548:
2601:
65:
742:
427:. The body usually consists of 19 segments, the first 11 of which have pairs of appendages, the next two which are often fused together carry the reproductive organs, and the last segments lead to the tail. The total length is usually about 8–10 millimetres (0.31–0.39 in) for the adult male and 10–12 mm (0.39–0.47 in) for the female, but the width of both sexes, including the legs, is about 4 mm (0.16 in).
42:
813:
2394:
769:
I (the nauplii that just hatched and with large yolk reserves in their body) and instar II nauplii (the nauplii after first moult and with functional digestive tracts) are more widely used in aquaculture, because they are easy for operation, rich in nutrients, and small, which makes them suitable for
493:
that can protect them from predators. Physiologically, optimal levels of salinity are about 30–35‰, but due to predators at these salt levels, brine shrimp seldom occur in natural habitats at salinities of less than 60–80‰. Locomotion is achieved by the rhythmic beating of the appendages acting in
992:
and vibrated mechanically from side to side for several minutes so that they could experience the same violence of a rocket take-off. About 400 eggs were in each experimental group. All the egg cysts from the experiment were then placed in salt water to hatch under optimum conditions. The results
518:
markedly enlarged, and modified into clasping organs used in mating. Adult female brine shrimp ovulate approximately every 140 hours. In favourable conditions, the female brine shrimp can produce eggs that almost immediately hatch. While in extreme conditions, such as low oxygen level or salinity
1991:
De Vos, Stephanie; Rombauts, Stephane; Coussement, Louis; Dermauw, Wannes; Vuylsteke, Marnik; Sorgeloos, Patrick; Clegg, James S.; Nambu, Ziro; Van
Nieuwerburgh, Filip; Norouzitallab, Parisa; Van Leeuwen, Thomas (2021-08-31).
535:(−190 °C or −310 °F) and a small percentage can survive above boiling temperature (105 °C or 221 °F) for up to two hours. Once placed in briny (salt) water, the eggs hatch within a few hours. The
760:
owners search for a cost-effective, easy to use, and available food that is preferred by the fish. From cysts, brine shrimp nauplii can readily be used to feed fish and crustacean larvae just after a one-day
852:
in Iran. Once abundant, the species has drastically declined due to drought, leading to fears that it was almost extinct. However, a second population of this species has recently been discovered in the
1544:
Maniatsi, Stefania; Baxevanis, Athanasios D.; Kappas, Ilias; Deligiannidis, Panagiotis; Triantafyllidis, Alexander; Papakostas, Spiros; Bougiouklis, Dimitrios; Abatzopoulos, Theodore J. (2011-02-01).
461:
may control some regulation or synchronisation of these functions. Autotomy, the voluntary shedding or dropping of parts of the body for defence, is also controlled locally along the nervous system.
587:
reproduce by automictic parthenogenesis with central fusion (see diagram) and low but nonzero recombination. Central fusion of two of the haploid products of meiosis (see diagram) tends to maintain
574:
is a form of thelytoky, but there are different kinds of automixis. The kind of automixis relevant here is one in which two haploid products from the same meiosis combine to form a diploid
729:-based salt excretion strategy resembling salt excretion strategies of plants, as well as several survival strategies for extreme environments it has in common with the extremophilic
498:
298:, with an example called by an Iranian geographer an "aquatic dog", although the first unambiguous record is the report and drawings made by Schlösser in 1757 of animals from
800:
of mammals in the laboratory. The fact that millions of brine shrimp are so easily reared has been an important help in assessing the effects of a large number of
2052:
527:
inactive and can remain in total stasis for two years while in dry oxygen-free conditions, even at temperatures below freezing. This characteristic is called
2345:
H. Bücker & G. Horneck (1975). "The biological effectiveness of HZE-particles of cosmic radiation studied in the Apollo 16 and 17 Biostack experiments".
473:, is situated anteriorly in the centre of the head and is the only functional optical sense organ in the nauplii, which is functional until the adult stage.
2248:
240:
198:
219:
1923:"Transcriptomic analysis elucidates the molecular processes associated with hydrogen peroxide-induced diapause termination in Artemia-encysted embryos"
2119:
Muñoz J; Gómez A; Green AJ; Figuerola J (Branchiopoda: Anostraca) (2008). "Phylogeography and local endemism of the native
Mediterranean brine shrimp
844:
457:
For brine shrimp, many functions, including swimming, digestion and reproduction are not controlled through the brain; instead, local nervous system
226:
212:
3284:
233:
910:
314:
are able to avoid cohabiting with most types of predators, such as fish, by their ability to live in waters of very high salinity (up to 25%).
595:. Low crossover recombination during meiosis likely restrains the transition from heterozygosity to homozygosity over successive generations.
3323:
3049:
1019:"Phylogenetic analysis of problematic Asian species of Artemia Leach, 1819 (Crustacea, Anostraca), with the descriptions of two new species"
2405:
1803:
Yi, Xianliang; Zhang, Keke; Liu, Renyan; Giesy, John P.; Li, Zhaochuan; Li, Wentao; Zhan, Jingjing; Liu, Lifen; Gong, Yufeng (2020-01-01).
