:EoL
2909:CoL
2870:AFD
2857:ADW
2354:doi
2253:doi
2187:doi
2138:hdl
2130:doi
2083:doi
2013:PMC
1995:doi
1950:PMC
1932:doi
1869:doi
1814:doi
1802:238
1761:doi
1718:doi
1706:500
1663:doi
1651:540
1614:PMC
1596:doi
1547:doi
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