1042:"Updating historical record on brine shrimp Artemia (Crustacea: Anostraca) from Urmia Lake (Iran) in the first half of the 10th century AD"
1921:
Chen, Bonien; Chu, Tah-Wei; Chiu, Kuohsun; Hong, Ming-Chang; Wu, Tsung-Meng; Ma, Jui-Wen; Liang, Chih-Ming; Wang, Wei-Kuang (2021-02-19).
1510:
1041:
2304:
1805:"Transcriptomic responses of Artemia salina exposed to an environmentally relevant dose of Alexandrium minutum cells or Gonyautoxin2/3"
1353:
894:
833:
of the
Americas has been widely introduced to places outside its native range and is often able to outcompete local species, such as
3258:
2984:
913:'s policy, and the US Fish and Wildlife Service found on 7 September 1995 that the Mono Lake brine shrimp did not warrant listing.
3297:
3023:
2305:"Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; 12-Month Finding for a Petition to List the Mono Lake Brine Shrimp as Endangered"
882:
1585:
Vos, Stephanie De; Bossier, Peter; Stappen, Gilbert Van; Vercauteren, Ilse; Sorgeloos, Patrick; Vuylsteke, Marnik (2013-03-04).
823:
Overall, brine shrimp are abundant, but some populations and localized species do face threats, especially from habitat loss to
469:
mounted on flexible stalks. These compound eyes are the main optical sense organ in adult brine shrimps. The median eye, or the
2503:
1379:
Greta E. Tyson & Michael L. Sullivan (1980). "Scanning electron microscopy of the frontal knobs of the male brine shrimp".
1333:
1291:
1222:
2434:
3302:
3028:
796:, the brine shrimp, has had extensive use as a test organism and in some circumstances is an acceptable alternative to the
333:. The cysts may be stored indefinitely and hatched on demand to provide a convenient form of live feed for larval fish and
2225:
1587:"A first AFLP-Based Genetic Linkage Map for Brine Shrimp Artemia franciscana and Its Application in Mapping the Sex Locus"
905:
in Mono Lake. Despite the presence of trillions of brine shrimp in the lake, the petition contended that the increase in
570:
is a particular form of parthenogenesis in which the development of a female individual occurs from an unfertilised egg.
2063:
1654:"Construction of a high-density genetic linkage map and QTL mapping for sex and growth traits in Artemia franciscana"
2963:
3362:
3237:
3098:
3328:
1081:
3400:
3250:
3054:
2976:
2466:
2287:
1424:
494:
pairs. Respiration occurs on the surface of the legs through fibrous, feather-like plates (lamellar epipodites).
1546:"Is polyploidy a persevering accident or an adaptive evolutionary pattern? The case of the brine shrimp Artemia"
2249:"A note on the biogeographical origin of the brine shrimp Artemia urmiana Günther, 1899 from Urmia Lake, Iran"
3310:
3036:
785:
for use in toxicological assays, despite the recognition that it is too robust an organism to be a sensitive
405:
The
Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center at Ghent University possesses the largest known
387:
comprises a group of seven to nine species very likely to have diverged from an ancestral form living in the
1275:
morphology and structure". In T. J. Abatzopoulos; J. A. Breardmore; J. S. Clegg & P. Sorgerloos (eds.).
675:. The past years, different transcriptomic studies have been performed to elucidate biological responses in
1994:"The genome of the extremophile Artemia provides insight into strategies to cope with extreme environments"
745:
1867:
1804:
1708:
1653:
3167:
3154:
3010:
2893:
2880:
752:
607:
do not feed but consume their own energy reserves stored in the cyst. Wild brine shrimp eat microscopic
3172:
2898:
2496:
2059:
1283:
3354:
3090:
3395:
3367:
3103:
3064:
2186:"New distribution record of the brine shrimp Artemia (Crustacea, Branchiopoda, Anostraca) in Tunisia"
1518:
1188:
Research and its
Applications. Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on the Brine Shrimp
399:
64:
2398:
1707:
De Vos, S.; Van
Stappen, G.; Sorgeloos, P.; Vuylsteke, M.; Rombauts, S.; Bossier, P. (2019-02-01).
1414:
O. Nougué; N. O. Rode; R. Jabbour-Zahab; A. Ségard; L.-M. Chevin; C. R. Haag; T. Lenormand (2015).
583:
248:
310:
populations are found worldwide, typically in inland saltwater lakes, but occasionally in oceans.
2789:
1056:
961:
10, and Foton 11 flights. Some of the
Russian flights carried European Space Agency experiments.
874:
706:
17:
2417:
1325:
1315:
345:
constitute the most widely used food item, and over 2,000 metric tons (2,200 short tons) of dry
2820:
1866:
Zhang, Yulong; Wang, Di; Zhang, Zao; Wang, Zhangping; Zhang, Daochuan; Yin, Hong (2018-10-01).
1764:"Tolerance at the genetic level of the brine shrimp Artemia salina to a wide range of salinity"
1522:
1136:
890:
547:
1311:
725:
in high salt and low oxygen environments. These adaptations include a unique energy-intensive
531:, meaning "hidden life". While in cryptobiosis, brine shrimp eggs can survive temperatures of
3289:
2489:
2183:
1868:"Transcriptome analysis of Artemia sinica in response to Micrococcus lysodeikticus infection"
1474:
854:
592:
442:
of chitin to which muscles are attached internally and which is shed periodically. In female
3341:
3206:
3145:
3077:
2932:
2867:
2356:
2132:
2118:
1934:
1816:
1720:
1665:
1598:
1483:
1357:
388:
167:
1321:
909:
would endanger them. The threat to the lake's water levels was addressed by a revision to
8:
878:
829:
184:
2360:
2136:
1938:
1820:
1724:
1669:
1602:
1487:
1215:
Genomic tools and sex determination in the extremophile brine shrimp
Artemia franciscana
3390:
2279:
2166:
2101:
2028:
1993:
1965:
1922:
1903:
1848:
1779:
1744:
1689:
1629:
1586:
1396:
1312:"Halotolerant life in feast or famine (a source of hydrocarbons and a fixer of metals)"
977:
824:
629:
362:
59:
1828:
1732:
1677:
1495:
349:
cysts are marketed worldwide annually with most of the cysts being harvested from the
3336:
3193:
3072:
2919:
2858:
2600:
2372:
2368:
2347:
2271:
2207:
2158:
2144:
2033:
2015:
1970:
1952:
1895:
1887:
1852:
1840:
1832:
1783:
1736:
1693:
1681:
1634:
1616:
1567:
1462:
1443:
1329:
1287:
1218:
1195:
1140:
1018:
973:
958:
786:
702:
515:
2326:
H. Planel; Y. Gaubin; R. Kaiser; B. Pianezzi (1980). "The effects of cosmic rays on
2283:
2170:
2105:
1907:
1748:
357:
makes them ideal animals for running biological toxicity assays and it has become a
2924:
2590:
2364:
2263:
2197:
2148:
2140:
2093:
2023:
2005:
1960:
1942:
1879:
1824:
1771:
1728:
1673:
1624:
1606:
1557:
1491:
1433:
1388:
902:
797:
536:
490:
338:
280:
3159:
2462:
3198:
3130:
2697:
2674:
2580:
2570:
2560:
2481:
2446:
1947:
1611:
1248:
698:
657:
555:
350:
3315:
3041:
2872:
1775:
1562:
1545:
3245:
3232:
2971:
2958:
2885:
2779:
2762:
2585:
2565:
2267:
2097:
2010:
1652:
Han, Xuekai; Ren, Yizhuo; Ouyang, Xuemei; Zhang, Bo; Sui, Liying (2021-07-15).
930:
865:
835:
782:
358:
322:
205:
191:
50:
1883:
1709:"Identification of salt stress response genes using the Artemia transcriptome"
3384:
2843:
2757:
2725:
2689:
2211:
2019:
1956:
1891:
1836:
1740:
1685:
1620:
1144:
988:, one control group of egg cysts was accelerated to seven times the force of
687:
608:
563:
489:
to 250‰ (25–250 g/L), with an optimal range of 60‰–100‰, and occupy the
3015:
1413:
1252:
1199:
1158:
2720:
2661:
2643:
2513:
2376:
2275:
2162:
2037:
1974:
1899:
1844:
1638:
1571:
1447:
985:
757:
718:
668:
528:
470:
466:
106:
2184:
Hachem Ben Naceur; Amel Ben Rejeb
Jenhani; Mohamed Salah Romdhane (2009).
3271:
3139:
2997:
2852:
2679:
1001:
induced to develop from hit eggs died at different developmental stages.
954:
922:
741:
726:
439:
371:
330:
275:
3185:
2911:
869:, the species commonly known as Mono Lake brine shrimp, can be found in
591:
in transmission of the genome from mother to offspring, and to minimise
413:
population samples collected from different locations around the world.
2989:
2774:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2617:
2609:
2575:
2537:
2153:
1400:
1100:
981:
969:
946:
926:
849:
730:
532:
524:
334:
291:
266:
2325:
1438:
1415:
3276:
3219:
3002:
2945:
2801:
2796:
2784:
2737:
2715:
2707:
2669:
2651:
2630:
2547:
2531:
2202:
2185:
938:
934:
870:
801:
571:
567:
558:
is a natural form of reproduction in which growth and development of
451:
424:
420:
393:
299:
126:
116:
96:
76:
3263:
2814:
2079:
1543:
1392:
614:. Cultured brine shrimp can also be fed particulate foods including
497:
3224:
3180:
3124:
2950:
2906:
2837:
2767:
1706:
898:
762:
680:
654:
633:
588:
551:
The effects of central fusion and terminal fusion on heterozygosity
539:
larvae are less than 0.4 mm in length when they first hatch.
482:
458:
41:
2080:
L. Lewan; M. Anderrson & P. Morales-Gomez (1992). "The use of
1763:
1194:. Vol. 1. Wetteren, Belgium: Universa Press. pp. 61–99.
1192:, organised under the patronage of His Majesty the King of Belgium
1183:". In P. Sorgerloo; D. A. Bengtson; W. Decleir; E. Jasper (eds.).
2730:
1378:
989:
858:
812:
650:
626:
520:
447:
303:
2246:
438:, and abdomen. The entire body is covered with a thin, flexible
2623:
2525:
2393:
1990:
1460:
998:
950:
942:
766:
714:
694:
683:
termination. These studies also led to various fully assembled
664:
575:
559:
523:
which has a brown colour. These eggs, also known as cysts, are
435:
86:
2937:
804:
on the shrimps under well controlled experimental conditions.
3349:
3085:
679:, such as its response to salt stress, toxins, infection and
622:
619:
615:
611:
486:
3211:
1584:
2334:. Report for National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
965:
710:
423:
with a segmented body to which is attached broad leaf-like
295:
1039:
997:
eggs are highly sensitive to cosmic radiation; 90% of the
2050:
1179:
F. A. Abreu-Grobois (1987). "A review of the genetics of
770:
feeding fish and crustacean larvae live or after drying.
641:
290:
dates back to the first half of the 10th century AD from
1270:
1086:
more than one thousand years ago from Urmia Lake, Iran"
906:
465:
have two types of eyes. They have two widely separated
964:
On Apollo 16 and Apollo 17, the cysts traveled to the
1986:
1984:
1242:
972:
that passed through an egg would be detected on the
705:, revealing a genome containing an unequaled 58% of
519:
above 150‰, female brine shrimp produce eggs with a
2344:
1178:
929:on life. Brine shrimp cysts were flown on the U.S.
409:cyst collection, a cyst bank containing over 1,700
369:are sold as novelty gifts under the marketing name
2511:
1865:
1381:Transactions of the American Microscopical Society
976:in its container. Some eggs were kept on Earth as
921:Scientists have taken the eggs of brine shrimp to
286:. The first historical record of the existence of
1981:
1651:
1461:P. Sorgeloos; P. Dhert & P. Candreva (2001).
1317:Evaporites: Sediments, Resources and Hydrocarbons
980:as part of the tests. Also, as the take-off in a
3382:
2247:Eimanifar A; Asem A; Djamali M; Wink M (2016).
1920:
1802:
1126:
663:populations consisting of different clones and
514:Males differ from females by having the second
1309:
1159:"Introduction, biology and ecology of Artemia"
911:California State Water Resources Control Board
2497:
2463:"Brine Shrimp and Ecology of Great Salt Lake"
1356:. Clinton High School Science. Archived from
1508:
1407:
1351:
1079:
1016:
2432:
1093:Journal of Biological Research-Thessaloniki
2504:
2490:
2177:
40:
2201:
2152:
2027:
2009:
1964:
1946:
1762:Lee, Junmo; Park, Jong Soo (2020-10-13).
1628:
1610:
1561:
1437:
1305:
1303:
1247:. St. Louis, Missouri: C. V. Mosby.
895:Los Angeles Department of Water and Power
889:to the endangered species list under the
1271:R. J. Criel & H. T. Macrae (2002). "
1133:for Marine Aquaculture: a Training Guide
1049:International Journal of Aquatic Science
811:
740:
546:
496:
481:Brine shrimp can tolerate any levels of
353:in Utah. In addition, the resilience of
246:Parthenogenetic populations also called
2226:"Lake Urumia's Artemia Face Extinction"
1761:
883:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
842:Among the highly localized species are
476:
14:
3383:
2051:Micharl Dockey & Stephen Tonkins.
1300:
1212:
893:(1973). The diversion of water by the
642:Genetics, genomics and transcriptomics
54:mating pair – female left, male right
2819:
2818:
2485:
2228:. Financial Tribune. 28 December 2014
1550:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1372:
1347:
1345:
1040:Alireza Asem; Amin Eimanifar (2016).
603:In their first stage of development,
3355:F85F87BA-FF8C-FF8D-11CF-38A3A1E0FADF
3251:54e6f2a7-95a9-42a4-8032-e4caec4ba9e4
3091:FB7FA973-590A-FFA6-56C1-FC1D3F9AB758
3065:a5a50df1-c3f0-46a2-bccc-bf7742a757b6
2977:d5a3778e-5d03-411e-ac1c-8676cf97fdb9
1420:: solving a century-old controversy"
1266:
1264:
1262:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1122:
1120:
2338:
2319:
2073:
2044:
1082:"Historical record on brine shrimp
916:
24:
2086:Alternatives to Laboratory Animals
1502:
1467:spp., in marine fish larviculture"
1454:
1342:
542:
321:to produce dormant eggs, known as
25:
3412:
2433:Richard Fox (February 13, 2004).
2416:. The Taxonomicon. Archived from
2386:
1829:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124661
1733:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.09.067
1678:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.736692
1259:
1231:
1172:
1117:
1073:
877:. In 1987, Dennis D. Murphy from
2599:
2392:
2145:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03818.x
1509:Kai Schumann (August 10, 1997).
773:
649:comprises sexually reproducing,
63:
2467:United States Geological Survey
2297:
2240:
2218:
2112:
1914:
1872:Fish & Shellfish Immunology
1859:
1796:
1755:
1700:
1645:
1578:
1537:
1425:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
807:
509:
1206:
1151:
1033:
1010:
984:involves a lot of shaking and
736:
717:and adaptations unique to the
378:
325:, has led to extensive use of
279:. It is the only genus in the
13:
1:
1496:10.1016/s0044-8486(01)00698-6
1243:Cleveland P. Hickman (1967).
1023:Journal of Crustacean Biology
1004:
941:missions, and on the Russian
839:in the Mediterranean region.
2369:10.1016/0094-5765(75)90095-8
2123:(Branchiopoda: Anostraca)".
1948:10.1371/journal.pone.0247160
1612:10.1371/journal.pone.0057585
746:San Francisco Bay Salt Ponds
27:Genus of aquatic crustaceans
7:
1563:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.029
1280:: Basic and Applied Biology
1217:. Ghent: UGent. p. 3.
753:Aquaculture of brine shrimp
10:
3417:
2268:10.11646/zootaxa.4097.2.12
2098:10.1177/026119299202000222
2060:British Ecological Society
2011:10.1186/s12864-021-07937-z
1463:"Use of the brine shrimp,
1284:Kluwer Academic Publishers
1213:De Vos, Stephanie (2014).
750:
3114:
2827:
2706:
2688:
2660:
2642:
2608:
2597:
2546:
2520:
2315:(173): 46571–46572. 1995.
1884:10.1016/j.fsi.2018.06.033
1776:10.21203/rs.3.rs-91049/v1
1519:Portland State University
1099:: 113–114. Archived from
400:Messinian salinity crisis
398:, around the time of the
180:
175:
60:Scientific classification
58:
48:
39:
34:
1245:Biology of Invertebrates
1127:Martin Daintith (1996).
802:environmental pollutants
671:have been published for
584:Artemia parthenogenetica
365:of chemicals. Breeds of
249:Artemia parthenogenetica
1515:(Brine Shrimp) FAQ 1.1"
1310:John K. Warren (2006).
875:Mono County, California
598:
419:is a typical primitive
396: million years ago
3401:Taxa described in 1757
2439:Laboratory Exercise –
2084:in toxicity testing".
2053:"Brine shrimp ecology"
1768:www.researchsquare.com
1137:University of Tasmania
925:to test the impact of
891:Endangered Species Act
820:
792:In pollution research
748:
552:
506:
434:is divided into head,
265:is a genus of aquatic
1080:Alireza Asem (2008).
1055:: 1–5. Archived from
1017:Alireza Asem (2023).
978:experimental controls
901:and concentration of
855:Koyashskoye Salt Lake
815:
744:
667:(2n->5n). Several
593:inbreeding depression
550:
500:
3246:Fauna Europaea (new)
2972:Fauna Europaea (new)
2414:Systema Naturae 2000
2401:at Wikimedia Commons
2332:Laboratoire Médicale
1360:on September 3, 2010
713:with unusually long
653:species and several
477:Ecology and behavior
341:of the brine shrimp
2441:Artemia franciscana
2361:1975AcAau...2..247B
2137:2008MolEc..17.3160M
1939:2021PLoSO..1647160C
1821:2020Chmsp.23824661Y
1725:2019Aquac.500..305D
1670:2021Aquac.54036692H
1603:2013PLoSO...857585D
1488:2001Aquac.200..147S
897:resulted in rising
879:Stanford University
317:The ability of the
185:Artemia franciscana
2512:Families of class
1525:on August 14, 2007
1352:Whitey Hitchcock.
825:introduced species
821:
749:
553:
507:
241:Artemia sorgeloosi
199:Artemia persimilis
3378:
3377:
3337:Open Tree of Life
3073:Open Tree of Life
2821:Taxon identifiers
2812:
2811:
2581:Streptocephalidae
2449:on April 23, 2006
2420:on March 13, 2010
2397:Media related to
2348:Acta Astronautica
2131:(13): 3160–3177.
1439:10.1111/jeb.12757
1335:978-3-540-26011-0
1293:978-1-4020-0746-0
1286:. pp. 1–33.
1224:978-90-5989-717-5
974:photographic film
787:indicator species
781:found favor as a
383:The brine shrimp
361:used to test the
258:
257:
220:Artemia tibetiana
171:
152:
16:(Redirected from
3408:
3396:Space-flown life
3371:
3370:
3358:
3357:
3345:
3344:
3332:
3331:
3319:
3318:
3316:NBNSYS0000159435
3306:
3305:
3293:
3292:
3280:
3279:
3267:
3266:
3254:
3253:
3241:
3240:
3228:
3227:
3215:
3214:
3202:
3201:
3189:
3188:
3176:
3175:
3163:
3162:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3107:
3106:
3094:
3093:
3081:
3080:
3068:
3067:
3058:
3057:
3045:
3044:
3042:NHMSYS0001593214
3032:
3031:
3019:
3018:
3006:
3005:
2993:
2992:
2980:
2979:
2967:
2966:
2954:
2953:
2941:
2940:
2928:
2927:
2915:
2914:
2902:
2901:
2889:
2888:
2876:
2875:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2816:
2815:
2603:
2591:Thamnocephalidae
2506:
2499:
2492:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2445:. Archived from
2429:
2427:
2425:
2396:
2381:
2380:
2355:(3–4): 247–264.
2342:
2336:
2335:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2309:Federal Register
2301:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2286:. Archived from
2253:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2205:
2203:10.15560/5.2.281
2181:
2175:
2174:
2156:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2062:. Archived from
2057:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2031:
2013:
1988:
1979:
1978:
1968:
1950:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1632:
1614:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1565:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1521:. Archived from
1506:
1500:
1499:
1482:(1–2): 147–159.
1471:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1441:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1349:
1340:
1339:
1307:
1298:
1297:
1268:
1257:
1256:
1240:
1229:
1228:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1124:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1105:
1090:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1061:
1046:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1014:
917:Space experiment
903:sodium hydroxide
798:toxicity testing
690:. Recently, the
491:ecological niche
397:
166:
151:Grochowski, 1895
150:
68:
67:
44:
32:
31:
21:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3366:
3361:
3353:
3348:
3340:
3335:
3327:
3322:
3314:
3309:
3301:
3296:
3288:
3283:
3275:
3270:
3262:
3257:
3249:
3244:
3236:
3231:
3223:
3218:
3210:
3205:
3197:
3192:
3184:
3179:
3171:
3166:
3158:
3153:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3110:
3102:
3097:
3089:
3084:
3076:
3071:
3063:
3061:
3053:
3048:
3040:
3035:
3027:
3022:
3014:
3009:
3001:
2996:
2988:
2983:
2975:
2970:
2962:
2957:
2949:
2944:
2936:
2931:
2923:
2918:
2910:
2905:
2897:
2892:
2884:
2879:
2871:
2866:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2823:
2813:
2808:
2726:Pseudopenilidae
2702:
2698:Cyclestheriidae
2684:
2675:Leptestheriidae
2656:
2638:
2604:
2595:
2571:Chirocephalidae
2561:Branchinectidae
2542:
2516:
2510:
2472:
2470:
2461:
2452:
2450:
2423:
2421:
2404:
2389:
2384:
2343:
2339:
2324:
2320:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2290:
2251:
2245:
2241:
2231:
2229:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2182:
2178:
2117:
2113:
2078:
2074:
2066:
2055:
2049:
2045:
1989:
1982:
1933:(2): e0247160.
1919:
1915:
1864:
1860:
1801:
1797:
1788:
1786:
1760:
1756:
1705:
1701:
1650:
1646:
1583:
1579:
1542:
1538:
1528:
1526:
1507:
1503:
1469:
1459:
1455:
1432:(12): 2337–48.
1412:
1408:
1393:10.2307/3225702
1377:
1373:
1363:
1361:
1350:
1343:
1336:
1308:
1301:
1294:
1269:
1260:
1241:
1232:
1225:
1211:
1207:
1177:
1173:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1125:
1118:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1088:
1078:
1074:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1044:
1038:
1034:
1015:
1011:
1007:
919:
881:petitioned the
827:. For example,
810:
776:
755:
739:
658:parthenogenetic
644:
601:
556:Parthenogenesis
545:
543:Parthenogenesis
521:chorion coating
512:
479:
450:precedes every
392:
381:
351:Great Salt Lake
227:Artemia urmiana
165:
149:
62:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3414:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3359:
3346:
3333:
3320:
3307:
3294:
3281:
3268:
3255:
3242:
3233:Fauna Europaea
3229:
3216:
3203:
3190:
3177:
3164:
3151:
3136:
3120:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3095:
3082:
3069:
3059:
3046:
3033:
3020:
3007:
2994:
2981:
2968:
2959:Fauna Europaea
2955:
2942:
2929:
2916:
2903:
2890:
2877:
2864:
2849:
2833:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2780:Cercopagididae
2772:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2763:Macrotrichidae
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2712:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2694:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2666:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2648:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2627:
2614:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2586:Tanymastigidae
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2566:Branchipodidae
2563:
2558:
2552:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2509:
2508:
2501:
2494:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2469:. May 15, 2009
2459:
2430:
2402:
2388:
2387:External links
2385:
2383:
2382:
2337:
2318:
2296:
2293:on 2020-02-10.
2262:(2): 294–300.
2239:
2217:
2196:(2): 281–288.
2176:
2121:Artemia salina
2111:
2092:(2): 297–301.
2082:Artemia salina
2072:
2069:on 2009-07-08.
2043:
1980:
1913:
1858:
1795:
1754:
1699:
1644:
1577:
1556:(2): 353–364.
1536:
1501:
1453:
1416:"Automixis in
1406:
1387:(2): 167–172.
1371:
1354:"Brine shrimp"
1341:
1334:
1299:
1292:
1258:
1230:
1223:
1205:
1171:
1150:
1116:
1072:
1032:
1008:
1006:
1003:
931:Biosatellite 2
918:
915:
830:A. franciscana
817:Artemia monica
809:
806:
783:model organism
775:
772:
751:Main article:
738:
735:
688:transcriptomes
643:
640:
600:
597:
589:heterozygosity
562:occur without
544:
541:
511:
508:
478:
475:
380:
377:
359:model organism
269:also known as
256:
255:
254:
253:
244:
237:
230:
223:
216:
213:Artemia sinica
209:
206:Artemia salina
202:
195:
192:Artemia monica
188:
178:
177:
173:
172:
158:
154:
153:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
56:
55:
51:Artemia salina
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3413:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3369:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3156:
3152:
3147:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3126:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2854:
2850:
2845:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2758:Ilyocryptidae
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2690:Cyclestherida
2687:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2576:Parartemiidae
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2507:
2502:
2500:
2495:
2493:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2448:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2431:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2341:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2227:
2221:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1987:
1985:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1799:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1758:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1703:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1648:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1597:(3): e57585.
1596:
1592:
1588:
1581:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1514:
1505:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1468:
1466:
1457:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1419:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1375:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1346:
1337:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1306:
1304:
1295:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1226:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1175:
1160:
1154:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1129:Rotifers and
1123:
1121:
1106:on 2016-12-01
1102:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1085:
1076:
1062:on 2016-04-01
1058:
1054:
1050:
1043:
1036:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1013:
1009:
1002:
1000:
996:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
962:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
914:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
867:
862:
860:
856:
851:
847:
846:
840:
838:
837:
832:
831:
826:
818:
814:
805:
803:
799:
795:
790:
788:
784:
780:
774:Toxicity test
771:
768:
764:
759:
754:
747:
743:
734:
732:
728:
724:
720:
719:extremophilic
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
693:
689:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
659:
656:
652:
648:
639:
637:
635:
631:
628:
624:
621:
617:
613:
610:
606:
596:
594:
590:
586:
585:
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
564:fertilisation
561:
557:
549:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
525:metabolically
522:
517:
504:
499:
495:
492:
488:
484:
474:
472:
468:
467:compound eyes
464:
460:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
412:
408:
403:
401:
395:
390:
389:Mediterranean
386:
376:
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35:Brine shrimp
33:
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3115:
2828:
2802:Leptodoridae
2790:Polyphemidae
2721:Holopediidae
2662:Spinicaudata
2644:Laevicaudata
2629:
2622:
2555:
2514:Branchiopoda
2471:. Retrieved
2451:. Retrieved
2447:the original
2440:
2436:
2422:. Retrieved
2418:the original
2413:
2407:
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2331:
2330:egg cysts".
2327:
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2299:
2288:the original
2259:
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2064:the original
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2001:
1998:BMC Genomics
1997:
1930:
1926:
1916:
1875:
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1808:
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1767:
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1523:the original
1512:
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994:
986:acceleration
963:
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808:Conservation
793:
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672:
669:genetic maps
660:
646:
645:
638:
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582:
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529:cryptobiosis
513:
510:Reproduction
502:
480:
471:naupliar eye
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271:brine shrimp
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146:
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107:Branchiopoda
49:
29:
3272:iNaturalist
3140:Wikispecies
2998:iNaturalist
2853:Wikispecies
2680:Limnadiidae
2154:10261/37169
1809:Chemosphere
1719:: 305–314.
1713:Aquaculture
1658:Aquaculture
1475:Aquaculture
1324:. pp.
970:Cosmic rays
955:Cosmos 1129
923:outer space
737:Aquaculture
727:endocytosis
440:exoskeleton
391:area about
379:Description
372:Sea-Monkeys
335:crustaceans
331:aquaculture
276:sea monkeys
267:crustaceans
117:Sarsostraca
3385:Categories
3160:Artemiidae
3146:Artemiidae
3116:Artemiidae
2775:Onychopoda
2753:Daphniidae
2748:Chydoridae
2743:Bosminidae
2618:Triopsidae
2610:Notostraca
2556:Artemiidae
2536:Subphylum
2532:Arthropoda
2232:29 January
2190:Check List
2004:(1): 635.
1815:: 124661.
1789:2021-09-02
1664:: 736692.
1322:Birkhäuser
1164:15 October
1110:2013-05-17
1066:2016-11-24
1005:References
982:spacecraft
968:and back.
947:Cosmos 782
850:Lake Urmia
845:A. urmiana
763:incubation
731:tardigrade
721:nature of
609:planktonic
533:liquid air
425:appendages
292:Lake Urmia
284:Artemiidae
252:(disputed)
147:Artemiidae
133:Suborder:
113:Subclass:
97:Arthropoda
3391:Anostraca
3131:Q15715526
2797:Haplopoda
2785:Podonidae
2738:Anomopoda
2716:Ctenopoda
2708:Cladocera
2670:Cyzicidae
2652:Lynceidae
2631:Lepidurus
2548:Anostraca
2538:Crustacea
2473:March 13,
2453:March 13,
2424:March 13,
2212:1809-127X
2125:Mol. Ecol
2020:1471-2164
1957:1932-6203
1892:1050-4648
1878:: 92–98.
1853:201700530
1837:0045-6535
1784:234621039
1741:0044-8486
1694:233663524
1686:0044-8486
1621:1932-6203
1529:March 13,
1364:March 13,
1253:19205202M
1145:222006176
995:A. salina
939:Apollo 17
935:Apollo 16
927:radiation
887:A. monica
871:Mono Lake
866:A. monica
836:A. salina
758:Fish farm
703:annotated
699:assembled
572:Automixis
568:Thelytoky
452:ovulation
421:arthropod
300:Lymington
137:Artemiina
127:Anostraca
83:Kingdom:
77:Eukaryota
3181:BugGuide
3125:Wikidata
2907:BugGuide
2838:Wikidata
2768:Moinidae
2526:Animalia
2524:Kingdom
2377:11887916
2284:25998873
2276:27394547
2171:23565318
2163:18510585
2106:88834451
2038:34465293
1975:33606769
1927:PLOS ONE
1908:51624497
1900:30006042
1845:31472350
1749:92842322
1639:23469207
1591:PLOS ONE
1572:21145977
1448:26356354
1200:17978639
899:salinity
681:diapause
665:ploidies
655:obligate
634:egg yolk
581:Diploid
537:nauplius
516:antennae
483:salinity
444:Artemia,
363:toxicity
176:Species
143:Family:
93:Phylum:
87:Animalia
73:Domain:
2990:2235232
2886:Artemia
2873:Artemia
2859:Artemia
2844:Q134772
2829:Artemia
2731:Sididae
2530:Phylum
2437:Artemia
2408:Artemia
2406:"Genus
2399:Artemia
2357:Bibcode
2328:Artemia
2256:Zootaxa
2133:Bibcode
2029:8406910
1966:7894940
1935:Bibcode
1817:Bibcode
1721:Bibcode
1666:Bibcode
1630:3587612
1599:Bibcode
1513:Artemia
1484:Bibcode
1465:Artemia
1418:Artemia
1401:3225702
1326:617–704
1278:Artemia
1273:Artemia
1190:Artemia
1186:Artemia
1181:Artemia
1131:Artemia
1084:Artemia
1029:: 1–25.
999:embryos
993:showed
990:gravity
885:to add
859:Ukraine
794:Artemia
779:Artemia
723:Artemia
715:introns
707:repeats
692:Artemia
685:Artemia
677:Artemia
673:Artemia
661:Artemia
651:diploid
647:Artemia
627:soybean
605:Artemia
560:embryos
503:Artemia
485:from 25
463:Artemia
459:ganglia
432:Artemia
417:Artemia
411:Artemia
407:Artemia
385:Artemia
367:Artemia
355:Artemia
347:Artemia
343:Artemia
339:Nauplii
327:Artemia
319:Artemia
312:Artemia
308:Artemia
304:England
288:Artemia
262:Artemia
162:Artemia
157:Genus:
123:Order:
103:Class:
18:Artemia
3368:480244
3342:235435
3290:110167
3225:1ARTEF
3186:704964
3104:480245
3062:NZOR:
3016:103886
2964:305123
2951:1ARTEG
2912:704965
2624:Triops
2375:
2282:
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2210:
2169:
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2018:
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1198:
1143:
951:Bion-5
943:Bion-3
937:, and
819:(male)
767:Instar
695:genome
630:powder
576:zygote
436:thorax
281:family
170:, 1819
3363:WoRMS
3350:Plazi
3329:38009
3303:83689
3285:IRMNG
3277:85605
3238:14752
3099:WoRMS
3086:Plazi
3078:59091
3029:83690
3003:86651
2938:42108
2925:62CGG
2291:(PDF)
2280:S2CID
2252:(PDF)
2167:S2CID
2102:S2CID
2067:(PDF)
2056:(PDF)
1904:S2CID
1849:S2CID
1780:S2CID
1745:S2CID
1690:S2CID
1470:(PDF)
1397:JSTOR
1104:(PDF)
1089:(PDF)
1060:(PDF)
1045:(PDF)
959:Foton
848:from
711:genes
623:flour
620:wheat
616:yeast
612:algae
448:moult
323:cysts
168:Leach
3324:NCBI
3298:ITIS
3264:3674
3259:GBIF
3220:EPPO
3173:1588
3168:BOLD
3055:6660
3050:NCBI
3024:ITIS
2985:GBIF
2946:EPPO
2899:4657
2894:BOLD
2475:2010
2455:2010
2426:2010
2373:PMID
2272:PMID
2260:4097
2234:2018
2208:ISSN
2159:PMID
2034:PMID
2016:ISSN
1971:PMID
1953:ISSN
1896:PMID
1888:ISSN
1841:PMID
1833:ISSN
1737:ISSN
1682:ISSN
1635:PMID
1617:ISSN
1568:PMID
1531:2010
1444:PMID
1366:2010
1330:ISBN
1288:ISBN
1219:ISBN
1196:OCLC
1166:2022
1141:OCLC
966:Moon
701:and
697:was
599:Diet
505:cyst
296:Iran
3311:NBN
3212:277
3207:EoL
3199:6R8
3194:CoL
3155:AFD
3037:NBN
3011:ISC
2933:EoL
2920:CoL
2881:AFD
2868:ADW
2365:doi
2264:doi
2198:doi
2149:hdl
2141:doi
2094:doi
2024:PMC
2006:doi
1961:PMC
1943:doi
1880:doi
1825:doi
1813:238
1772:doi
1729:doi
1717:500
1674:doi
1662:540
1625:PMC
1607:doi
1558:doi
1492:doi
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632:or
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